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Please note that page references to photographs or maps will be followed by the letter ‘f’. Names of Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese individuals begin with the surname. But in Vietnam, individuals are usually known by last name: thus Ngo Dinh Diem is referred to as Diem, though there are some exceptions, such as Ho Chi Minh, who is best known by his surname.

a Age of the Kings and Emperors (seventh to Abbasid Caliphate 146, 160 twelfth centuries) 89–91 Abdali, Ahmed Shah 316 Age of the Shoguns (twelfth to sixteenth Abe Shinzo 285,471 centuries) 88, 91–95 absolutism 250, 413 agricultural cooperatives, PRC 241 absolute power 40, 42, 44, 75, 80, 238, 382 ahimsa (non‐violence) 112 absolutist 190, 215, 217, 343, Akbar, Jalaluddin Muhammad 149–152, 377, 435 155, 186 anti‐absolutism 190 al Qaeda 362, 366, 375, 394, 449, Acheson, Dean 308 451, 479 Adulyadej, King Bhumibol 411, 412, 414 see also Afghanistan; bin Laden, Afghanistan 17, 448–451, 474 Osama; Taliban from 1850 to 2019 448–449 Alexander the Great 104, 111 Indianization (185 bce –1200 ce) 133, 135 Alkatiri, Mari 431 invasions of India (1748–1767) 316 All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) 341, 379 National Assembly 450 All India Muslim League (IML) 316, 324–326 post‐9/11 451 Allan, Horace 299 post‐monarchy (1973–2019) 450–451 All‐Pakistan Awami League see Awami League Soviet Union invasion (1979) 353, (AL), Pakistan 361–362, 366 Alternate Residence System, 94 Taliban 362, 449, 450–451,COPYRIGHTED 480 American MATERIAL Occupation Authority 284, 285, 286, terrorist activities and wars 471, 480 287, 293 women, role of 451 Amritsar (Jalianwala Bagh) Massacre see also al Qaeda; Gulf War (1991); Pashtuns (1919) 331, 334 (Afghans); Taliban Amur River, Russian Far East 454, 460 Afghanistan Infrastructure and Rehabilitation An Duong, King 180 Program 451 An Lushan (703–757) 49, 58 Age of Reason 189–190 An/Ahn Jung‐geun 304

Asia Past and Present: A Brief History, First Edition. Peter P. Wan and Thomas D. Reins. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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ancient China (1500th century–221 bce) 20, asceticism, Jainism 107, 109, 125, 152 22, 25–36 (1336–1573) 88 Golden Age of Classical Chinese (1305–1358) 92 32–35, 49 Ashoka the Great (r. 273–232 bce) 110, 112, “Hundred Flowers” period 225 113, 129 Iron Age 31–32 Indianization of South, Central, Southeast and oldest continuing civilization 25 East Asia 132, 133, 135, 139 relocation of capitals 31 Asia Son of Heaven 26, 29, 30, 32 assessing 481 ancient India (1200 bce –185 defining 13, 14f bce) 20–22, 103–115 Eurasian steppe 9, 11, 18, 447 Aryan conquest (1500 bce) 103–104, 110 “little dragons”/“little tigers” 285, 328, 345, Buddhism 104, 108–110 354, 369, 387, 397, 399, 405, 472 Jainism 107–108 “Four Little Tigers” 289, 312 literacy, advent of 103–104 ongoing influence of India and China Mauryan Empire (321–185 bce) 104, 108, in 22–23 110, 112–114, 115f territorial frontiers 13 Nanda Empire (424–321 ce) 111, 112 twenty‐first century 14f, 469–482 religion 106–110 see also Central Asia; East Asia; South Asia; republics and (600–321 Southeast Asia; individual countries bce) 110–111 Asian Financial Crisis (“Asian Contagion”), Vedic period 103, 104–106, 110 1997 291, 394, 395 see also India insular Southeast Asia 417, 424, 427, ancient Japan (pre‐seventh century) 87–89 431, 443 ancient (to 1897) 95–97 mainland Southeast Asia 400, 412 Angkor Wat temple, Cambodia 132, 173 Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum 433 Anglo‐Afghan Treaty (1921) 449 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Anglo‐Afghan wars 448, 449 (ASEAN) 398, 432, 433 Anglo‐French War see Second Opium War atman (individual) 106, 128 (1856–1860) atomic weapons attacks on Hiroshima and Anglo‐Martha Wars 317 (1945) 274, 278, 280 Anglo‐Tibetan Convention (Treaty of Lhasa), Attlee, Clement 331, 340, 347 1904 343 Au Lac (257–207 bce) 180 anticolonial movements 194–195 Aung San 387, 388 Anti‐Fascist People’s Freedom League Aung San Suu Kyi 388, 389–390 (AFPFL) 388 Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor (1618–1707, Anti‐Rightist Campaign (1957) 240 r. 1658–1707) 147, 151, 155, 316 Aquino, Benigno “Noynoy” III 444 Awami League (AL), Pakistan 371, 372, Aquino, Benigno S. 418, 437, 441 374, 375 Aquino, Corazon (Cory) 418, 437, 443 Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767) 175 Aranyakas (forest books) 107, 125 Azad, Abul Kalam 364 Arendt, Hannah 193 Arsaced Dynasty 119 b Artha (material gain) 127, 128 Babri Mosque, Ayodhya 357 Arthashastra (political tract) 112 Babur (king of Kabul) 149 artifacts 21, 26, 27, 56, 173 Bacon, Frances 188 Aryan conquest of India (1500 Bactrians, invasion of India by 119 bce) 103–104, 110 Badawi, Abdullah Ahmad 395

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Baekje Kingdom, Korea (318 bce –660 Pala Dynasty (7501–120) 122–123 ce) 96, 97 partition (1905), reversed (1911) 316, Bahadur Shah II 321 325–327, 364 Bai Juyi (772–846) 56 and Punjab 117 bakufu (tent government), Japan 91–93 West Bengal 326, 354, 371 Balban (Turko‐Afghan tribal leader) 147 see also ancient India (1200 bce –185 bce); Balfour, Arthur 326 India; Punjab ballistic missiles 313 Bengalis 364, 371, 372 Bandaranaike, S.W.R.D. 379 Betatar, Awang Alak 433 bangabandhu 372 Beveridge Report (1942) 345 Bangladesh, People’s Republic 370–375, 472 Bhagavad Gita 117, 126 Five‐Year Plans 374 Bhakti movement, Hinduism 126–127 formerly East Pakistan 346, 352, 354, 358, Bhandari, Bidhya Devi 378 364, 371, 372, 374 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India 346, 352, independence, political developments and 354, 355, 357 economic plans (1971–2018) 372, Bhonsle, Shivaji 155 373f, 374–375 Bhutan 342, 343, 344, 376, 377 map 373f Bhutto, Ali 372 multiyear plans 374 Bhutto, Benazir 367 as part of Bengal 370 Bi Sheng (?–1051) 67 and partition of India (1947) 370–371 bin Laden, Osama 358, 362, 369, 375, 451, 470 Peasants, Workers’ and People’s League Bismarck, Otto von 349, 424 372 Bodhidharma (Indian monk) 121, 132, 139, 141 Planning Commission 374 bodhisattvas 110 political and economic Bofors scandal (1987), India 354 developments 371–372 Bogdo Khan 456 “Talibanization” 375 Bohlen‐Serrano Agreement (1959) 440 see also Bengal; Pakistan Boke, Ariq 160 Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) 374, 375 Bolkiah, Jefri 436 Bannerjee, Womesh Chandra 322 Bolshevik Revolution (1917) see Russian Bao Dai, Vietnamese Emperor 402 Revolution (1917) “Baojia System” 76 border disputes 295–296, 342, 376, 414,427,428 barbarians 9, 10, 18, 83, 119, 121 (Clan of the Grey Wolf) 160 ancient China (1500th century–221 Bose, Subhash Chandra 339, 347, 380 bce) 26, 27 Bose, Vinoba 348 “barbarian affairs” 212 Boun Oum, Laotian 408 invasions 186–188 (China), 1899–1901 204, 460 traditional Chinese civilization 59, 66 and foreign intervention (1900) 216–217 Bataan Death March (1942) 280, 307 Brahmanas 107 Beg, Yakub 452 Brahmanism, Vedic period 104, 105–106, 109, “Beijing Ape Man” 27 110, 125, 128, 320 Bell Trade Act/Philippine Trade Act (1946) Braun, Otto (1900–1974) 462, 463 438 Brezhnev Doctrine 450 Belo, Bishop Carlos 430 Britain Bengal 117, 146, 194, 338 in Afghanistan 449 Commission 347 Anglo‐Afghan Treaty (1921) 449 East Bengal 155, 326, 358, 361, 370, 371, 475 Anglo‐Afghan wars 448, 449 see also Bangladesh, People’s Republic Anglo‐Burmese Wars 317

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Britain (cont’d) monasteries 57 Anglo‐Chinese Treaty of Nanjing Nandala (center of learning) 122–123 (1842) 204, 206 origins 104 Anglo‐French War see Second Opium War Pali language 133, 137 (1856–1860) Sinhalese 133, 362, 378 Anglo‐Indian cultural exchanges 318 statues 56, 135, 140, 451 Anglo‐Japanese Alliance (1902) 259, 460 Theravada 110, 174, 175 Anglo‐Martha Wars 317 Tibetan 160, 455 Anglo‐Mysore Wars 317 Vietnam 404 Anglo‐Tibetan Convention (Treaty of Lhasa), Zen sect 90, 92, 121, 132, 139, 141 1904 343 see also Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) and Bhutan 377 bumiputera (sons of the soil) 390, 393, 394 Burmese independence 387 Burma/Myanmar 175, 471, 474 capitalist‐democratic model of England 203 Anglo‐Burmese Wars 317 and Central Asia 452 Anti‐Fascist People’s Freedom League and Cold War (1952–1989) 391 (AFPFL) 388 Colebrooke‐Cameron Commission Burmese Socialist Programme Party (1829) 341 (BSPP) 389 Communist Party 463 Code of Manu 175 competitors, in the nineteenth and Cold War (1952–1989) 388 century 192–193 colonial Burma and Republic of the Union of Doctrine of Lapse 321, 322 Myanmar 388–390 First Anglo‐Burmese War (1824–1826) 172 Constituent Assembly 388 and Hong Kong 399 8888 (People Power) Uprisings 389 independence of Ceylon from (1972) 378 independence from Britain 387 India Act of 1784 317 kingdoms 175 Labour Party (British) 345 National League for Democracy (NLD) 389 Regulating Act of 1773 317 Pyidawtha Plan 388 response to Indian 326–327 Pyu, State of 172, 175 Salt Laws 336 State Law and Order Restoration Council and Singapore 396 (SLORC) 389 British East India Company 190, 205, State Peace and Development Council 377, 378 (SPDC) 389 British conquest under 317–319 Bush, George H. W. 430 first official government in India (1772) 317 Bush, George W. 346 Bronze Age 26 28–31 Brunei, Sultanate 428, 434–436, 435f, 471 c Buddhism 10, 139, 146 Cai Lun (61–121) 67 Bhutan 377 Cam Ranh Bay port, Vietnam 464 bodhisattvas 110 Cambodia/Kampuchea 405–407, 471 Chan see Zen sect below from 1100–1850 173–174 China 26, 44, 56–57, 140 Anglo‐Afghan wars 132, 173 and Confucianism 140 Cambodian People’s Party 407 and Daoism 57 Hun Sen 388 Eightfold Path 109 independence from France 387 Four Noble Truths 109 Khmer Rouge communism 406, 407 India 104, 108–110, 114, 117, 121–123, 132 “Killing Fields” 406, 407f Japan 89, 92, 97, 139, 260 peace 407 Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) 110, 139 UN Transitional Authority 407

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Campaign to Repress Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE) 346, Counterrevolutionaries 239 354, 379–381 Canton System, China see Guangzhou and Maldives 383 System, China Sri Lanka Freedom Party 379 Cao Cao (155–220; Chinese military) 84 Tamil United Front (TUF)/Tamil United Cao Xueqin (1715–1764) Liberation Front (TULF) 380 Dream of the Red Chamber 75 United National Party (UND) 379–380 Dream of the Red Mansion 85 World War years (1914–1945) 340–342 capitalism 3, 4, 5, 190, 193, 200, 214, 375 Chagatai Khanate 159, 160 crony capitalism 427, 440, 443 Chai Ling 251 and democracy 3, 4, 201, 214, 276, Chairman Mao see Mao Zedong (Mao Tse‐Tung), 330, 428 1949–1976 global 462 , Thailand (1782) 172 modern 80 Champa, Kingdom of 172, 179 system, Hinduism see under Hinduism Chandra Gupta II (r. 376–415) 122 452 Chandragupta Maurya see Maurya of CCP see Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Magadha, King Chandragupta Central Asia 452–455 (r. 321–292BCE ) from 1850 to 1945 453–454 Chang’an (Tang capital), now Xian 52, from 1945 to 2019 454–455 58, 90 Aryan invaders from 22, 106 Chan‐o‐cha, Prayut 413 Central and Inner Asian steppe, Charter 2008 Manifesto 251 1100–1850 157–169 Charter of Freedom, Pakistan 371 Indianization (185 bce –1200 ce) Chee Soon Juan 401 133, 135 Chen Duxiu 225 Manchu Empire 163–167 Chengdu Plain, and Dujiang Dikes 40 Mongol Empire 158–161 Chenla, State of 172, 173 Pastoral Nomadic culture 18 Chennault, General Claire 231 Siberia 167–169 Chia Thye Poh 401 Soviet Union in 461 Chiang Kai‐shek (Jiang Jieshi) 210, 222, 228, Centre for Policy Research, India, Non‐ 252 424, 461, 481 Alignment 2.0 358 “Generalissimo” 229 Ceylon National Congress (CNC) 341 and Mao Zedong 230, 233, 234f, 287 Ceylon/Sri Lanka and Nationalist Party 253, 463, 479 All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) 379 New Life Movement 229 Ceylonese National Congress 379 Northern Expedition (1927) 273 circa 300–1200 125 “one state, one leader, one party, and one civil war 346, 354, 378–381, 474 military” principle 229 colonial Ceylon (1802–1948) 379 and Republic of China 227–228 creation of Sri Lanka (1972) 378 China elites 341 ancient China (1500th century bce –221 Great Council of the Sinhalese (Sinhala Maha bce) 20, 22, 26 Sabha) 341 Anglo‐Chinese Treaty of Nanjing independence (1948) 344, 378, 379–380 (1842) 204, 206 Indianization (185 bce –1200 ce) 133 archaeological sites 26, 27, 29 Kandyan Convention (1815) 341 Boxer Rebellion, 1899–1901, and foreign languages 340 intervention, 1900 204, 216–217, 460 Lessons Learned and Reconciliation Bronze Age 28–31 Commission 381 Buddhism 26, 44, 56–57, 140

