HE MUROMACHI AG a John Whitney Hal and ToyodaTakesh (> This volume is one of a series on Japanese society published by the Univer- sity of California Press under a special arrangement with the Social Science Research Council. Each volume is based upon a conference at- tended by Japanese and foreign scholars; the purpose of each conference was to increase scholarly knowledge of Japanese society by enabling Japa- nese and foreign scholars to collaborate and to criticize each other's work. The conferences were sponsored by the Joint Committee on Japanese Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council, with funds provided by the Ford Foundation. * I Copyrighted mater Japan in the Muromachi Age Sponsored by the Social Science Research Council Japan IN THE MUROMACHIAGE JOHN W. HALL and TOYODA TAKESHI editors UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY LOS ANGELES LONDON University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright© 1977 by The Regents of the University of California ISBN 0-520-02888-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 74-22963 Printed in the United States of America CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS Akamatsu Toshihide Nagahara Keiji George Elison Paul Novograd Kenneth A. Grossberg John M. Rosenfield John W. Hall Barbara Ruch Hayashiya Tatsusaburo Robert Sakai Ito Teiji Sato Shin'ichi Kawai Masaharu Sugiyama Hiroshi Donald Keene Tanaka Takeo Cornelius J. Kiley Toyoda Takeshi Kuwayama Konen H. Paul Varley Miyagawa Mitsuru Stanley Weinstein V. Dixon Morris Kozo Yamamura Philip Yampolsky Editorial Assistants Richard Staubitz Kanai Madoka . CONTENTS List of Illustrations XI Preface Xlll Introduction: The Muromachi Age in Japanese History JOHNW. HALL PART ONE Time, and Place. 1 Muromachi Japan : A Note on Periodization 11 2. Kyoto in the Muromachi Age • hayashiya tatsusaburo with George Elison 15 PART TWO Political Organization 37 3. The Muromachi Power Structure • iohn w. hall 39 4. The Ashikaga Shogun and the Muromachi Bakufu Administration • satoshin'ichi with John W. Hall 45 5. The Bugyonin System: A Closer Look • kuwayama kon en with John W. Hall 53 6. Shogun and Shugo: The Provincial Aspects of Muromachi Politics • kawaimasaharii with. Kenneth A. Grossberg 65 PART THREE Lordship and Village 87 7. From Shoen to Chigyo: Proprietary Lordship and the Structure of Ix>cal Power • miyaoawa mitsiirij with Cornelius J. Kiley 89 8. Village Communities and Daimyo Power • nagahara keiji with Kozo Yamamura 107 Copyrighted material 1 X CONTENTS PART FOUR Commercial Economy and Social Change 125 9. The Growth of Commerce and the Trades • toyoda TAKESHI AND SI JGIYAMA HIROSHI with V. DlXOU Moms 129 10. Sakai: From Shoen to Port City • v. dixon morris 145 11. Japan's Relations with Overseas Countries • tanaka i ta kf.o with Robert Sakai 1 59 PART five Cultural Life 179 1 2 . Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and the World of Kitayama : Social Change and Shogunal Patronage in Early Muromachi Japan • h paulvarley 183 13. The Unity of the Three Creeds: A Theme in Japanese Ink Painting of the Fifteenth Century • john m. ROSF.NFIEI.n 205 14. The Development of Shoin-Style Architecture • ito teiji with Paul Novograd 227 15. The Comic Tradition in Renga • donaldkeene 241 16. Medieval Jongleurs and the Making of a National Literature • Barbara riich 279 PART SIX Religious Life 31 17. Muromachi Zen and the Gozan System • akamatsu TOS HIHIDE AND PH ILIP YAMPOLSKY 313 18. Rennyo and the Shinshu Revival • Stanley weinstein 331 Glossary 359 T ist of Contributors 365 Index 369 Copyrighted material ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS Shugo under the Ashikaga Shogunate, c. 1 370 46 The Provinces of Medieval Japan 67 FIGURES The Golden Pavilion (Kinkakuji) 21 The Silver Pavilion (Ginkakuji) 23 Organization of the Muromachi Shogunate, ca. 1392 47 Muromachi Bakufu Organization, ca. 1350 55 Muromachi Bakufu Mandokoro, ca. 1450 57 T'ao Yuan-ming 210 The Three Laughers of the Tiger Ravine, ca. 1 500 213 The Men of the Three Creeds Tasting Vinegar, ca. 1450 218 The Patriarchs of the Three Creeds, ca. 1400 220 Three Sages, ca. 1475 221 The Patriarchs of the Three Creeds, ca. 1300 222 Traditional Use of Round Posts and Shitomi 229 • Chamonro, Renjimado, and Itakarato 230 Renjimado of Guest House of the Kangakuin Abbot's Residence 231 Plan of Ashikaga Yoshinori's Muromachi-dono Residence 233 Oshi-ita in a Typical Kaisho 235 Copyrighted material Xll ILLUSTRATIONS Kaisho of Higashiyama Residence 238 Idealized Rendition of the Mature Shoin Style 239 A Secular Etoki 289 A Secular Etoki Playing His Biwa 290 A Kumano Bikuni and Her Young Assistant 291 A Kumano Bikuni Performing Etoki for Ladies 292 A Kumano Bikuni, ca. 1650 293 A Biwa Hoshi Performing