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Riksombudsmenn I Nord-Norge 850-1350

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Riksombudsmenn i Nord-Norge 850-1350 Trond Gabrielsen Høsten 2007 Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier, IAKH Universitetet i Oslo Trond Gabrielsen Riksombudsmenn i Nord-Norge 850-1350 © Trond Gabrielsen, høsten 2007 Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier, IAKH Universitetet i Oslo Title: The King’s commissaries in the Northern Norway 850-1350 Keywords: 1) Northern Norway – History, 2) Civilization – Medieval, 3) The establish of kingdom – the King’s commissaries, 4) Norwegian-Russian Contacts – Bjarmeland. II Forord Riksombudsmenn i Nord-Norge 850-1350 er temaet for denne masteroppgaven i historie ved Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historiske studier ved Universitetet i Oslo. Min veileder, førsteamanuensis dr.art. Jón Viðar Sigurðsson, vil jeg spesielt takke for grundig og konstruktiv veiledning. Ikke minst er jeg takknemlig for hans positive oppfølging da jeg oppdaget at jeg sto ganske alene om mine funn og for hvordan han stilte opp med råd og veiledning midt i sommerferien og på kveldstid. Dette har gitt meg den faglige støtten og tryggheten jeg trengte for å fullføre oppgaven under en presset studiesituasjon. Denne grundige veiledningshjelpen kombinert med forskerfriheten og et dyktig historikermiljø blant studenter og lærere ved Universitetet i Oslo, har gjort denne oppgaven mulig. Samtidig vil jeg takke familien som har gitt meg rom til å holde på med dette arbeidet. Eiksmarka, 8. november 2007 Trond Gabrielsen III INNHOLD INNLEDNING........................................................................................................................... 1 Bakgrunn og problemstillinger............................................................................................... 1 Kilder...................................................................................................................................... 3 RIKSOMBUDSMENN I NORD-NORGE 850-1350................................................................ 9 Riksombudsmenn tabellarisk framstilt................................................................................... 9 Sp.1: Nord-Norges tilknytning til det tidligste rikskongedømmet....................................... 12 (1.1) Typer riksombud i Nord-Norge............................................................................... 12 (1.2) Ombudenes lokalisering og geografiske arrondering.............................................. 20 (1.3) Ombudsmennenes utnevnelser, rikstilknytning og utvikling .................................. 20 (1.4) Ombudsmennenes plikter og rettigheter.................................................................. 22 Sp.2: De nordnorske riksombudsmennenes genealogi......................................................... 23 (2.1) Genealogiske undersøkelser av riksombudsmennene ............................................. 23 (2.2) Genealogiske endringer ........................................................................................... 31 RIKSOMBUDENES SKATTLEGGING OG HANDEL I NORD-NORGE .......................... 33 Historiografisk framstilling av grensespørsmålet ................................................................ 33 Sp.3: Skattleggingssystemet i Nord-Norge 850-1350.......................................................... 39 (3.1) Ombudsmennenes innkreving av kongesysla til fjells ............................................ 40 (3.2) Ombudsmennenes avdrått av fangst- og fiskevær................................................... 42 (3.3) Riksombudenes styring i embetsforvaltningene...................................................... 44 (3.4) Rikskongedømmets og riksombudenes inntektssystemer ....................................... 45 Sp.4: Nord-Norges handelsutvikling 850-1350 ................................................................... 47 (4.1) Kongens enerett til klóvarehandelen – retterboten 1115 ......................................... 47 (4.2) Ombudsmennenes kontroll med det kongelige handelsmonopolet ......................... 48 (4.3) Kongenes retterbøter om handelen i Nord-Norge 1302-1361 ................................. 49 (4.4) Nord-Norges administrasjon flyttes til Bergen 1323-1350 ..................................... 51 (4.5) Rådende teorier om håløygenes samhandel med «finnene».................................... 53 (4.6) Syslemannsgammer og kongsgammer i «Finnmork» ............................................. 55 NORD-NORGE OG DE NORRØNE BJARMELANDSFERDENE 850-1250...................... 59 Begrepsbruk ......................................................................................................................... 59 Historiografisk framstilling av Bjarmelandsferdene............................................................ 64 Sp.5: Årsakene til Bjarmelandsferdene 850-1250................................................................ 68 (5.1) Utforskningen av Bjarmelands befolkning og naturgrunnlag ................................. 68 (5.2) Det norrøne arktiske næringslivet............................................................................ 70 (5.3) Bjarmelandsferder som herjinger og plyndringer.................................................... 75 (5.4) Bjarmelandsferder i rikspolitiske sammenhenger ................................................... 79 (5.5) Bjarmelandsferder uten årsaksforklaringer ............................................................. 83 (5.6) Rikskonger som dro på nordsiden av riket .............................................................. 84 Sp.6: Bjarmelandsferdenes opphør og Bjarmelands forsvinning......................................... 85 (6.1) Befolkningsutvikling og kolonisering i Bjarmeland ............................................... 85 (6.2) Storfyrst Svjatoslav Olgovič dekret 1137 og bjarmernes undergang...................... 86 (6.3) Bjarmernes bosetting i Malangen 1238................................................................... 87 (6.4) Fjellsamenes bosetting i Finnmarksfjordene 1250 .................................................. 87 (6.5) Fredstrakteten Norge-Novgorod 1251..................................................................... 88 Sp.7: Kongenes forskjellsbehandling av Bjarmeland fra Nord-Norge ................................ 89 (7.1) Rikskongenes forskjellsbehandling av Bjarmeland fra Nord-Norge....................... 89 (7.2) Skattlegging i Nord-Norge versus Bjarmeland ....................................................... 90 (7.3) Om «finnekonger» og «bjarmerkonger» ................................................................. 91 IV KONKLUSJONER .................................................................................................................. 93 Tesen og den kildehistoriske undersøkelsen ........................................................................ 93 Nord-Norges tidligste rikstilknytning .................................................................................. 94 De nordnorske riksombudsmennenes genealogi.................................................................. 94 Skattleggingssystemet i Nord-Norge 850-1350 ................................................................... 95 Nord-Norges handelsutvikling 850-1350............................................................................. 96 Bjarmelandsferdene 850-1250 ............................................................................................. 97 Bjarmelandsferdenes opphør og Bjarmelands forsvinning .................................................. 99 Forskjellsbehandlingen av Bjarmeland fra Nord-Norge ...................................................... 99 Sammenfatning og anbefalinger......................................................................................... 100 KILDER OG LITTERATUR................................................................................................. 101 Kilder.................................................................................................................................. 101 Litteratur............................................................................................................................. 105 VEDLEGG............................................................................................................................. 113 Kildehistorisk undersøkelse av riksombudsmenn i Nord-Norge 850-1350....................... 113 Definisjon og begrepsbruk ............................................................................................. 113 Høvdinger og riksombudsmenn i Nord-Norge 850-1350 .............................................. 114 Håløyghøvdinger med finneskatten før rikssamlingen 850-875.................................... 114 Ottar i Hålogaland, o.825-o.911................................................................................. 115 Bjørgolv, -o.875 ......................................................................................................... 119 Harald Hårfagres skifte av Hålogaland og Finnmark..................................................... 119 Riksombudsmenn i Nord-Norge fra Harald Hårfagres tid 875-950............................... 121 Brynjolv Bjørgolvsson, -o.880................................................................................... 122 Sigurd, -o.886............................................................................................................. 122 Bård (Hvite) Brynjolvsson, o.860-o.885.................................................................... 123 Torolv Kveldulvsson, o.858-o.891............................................................................
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