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China (cont’d) Indianization (185 bce –1200 ce) 138–141 China Proper 37, 46, 61, 81, 229, 230, 302 inventions 60, 62 civil war 471 “Four Great Inventions” 66–67 Cixi, Empress Dowager’s reforms see Cixi, Jingdezhen (porcelain capital) 62 Empress Dowager of China (1835–1908) Kong Zi (aka Confucius), 551–479 bce 32–34 classical philosophy Lao Zi (ca. 571–471 bce) 34–35 Confucianism see Confucianism and Maldives 383 Daoism 10, 34–35, 42, 55 Manchu rule (1644–1839) 81–85 Legalism 10, 35, 37, 41, 42 Mandate of Heaven 1, 29, 34, 163 and Cold War (1952–1989) 233, 370n5 Marshall Plan 470 Communist Party (CCP) see Chinese modernization 203–220 Communist Party (CCP) monarchism 74 “creation myth” 27 nationalism 208, 275 “culture heroes” 27–28 Neolithic times (New Stone Age) 9, 10, 17, disunity and the “Melting Pot” (220–581) 38, 26, 27–28 45–48, 50, 51 and North Korea 314 Dynastic Cycle 1, 28 One Belt, One Road policy 470 One‐Child Policy 247, 252, 476, 477 Han see Han Dynasty (206 bce –220 ce) ongoing influence in Asia 22–23 (265–420) 46 Paleolithic times (Old Stone Age) 26, 27–28 Ming (1368–1644) 11, 23, 61, 73–81, 100, People’s Republic see People’s Republic of 163, 165 China (PRC), 1949 to the present Qin (221–207 bce) 26, 37–48 population 26, 27, 81, 83 Qing see Qing Dynasty, 1644–1911 primogeniture, abolition of 80 Shang (ca. 1650–1050 bce) 22, 26, Qin terra‐cotta armies 26 28, 29, 45 Republican period (1911–1949) see Republican Song (960–1279) see Song Dynasty China, 1911–1949 (960–1279) reunification (581–618) 50 Sui (551–618) 38, 46, 49, 50–51, 50f Revolution of 1911 275 Tang (618–907) see Tang Dynasty Self‐Strengthening Movement, 618–907 –1890s 204, 211–215, 219 Xi (9–23 ce) 38 “Seven Overlords of the Warring Xia (ca. 2000–1600 bce) 22, 26, 28, 45 States” 32, 35, 47 Yuan (1271–1368) 59, 60, 66–71, 159, 163 sex ratio 476 Zhou see Zhou Dynasty, 1122 bce –221 bce Shao Lin Temple 121, 132, 139, 141 Eastern Railway 266 shift of center from the Yellow River to the Eight‐Power Expeditionary Force 216, 219 Yangtze River Valley 58 elites 140, 204, 207, 209, 211, 218, 250 silk industry 25, 44, 62, 70, 76, 95, 185, “equal fields system” 90 206, 267 First Sino‐Japanese War (1894–1895) 165, Silk Road see Silk Road, China 204, 208, 210, 211–215, 219, 229, 259, 265 Sinicization 47, 81–85 foot‐binding practice 65–66 Sino‐Indian border war (1962) 346 Forbidden City 74 Sino‐Indian Friendship and Cooperation Great Wall see Great Wall of China Treaty (1971) 346 Guangzhou (Canton) System 11, 75 storytelling 27 Han Fei Zi (ca. 280–233 bce) 35 study of Chinese history 25–26 historical records 25–26 Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) see Taiping Hundred Days of Reform, 1898 204, 215, 219 Rebellion (1850–1864) Imperial China see Imperial China Three Kingdoms (220–265) 46 (221bce – 1912 ad) Tianjin Incident (1870) 207

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Tongzhi Restoration reform program (1860s civilization and 1870s) 208 ancient Chinese 20, 22, 25, 26 traditional civilization 59–71 ancient Indian 20–22 Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) 213, 265, 479 Civilized culture 9, 10, 15, 18–22 tribute system 204 defining 19 UN Security Council member 26 origins 18–19 War of Resistance against Japan 230 Cixi/Tz’u‐hsi, Empress Dowager of China Xinjiang Province 44, 144, 163, 165, 452, 479 (1835–1908) Xun Zi (313–238 bce) 35 Qing government, control of 208 Yangtze River see Yangtze River, China reforms of 1900–1911 66, 204, 215, 217–219 Yellow River see Yellow River, China educational reform 218 see also Opium Wars, effect on China social improvement 218 China Merchant Steam Navigation Clinton, Bill 346, 430 Company 212 Clive, Robert 316, 317 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 227–228, 462, Cold War (1952–1989) 4, 201, 202, 222, 385, 463, 479 387, 414, 448, 469, 479 founding of (Shanghai, 1921) 222, 226 and Afghanistan 449 and Mao Zedong 237, 240–241 and Britain 391 19th National CCP Congress (2017) 254 and Burma/Myanmar 388 Chinese Nationalist Party (GMD) 227–229, and China 233, 370n5 233, 278 containment policy 310 First GMD‐CCP United Front and First Vietnam War (1945–1954) 402–403 (1924–1927) 227 and Himalayan nations 376 Northern Expedition (1927) 273 and India/Pakistan 361, 362, 367, 368, 369 Second GMD‐CCP United Front 230 and Indonesia 420, 423, 428, 429 Chinggis Khan 455 and Japan 285, 287–291, 294, 295 Chirino, Pedro 178 and Korea 239, 308, 309–311 Choe Chung‐han, Korean general 98 and Laos 408 Choi Je‐u 298, 300 and Pakistan 369 Choibalsan, Khorloogiin (1895–1952) 457 and Papua New Guinea 433 Chola Empire (India) 753–1190, 118 and Philippines 436–438 2, 44, 52, 70, 107, 140, 160, 161, and Russia/Soviet Union 459, 464 179, 182, 186, 208, 216, 260, 345 and Singapore 398, 402 Chamorros peoples 179 Colebrooke Report (1831–1832) 341 Confirmation rite 127 Colebrooke‐Cameron Commission (1829), and Confucianism 206–207 London 341 and Hinduism 117, 125, 127, 319 colonization 165, 167, 194, 208, 462 and Islam 144, 146 anticolonial movements 194–195 mob violence against missionaries, in decolonization 376, 379, 402, 421 China 207 process 4, 438 and Mughal Empire, India 150, 151 UN General Assembly Committee for New Testament 144 Decolonization 429 Chung II‐kwon 308 by Europe/Western industrialized Churchill, Winston 340 nations 138, 175, 178, 182, 200 War Cabinet (1940–1945) 339 by Japan 277, 280, 304, 305 Civil Disobedience Movement 331, 335 Colonial Rule of Korea Civil Nuclear Agreement (2005) 357 (1910–1945) 304–307 civil service, China 185–186 recolonization of the Americas 192 System of Imperial Examinations for the Civil by Russia 447, 452, 453, 471 Service 54 Thailand protected from 175

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Comintern (Communist International), Constantinople 186, 187 Russia 272, 457, 461–464 Constitution of India (1950) 349, 350, 351, 356 creation (1919) 272, 462 containment policy, 1947–1991 Executive Committee of the Communist Cold War (1952–1991) 310 International (ECCI) 462–463 United States 285, 310, 404, 410 Second Congress of the Comintern 462 Convention between Great Britain and China Common Era (CE) 9, 10 Respecting Tibet (1906) 343 and India 110, 114, 119, 126, 128 Convention of Peking (1860) 204, 460 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 454 Copernicus, Nicolaus 188 communism Corregidor Incident, Philippines 441 Britain 463 cotton revolution 60, 69, 74, 76 collapse, in 1991 469–470 coups d’état India 463 Burma/Myanmar 388, 389 in India (1924) 464 Ceylon/Sri Lanka 354, 379 Indochinese Communist Party 463 China 51, 57, 60, 228 Indonesia 463 Japan 91, 229, 275, 276 Khmer Rouge 388, 406, 407 Korea 97, 98, 298, 300–303 Laos (1975–2018) 410 Maldives 382 Malayan Communist Party (MCP) 463, 464 Pakistan 367 Nationalist‐Communist Civil War (China), Cripps, Sir Stafford/Cripps Mission 339, 347 1945–1949 233–234 crony capitalism 427, 440, 443 Stalinist 4 Cultural Revolution (China), 1966–1976 Vietnam (1975–2019) 405 243–245, 246f, 247, 249, 291, 476 see also Chinese Communist Party (CCP) culture Communist International see Comintern Civilized 9, 10, 15, 18–22 (Communist International), Russia cultural categories 15–22 compass, Chinese invention 66–67 defining 15 Complete Collection of the Chinese Classics 75 and development of core Asian Confucianism 10 civilizations 2, 15–22 benevolence principle 33, 40 Neolithic (New Stone Age) 9, 10, 15–20, 28 and Buddhism 56, 140 Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) 9, 10, and Christianity 206–207 15–17, 19, 20 classical Chinese philosophy 31, 32–35 China 26, 27–28 Cultural Sphere of Confucianism 243 Japan 88 hierarchy 33 Korea 96 idealism 33, 56 Pastoral Nomadic 9, 15, 17–20 Liu Bang on 42 Cyrus the Great 119 Neo‐Confucianism 60, 64, 98, 140 official ideology of dynastic China 38, 47, 80 d reciprocity 33 da Gama, Vasco 186 and Singapore 399 da Silva, Estanislau 432 and Song Dynasty 59 Dadu (Yuan capital) 70 superior and inferior persons 34 Dai Viet (1010–1527) 181 and System of Imperial Examinations for the daimyo (great lords) 258, 259 Civil Service 54 Dalai Lama 252, 357, 478 Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) 330 Dalits (“Scheduled ”), India 105, 356, 357 Congress Party, India see Indian National Dandi Salt March (1930) 331, 336, 337f Congress (INC) Daoism 10, 34–35, 42, 45, 55, 160, 161

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and Buddhism 57, 140 dragon bones (inscribed with archaic form of see also Neo‐Confucianism pictographic writing) 28, 29 Daoud, Muhammad (Prime Minister of Dravidian languages 117, 128, 133 Pakistan) 450 Du Fu (712–770) 56 de Meneses, Don Jorge 432 Duar War (1864–1865) 342, 377 de Retez, Inigo Ortiz 432 Dunhuang, Silk Road 56 Deccan Plateau, central India 117, 125 Dupleix, Joseph 317 decolonization see colonization Durand, Sir Henry Mortimer/Durand Line 448, Deism 190 449, 450 Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) 118, 121, 135, 143, 178, 316 146, 147–149, 148f, 157 Dutch East Indies 231 democracy 214, 226, 237, 248, 250, 252, 312, Duterte, Rodrigo 419, 444, 445f, 470 425, 435, 479 Dyer, Reginald 334 and capitalism 3, 4, 201, 214, 276, 330, 428 Dynasties, Chinese see under Chinese history and central planning 352 Dzungars (Mongol tribe) 165, 166, 167, 455 corrupt 471 and human rights 251 e Indonesia, post 1998 424–428 Early Qing Dynasty (1644–1839) 81–85, 342 liberal 274, 276, 291, 293 see also Late Qing Dynasty, 1839–1911; Qing parliamentary 190, 389 Dynasty, 1644–1911 participatory 421 earthquakes 480–481 Philippines 443–444 East Asia, Indianization (185 bce –1200 prior to World War I 3 ce) 138–141 social 242, 253 East India Company, British see British East Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) 252, 479 India Company demographic factors 140, 187, 371, 466, 477 East Timor 427, 428, 471 and Japan 292, 294, 296 Fretilin (East Timor independence and Russia 458, 466 group) 418, 430, 431 Denanayake, D. S. 341 Indonesia’s departure from 431 Deng Xiaoping (1978–1989) 5, 243, 247–250, National Pact for East Timor 430 405, 471–472 UN Transitional Administration 431 One‐Child Policy see One‐Child Policy, China East Timor Action Network 430 problems 250–254 East Turkistan Independence Movement 252 Dependency Theory 349 Eastern Zhu Dynasty (770–221 bce) 26, 31–32 Desai, Morarji 352 economic downturn of 1997 see Asian Financial Dharma (virtue or duty) 125, 127–128, 137 Crisis (“Asian Contagion”), 1997 Dharmasastra (religious and legal duty) 126, 131 see (Edo) Didi, Muhammad 381 Egypt 18, 19, 22, 25 Diem, Ngo Dinh 387, 403 Eisenhower, Dwight 404 “Asia’s Miracle Man” 404 Ejercito, Jose 444 Dien Bien Phu, Battle of (1954) 403 elites 1, 3, 15, 98, 118, 129, 191, 194, 195, 200, Dienbienphu, Battle of (1954) 387 226, 272, 321, 421, 424 Divine Society (Brahmo Samaj), India 319 American 5, 437 Domino Theory 403 Asian/Southeast Asian 3, 11, 131, 135, 187 Dong Son Bronze Age culture (800–300 bce) 179 warriors 90, 92, 260 Dong Zhongshu (179–104 bce) 38, 43, 64 Confucian 139, 207, 209 Donghak Peasant Rebellion (1894) 301–302 educated 31, 34, 263, 301, 348, 454 Donoughmore Commission 341 landed 22, 439, 440