the Heike monogatan 294 A Goze Performing the Soga monogatan 295 TABLES Landholding Pattern in Kamikuze-no-sho, 1357 109 Class Structure in Kamikuze-no-sho, 1458 110 Summary of Tally Ships 169 CopyrKjhted material — PREFACE This volume is the outcome of a binational conference held in the summer of 1973 in Kyoto, Japan. The "Conference on Japan in the Muromachi Age" was one of a set of five academic gatherings planned under the auspices of the Joint Committee on Japanese Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council. Funds for the conference series were provided by the Ford Foundation in a grant to the SSRC in 1969. As with any group activity of this sort, the Conference on Japan in the Muromachi Age could not have taken place were it not for the cooperative labor of a great many individuals. The original planning was done by a committee consisting of Robert Brower, University of Michigan; Marius B. Jansen, Princeton University; William H. McCullough, University of California, Berkeley; John Rosenfield, Harvard University; H. Paul Varley, Columbia University; Stanley Weinstein, Yale University; and the present writer. To this group were added three Japanese members Akamatsu Toshihide, Otani University; Hayashiya Tatsusaburo, Kyoto University; and Toyoda Takeshi, Hosei University. During 1970 the planning committee helped to define the nature of the conference, select topics for papers, and identify possible paper writers and other participants. As plans became more concrete, it became evident that strong direction was needed in Japan as well as the United States. Profes- sor Toyoda provided that direction, and it was largely due to his efforts that the full cooperation of so many leading Japanese scholars was ob- tained. As a result he was asked to serve as joint chairman of the con- ference. In the spring of 1972 Professor Toyoda came to Yale University where final arrangements were made for holding the conference in Kyoto. In the final year of preparation of the conference the planners were faced with a critical problem. With the unexpected devaluation of the dollar, expenses in Japan were raised by a third. Additional funds were needed, and it was decided to raise money in Japan to cover the deficit. Again Professor Toyoda gave his time and energy to the search for funds. He was joined by Mr. Tanabe Tatsuro of the International House of Japan, whose knowledge of foundation sources in Tokyo proved in- valuable. In Kyoto, Professor Akamatsu interested the Abbot of Kinkakuji in contributing toward the conference, while the authorities of Sokokuji were induced to offer the temple's Great Hall free of charge. The Japan • • • Xlll xiv PREFACE Foundation, the Mitsubishi Foundation, the Yoshida International Education Fund, and the Ishibashi Foundation also contributed toward the conference. Fund raising activities and the difficulty of coordinating the work of paper writers and collaborators urged the necessity of setting up an ad- ministrative center in Japan. Mr. Matsumoto Shigeharu of International House kindly offered the services of his staff and permitted the use of International House as the business office for the conference. As the time for the conference approached, other persons were called upon for further contributions. Professors Sugiyama and Kanai of the University of Tokyo Historiographical Institute helped with program scheduling and the preparation of Japanese texts and resumes. Professors Akamatsu and Hayashiya arranged for a variety of special events in Kyoto. Mr. Matsushita, director of the Kyoto National Museum, made special additions to the Museum's current display to include works of special significance for the conference. Finally Professor Atsuta of Kobe University superintended the assembling of conference facilities and organized a group of Kyoto University students to serve as aides. The conference took place August 27 through September 1, 1973. It was attended by the following Americans: George Elison, Colby College; Kenneth A. Grossberg, Princeton University; John W. Hall, Yale Univer- sity; Marius B. Jansen, Princeton University; Donald Keene, Columbia University; Cornelius J. Kiley, Villanova University; V. Dixon Morris, University of Hawaii; Paul Novograd, Columbia University; John Rosenfield, Harvard University; Barbara Ruch, University of Penn- sylvania; Robert K. Sakai, University of Hawaii; Stanley Weinstein, Yale University; H. Paul Varley, Columbia University; Kozo Yamamura, University of Washington; Philip Yampolsky, Columbia _University. The Japanese participants were Akamatsu Toshihide, Otani University (Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University); Akiyama Terukazu, Tokyo University; Fujii Manabu, Kyoto Furitsu University; Haga Koshiro, Daito Bunka