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Leadership in the Swedish Lutheran and Pentecostal Church. Elsa Johansson

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Leadership in the Swedish Lutheran and Pentecostal Church. Elsa Johansson FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND BUSINESS STUDIES Department of Humanities Leadership in the Swedish Lutheran and Pentecostal Church. Elsa Johansson 2020 Master Thesis in Religion, 30 Credits Master Programme in Religion Supervisor : Jari Ristiniemi Examiner : Peder Thal´en 2 Dedicated to my dearest mother who taught me by her own actions what true leadership is. 3 Abstract The aim of this research paper is to investigate how to do churchly leadership nowadays? The paper also explores three subordinate questions. What kind of leadership in the Lutheran faith and in the Pentecostal Faith there has been; How the societal, cultural, political, economic context affect church leadership; and Leadership in the church of Sweden and in Pentecostal Faith today and tomorrow. To find the results of the research paper, I used only qualitative research method through hermeneutics. The results of this paper show that church leadership cannot adopt NPM because churchly leadership is totally different than production, effectiveness, optimization. Church leadership is a servant leadership where love and compassion are the foundation of church leadership. A good leadership is when there is a good relationship between leader-followers because they both are the two sides of the same coin. The research paper analyzes two church leaders to identify church leadership, Lewi Pethrus and Erling Eidem. Church leadership has been discriminated, marginalized by the societal, cultural, political, economic context where rationalism, individualism, secularism, globalization, technology, and mass consumption affected individuals to attend church and have religious experiences.The paper recommends that NPM is not a good option to perform spiritual leadership nowadays because these religious organization will be seen like any other earthly organization. Church leadership in the Swedish Lutheran and Pentecostal church need to change so that these churches can survive as churchly organizations in the future. E-mail:[email protected] 4 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Introduction............................7 1.1.1 Background . .8 1.1.2 Research problem and research questions . .9 1.2 Previous studies . .9 1.3 Research Methodology . 11 1.3.1 Research Philosophy . 11 1.3.2 Research Strategy . 14 1.3.3 Research Design . 15 1.3.4 Research Quality . 15 Reliability......................... 15 Validity .......................... 16 Credibility......................... 17 2 THEORY 19 2.1 Leadership . 19 2.1.1 Overview of Leadership Theory . 19 2.1.2 The Great Man Theory . 21 2.1.3 Servant Leadership . 24 2.1.4 Transformative Leadership . 28 2.1.5 Creative Leadership . 31 2.1.6 Leadership in organizations . 33 2.1.7 Leadership in the context of religious institution . 36 2.1.8 Key Variables in Leadership Theories . 38 Characteristics of the Leader . 38 Characteristics of the Followers . 38 Characteristics of the Situation . 39 2.2 Leadership affected by the Nazi ideology . 39 2.2.1 The societal context . 40 2.2.2 The cultural context . 41 2.2.3 The political context . 42 5 6 CONTENTS 2.2.4 The economic context . 42 2.2.5 Positive Christianity . 43 The Nuremberg Laws . 44 2.2.6 Leadership in the Swedish Lutheran and Pentecostal Faith............................ 44 Swedish Lutheran Church and archbishop Erling Eidem 44 Swedish Pentecostal Church and Lewi Pethrus . 47 2.3 Leadership affected by the Neoliberal ideology . 48 2.3.1 The societal context . 48 2.3.2 The cultural context . 51 2.3.3 The political context . 53 2.3.4 The economic context . 54 Neoliberal ideology . 54 New Public Management . 55 New Public Management in the Swedish Lutheran Church 57 New Public Management in the Swedish Pentecostal Church ..................... 57 Sustainability ....................... 58 3 RESULTS 61 3.1 Interpretation of the Results . 61 3.1.1 What was leadership like, both Swedish Lutheran and the Pentecostal Faith in the Nazi era? . 61 3.1.2 Leadership in the Swedish Lutheran and Pentecostal Faith today and tomorrow . 64 4 DISCUSSION 69 4.1 Discussion . 69 4.1.1 Summary ......................... 72 4.1.2 Limitations ........................ 72 4.1.3 Future Research . 73 5 CONCLUSIONS 75 6 REFERENCES 79 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction The topic of this research paper, Leadership in the Swedish Lutheran and Pentecostal Church, is an important issue because it is related to two im- portant churches as organizations in Sweden that influence how religion is viewed by Swedish believers. Besides that, this dissertation will analyze the leadership of these two churches from a historical perspective, especially in the Nazi era. This is because the right-wing radical forces were applied in the Nazi era and this kind of force has a lot of similarities with the contemporary era. The Nazi era was chosen as an example of leadership in the history be- cause many public and private organizations were influenced by this kind of ideology where it was against human