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elites (cont’d ) and Korea 265, 301–302 local/regional 114, 122, 147, 151, 164, 165, First Vietnam War (1945–1954) 402–403 204, 317, 318, 322, 340, 341, 453 Firuz Khalji, Jalad‐ud‐din 147, 148 Muslim 324, 338 Five‐Year Plans old and new 200, 250, 443 Bangladesh 374 political 353, 377, 425, 450 Laos 410 ruling 250, 350, 412 Pakistan 369 rural 10, 179 Soviet Union, former 462 urban 15, 19 Vietnam 405 wealth‐and‐power 250, 253, 254 Flying Tigers (American volunteer air Elizabeth I, Queen of England 316 corps) 231 Elizabeth II, Queen of England 365 Fonseka, General Sarath 381 Elliott‐Murray‐Kynynmound, Gilbert John (4th “Foot Soldier Revolution,” Japan 92 Earl of Minto) 327 foot‐binding practice, China 65–66 English East India Company see British East Ford, Gerald 429 India Company Four Stages of Life, in Hinduism 126–127, 129 Enlightenment 133, 185, 189, 265 France 145, 206, 207, 211, 225, 265, 298, 302, Enlightenment Party, Korea (Gaehwapa) 300 316, 317, 340, 402, 403, 408, 410, 460, 463 Epics 125–126 Anglo‐French War see Second Opium War Estrada, Joseph 443–444 (1856–1860) Euclid, geometry of 189 Cambodian independence from 387 Eulsa Treaty (1905) 304 East Indies Company 317 Eurasian steppe 9, 11, 18, 447 Franco‐Prussian War (1870–1871) 207 European Balkan War (1912–1913) 332 French Revolution 190 European empires (circa 1500–1850) 185–202 Ganghwa Island Incident (1866) 298, 299 revolutionary West Laos, independence from 387 in Asia 186–187 see also Paris Peace Accords moving East 192–196 Free India Army 339 Western civilization 187–192 Free Papua Movement 433 expansionism 193 Fretilin (East Timor independence group) 418, 430, 431 f Fujiwara aristocratic family, Japan, Tale of Genji Fan Shiman, Funan ruler 173 (ca. 1010) 88, 91 Fang Lizhi 251 nuclear power plant earthquake Far Eastern Economic Review 401 (2011) 293, 470 Fascism 200, 201, 279, 330, 338, 429, 461 Fukuyama, Francis 5 Anti‐Fascist People’s Freedom League 265, 301 (AFPFL) 388 An Encouragement of Learning 259 see also Nazi Germany Funan, Kingdom of 137, 172, 173 Faxian, Buddhist monk (ca. 337–422 FUNCINPAK (National United Front for an ce) 122, 135 Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and A Record of the Buddhist Kingdoms 140 Cooperative Cambodia) 407 financial crisis of 1997 see Asian Financial Crisis fundamentalism, religious 356, 368, 425, 449, (“Asian Contagion”), 1997 454, 455, 467, 471, 479–480 First Opium War (1839–1842) see Opium Wars, of Ayatollah Khomeini 353 effect on China Hindu 346, 351, 353, 357, 474, 480 First Sino‐Japanese War (1894–1895) 165, 204, Islamic 252, 454, 455, 471, 474, 479–480 208, 210, 211–215, 219, 229, 259 Sikh 353

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g Goguryeo Kingdom, Korea (37 bce –668 Gaehwapa Party, Korea 300–301 ce) 96, 97 Galilean astronomy 188 Goh Chok Tong 397, 400 Gandhi, Indira 345, 346, 352, 354 Gojong, King 297, 305 assassination (1984) 353, 359 GoJoseon Dynasty, Korea 96, 97 Gandhi, Mahatma 364 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna 323–324, 327 Gandhi, Mohandas 4, 105, 126, 194, 316, 320, Golden Horde Khanate 159, 160, 167 324, 327, 329, 331, 332, 333, 336, 354, 379 Gorbachev, Mikhail 5, 251, 354, 454, 456 assassination (1948) 346 Gorkha/Shah Dynasty (1768–2008) Civil Disobedience Movement 331, 335 343, 378 Dandi Salt March (1930) 331, 336, 337f Goryeo Dynasty (918–1368), Korea 97–98 on socialism 348–349 Government of India Act (1858) 322 struggle for Indian independence Government of India Act (1919) 331, 333, (1920–1945) 335–340 334, 337 Gandhi, Rajiv 345, 346, 353–354, 355 Government of India Act (1935) 336, 338 assassination (1990) 354, 359 Gowda, H. D. 355 Gandhi, Sanjay 352, 353 Grameen Bank (microcredit organization) Gapsin Coup (1884), Korea 298, 300–303 375 Garcia, Carlos 440 Grand Unity theory 43 Gautama Siddhartha see Siddhartha Gautama Great Book of Tang Law 49, 53 (Buddha) 276, 279 al‐Gayoom, Maumoon Abd 382 “Great Game” politics 342, 344, 376, 377, Geneva Agreements (1954 and 1962) 182, 447, 448 410, 438 Great Khan Mongke 160 Genghis Khan (1162–1227) 67, 68–69, 145, Great Leap Forward (China), 1958–1962 158, 159 241–243, 476, 481 George, Cherian 401 Great Massacre of Nanjing see Nanjing (Rape of George VI, King of England 365 Nanjing), 1937 Gerbillon, Thomas 189 Great Wall of China 38, 40, 119, 120–121 Germany Great War see World War I (Great War), authoritarian statist model 214 1914–1918 militarist model 203, 294 Greater East Asia Co‐Prosperity Sphere, creation unification 200 in Tokyo 4, 280, 461 and World War I 223, 267, 329, 330, Gross National Happiness Index 377 331, 332 Guam, Mariana island 179 see also Nazi Germany Guangxu, Emperor 215, 219 Ghadar Conspiracy 333 Guangzhou (Canton) System, China 11, 75, Ghengiz Khan 149 204, 205, 215 Ghose, Aurobindo 194 Gujral, Inder Kumar 355 Giichi, Tanaka 272, 273 Gulf War (1991) 355 Gillani, Yousaf 368 gunpowder, Chinese invention 67 glasnost (liberalization) 5, 405 Guo Shoujing, 1231–1316 60, 70 Global Financial Crisis (2008) 400 Gupta Empire (India), 320–540 ce 22, 114, 118, see also Asian Financial Crisis (“Asian 122, 123f, 129 Contagion”), 1997 Gusmao, Xanana 431, 432 Glorious Revolution (1688–1689) 190, 191 Gutenberg, Johannes, 1398–1468 67 GMD (Chinese Nationalist Party) see Chinese Gwangju Student Uprising Movement (1929), Nationalist Party (GMD) Korea 305

bindex.indd 489 01/23/2021 15:34:05 490 Index

Gwangmu, Emperor 303 Bhakti movement 126–127 Gwangmu Modernization Reform and Korean caste system 114, 117, 118, 125, 128 Empire (1897–1910) 303–304 devotion 126 Four Stages of Life 126–127, 129 h fundamentalism 346, 351, 353, 357, Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf 474, 480 “B. J.” 425, 426–427 Hindutva (radical form) 357 Hamaguchi Osachi 272, 273 in India 2, 104, 105, 110, 114, 144 Hamzah, Tengku Razaleigh 394 from 185 bce to1200 ce 117–130 Han Dynasty (206 bce –220 ce) 27, 31, 37, 38, nationalism 324–325 41–45, 47, 52, 56, 80, 121 Nepal 377 collapse 140 primeval eternal religion 319 White Horse Temple 139 Renaissance (1857–1858) 318, 319–320, 322 Han Fei Zi (ca. 280–233 bce) 35 synthesis of non‐Hindu religions 117–118, Han Feizi 37n1 122, 125–129 Han Gaozu 38 Tamil Hindus 378, 379 Hanbatsu (“ Oligarchs”) see Meiji see also Dalits (“Scheduled Castes”) Oligarchs, Japan Hindutva (radical form of Hinduism) 357 Haqqani Network 449 Hirohito (The Showa Emperor), Japan 273 /Hara Kei (1856–1921) historical development of core Asian 270, 271 civilizations 2, 13–23 Harappan civilization see Indus Valley cultural categories 15–22 civilization and farming 15, 17, 19–20 Harivamsa 126 hunter‐gatherers 9, 15, 18 Harshavardhana (r. 606–647) 122, 129 ongoing influence of India and China in Hastings, Warren 317, 318 Asia 22–23 Hatta, Mohammad 419–421 village life 17 Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Taiping Hitler, Adolf 280, 332 Tianguo) 208 Brown Shirts 229 794–1185, 88 Hitler‐Stalin Pact (1939) 200 Henan Province, China 22 see also Nazi Germany Hermit Kingdom 100 Ho Chi Minh 4, 402, 405, 414 Heungseon, 297 Hobson, John, Imperialism 193 Himalayan nations 342–343, 362, 376–378 Hong Kong 4, 399 Bhutan 376, 377 Hong Sai‐ik 307 border disputes 342, 376 Hong Xiuquan 208 Colonial Ceylon, 1802–1948 379 Hotsumi Ozaki 463 Independent Ceylon/Sri Lanka Hsu, Paul, see Xu Guangqi (1948–1983) 379–380 Hu Shi 225f, 226 Nepal 376, 377–378 Hu Weiyong, (?–1380) 74, 75 Sikhism 117, 125, 151–153, 199, 376 Hua Guofeng 247 Sikkim 376 Huang Chao Peasant Rebellion Sri Lanka 378–381 (878–884) 49, 58 Hinayana Buddhist sect, India 110 Huang Daopo (ca. 1245–1330) 60, 69–70 Hindi, Indian language 325, 351, 356, 364 Huangpu Military Academy, China Hindu‐German Conspiracy 333 227, 228 Hinduism 10, 177, 318 Huk insurgency, Philippines from 185 bce to 1200 ce 117–130 (1946–1956) 436–439

bindex.indd 490 01/23/2021 15:34:05 Index 491

human trafficking 477 Gandhi and struggle for Indian Hume, Allan Octavian 322 independence (1920–1945) 335–340 Hundred Days of Reform (China), 1898 204, Independence Day 349 215, 219 Indonesia 419–421 hunter‐gatherers 9, 15, 18, 28 Laos 408 Huq, Abul Kasem Fazlul 364 Malaysia 391–392 Huraa Dynasty, Maldives 381 Maldives 381 Hussain, Mamnoon 368 Mongolia 457 Hussein, Abdul Razak 395 movements 3–4 Pakistan 344 i Philippines 437–438 Ibrahim, Anwar 395, 396 Vietnam 402 Ikki Kita 269, 273, 275 Independent Khmers 405–406 Il‐Khanate Khanate 159, 160 India 315–327 Illustrados (Filipino educated class) 439 ancient Indian civilization 20–22 Imperial China (221bce – 1912 ad) Anglo‐Indian cultural exchanges 318 Age of Discovery 79 Anglo‐Martha Wars 317 classical poetry 49 Anglo‐Mysore Wars 317 Confucianism and System of Imperial Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 346, 352, 354, Examinations for the Civil Service 54 355, 357 cotton revolution 60, 69, 74 Brahmanism, Vedic period 104, 105–106, decline of 73–85 109, 110, 125 Examination System 54, 55, 61 British East India Company 317–319, 377 Golden Age 49–58 Buddhism 104, 108–110, 114, 117, classical poetry 55–56 121–123, 132 Grand Canal, map of 50f Central and Southern India, and Ceylon, novels 84–85 (circa. 300–1200) 125 Opium Wars, effect on see Opium Wars Chola Empire (753–1190) 118 seclusion policy (“Japanese pirate Common Era 110, 114, 119, 126, 128 problem”) 74, 77–79 Communist Party 463, 464 Sui Dynasty (551–618) 50–51 Constitution (1950) 349, 350, 351, 356 Tang Dynasty (618–907) 51–54 cultural connection with Southeast Asia prior see also ancient China (500th century bce to ca. 1200 ce 124f –221 bce); China; People’s Republic of Dalits (“Scheduled Castes”) 105, 356, 357 China (PRC), 1949 to the present; Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) 118, 121, Republican China (1911–1949) 135, 147–149 Imperial Rescript on Education (1890) 259 elites 118, 147, 199, 317, 318, 322, 332, 353 Imperial Rule Assistance Association, Emergency (1975–1977) 352, 359 Japan 273, 274, 279 enclaves along coastline 317 imperialism expansion in India 143–147 new 2, 182, 192–194 First Indo‐Pakistani War (1947) 346 old 192, 200 foreign policy and terrorism, from Western 275, 278 1991 357–358 INC see Indian National Congress (INC) Fourth Indo‐Pakistani War (1999) 346 independence geography 117, 118 Bangladesh 372, 373f, 374–375 Golden Age (320–550 ce) 122 Ceylon/Sri Lanka 344, 378, 379–380 Gupta Empire (320–540 ce) 22, 114, 118, India (1947) 22, 344, 345, 346, 347–348, 449 122, 123f, 129

