Two Kingdoms in the Third Reich Transcript
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„ … Sind in Den Ruhestand Zu Versetzen.“
Ralf Oberndörfer „ … sind in den Ruhestand zu versetzen.“ Zur Verfolgung jüdischer Richter und Staatsanwälte in Sachsen während des Nationalsozialismus Eine Dokumentation Sächsisches Staatsministerium der Justiz (Herausgeber) ZUR ERINNERUNG AN Amtsgerichtsrat Dr. Kurt Erich Barasch, Dresden geboren 28. März 1893 in Dresden nach Auschwitz deportiert am 3. März 1943, dort ermordet Landgerichtsrat Dr. Kurt Ernst Cohn, Chemnitz geboren 19. Juli 1899 Staatsanwalt Walter Dobbriner, Leipzig geboren 14. Oktober 1890 in Leipzig Arbeitsgerichtsdirektor Curt Feder, Chemnitz geboren 3. Mai 1885 in Salzmünde bei Halle Amtsgerichtsrat Hans Jakob Gerson, Dresden geboren 17. Januar 1901 in Dresden Gerichtsassessor am Amtsgericht Eugen Peter Graf, Leipzig geboren 5. Mai 1904 Amtsgerichtsrat Fritz Moritz Landmann, Lichtenstein-Callnberg geboren 18. Juni 1885 in Leipzig Amtsgerichtsrat Dr. Karl Heinrich Lewin, Leipzig geboren 27. Oktober 1901 Arbeitsgerichtsrat Dr. Bruno Mannes, Zwickau geboren 11. April 1899 in Oederan gestorben 1974 in London Landgerichtsdirektor Dr. Johannes Ernst Rudolf August Ziel, Chemnitz geboren 30. Mai 1880 Geleitwort Unter der Willkürherrschaft des Nationalsozia lismus ist unvorstellbares Unrecht gesprochen und exekutiert worden. Wie schnell, unerbittlich und gründlich es zur Liquidation des Rechts staats kam, zeigt die Tiefe des Einbruchs nach Hitlers Machtergreifung im Januar 1933. Schon im April 1933 war es um die Justiz als unab hängige dritte Gewalt geschehen. Das Gesetz zur „Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums“ ließ in seinem zynischen Titel nicht seinen wahren Zweck erkennen: Richter und Beamte einzuschüchtern, im nationalsozialistischen Sinn auszurichten und bei jüdischer Herkunft aus anti semitischen Gründen zu verfolgen und aus dem Amt zu treiben. Um das Einzelschicksal dieser Richter und Staatsanwälte jüdischer Herkunft in Sachsen dem Vergessen zu entreißen, hat das Sächsische Staatsministerium der Justiz eine Dokumentation erstellen lassen. -
1 a Lesson from History
1 A Lesson from History: Germany from 19331945 March 6, 2016 Brian R. Wipf The National Socialist German Workers’ Party (we know it as the Nazi Party) had, like all political parties, a platform. This platform was produced in 1920, 13 years before the Nazi Party became the ruling political party in Germany when Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor and 25 years before the end of WW2. It’s amazing to see how this platform conceived so many years earlier came to fruition. The Nazi platform had 25 points. It sounds a lot like any political platform in one respect. It addresses matters of law, economics, culture and governance. One interesting fact about the Nazi platform is that it included a religious position. Many European countries did not have (and still do not have) the principle or belief in the separation of church and state like we do in America; instead, many foreign governments actually support a particular church with money and legislation. That’s a little strange to us; we’d never dream of the government giving baptist churches, for example, a stipend to do their work, nor would we ever imagine the government requiring Christian education (that still happens in many part of our world). The Nazis had a religious position and it’s spelled out in point 24 of the 25point party platform. Listen to point 24. We demand freedom of religion for all religious denominations within the state so long as they do not endanger its existence or oppose the moral senses of the Germanic race. -
The Nazi-Card-Card
ISSN 1751-8229 Volume Six, Number Three The Nazi-card-card Rasmus Ugilt, Aarhus University Introduction It should be made clear from the start that we all in fact already know the Nazi-card-card very well. At some point most of us have witnessed, or even been part of, a discussion that got just a little out of hand. In such situations it is not uncommon for one party to begin to draw up parallels between Germany in 1933 and his counterpart. Once this happens the counterpart will immediately play the Nazi-card-card and say something like, “Playing the Nazi-card are we? I never thought you would stoop that low. That is guaranteed to bring a quick end to any serious debate.” And just like that, the debate will in effect be over. It should be plain to anyone that it is just not right to make a Nazi of one’s opponent. The Nazi-card-card always wins. This tells us that it is in general unwise to play the Nazi-card, as it is bound to be immediately countered by the Nazi-card-card, but the lesson, I think, goes beyond mere rhetoric. Indeed, I believe that something quite profound and important goes on in situations like this, something which goes in a different direction to the perhaps more widely recognized Godwin’s Law, which could be formulated as follows: “As a discussion in an Internet forum grows longer, the probability of someone playing the Nazi-card approaches 1.” The more interesting law, I think, would be that 1 of the Nazi-card-card, which in similar language states: “The probability of someone playing the Nazi-card-card immediately after the Nazi-card has been played is always close to 1.” In the present work I seek to investigate and understand this curious second card. -