rights. Unfortunately, the Nazi era through the Nuremberg laws influenced the church leadership in the past. And nowadays, New Public Management influences both public and private organizations, especially in the Swedish Lutheran and Pentecostal Church where this kind of management has become a churchly leadership tool. There is a main research question - How to do churchly leadership nowadays? this question is general and it could apply to any church not just in Sweden 7 8 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION but anywhere in the world; there are also two subordinate research questions that are related to the main research question but these are examined in an individual, societal, cultural, political, and economic level. So, let's move further to the exploit of reading this research project. 1.1.1 Background Martin Luther, the reformer of the Catholic church, is considered the hero of church history. However, his theological reformation has given good and bad consequences in the creation of new Christian institutions for the forth- coming generations. For example, there are many protestant churches with many denominations all around the world. According to Lindquist (2013), Luther has been described as the figure or a champion of religious freedom. However, his theological teachings have contributed indirectly to establish the rise of Nazism in Germany. This is because of his rhetorical ideas of antisemitism. Steigmann-Gall (1999) describes that the holy Reich was a movement that originated within Christian institutions since most of them were the elite of Germany. The Nazi ideology was not anti-religious but it was an ethical system of norms, evaluations and principles. Osterlin (1994) explains that priest Olaus Petri received his theological stud- ies in Wittenberg, the same place that Luther was professor. Markkola (2015) states that Gustav Vasa, King of Sweden, played a crucial role as the supreme head of the Swedish Church in 1540. Murray (1952) claims that it was not just the king who took an important role, but Olavus Petri and his brother Laurentius also took an important role in reforming the Swedish Church from the Roman Catholic church. Green (2007) declares that the Swedish church has always had conflicts with free evangelical churches since she was considered the official religion of Swe- den. The other churches that competed with her were not allowed to establish a new church. As a matter of fact, the Augsburg Confession defended the 1.2. PREVIOUS STUDIES 9 "orthodox Lutheran doctrine" in Sweden so that other false teachings that would enter Sweden could be exiled. The Swedish Lutheran Church drew the attention of the Orthodox church, many Swedes, as the reaction of this kind of leadership, left this church and began to be active in the Swedish Pentecostal Church. Years have passed and the religious situation in Sweden has changed. Swedish Pentecostal church took root and now leads among the free churches. Ac- cording to Koch (2007), the Pentecostal church of Sweden has its roots in the United States of America. The Swedish leader of this movement was Lewi Pethrus who started the first Pentecostal congregation. According to1 NSST,the Swedish Pentecostal Church is the largest free church in Sweden with the most members. 1.1.2 Research problem and research questions The purpose of this research paper is to discover, understand, and explain churchly leadership. The main research question in this dissertation is: - How to do Church lead- ership nowadays? And the subordinate research questions are the following: 1. What was leadership like, both in the Church of Sweden and in the Pentecostal Faith during the Nazi era? 2. Leadership in the church of Sweden and in Pentecostal Faith today and tomorrow? 1.2 Previous studies Jimmy T˚ali writes his magister research work about the correlation that ex- ists between the Swedish Lutheran Church and neoliberalism Jag kan icke 1N¨amnden f¨or Statligt St¨od till Trossamfund(2012) 10 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION r¨akna dem alla. He identifies possible correlations between neoliberalism and the ecclesiology of the Swedish Lutheran church. He analyses two research studies of two theologians, Gustaf Wingren and Stanley Hauerwas. Jimmy T˚ali's studies are focused on three different levels: organization, congrega- tion, and service-oriented ecclesiology. He concludes that Gustaf Wingren criticizes the Swedish Lutheran church because he observes that this orga- nization is performing the neoliberal ideology within it such as to "increase profit". Wingren argues that the Swedish Lutheran church should focus on how more people can come to church, especially to know how and why peo- ple have the longing to seek God. Jimmy T˚ali also concludes that Stanley Hauerwas criticizes the Swedish Lutheran church in another way; Hauerwas observes that the church has performed the structure and mind of the neolib- eral ideology and that the Swedish Lutheran church as organization is not autonomy anymore. Hauerwas criticizes that the Swedish Lutheran church considered itself as a free organization which means that this organization competes with other churchly organization about how to get more members.
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