bindex.indd 491 01/23/2021 15:34:05 492 Index

India (cont’d ) political and economic institutions, Hinduism in see Hinduism developing 345–347 independence (1947) 22, 344, 345, 346, Socialist Republic (1950–1951) 350–357 347–348, 449 regionalism 117 Gandhi and struggle for independence regions and culture 117–119 (1920–1945) 335–340 religious toleration 143, 147, 150, 151, 155, Independence Day 349 186, 348 Indian culture outside of India see also Buddhism; Hinduism; Islam 131–132 Renaissance (1857–1858) 318, 319–320, 322 Indian National Congress (INC) see Indian Second Indo‐Pakistani War (1965) 346, 351 National Congress (INC) Sepoy mutiny (1857–1858) 194, 206, 316, Indianization of South, Central, Southeast and 318, 320–322 East Asia 131–142 Sino‐Indian border war (1962) 346 defining 131–132 Sino‐Indian Friendship and Cooperation Islamic rule 1, 22, 118, 125, 143–156 Treaty (1971) 346 languages 117, 351 social developments 356–357 Mauryan Empire (321–185 bce) 22 Socialist Republic (1950–1991), political and modernization 201, 320, 356, 386 economic developments 346, 350–354 Mughal Empire (1526–1858) 149–155, 150f, Constituent Assembly 350 157, 186 Subcontinent 25 National Front (Janata Dal) Party 354 Sunga Empire (185–73 bce) 119 nationalism 319–320, 322–326, 332 Tamil Nadu 316 All India Muslim League see All India terrorist attacks in Mumbai (2008) 346, Muslim League (IML) 358, 480 British response to 326–327 Third Indo‐Pakistani War (1971) 346, 352 Sepoy mutiny (1857–1858) 194, Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union 206, 320–322 (1971) 352 Neolithic culture (New Stone Age) 17 Turko‐Mongol conquests 143–144 Northern India and Central Asia (185 bce to World War years (1914–1945) 329–344 1200 ce) 119–121 Gandhi and struggle for independence nuclear testing 346, 352 (1920–1945) 335–340 ongoing influence in Asia 22–23 Himalayan nations 342–343 Pala Dynasty (750–1174), Bengal 122–123 Sri Lanka 340–342 partition (1947) 22, 345, 347–348, 449 World War I (Great War), and Bangladesh 370–371 1914–1918 329–332 consequences 348 see also ancient India (1200 bce –185 bce); political and economic corrections, from Bengal; Punjab 1991 354–357 India Independence Act (1947) 347 politics, religion and commerce 121–123 India‐Bhutan Friendship Treaty (2007) 377 Pondicherry 316 Indian All Parties Conference (1928) 338 post‐World War II 349–359 Indian Councils Act of 1909 327 from 1945 to 1950 347–349 Indian Muslim League (IML) 325f, 331, 332 consequences of partition 348 Indian National Army 339 Gandhi on socialism 348–349 Indian National Congress (INC) 324–325, 332, independence, securing 345, 347 337, 341, 354, 355 Nehru on socialism 348–349 electoral success (2009) 347 partition (1947) 22, 345, 347–348, formation in 1885 316, 322, 323f 370–371, 449 Moderates and Extremists 323, 324, 331

bindex.indd 492 01/23/2021 15:34:05 Index 493

Indonesia ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) 362, 382 from 1100 to 1850 176–178 Islam 13, 44, 145, 474 and Cold War (1952–1989) 420, 423, ancient China (ca. 18th century bce 428, 429 –221 bce) 44 Communist Party (PKI) 419, 422, 423, 463 extremism/fundamentalism 252, 454, 455, Constituent Assembly 421 471, 474, 479–480 Consultative Assembly 425 Five Pillars 144 democracy, post 1998 424–428 Hadith (compilation of writings) 144 elites 421 India, Islamic rule in 1, 22, 118, 125, Federal Constitution (1949) 421 143–156 independence (1945–1949) 419–421 dhimmi (non‐Muslim peoples under Malacca Dilemma 423 Muslim rule) 143, 144, 146 maladministration 471 Mecca, pilgrimage to 144 Mataram Kingdom 177 Moro Islamic Liberation Front, modernization 428 Philippines 443, 479 nasakom (nationalist, anti‐Western Moro National Liberation Front messages) 422 (MNLF) 441, 443 nationalism 420 Muslim elites 324, 338 East Indies to Republic of Muslim Uighurs 479 Indonesia 417–428 origins 144 New Order 423–424 Ramadan 144 occupation of Timor (1975–1999) 429–431 Shari’a law 144, 150, 155, 160, 425, 428, one‐party government 424 436, 475 Provisional Constitution (1950) 421 see also Muslim League, Pakistan; Pakistan Reformasi (reform) 424–428 Ito Hirobumi (1841–1909) 262f, 304 Renville Agreement (1948) 420 Iwakura Mission (1871–1873) 259, 260, Round Table Conference 421 261, 262 separatists 479 Srivijaya Empire (650–1377) 132, 137, 172 j Suharto, Muhammad 423–424, 471 Jabidah Massacre (1968) 441 Sukarno, Achmed 421–423 Jahan, Shah 147 Indus Valley civilization 20–22 Jahangir, Indian ruler (r. 1605–1627) 155 industrial revolution 2, 79, 118, 169, Jainism, India 10, 104, 107–110, 117 182, 207 Jalianwala Bagh (Amritsar) Massacre European empires (circa 1500–1850) 187, (1919) 333, 334 191–193, 200 Jamā al‐Din (?–1290) 70 industrialization 192, 200, 242, 263, 265, 304 Jama’at‐ud‐Da’wah (terrorist organization) 358 rapid 191, 239, 292, 349 Jamaat‐ul‐Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) 375 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) 472 Janata Dal Party, India 352, 355 International Military Tribunal of the Far Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), Sri East 230, 284 Lanka 379, 380 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 472 Japan interwar years (1919–1937) 3, 457 Age of the Kings and Emperors (seventh to 272 twelfth centuries) 89–91 Iran Age of the Shoguns (twelfth to sixteenth occupation of American Embassy 5 centuries) 88, 91–95 Revolution of 1979 356, 369 Air Force 295 ISIL (Islamic State in Iraq and Levant) 362 American Occupation 283, 291, 471

bindex.indd 493 01/23/2021 15:34:05 494 Index

Japan (cont’d ) atomic weapons attacks on Hiroshima and American Occupation Authority 284, 285, Nagasaki (1945) 274, 278, 280 286, 287, 293 Bataan Death March (1942) 280, 307 ancient (pre‐seventh century) 87–89 Era of Party Government Anglo‐Japanese Alliance (1902) 259, 460 (1918–1931) 271–274 atomic weapons attacks on Hiroshima and General Election Law 272 Nagasaki (1945) 274, 278, 280 militarism, 1930s 274–277 authoritarian statist model 214 Peace Preservation Act 272 Buddhism 89, 97, 260 Pearl Harbor attack (1941), and outbreak of Chinese War of Resistance against 230 World War II 278, 279–281, 340, 385 cloistered politics 91 Second Sino‐Japanese War and Cold War (1952–1989) 285, 287–291, (1937–1945) 230–233, 277–278 294, 295 Taisho foreign policy 273–274 colonization by 277, 280, 304, 305 post‐World War II 283–296 Colonial Rule of Korea American Revolution (1910–1945) 304–307 (1945–1952) 283–287 and Comintern 272, 463 Cold War (1952–1989) 287–291 Communist Party 272, 286 recent years 291–296 “creation myth” 89 premodern 87–95 demographic factors (“graying of Reverse Course 285, 287, 291, 294 Japan”) 285, 294, 296 route to modernization (1868–1918) 257–268 economy 263–264, 399 Russo‐Japanese War (1904–1905) 229, 259, education system 262–263, 292 266–267, 460 emergence of modern Japan 261–265, 276 Security Treaty (US and Japan), 1951 287, First Sino‐Japanese War (1894–1895) 165, 288, 464 204, 208, 210, 211–215, 219, 229, 259, 265 Seventeen‐Article Constitution of 604 89 “Foot Soldier Revolution” 92 Shenyang [Mukden] Incident (1931) 276 Greater East Asia Co‐Prosperity Sphere, 260 creation in Tokyo 4, 280, 461 social structure 290 Imperial Army 231, 276 Socialist Mass Party 286 Imperial Rule Assistance Association 273, steppingstones to empire 265–266 274, 279 Tokyo Earthquake (1923) 270, 272 intellectuals 259, 265 treaties with Korea (1905, 1907 and Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 285, 1910) 298 288, 291 Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) 213, 265, 479 “” of economic stagnation Twenty‐One Demands see Twenty‐One (1990s–2010s) 285 Demands (Japan), 1915 Meiji Oligarchs see Meiji Oligarchs, Japan and the US 231–232 (1868–1873) 88, 92, war crimes 286 192–193, 215, 257–261 Warring States period (1467–1603) 88 military, modernization of 264, 286 Zaibatsu (conglomerates) 259, 263, 267, 269, Ministry of Education 263, 294 271, 275, 286, 287 Mount Kusatsu‐Shirane volcano (2018) 481 Jayavarman II 173, 174 National General Mobilization Law Jefferson, Thomas 190 (1938) 279 Jemaah Islamiyah (Indonesian terrorist Neolithic culture (New Stone Age) 17 group) 479 post‐World War I to post‐World War Jesuits 185, 298 II 269–281 see also Verbiest, Ferdinand (Jesuit priest)

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Jeyaretnam, J. B. 401 Kazakhstan 160, 453, 466 Jia Sixie, Vital Technologies that Benefit the Kennedy, John 404, 409f, 410 Common People 47 Keynes, John Maynard 331 Jiang Jieshi see Chiang Kai‐shek Khadi movement 335 Jiang Jingguo 243, 252 Khalistan Jianzhen (Gajin) 88 and Punjab 353, 354, 357, 358 Jin Dynasty (265–420) 46, 158, 163 and Sikh militarism 354 Jin State (200–100 bce) 64, 96 Zindabad Force 358 Jingdezhen (China’s porcelain capital) 62 Khaljis, Delhi Sultanate dynasty 147 Jinggangshan, Jiangxi Province 229 Khalsa (community of initiated Sikhs) 153 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 338, 363, 365, 368–369 The Khan 68–69 John of Plano Carpini 161 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar 364 John Paul, Pope 430 Khan, Altan 167 Johnson, Lyndon 404 Khan, Amanullah 449 Jomon period, Japan (ca. 14,000–300 bce) 88 Khan, Ayub 371, 372 Jones, Sir William “Oriental” 318, 320 Khan, Bogdo 456, 457 Judaism 52, 70 Khan, Chinggis 159, 160, 455 Bar Mitzvah rite 127 Khan, Dayan 167 and Islam 144, 146 Khan, Galdan 167 Old Testament 144 Khan, General Ayub 365 Jung‐geun, An 298 Khan, Ghengiz 149 Khan, Imran 368 k Khan, Khizr 148 Kalibangan, northwestern India 21 Khan, Kublai 67–68, 70, 92, 158, 160, 161, Kama (pleasure) 127, 128 165, 455 Kama Sutra 117, 128 Khan, Liaquat Ali 365, 371 Shogunate (1185–1333) 88, 92 Khan, Muhammad Ayub 351 Kampuchea, People’s Republic of (PRK) 406 Khan, Ogedei 160–161 see also Cambodia/Kampuchea Khan, Syed Ahmad 324 Kandyan Convention (1815) 341 Khan, Yahya 372 Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722) 188, 189f Khilafat Movement (1919–1924) 331, 332 Kang Youwei 204, 215 Khmer Issarak 405 Kanishka (r. 78–101 ce) 121 Khmer Rouge communism 388, 406, 407 Kanto Plain, ancient Japan 87 Khmer Serei (Free Khmer) 405 Kargil Conflict (1999) 346 Khomeini, Ayatollah 353, 356 Karlekar, Hiranmay, Bangladesh: The Next Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich 247, 410 Afghanistan? 375 Kim Dae‐jung 309, 312 karma (action/cause and effect) 106, 108 Kim Honh‐jip 303 Karmal, Babrak 450 Kim Il‐sung 239, 299, 308, 309, 312 Kashmir 448, 478 Kim Jong II 243 First Indo‐Pakistani War (1947) 346 Kim Jong‐il 309, 312 Fourth Indo‐Pakistani War (1999) 346 Kim Jong‐un 312, 470 Muslim inhabitants 357 meeting with Donald Trump (2018) 309, 313 Neolithic culture (New Stone Age) 17 Kim Ok‐gyun 300 and partition of India (1947) 348 Kingdom of Northern Wei 56 Second Indo‐Pakistani War (1965) 346, 351 Kipling, Rudyard, “White Man’s Kato Pataki, Count 270, 272, 273 Burden” 193–194 Kawabata Sadaji 306 Kishi Nobusuke 288