ISAGUE Off HATIONS C.13.M.12.1936.XII. (Communicated, to the Council and Members Geneva, January 7Th, 1936. of the League). RESI
ISAGUE Off HATIONS C.13.M.12.1936.XII. (Communicated, to the Council and Members Geneva, January 7th, 1936. of the League). RESIGNATION Off M r . JiMES G. MCDONALD, HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR RBFJGS3S (-JEWISH AMD OTHER) FROM GERM&flY. Ko te by the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General of the League of Nations has the honour to transmit to the Council a letter dated December 27th, 1935, with annexes, from Mr. James G. McDonald, resign ing the office of High Commissioner for Refugees (Jewish and Other) from Germany. The original document sent by Mr. McDonald, which is appended to this note, is written in English. It is accom panied by a French translation of the letter of resignation, but not, at present, by a translation of the annexes. It is being communicated in this state to avoid any delay; a French translation of all the documents transmitted will be despatched in due course. O.l&M 13.3 936 ,XIT Annex . __ LETTER OF RESIGNATION OF JAMES G. McDONALD High Commissioner for Refugees Qewish and Other) Coming from Germany ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS With an Annex containing an analysis of the measures in Germany against “ Non-Aryans ”, and of their effects in creating refugees London, December 27th, 193j LETTER OF RESIGNATION JAMES G. McDONALD High Commissioner for Refugees (Jewish and Other) Coming from Germany ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS With an Annex containing an analysis of the measures in Germany against “ Non-Aryans ”, and of their effects in creating refugees London, December 2jtb, PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY BROTHERS 109 KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C.2 AND ASHFORD, KENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter of Resignation p. -
Hitler's Doubles
Hitler’s Doubles By Peter Fotis Kapnistos Fully-Illustrated Hitler’s Doubles Hitler’s Doubles: Fully-Illustrated By Peter Fotis Kapnistos [email protected] FOT K KAPNISTOS, ICARIAN SEA, GR, 83300 Copyright © April, 2015 – Cold War II Revision (Trump–Putin Summit) © August, 2018 Athens, Greece ISBN: 1496071468 ISBN-13: 978-1496071460 ii Hitler’s Doubles Hitler’s Doubles By Peter Fotis Kapnistos © 2015 - 2018 This is dedicated to the remote exploration initiatives of the Stargate Project from the 1970s up until now, and to my family and friends who endured hard times to help make this book available. All images and items are copyright by their respective copyright owners and are displayed only for historical, analytical, scholarship, or review purposes. Any use by this report is done so in good faith and with respect to the “Fair Use” doctrine of U.S. Copyright law. The research, opinions, and views expressed herein are the personal viewpoints of the original writers. Portions and brief quotes of this book may be reproduced in connection with reviews and for personal, educational and public non-commercial use, but you must attribute the work to the source. You are not allowed to put self-printed copies of this document up for sale. Copyright © 2015 - 2018 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii Hitler’s Doubles The Cold War II Revision : Trump–Putin Summit [2018] is a reworked and updated account of the original 2015 “Hitler’s Doubles” with an improved Index. Ascertaining that Hitler made use of political decoys, the chronological order of this book shows how a Shadow Government of crisis actors and fake outcomes operated through the years following Hitler’s death –– until our time, together with pop culture memes such as “Wunderwaffe” climate change weapons, Brexit Britain, and Trump’s America. -
A Christian Critique of Totalitarianism Clyde Norwood Parker