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Kittikachorn, General Thanom 411, 412 modern 297–314 Kong Le (Laos) 409 mythology 97 Kong Zi (aka Confucius), 551–479 bce 32–34 nationalism 306 see also Confucianism nuclear crises 313–314 Korea post‐World War II 308–314 38th Parallel 299, 308, 310 premodern 95–100 American Occupation Zone 308 Protestant missionaries 299 ancient (to 1897) 95–97 and Russia 298 April Revolution (1960) 309 Russian Occupation Zone 308 archaeological sites 95 Seoul Electric Company 304 Catholic Church 298 Seoul‐Inchon Railroad 298 and China 299 Three Kingdoms (37 bce –660 ce) 96, 97, 98 and Cold War (1952–1989) 239, 308, 309–311 traditional 97–99 colonial mercantilism 305 treaties with Japan (1905, 1907 and Demilitarized Zone 310, 312 1910) 298 division of Peninsula at the 38th Parallel, into unequal treaties system 298, 299 North and South Korea 299, 308 and the US 299 dolmen burial sites 96 Volunteer Army, Yanan 307 Donghak Movement 300 writing system 98 Donghak Peasant Guerrilla Army 301 Yi Dynasty (1392–1897) 96, 265, 298 Donghak Peasant Rebellion (1894) 301–302 see also South Korea (Republic of Korea) early efforts at modernization 300–303 Korean War (1950–1953) 238–239, 285, 287, “Eastern Learning” movement 298 308, 309, 311f, 403, 464 elites 297 Kot Massacre (1846) 343 Empire (1897–1910) 303–304 Kotoku, Emperor 90 and First Sino‐Japanese War Taika Reform (596–654) 88, 89 (1894–1895) 265, 301–302 Krishak Sramik Party (Peasants and Workers foreign invasions 99–100 Socialist Party) 371 foreign threats 297–300 Krishna 126 Gabo Reform (1894–1896) 302–303 Kshatriya (kings, , and warriors) 105 Gaehwapa Party 300–301 Kuala Lumpur, riots 392 Ganghwa Island Incident (1866) 298, 299 see Khan, Kublai Ganghwa Treaty (1876) 265, 298 Kumarajiva (Indian monk) 139 Gapsin Coup (1884) 298, 300–303 Kuomintang (KMT) 223 GoJoseon Dynasty 96, 97 Kushan Empire (India), ca. 27 bce–375 Goryeo Dynasty (918–1368) 97 ce 117, 120–121 Guangju Uprising (1980) 309 steppe people 119 Gwangju Student Uprising Movement Kyrgyzstan 453, 454, 466 (1929) 305 Battle of Talas (751) 145, 146 Independence Movement (June 10th, 1926) 299 Japanese colonial rule (1910–1945) 304–307 l Kaesong Industrial Park 312 Labour Party, Britain 345, 346 Korean Peninsula 95, 96, 311 Lahore Conspiracy 333 division at the 38th Parallel, into North and Lahore Resolution, Muslim League 364 South Korea 299, 308 laissez‐faire economics 190, 191 Korean People’s Army 307 Lam Son rebellion 181, 182 March 1st Movement (1919) 298, 305, 306f Lamaism see Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) martial law 305, 309 land and tax reform

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premodern Japan 90 see also Vietnam Tang Dynasty (618–907) 53–54 Lashkar‐e‐Taiba (LeT), Pakistan 358, 375 languages Late Qing Dynasty (1839–1911) 204, 208, 222, Altaic 89, 95 229, 304 Chinese collapse 157, 455, 461 Han 47, 97 see also Early Qing Dynasty (1644–1839); Manchu 189 Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) English 319, 321, 341, 379, 392, 398 Laurel, Jose 438 government‐approved 356 law 51, 175, 267, 367 Indian 117, 351 of avoidable principle 209 Dravidian 117, 340, 351 China Hindi 325, 351, 356, 364 Imperial China 75 Malayalam 351 Mongol Empire 69, 160 Pali 133, 137 dharma 137 Indo‐European 117, 340, 364 Hindu 125, 131n2, 150 Korean 98, 305, 306 inequality defined by 67 Malay 392, 420 international 257 national 371, 379, 386, 420 Japan official 97, 321, 325, 364, 379, 392, 398 General Election Law 270, 272 Official Language Act (1963) 356 General Mobilization Law 279 Pali 133, 137 “jungle” 253, 265 Pastoral Nomadic culture 9 law and order 90, 399, 407, 425 Persian 151, 352n8 martial law see martial law regional 318, 351, 420 moral 127 Russian 453 rule of law 257, 266, 440 Sanskrit 103, 131, 137, 173 Shari’a (Islamic) 144, 150, 155, 160, 425, 428, Sinhalese 379 436, 475 Tamil Hindus 133, 379 Tang Dynasty (618–907) 52–53 Telugu 351 tax 53, 63 Urdu 364 Laws of Manu, Hinduism 117, 126 vernacular 1 Le Duan 405 Western 212 Le Loi 181 see also English above League of Nations 276, 331, 433 Lansdale, Edward 404, 439 Council 267 Lao Issara (Free Lao) 408 Lee Hsien Loong 243, 397, 400 Lao Zi (ca. 571–471 bce) 34–35, 45 Lee Kuan Yew 243, 385, 388, 399, 401, 402, 414, Laos 424, 470, 471 coalition governments 408–410 and independence of Singapore 397–398 Cold War (1952–1989) 408 see also Singapore and Cold War (1952–1989) 408 Legalism 10, 35, 37, 41, 42 Communist rule (1975–2018) 410 Lenin, Vladimir 227, 453, 462 Five‐Year Plans 410 “Theses on the National and Colonial independence, 1953 408 Questions” 462 Lao People’s Democratic Party 410 see also Marxism‐Leninism; Russian nationalism 408 Revolution (1917); Soviet Union, former; Protectorate to Lao People’s Democratic Stalin, Josef Republic 408–410 Li Bai, 701–762 (“Poet Immortal”) 55, 56 reeducation camps (seminar camps) 410 Li Bing 40

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Li Daoyuan, On the Waterways 47 MacArthur, General Douglas (“blue‐eyed Li Dazhao 225 shogun”) 239, 284, 286, 438 Li Hongzhang 209, 210, 213, 217, 218f, 219, 452 and Korea 308, 310 Li Shimin (Tang Taizong) 49 Macartney Mission (1793) 75, 204 Li Si (284–208 bce) 37, 38 Macaulay, Thomas 318, 320 Li Yuan (566–635) 51 MacDonald, Ramsey 338 Li Zicheng (1606–1645) 74, 80, 81 Magellan, Ferdinand (1521–1898) 172, 178, 179 Liang Qichao 294, 215, 217 Magsaysay, Ramon 439, 440 Liaodong Peninsula (Province), China 265, Mahabharata (Indian epic and religious 273, 302, 460 guide) 104, 125, 126, 129, 131, 175 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE) 346, Mahan, Alfred Thayer 193 354, 379–381 Mahathir bin Mohamad/Mahathir Lin Biao 243, 245, 246f Mohamad 391, 392–394, 419, 424 Lin Zexu (1785–1850) 204, 205 Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) Lincoln, Abraham 212 Buddhism 110, 139 Linggadjati (Cheribon) Agreement 420 Mahidol, King Ananda (of Thailand) 411 Liu Bang (aka Han Gaozu), 256–195 Mahmud of Ghazni 146 bce 38, 42–43 Majapahit Empire (1293–1527) 172, 178 Liu Che (aka Han Wudi), Martial Emperor Malay Dilemma (1970) (Strait of Malacca (156–187 bce) 38, 43–45, 47, 96 Dilemma) 392 Liu Shaoqi (Chinese president) 243, 244 Malay‐Chinese race riot (1964) 471 Liu Xia 251 Malaysia Liu Xiaobo 251 from 2003 to 2019 395–396 Liu Xiu 45 Bahasa language 420 Locke, John 190, 191 British Malaya/Federation of Lodi, Buhlul 148–149 Malaysia 390–396, 397 Lodis, Delhi Sultanate dynasty 147, 148–149 Emergency (1948–1960) 387, 390, 391, 397 Long March (China), 1934–1936 229, 230 British Military Administration 397 Longshan culture, Yellow River 28 Communist Party 391, 397 LTTE see Liberation Tigers of Tamil Confrontation (Konfrontasi) 392 Elam (LTTE) decolonization 391 Lu Buwei (?–235 BCE) 39 Democratic Action Party (DAP) 392 Lu Xun, A Madman’s Diary 226 Economic Transformation Lucknow Pact (1916) 331, 332 Programme 395–396 Lugouqiao (Marco Polo Bridge) Incident, Beijing Government Transformation (1937) 230, 274, 277 Programme 395–396 Luo Guanzhong, Romance of the Three human rights abuses 471 Kingdoms 84 independence, 1957 391–392 Lushan Conference 243 Internal Security Act (1960) 394, 395 Lushan Rebellion (755–763) 58 Mahathir, Mohamad 392–394 Luther, Martin 188 Malayan Communist Party (MCP) 463, 464 Ly Dynasty (1010–1225) 181 Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA) 391 m Malayan Union 391 Ma Yingjiu 253 National Front (Barisan Nasional) 395, 396 Macao 4 New Economic Model 396 Macapagal, Diosdado 438n8, 440 New Economic Policy 393, 395 Macapagal‐Arroyo, Gloria 444 New Economic Policy for Malaysia 395

bindex.indd 498 01/23/2021 15:34:06 Index 499

People First, Performance Now Southeast Asian nations 365, 367, 371 philosophy 395 since 1945 389, 435, 437, 441 People’s Alliance (Pakatan Rakyat) 395 Marxism‐Leninism 240, 378, 462 Police Act (1967) 394 Mashriqi, Allama/Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi race riots (1969) 390 (1888–1963) 364 secession of Singapore from (1965) 390 Mataram Kingdom, Indonesia 177 state formation 391–392, 418 Matsuoka‐Henri Agreement (1940), Tenth Malaysia Plan 396 Vietnam 222, 402 UNMO (United Malays National Maukhari, northern India 122 Organization) 390–396, 398 Maurya of Magadha, King Chandragupta Maldives, Republic of 354, 381–383 (r. 321–292 bce) 104, 108, 112 Mamluk Slave Kings, Delhi Sultanate Mauryan Empire, India (321–185 bce) 22, 104, dynasty 147 108, 110, 112–114, 115f Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) see Qing Buddhism 114 Dynasty (1644–1911) collapse 117, 119 Manchuria 89, 95, 163, 229, 460 Righteousness 113 Mandate of Heaven, China 1, 29, 34, 163 Seventh Pillar Edict 113 Manusmriti (Laws of Manu) see Laws of Manu, unification of northern India 112, 114 Hinduism see also Ashoka the Great (r. 273–232 bce); Mao, Madame (Jiang Qing) 243 Maurya of Magadha, King Chandragupta Mao Zedong (Mao Tse‐Tung), 1949–1976 4, (r. 321–292 bce) 210, 216, 237–247, 387, 463, 471, 479 May 4th Movement (China), 1919 222, and Chiang Kai‐shek (Jiang Jieshi) 230, 233, 225–227, 331 234f, 287 Megasthenes 112 control over the CCP 237, 240–241 Mehrgarh, western Pakistan 17 Mao Zedong Thought 240 Meiji, Emperor (1852–1912) 257, 269 megalomania of 241 Meiji Oligarchs, Japan 258–262, 264, 269 On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship 237 Meiji Restoration (1868–1873), Japan 88, 92, and People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 237 215, 257–261, 269, 300, 349 Republican China (1868) 257, 258, 261 (1911–1949) 226–227, 229–230 Crisis of 1873 259, 260, 261 Maoism 253 Diet 261, 262, 291 Maratha Confederacy 155 and European empires (circa March 1st Movement (1919), Korea 298, 1500–1850) 192–193 305, 306f Iwakura Mission (1871–1873) 259, 260, Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Beijing (1937) 230, 261, 262 274, 277 Meiji Constitution (1890–1945) 259, 261, 286 Marco Polo (circa 1254–1324) 25, 161, 185 Meiji Oligarchs see Meiji Oligarchs, Japan Marcos, Ferdinand 418, 437, 440, 441, 471 nation building 262 Marcos, Imelda 457 national security 265–266 Marshall Plan 421, 470 revolutionary nature of 260 Martial Emperor see Liu Che (aka Han Wudi), see also Japan Martial Emperor, 156–187 bce Meng Zi (aka Mencius), 372–289 bce 34 martial law mercantilism Korea 305, 309 colonial 305 People’s Republic of China (PRC) managed by monarchs 191 245, 252 Opium Wars, effect on China 203–204 Philippines 418, 437, 441 state‐guided 190

bindex.indd 499 01/23/2021 15:34:06 500 Index

Mesopotamia 18, 19, 22, 25 Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) 443, 479 Midway Island, Battle of (1942) 280 Moro National Liberation Front Military Bases Agreement (1947), (MNLF) 441, 443 Philippiines 438 most‐favored nation status 206, 213 Min, Queen of Korea (1851–1895) 298, 302 Motilal Nehru Committee 338 Minamoto Shogunate, Japan 92 Mouhot, Henri 174 Minamoto Yoritomo 91 Mount Kusatsu‐Shirane volcano, Japan (2018) 481 Mindanao island, Philippines 178, 479 Mountbatten, Lord Louis 347, 397 (1368–1644) 11, 23, 61, 73–81, Mughal Empire, India (1526–1858) 149–155, 100, 163, 165, 181, 252 150f, 157, 186, 315, 316 modernization 5, 386 Mujahedeen (struggle) 450, 451 China 203–220 Mujibur (Mujib) Rahman, Sheikh 371, 372 see also under China; People’s Republic of Mumbai terrorist attack (2008) 346, 358, 480 China (PRC), 1949 to the present Muraviev, Nikolai 460 cultural categories 15 Musharraf, General Pervez 367–368 India 201, 320, 356, 386 Muslim League, Pakistan 363, 364, 368, 371 Indonesia 428 Mutahida Jehad Council 358 Japan see under Japan mutual aid groups, PRC 241 Korea 300–303 Mutual Defense Treaty (1952) 285, 438 Gwangmu Modernization Reform and Mutual Security Treaty (1952) 287, 288, 464 Korean Empire (1897–1910) 303–304 Myanmar see Burma/Myanmar Mongolia 459 prototypes for 4 n Singapore 399 Namgyal, Ngawang 342 and World War I 3 Nanak, Guru 153 Modi, Narendra 347 Nanda, Gulzarilal 351 Mohenjo Daro site, Indus Valley 21 Nanda Empire (424–321 ce) 111, 112 Moksha (release) 126, 127 Nanjing Massacre (Rape of Nanjing), 1937 222, Mongol Empire, China 1, 11, 59, 60, 66–71, 76, 230–231, 278 135, 158–161, 162f Nanjing Military Tribunal for War Crimes 230 Dzungars (tribe) 166, 167, 455 Nanjing Decade (China), 1928–1937 228–230 industry and trade 69, 70 Nanzhao, Kingdom of (8th and 10th law 69, 160 centuries) 165, 172 Mongolia 18, 67, 167, 330, 447, 455–459 Naoroji, Dadabhai, Poverty and Un‐British Rule from 1911 to 1945 456–459 in India 322 independence (1921) 457 Nara, Japan 88, 90, 91 Inner Mongolia 455, 456 Narayan, Jaiprakash (J. P.) 352 modernization of economy 459 Narayanan, Kocheril Raman 356 Outer Mongolia 456 National Council for Maubere Resistance 430 People’s Republic (1924) 457 National Defence College, India, Non‐ Soviet control 455 Alignment 2.0 358 withdrawal of Soviet troops from (1986) 456 National Liberation Front (NLF) 404 Mongolian People’s Party/Mongolian People’s National Student Center of Thailand Revolutionary Party (MPRP) 457 (NSCT) 411 Montague Chelmsford reforms 333 nationalism 2, 3, 143, 187, 193, 194, 195, 290, Moon Jae‐in 309 315, 343 Morley, John 327 Afghanistan 449 Morley‐Minto Reforms of 1909 327 China 208, 275

bindex.indd 500 01/23/2021 15:34:06 Index 501

Chinese Nationalist Party (GMD) see Neolithic culture (New Stone Age) 9, 15–20 Chinese Nationalist Party (GMD) Chinese history 17, 26, 27–28 Nationalist‐Communist Civil War, Nepal 342, 343, 344, 376, 377–378 1945–1949 233–234 New Guinea 432–433 Republic of China (ROC) 229–230 New Stone Age (Neolithic culture) see Neolithic and communism 308 culture (New Stone Age) cultural 357 Newton, Isaac 188 early 200 Nguyen Dynasty (1802–1945) 182 extreme 264 Nguyen Phu Trong 405 Hinduism 324–325 Nikator, Seleucus 112 India 319–320, 322–326, 332 9/11 terrorist attacks 369, 449, 451, 454 All India Muslim League see All India Nirgrantha code, Jainism 108 Muslim League (IML) Nirmohi Akhara (Hindu sect) 357 British response to 326–327 Nirvana (rebirth) 110, 114 INC see Indian National Congress (INC) Nixon, Richard 247, 404 Sepoy mutiny (1857–1858) 194, 206, 316, Nol, Lon 406 318, 320–322 nomads 18, 31, 40, 98 Indonesia 420 Northern Wei 47 Korea 306 State of Jin (200–100 bce) 64, 96 Laos 408 warlords 59 modern 281, 308 Xiongnu tribes 44 narrow 263 see also Pastoral Nomadic culture and patriotism 226, 230, 263 Non‐Cooperation Movement peasant 461 (1920–1922) 331, 335 people’s 351 North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of “petty bourgeois” 462 Korea) 308, 471, 481 Philippines 440 and China 314 South Asia, Nationalist movements, communist regime 239, 311 1914–1945 332–334 invasion of South Korea (1950) see Korean Tamil 379 War (1950–1953) United Malays National Organization Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, signing (UNMO) 390–396, 398 (1985) 309, 313 Nationalist‐Communist Civil War (China), nuclear weapons testing 309, 313, 470 1945–1949 233–234 post‐World War II 312 Nazi Germany 3, 190, 200, 229, 232, 276–280, Six‐Party Talks (2000) 313 305, 332, 338, 411 withdrawal from Nonproliferation Treaty Nazi‐Soviet Pact (1939) 222, 274, 464 (2003) 309, 313 Tripartite Pact (Japan, Germany and Italy), see also Korea; South Korea (Republic of Korea) 1940 274, 278 Northern frontiers 447–467 see also Fascism; Germany; Hitler, Adolf; Afghanistan 448–451 World War II Northern India and Central Asia (185 bce–1200 Ne Win/Shu Muang (1911–2002), Burmese ce) 119–121 general and politician 389 Northern Wei nomadic tribes Nehru, Jawaharlal 4, 338, 345, 346, 349, 351, (China) 386–557, 47 354, 368 Nosavan, General Phoumi 409 on socialism 348, 349 nothingness, and Daoism 34–35 Nehru, Motilal 322 nuclear weapons 247, 313–314, 470 Neo‐Confucianism 60, 64, 98, 140 Civil Nuclear Agreement (2005) 357

bindex.indd 501 01/23/2021 15:34:06 502 Index

nuclear weapons (cont’d) Awami League (AL) 371, 372, 374, 375 and Fukushima nuclear power plant Bengalis, East Pakistan 364, 371 earthquake (2011) 293, 470 Beveridge Report (1942) 368–369 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, signing by Charter of Freedom 371 North Korea (1985) 309, 313 and Cold War (1952–1989) 369 Six‐Party Talks (2000) 313 Colombo Plan (1950) 369 Strategic Dialogue (2009), US and India 358 Constitution of 1962 371 testing by India and Pakistan 346 creation of nation 370 testing by North Korea 309, 313, 470 East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) 346, 352, withdrawal from Nonproliferation Treaty by 354, 358, 364, 371, 372 North Korea (2003) 309, 313 economic program 368–369 see also atomic weapons attacks on elites 371 Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945); North failed statehood 471 Korea (Democratic People’s Republic First Indo‐Pakistani War (1947) 346 of Korea) Five‐Year Plans 369 Nuwa Shi (Chinese “culture hero”) 27 foreign policy challenge for India 358 Fourth Indo‐Pakistani War (1999) 346 o independence (1947) 344 Obama, Barack 444, 451 Islamic Republic 363–370 (1534–1582) 93 dominion of (1947–1956) 365 oil crisis (1973) 288 First Constituent Assembly 365 Old Stone Age (Paleolithic culture) see National Assembly 367, 372 Paleolithic culture (Old Stone Age) Objectives Resolution 365 Oli, Khadga Prasad Sharma 378 political and economic developments, from One‐Child Policy, China 247, 252, 476, 477 1956 to 2018 366–370 and “two‐child policy” 252 Second Constituent Assembly 365 O’Neill, Peter 433 Lashkar‐e‐Taiba (LeT) 375 Open Door policy (1899–1900), United Liberation Force (Mukti Bahini) 372 States 204, 213, 214, 224, 273 martial law 371 Operation Air Bull, Thailand 409 Muslim League 363, 364, 368, 371 Opium Wars 75, 84, 203–207 Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement (1954), anti‐opium movement (1906) 218 with US 368 effect on China 206–207 Neolithic culture (New Stone Age) 17 First Opium War (1839–1842) 158, 182, 192, northwestern frontier 466 204, 206, 208, 252, 297 nuclear testing 346 Second Opium War (1856–1860) 204, 206, One Unit policy 371, 372 209, 460 political instability 367 and system 206 reforms 371 oracle bones (inscribed with archaic form of refugees 370 pictographic writing) 28, 29 Second Indo‐Pakistani War (1965) Orwell, George, Burmese Days 330 346, 351 Osmena, Sergio 437 terrorist activities 358, 480 Third Indo‐Pakistani War (1971) p 346, 352 Padmasambhava (Guru Rimpoche) 133 West Pakistan 364, 371, 372 Pagan Kingdom (849–1287) 172, 175 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) 367, 372 Paine, Thomas 190 Pakistan Tehreek‐i‐Insaf (PTI Party) 368 Pakistan 316, 361–362, 448 Pala Dynasty (750–1174), Bengal 122–123

bindex.indd 502 01/23/2021 15:34:06 Index 503

Paleolithic culture (Old Stone Age) 9, 10, Deng Xiaoping see Deng Xiaoping (1978–1989) 15–17, 19–20 founding of (1949) 247, 287, 308 China 26, 27–28 “four modernizations” 248 Japan 88 Great Leap Forward (1958–1962) 241–243, Korea 96 476, 481 Palestine, Balfour Declaration (1917) 331 Korean War, 1950–1953 238–239 Pallava Dynasty (India) 275–897, 117 land reform work teams 239 Pan Gu (mythical creator of heaven and martial law 245, 252 earth) 27 “one country, two systems” policy (Hong Kong Pandey, Mangal 321 and Macao) 252 Panyarachu, Anand 412 One‐Party Rule, consolidation of 239–241 paper‐making technology, Chinese state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) 249 invention 60, 62, 67, 70 see also China; Imperial China, Papua New Guinea 418, 428, 432–434, 471 221bce – 1912 ad; Mao Zedong (Mao Paris Peace Accords 225, 267, 273, Tse‐Tung), 1949–1976; Republican China, 404, 410 1911–1949 Park Chung Hee 308, 309 perestroika (reconstruction) 5, 405, 454 Park Geun‐hye 309 Persia 133, 135 Parshvanatha 108 Peter the Great 215 Parthians, invasion of India by 119 Phibunsongkhram, Plaek (Thai military Pashtuns (Afghans) 119, 365, 448–450, 466 ruler) 411 Pastoral Nomadic culture 9, 15, 17–20 Philippine Rehabilitation Act (1946) 438 Pataki, Count Kato 270, 272, 273 Philippines Pathet Lao (armed insurgency in Laos) 388, from 1100–1850 178–179 408, 409, 410 and Cold War (1952–1989) 436–438 patriotism, and nationalism 226, 230, 263 Commonwealth to Republic 436–444 Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 278, 279–281, Communist Party 443 340, 385 democracy, 1986 443–444 peasant rebellions 73, 439, 461 elites 437, 439, 443 Donghak Peasant Rebellion (1894) Filipino People’s Court 437 301–302 Huk insurgency (1946–1956) 436–439 Huang Chao Peasant Rebellion independence (1946) 418, 437–438 (878–884) 49, 58 insurrectionary movements 443 “peasant issue” 233, 234 map 442f in Republic of China 228–229 and Marcos 440, 441 Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) 182, 204, 207, martial law 418, 437, 441 208–211, 212, 219, 227, 297 Military Bases Agreement (1947) 438 utopianism 208 Mindanao island 178, 479 Yellow Turban Peasant Rebellion (184 ce) 45 nationalism 440 Pence, Michael 433 Neolithic culture (New Stone Age) 17 people’s communes, PRC 241 New Society reforms 441 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan People Power movement 444 (PDPA) 450 social concerns 439 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 237 and Spain 179 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 1949 to the tensions between Christian and Muslim present 234, 237–255 Filipinos 475 Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) 243–245, Visiting Forces Agreement (1998) 444 246f, 247, 249, 291, 476 philosophes (intellectuals) 189, 190

bindex.indd 503 01/23/2021 15:34:06 504 Index

Phnom Penh 406 Early Qing Dynasty (1644–1839) 81–85, 342 Phung Nguyen culture, Vietnam 17 elites 157 Plassey, Battle of (1757) 317 hairstyle 81 poetry 55–56 Late Qing Dynasty (1839–1911) 204, 208, Chinese classical 49 222, 229, 304 Pol Pot (aka Saloth Sar) 406, 407 collapse 157, 455, 461 politics by assassination, Japan 276 literary inquisitions 82 Ponnambalam, G.G. 342, 379 rebellion 208 Popular Democratic Association of Timor 429 unequal treaties 204, 206, 208 Prabhakaran, Vellupillai 380 , Chinese port city 63 PRC see People’s Republic of China (PRC), 1949 Quirino, Elpidio 438, 439, 440 to the present Quit India Movement 335, 338, 339 Prevention of Terrorism Act (1979), Sri Lanka 380 r printing, movable‐type, Chinese invention 60, Radcliffe, Sir Cyril 347 67, 97–98 Radcliffe Award partitioning India 348 privatization 249, 250, 375, 396 Radcliffe Line 348 Protestant Reformation 188 Rahman, General Ziaur (“Major Zia”) 372 Pu Yi, Emperor 219, 222, 229, 274, 276 Rahman, Tunku Abdul 372, 392, 395, 398 Punjab 111, 117, 148, 153, 315, 333, 363, 448 Rajapaksa, Mahindra 381 Amritsar shrine 348 Ram Mohan Roy see Roy, Ram Mohan Commission 347 Ramakrishna Mission 320 crisis 354 Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (born Gadadhar demonstrations (1919) 334 Chattopadhyay) 320 and Khalistan 353, 354, 357, 358 Ramayana (Indian epic and religious Sikhism 153, 348, 353, 357 guide) 104, 125, 129, 131, 175 see also ancient India (1200 bce –185 bce); Ramos, Fidel 443 Bengal; India Ramos‐Horta, Jose 430, 431 Puranas (Ancient Stories) 126, 131 Ranariddh, Norodom 407 Pushyamitra Sunga 119 Rao, P. V. 355 Putin, Vladimir 466 Rape of Nanjing (1937) see Nanjing (Rape of Nanjing), 1937 q Ravi River, northern Pakistan 21 Qianlong, Qing Emperor 204 Rawalpindi Agreement 449 Qin Dynasty (221–207 bce) 26, 39, 42, 120–121 Razak, Mohd Najib bin Abdul 395, 396, 419 founding of 37–48 Red Guards, PRC 244, 245 terra‐cotta armies 26 religion Qin Shi Huangdi (Qin Shihuang, 259–210 in Central Asia 474 bce) 38, 39f, 40, 41 112, 135, 241 Christianity see Christianity construction of Great Wall 119, 120–121 fundamentalism 454, 455, 471, 479–480 unification of China (221 bce) 119, 120, India 106–110, 118–119 135, 180 Japan 89 Qing, Jiang 243, 245, 246f modern social practices 476 Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) 18, 61, 66, 67, 74, as a “sacred canopy” 118 100, 157, 163–167, 169, 192, 205, 447, 455, see also Buddhism; Hinduism; Islam; 460, 461 Jainism; Judaism Complete Collection of the Chinese Classics religious toleration (1772–1781) 81, 82 Ceylon/Sri Lanka 379

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China 56, 70 Yangtze see Yangtze River, China Europe 190 Yellow see Yellow River, China India 143, 147, 150, 151, 155, 186, 348 Roe, Thomas 317 Mongols 160 Roem, Mohammad 421 Russia 452 Roh Moo‐hyun 309 Remarque, Erich, All Quiet on the Western Rohingya ethnic group, Myanmar 474, 475 Front 330 Romanov Dynasty (1613–1917) 168 Renaissance 187, 189, 191 Rong Hong (aka Yung Wing) 204, 212–213 Rendel Constitutional Commission 397 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 232, 233, 279, 340, Republican China (1911–1949) 221–235, 479 403, 420 baihuawen (popular writing style), replacing Rostow, Walt, Stages of Economic Growth 386 wenyanwen 226 Rowlatt Act (1919) 331, 333, 334 Chinese Nationalist Party (GMD) see Chinese Roxas, Manual 437, 438 Nationalist Party (GMD) Roy, M. N., The Future of Indian Politics 463 First GMD‐CCP United Front Roy, Ram Mohan 316, 319, 320 (1924–1927) 227 Ruak, Taur Matan 431 founding of Republic of China (ROC) 221 Russia Huangpu Military Academy 227, 228 and Britain 447 and Japan’s Twenty‐One Demands see and Central Asia 452 Twenty‐One Demands (Japan), 1915 demographic factors 458, 466 and Jiang Jieshi see Chiang Kai‐shek Far East see Russian Far East (1850–2018) (Jiang Jieshi) and Korea 298 Long March 1934–1936 229, 230 Russian Federation 447, 465f May 4th Movement 1919 222, 225–227, 331 Tsarist Russia 100, 157, 167, 213, 304, 315, Nanjing as capital (1928–1937) 228–230 456, 461 Nationalist‐Communist Civil War see also Soviet Union, former (1945–1949) 233–234 Russian Far East (1850–2018) 459–460 New Culture Movement (1915) 222, 225, 226 and Soviet Union 461–466 Republican Revolution, 1911 219, 221 Russian Revolution (1917) 3, 276, 330, 454, Revolution of 1911 456 459, 460 Second Sino‐Japanese War Russo‐Japanese War (1904–1905) 229, (1937–1945) 230–233, 277–278 266–267, 460 warlordism (1916–1928) 222, 224–225 wenyanwen (elitist classics writing style), s replacement by baihuawen 226 Saeed, Hafiz 358 and World War I 223 Saifuddin III, Omar 435 Xian Incident (1936) 230 Saigo Takamori 260 see also China; Imperial China Sailendra Kingdom 177–178 (221bce – 1912 ad); People’s Republic of Sakhalin Island, Russia 460 China (PRC), 1949 to the present Sakyamuni (sage of the Sakyas) 108 Rhee Syngman 297, 299, 309 Salazar, Antonio 429 Ricci, Matteo 195f, 196 Salt Satyagraha demonstration 336 Ridgeway, Matthew 310 samsara (transmigration) 107 Rigveda 104 Samudra Gupta (r. 335–375) 122 Rishabhdeva 107 warriors, Japan 94 rivers elites 90, 92, 260 Ravi River, northern Pakistan 21 Sangh Parivar (Family of Associations) 357 Saraswati River, northwestern India 21 Santa Cruz Massacre 430

bindex.indd 505 01/23/2021 15:34:06 506 Index

Sar, Saloth see Pol Pot (aka Saloth Sar) writing on oracle bones 28, 29 Saraswati, Dayanand (1824–1883) 319, 320 Shang Yang (390–338 bce) 37, 38 Saraswati River, northwestern India 21 Shanghai Communique 247 Sarvodaya (way of life) 348 Shanghai Incident (1932) 273, 276 Sassanian Empire (India) 224–651, 119 Shao Lin Temple, China 121, 132, 139, 141 (1877) 259, 260 Sharif, Nawaz 367 Satvahana Empire, India (ca. 230 Sharif, Shehbaz 368 bce–220 ce) 125 Shastri, Lal Bahadur 351, 352 Savarkar, Vinayak D. 357 Shekhar, Chandra 354 Sayyids, Delhi Sultanate dynasty 147, 148 Shen Wansan, 1296–1376 81 “Scheduled Castes” 105 Shennong Shi 28 science 188, 189 Shi Nai’an, The Water Margin 84 Scythians, invasion of India by 119–120 Shigeru Yoshida 4, 285, 287–288 SEATO see Southeast Asia Treaty Shinawatra, Thaksin 388, 412, 413, Organization (SEATO) 418, 470 Second Indochina War see Vietnam War Shinawatra, Yingluck (Thai Prime Minister) (1955–1975) 388, 413f, 414, 418, 470 Second Sino‐Japanese War Shirakawa Yoshinori, (General) 306 (1937–1945) 230–233, 277–278 Shiv Sena association, India 357 Second Vietnam War (1962–1975) 409–410 Shorapur Doab, southern India 17 Security Treaty (US and Japan) see Mutual Shotoku, Prince (574–622) 88, 89 Security Treaty (1952) Shun, legendary King of China 26, 28 Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Siam/Thailand Government) Party, Japan 269–270, from 1100 to 1850 175 272 constitutions 410 Seleucid Dynasty 119 coups d’état 410 Self‐Strengthening Movement (China), Neolithic culture (New Stone Age) 17 1860s–1890s 204, 211–215, 219 Siberia 17, 18, 89, 95, 167–169 “Chinese values, Western means” 214 conference of Mongols in (1919) 456 Sen, Hun 407 and Russian Far East 459–466 Senanayake, Don Stephen 342, 379 Trans‐Siberian Railway 100, 459, 460 Seo Jae‐pil (aka Philip Jaisohn) 303 Sichuan Province earthquake, China Sepoy mutiny (India) (1857–1858) 194, 206, (2008) 470 316, 318, 320–322 Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) 104 Serej‐al‐Akhbar (Afghan newspaper) 449 First Sermon on the Doctrine of Seven Years’ War (1754–1763) 179, 317 Righteousness 108 Shah, King Gyanendra 378 see also Buddhism Shah, Mohammed Zahir (1914–2007) 449 Sihanouk, Norodom 405, 406, 407 Shah, Nadir 316 Sikhism 117, 125, 151–153, 199, 376 Shah, Prithvi Narayan 343 in Punjab 153, 348, 353, 357 Shamanism 70, 159, 160 Sikkim 342, 344, 376 Shandong Peninsula 216, 219, 460 Silk Road, China 44, 51, 52, 63 Shang Dynasty (ca. 1650–1050 bce) 22, 26, 45 and Buddhism 56, 135, 139, 140, 451 bronze metallurgy 29 and Chang’an (Tang capital) 52 compared with Zhou Dynasty 31 Dunhuang 56 “Shang Ruins” 28 by land and sea 70, 76, 186, 470 social classes 29 Mongol rule 70, 161 superstitious beliefs 29, 31 and Parthians 119

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Silla Kingdom, Korea (57 bce –935 ce) 96, map 61f 97, 98, 141 Southern Song 161 Sima Qian (ca. 145–86 bce), Records of the Sorge, Richard 463 Grand Historian 38, 43, 47 Soros, George 394 Simla Agreement (1972) 346 Soulbury, Lord Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Simon Commission 337 Viscount Soulbury) 341 Singapore Souphanouvong, Prince 408 birth of Republic 398 South Asia and Britain 396 elites 404 and Cold War (1952–1989) 398, 402 Indianization (185 bce –1200 ce) 133 Colonial to Republic 396–402 Nationalist movements (1914–1945) and Confucianism 399 332–334 cosmopolitanism 398 South Asian Association for Regional independent, rise of (1945–1965) 397–398 Cooperation 354 Legislative Council 397 South Asian Terrorism Portal 358 and modernization 399 South Korea (Republic of Korea) 308, 312, 397, one‐party state 472 448, 472 People’s Action Party (PAP) 397–401 economic development post‐World War Progressive Party 397 II 312, 399 race riots 418 invasion by North Korea (1950) see Korean rapid economic development 399 War (1950–1953) self‐government 398 and Korean War 238–239 “soft authoritarian” practices 397, 399 Olympic Games (1988) 309 Straits Settlements Crown Colony 396–397 pro‐American regime 238, 311 in transition (1990 to 2019) 399–402 Sunshine Policy (1998) 309, 312 see also Lee Kuan Yew see also Korea; North Korea (Democratic Singapore Crown Colony 397 People’s Republic of Korea) Singapore Mutiny (1915) 333 South Vietnamese Army 404 Singh, Charan 352 Southeast Asia 124f, 136f Singh, Gobind 153 from 185 bce –1200 ce (Indianization) 135, Singh, Maharaja Hari 348 136f, 137–138 Singh, Manmohan 355 from 1100 to 1850 171–183 Singh, V. P. 354 from 1945 385–446 Sinhalese Buddhism 133, 362, 378 1983 onwards 380–381 Sino‐Indian Friendship and Cooperation Treaty insular 417–446 (1971) 346 mainland 385–415 Sirisena, Maithripala 381 British Malaya/Federation of Malaysia Sisavang Vong/Sisavang Phoulivong, King of 390–396 Luang Phrabang Laos 408 Cambodia/Kampuchea 173–174 Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations 190 Himalayan nations 342–343, 376–378 Smriti (things remembered) 125–126 Maldives 381–383 Social Darwinism 193, 259, 265, 275 martial law 365, 367, 371, 389, 435, 437, 441 Society of Noble Men (Arya Samaj) 319 see also Bangladesh, People’s Republic; “soft authoritarian” practices, Singapore 397, 399 Burma/Myanmar; China; India; Somare, Sir Michael 433 Indonesia; Pakistan; Philippines; Siam/ Son of Heaven, China 26, 29, 30, 32 Thailand; Vietnam Song Dynasty (960–1279) 59–66, 163 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Kaifeng, Song capital 62, 64 (SEATO) 403, 409, 411, 438

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Soviet Union, former map 50f Afghanistan invasion (1979) 353, Sui Wendi (541–604) 50 361–362, 366 Sui Yangdi (569–618) 51, 52 Brezhnev Doctrine 450 Sukarno, Megawati 432 in Central and Inner Asia 461 Sukarno, President Achmed (1950–1965) 4, civil war (1917–1921) 459, 461 417, 418, 419, 421–423, 471 collapse (1991) 5, 447, 454, 456 Golkar (functional groups) 422, 423 Communist International see Comintern “Guided Democracy” 421 (Communist International), Russia Pancasila (principles) 419, 423 Communist Party 227 Sukarnoputri, Megawati 425, 426 internationalism, versus “petty bourgeois Sumati Bhargava, Laws of Manu 117, 126 nationalism” 462 Summer Olympics (1988) 472 Mao’s attacks on 247 Sun Yat‐sen (Sun Zhongshan), 1866–1925 217, Mongolia, control of 455 221, 222 New Turn Policy 457 Nationalist Party 227 principal political leader in Asia 461 Three Principles of the People 223, 227 and Siberia/Russian Far East 461–466, 465f Sun Zhongshan (aka Dr. Sun Yat‐sen) see Sun Treaty of Friendship (with India, 1971) 352 Yat‐sen (Sun Zhongshan), 1866–1925 withdrawal of Soviet troops from Mongolia Sunga Empire (India), 185–73 bce 119 (1986) 456 Suu Kyi see Aung San Suu Kyi and World War I 461 Syngman Rhee, see Rhee Syngman see also Russia and Russian Federation; System of Imperial Examinations for the Civil Russian Revolution (1917); Lenin, Service, Tang Dynasty 54 Vladimir; Stalin, Josef Spence, Jonathan 189 t Sri Lanka see Ceylon/Sri Lanka Tagore, Debendranath 319, 320 Srivijaya Empire, Indonesia (650–1377) 132, Tagore, Rabindranath 333 137, 172, 177 Taika Reform (596–654) 88, 89 Sruti (things revealed or heard) 125 Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) 182, 227 Stalin, Josef 4, 227, 239, 247, 308, 349, 453, Chinese modernization (1840–1911) 204, 457, 462 207, 208–211, 212, 219 Hitler‐Stalin Pact (1939) 200 and Korea 297, 300 see also Lenin, Vladimir; Soviet Taisho, Emperor (1879–1926) 269, 270 Union, former foreign policy 273–274 State of Qin 26, 37 Taisho Political Crisis (1912–1913), Japan 270 see also Qin Dynasty (221–207 bce) Taiwan 302, 397, 399, 472, 479 Sthanvisvarsa, northern India 122 Taiwan Miracle 252 Stilwell, General Joseph 232, 233 Taiwan Straits 239 Stone Age Taj Mahal 155 New see Neolithic culture (New Stone Age) Tajikistan 453, 454, 466 Old see Paleolithic culture (Old Stone Age) Talas, Battle of (751) 145, 146 Strategic Dialogue (2009), US and India 358 Taliban 362, 449, 450–451, 480 Strategic Hamlet Program (Vietnam) 404 splinter group of Mujahedeen. 369, 450 Sudras see Dalits (“Scheduled Castes”) see also Afghanistan; al Qaeda Suez Canal, opening of (1869) 193 Tamil Pandyan Dynasty 125, 133 Suharto, Muhammad (1965–1998) 418, 419, Tamil Tigers see Liberation Tigers of Tamil 423–424, 429, 471 Elam (LTTE) Sui Dynasty (551–618) 38, 46, 49, 50–51 Tamil United Front (TUF) 380

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Tan Sitong 204, 215 Thanh, Son Ngoc 405–406 Tanada, Lorenzo 437 Theravada Buddhism 110, 174, 175 Tang Dynasty (618–907) 46, 49, 51–54, 61, 62, Third Carnatic War (1757–1763) 317 74, 165, 181 Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) 250, 251 Buddhism 56–57, 140 Tianjin Incident (1870) 207 Chang’an (capital), now Xian 52, 58, 90 Tibet 133, 343, 478 classical Chinese poetry 55–56 Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) 70, 160 Early Tang China 49, 52, 54, 57 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar 324, 327 government and law 52–53 Timor 428–432 Great Book of Tang Law 49, 53 East Timor 428 Imperial Examination System 54 elites 429 land and tax reform 53–54 Indonesian occupation, 1975–1999 429–431 religious tolerance 56 National Congress for Timorese Silk Road 52 Reconstruction, and Independent) 431 System of Imperial Examinations for the Civil Portuguese control, 1945–1975 428, 429 Service 54 Timor Democratic Union 429 see also Buddhism; Silk Road, China Timor Leste 418, 428, 431–432, 471 Tang Taizong, Emperor (“Green‐Eyed Tjahaja, Basuki “Ahok” Purnama 419 Lad”) 51, 52, 53 Tojo Hideki 279, 284, 286 Tangshan earthquake 481 (1543–1616) 93, 94 Tangut Xixia Dynasty () 159, 160 (1603–1868) 88, 93–95, Taruc, Luis 439 258, 260 Tarzi, Mahmud Beg (1865–1933) 449 collapse 257 Tashi, Guru 342 Tokyo (Edo) 87, 94 Taungoo Empire (1531–1752) 176f Tokyo Earthquake (1923) 270, 272 Tayson Rebellion (1778–1802) 182 Tongzhi Restoration reform program (1860s and Teheran, Iranian occupation of American 1870s) 208 Embassy 5 totalitarianism 3, 58, 214, 275, 312, 386, 472 Temujin see Genghis Khan (1162–1227) European empires (circa 1500–1850) terrorist activities 449, 479–480 200, 201 9/11 attack on the US 369, 449, 451, 454 in India 347, 349 Bangladesh 375 in the PRC 238, 242 India 358 versus “soft authoritarianism” 5 war on terror 5, 367, 394 , (1536–1598) 93, see also al Qaeda; Haqqani Network; Taliban 96, 99–100 Thai Rak Thai (Thais love Thais) Party 412, 413 Tran Dai Quang (1956–2018, Vietnamese Thailand politician) 405 civilian and military governments Tran Dynasty (1225–1400) 181 (1973–2000) 411–412 Trans‐Pacific Partnership, US withdrawal Constitutional Court 413, 414 (2017) 444, 470 coups d’état 410 Trans‐Siberian Railroad 100, 258, 266, 459, 460 People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD) Treaty of Aigun (1858) 460 (“Yellows”) 413 Treaty of Ili (1851) 452 “Red” and “Yellow” shirts 413 Treaty of Kyakhta/Kiakhta (1727) 158, 169, 455 United Front for Democracy against Treaty of Lahore (1846) 316 Dictatorship (UDD) (“Reds”) 413 Treaty of Lavidia (1879) 452 see also Siam/Thailand Treaty of Manila (1946) 438 Thanarat, Sarit 411 Treaty of Nanjing (1842) 204, 206

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Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) 158, 168–169, elites 5, 437 189, 459 House of Representatives 262 Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) 460 and Japan 231–232 Treaty of Punakha (1910) 377 and Korea 299 Treaty of revised Mutual Cooperation and Monroe Doctrine (1823) 192 Security (1960) 464 Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement (1954), Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) 213, 265, 302, 479 with Pakistan 368 Treaty of St. Petersburg (1881) 452 9/11 terrorist attacks 369, 449, 451, 454 Treaty of Tianjin (1858) 204 283, 291, 471 Treaty of Versailles (1919) 3, 222, 225, 267, 268, American Occupation Authority 284, 285, 270, 330–332 286, 287, 293 Tripartite Pact (Japan, Germany and Italy), Open Door policy (1899–1900) 204, 213, 214, 1940 274, 278 224, 273 Truman, Harry 233, 239, 308, 420 recolonization of the Americas 192 containment policy 310, 404 Security Treaty (US and Japan), 1951 287, Truman Doctrine 403 288, 464 Trump, Donald J. 444, 451, 470 “security umbrella” 288, 289 meeting with Kim Jong‐un (2018) 309, 313 Taiwan Relations Act 479 Tsai Ing‐wen 470 unity of opposites principle 35 tsunami of 2004 293, 395, 418, 430, 470 UNMO (United Malays National Tsuyoshi, Inukai 272 Organization) 390–396, 398 Tughluqs, Delhi Sultanate dynasty 147, 148, 149 Upanishads (800–400 bce) 104, 106–110, Turkestan 452, 453 114, 125 Turkmenistan 454 Urdu (Indo‐European language) 364 twenty‐first century 469–482 Uzbekistan 147, 149, 159, 160, 351, 453, Asian hotspots 478–481 454, 466 assessing Asia 481 Russian capture of Tashkent 452 economic developments 472–473 political conditions 470–472 v social issues 473–477 Vajiralongkorn, King Maha 411, 412, 414 trafficking, gangs and corruption 477 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari 355 Twenty‐One Demands (Japan), 1915 3, 222, Van Fleet, General James 310 223–224, 267, 332 van Roijen, Jan Herman 421 varna system 128, 129 u Vatthana, Sisavang 408 U Nu 388, 389 Vedic period, India 103, 104–106, 110, 319 U Saw 388 Vedas (knowledge) 104, 106, 107, UN General Assembly Committee for 125–128, 319 Decolonization 429 Verbiest, Ferdinand (Jesuit priest) 185, 188, 189 unequal treaties system 261 Victoria, Queen of England, as “Empress of Korea 298, 299 India” 316 Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) 204, 206, 208 Vientiane Agreement (1973) 410 Union of India 348 Viet Minh (national independence United Kingdom see Britain coalition) 402, 403, 404, 408 United States Vietnam 135, 463, 472 and Afghanistan/Taliban 451 from 1100 to 1850 179–182 American Civil War 192 Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954) 403 Bill of Rights 261 Cam Ranh Bay port 464 capitalist‐democratic model 203 Cold War and First Vietnam War containment policy 285, 310, 404, 410 (1945–1954) 402–403

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Colonial/Socialist Republic 402–405 Warring States, Japan (1467–1603) 88 and Comintern 463 Washington Conference (1921–1922) 222, 270, communist rule 387, 405 273, 462 divided independent Vietnam Wei Jingsheng 248 (1954–1975) 403–404 Western Zhou Dynasty (1122–770 Doi Moi reforms (1986) 387, 388, 405, 471 bce) 26, 31, 34 Dong Son Bronze Age culture (800–300 Whampoa Military Academy (1924), bce) 179 China 222 elites 181, 182 White Lotus Sect 71, 75, 216 Group 959 408, 410 Widodo, Joko/Jokowi 425, 426f independence (1945) 402 William, Sir George 397 Matsuoka‐Henri Agreement (1940) 402 William of Rubruck 161 Phung Nguyen culture 17 Wilson, Woodrow 330 Red River 179 Wiman Joseon Dynasty (194–108 bce) 97 Second Five‐Year Plan (1976–1980) 405 Win, General Ne 389 Socialist Republic (1950–1951) 405 Winter Olympics (2018) 472 South Vietnamese Army 404 women, role of 476 Strategic Hamlet Program 404 World War I (Great War), 1914–1918 US withdrawal from 4 and China 223 Viet Cong (Vietnamese Communists) 404 and Germany 223, 267, 329, 330, 331, 332 see also Laos impact 329–344 Vietnam War (1955–1975) 247, 289, 387, 404, and Japan 267–268 437, 464, 471 and modernization 3 First Vietnam War (1945–1954) 387, and Mongolia 456 402–403, 410–414 and Soviet Union 461 Second Vietnam War (1962–1975) 289, see also interwar years 387, 408–410 World War II Vishnu (Hindu god) 122, 138 and Afghanistan 449–450 Visiting Forces Agreement (1998), Bataan Death March (1942) 280, 307 Philippines 444 and colonialism 3–4 Vivekananda, Swami 320 Indian entry into (1939) 338 Vladivostok, port of (Ruler of the East) 460 and Japan 3, 279–281 von Kaufman, General Konstantin and Soviet Union 464 Petrovich 452 see also Hitler, Adolf; interwar years; Nazi Germany; Pearl Harbor attack (1941) w Wu Cheng’en (1501–1582), Westward Wahid, Abdurrahman (Gus Dur) Journey 84 (1940–2009) 425, 426, 427 Wu Sangui, General 80 Wakatsuki Reijiro 272 Wu Zetian (Wu Zhao) 49, 57 Wang Anshi (1021–1086) 60, 63, 64 Wuchang Uprising (1911) 222 Wang Shouren (1472–1529) 79 “Doctrine of the Heart” 74 x Wang Zhen (1271–1368), Book on Xi Dynasty (9–23 ce) 38 Farming 60, 69 Xi Jinping (Chinese President) 253, 254, 405, Wangchuck, Ugyen 342–343, 377 444, 445f, 470, 472 war crimes 286 Xia Dynasty (ca. 2000–1600 bce) 22, 26, warlordism (China), 1916–1928 222, 28, 45 224–225 Xinjiang Province 44, 144, 163, 165, 252, Warring States, China (476–221 bce) 32, 452, 479 35, 47 Xu Guangqi 195f, 196

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Xuan Zang (602–664) 49, 57, 84, 122, 135 Younghusband Expedition (1903–1904) 343 Records of the Western Regions Visited during Yu, legendary King of China 26, 28 the Great Tang Dynasty 140 Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) 59, 60, 66–71, Xun Zi (313–238 bce) 35 159, 163 Yuan Shikai (Chinese President) 219, 222–224, y 300, 456 Yadav, Ram Baran 378 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang 425, 426 Yakub Beg 452 Yue Zhi (nomad group) 120, 121 Yamagata Yoritomo, (1838–1922) 254f Yun Bong‐gil 299, 306 Yamago Sogo 87 Yung Wing see Rong Hong (aka Yung Wing) Yamato period, 4th–7th centuries 88 Yunnan‐Burma Road 232 Yamato Plain, ancient Japan 87, 88, 89 Yunus, Muhammad 375 Yameen, Abdulla 382, 383 Yang ti‐Pertuan Agong 393 z Yangshao culture, Yellow River 28 Zaibatsu (economic conglomerates), Japan Yangtze River, China 17, 46, 58, 64, 185, 228, 259, 263, 267, 269, 271, 275, 286, 287 231, 278 Zakaria, Fareed 353, 399 Lower River 47, 51, 69, 76 Zardari, Asif Ali 368 Three Gorges Dam on 26 Zeng Guofan (1811–1872) 204, 209–212 Yao, King of China 26, 28 Zexu, Lin (1785–1850) 204, 205 Yayoi people, Japan (300 bce –300 ce) 88, 89 Zhang Sui (635–713) see Yixing/Seng Yellow River, China 9, 17, 22, 41, 45, 46, Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) 60, 62 51, 58 Zhang Zuolin 274 Banpo Village 27 Zhao Kuangying (927–976) 60 “Cradle of Chinese Civilization”/“China’s Zhao Ziyang 251 Sorrow” 27, 33 Zhen, Wan, Zhi (Rarities in the Southern Stone Age cultures (Yangshao and Territories) 173 Longshan) 28 Zheng He, Chinese Admiral (1371–1433) 11, Yellow Turban Peasant Rebellion (184 ce) 45 74–79, 77f, 186 Yelu Chucai (1190–1244) 60, 68 Zheng Chenggong (1624–1662) 74, 79, 165 Yijing (Buddhist monk) 177 Zhou Dynasty (1122 bce –221 bce) 30, 45 Yi Eun 306 compared with Shang Dynasty 31 Yi Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897) 98 Eastern Zhu (770–221 bce) 26, 31–32 Yi Nasu 165 feudal system 30–31 Yi Seonggye, General 98 Western Zhou, 1122–770 bce 26, 31, 34 Yi Yong‐ik 304 Zhou Enlai 243 Ying Zheng see Qin Shihuang Zhoukoudian, near Beijing 27 Yixing/Seng Yixing (635–713) see Zhang Sui (1130–1200) 60, 64–66, 79, 98 (635–713) Zhu Yuanzhang (1328–1398) 73–74, 75, 76, 81 Yom Kippur (Arab–Israeli) War (1973) 352 Zia, Begum Khaleda 374 Yongle, Emperor (1360–1424) 73, 76, Zimmermann Note 329 77, 78, 181 Zinoviev, Gregory 462 Yongzheng, Emperor 75, 83 Zuo Zongtang 452

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