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 1940 A Christian critique of totalitarianism Clyde Norwood Parker Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Parker, Clyde Norwood, "A Christian critique of totalitarianism" (1940). Master's Theses. Paper 905. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A 0 H R I S T I A N CRITIQUE OF TOTALITARIANISM A Christian Critique Of Totalitarianism A Thesis Submitted To The Graduate Faculty of The University of Richmond In Candidacy For The Degree of Master of Arts Department of Sociology By Clyde Norwood Parker, B.A., Th.M. FOREWORD In presenting a subject of this kind it is evident that some limitations must be set. A full treatment of Totalitarianism would necessitate not only an examination of its various aspects as exemplified by the several na tions of the world under Dictator rule today, but also some consideration of strong totalitarian tendencies in many of the so-called democracies of the world. Likewise, Christianity is an all-inclusive term un der which are many religious denominations with their in dividual organization and peculiar interpretation of the Christian Gospel. This makes it necessary to present A Christian Critique rather than ~Christian Critique. Therefore, it shall be the purpose of this study to examine National Socialism in Germany, perhaps the most conspioious example of the totalitarian ideology today, from the view point of Protestant, or rather non-Catholic, Christianity. -
The Role of Antisemitism in the Expulsion of Non-Aryan Students, 1933-1945 Béla Bodo
The Role of Antisemitism in the Expulsion of non-Aryan Students, 1933-1945 Béla Bodo “The goal is achieved! No more Jews at German Universities,” read the headline of the main Nazi student paper, Die Bewegung, in late 1938. The author hailed the students as the vanguard of Nazism at the institutions of higher learning. The student journalist argued that students, rather than professors and academic administrators, had pioneered antisemitism at German universities before 1933. By putting pressure on the authorities to expedite the expulsion of Jews, the journalist concluded, students made an important contribution to the creation of the Nazi university in the Third Reich.1 This contemporary assessment of the role of students and professors stands in sharp contrast to the conclusions of modern historians. The two most important articles written on the expulsion process concentrate almost exclusively on the operation of the Nazi bureaucratic machine and on the fights between various party and state organizations, each trying to aggrandize itself by realizing its own agenda. They do not discuss, however, what happened to Jewish students at the local level during the months after the Nazi takeover in January 1933. Neither do they examine the roles and motives of Gentile students and professors in the expulsion process.2 Beside these articles, there are also a number of local studies that deal in passing with the fate of Jewish students. However, they tend to limit themselves to the description of events, to the listing of administrative measures, and to providing statistical data on the decline of the Jewish student population.3 As far as motivation is concerned, the books on the 1 Die Bewegung, 47 (1938), Bundesarchiv (BA) Koblenz, ZSg 129/152. -
Judeo-Christian Tradition' in the Roman/Biblical Genre of Postwar American Film," Inquiry: the University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol
Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 6 Article 5 Fall 2005 Projecting the Passion: The nI vention of the 'Judeo- Christian Tradition' in the Roman/Biblical Genre of Postwar American Film Don Michael Burrows University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/inquiry Part of the American Film Studies Commons, Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Biblical Studies Commons, and the Jewish Studies Commons Recommended Citation Burrows, Don Michael (2005) "Projecting the Passion: The nI vention of the 'Judeo-Christian Tradition' in the Roman/Biblical Genre of Postwar American Film," Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol. 6 , Article 5. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/inquiry/vol6/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Inquiry: The nivU ersity of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Burrows: Projecting the Passion: The Invention of the 'Judeo-Christian Tra 14 INQUIRY Volume 6 2005 PROJECTING THE PASSION THE INVENTION OF THE 'JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION' IN THE ROMAN/BIBLICAL GENRE OF POSTWAR AMERICAN FILM By Don Michael Burrows Classical Studies, History, Journalism Faculty Mentor: Dr. David Fredrick Classical Studies Program Figure 1: Charlton Heston, Cecil B. DeMille's favorite actor for Biblical epics. Abstract: discomfort among religious conservatives than anyone else, for This paper traces the changes in the American view of the it questioned whether the Gospels should be interpreted as relationship between Jews and Christians from the First World literal, historical fact amid the often contradictory history of War to the present as reflected in motion pictures from the Judea and early Christianity. -
Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: the Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2001 Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government Jenisa Story Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Story, Jenisa, "Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government" (2001). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 348. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/348 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government Jenisa Story Advisor: Dr. Harry Ritter Honors Project June 4, 2001 An equal OP/JOrtunity university Honors Program Bellingham, Washington 98225-9089 (360)650-3034 Fax (360) 650-7305 HONORS THESIS In presenting this honors paper in partial requirements for a bachelor's degree at Western Washington University, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of this thesis is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood that any publication of this thesis for commercial purposes or for financial gain shall not be al1owed without my written permission. Signature r Date ~ - 3-JOOI Protestant Dissent in Nazi Germany: The Confessing Church Struggle with Hitler's Government Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. -
Why Adolf Hitler Spared the Judges: Judicial Opposition Against the Nazi State
The rule of law, constitutionalism and the judiciary Why Adolf Hitler Spared the Judges: Judicial Opposition Against the Nazi State By Hans Petter Graver Abstract The Nazi regime had loyal judges who willingly transformed the liberal German law into an instrument of oppression, discrimination and genocide. This was achieved without substantially interfering with the operation of the courts and without applying disciplinary measures on the judges. But, not all judges were congenial servants of the regime—some resisted in their capacity as judges. Based on case-studies and existing literature, this Article distinguishes between two different lines of judicial opposition to those in power: Between opposition taking place in the open and opposition in secret, and between opposition within what is accepted by those in power as being within the law and opposition that is in breach of the law. The Article then seeks to explain the deference the regime gave to judicial by employing institutional theory and the concept of path dependence. Germany was deeply embedded in the Western legal tradition of emphasis on law as an autonomous institution with an independent judiciary. Dr. Hans Petter Graver is a Professor and previous Dean at the University of Oslo. The author would like to thank Stephen Skinner, David Fraser, and Dina Townsend for their helpful comments. The article is based on a public lecture held at St. Mary’s College, Durham UK, while the author was a fellow at the Institute of Advanced Study, University of Durham from October to December 2016. 846 German Law Journal Vol. 19 No. 04 A. -
Fine-Tuned Neural Models for Propaganda Detection at the Sentence and Fragment Levels
Fine-Tuned Neural Models for Propaganda Detection at the Sentence and Fragment levels Tariq Alhindiy Jonas Pfeiffer∗ Smaranda Muresanyz yDepartment of Computer Science, Columbia University zData Science Institute, Columbia University ∗Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab, Technische Universitat Darmstadt ftariq.a, [email protected] [email protected] Abstract pressed in a text fragment together with the be- ginning and the end of that text fragment. This This paper presents the CUNLP submission task is evaluated based on the prediction of the for the NLP4IF 2019 shared-task on Fine- type of propaganda technique and the intersec- Grained Propaganda Detection. Our system finished 5th out of 26 teams on the sentence- tion between the gold and the predicted spans. level classification task and 5th out of 11 teams The details to the evaluation measure used for the on the fragment-level classification task based FLC task are explained in Da San Martino et al. on our scores on the blind test set. We present (2019a). Both sub-tasks were automatically eval- our models, a discussion of our ablation stud- uated on a unified development set. The system ies and experiments, and an analysis of our performance was centrally assessed without dis- performance on all eighteen propaganda tech- tributing the gold labels, however allowing for an niques present in the corpus of the shared task. unlimited number of submissions. The final per- 1 Introduction formance on the test set was similarly evaluated, with the difference that the feedback was given Propaganda aims at influencing a target audience only after the submission was closed, simultane- with a specific group agenda using faulty reason- ously concluding the shared-task. -
On Playing the Nazi Card
Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.2008.026344 on 25 September 2008. Downloaded from Editorial (1959); ‘‘scare stories’’ (1959); ‘‘time-worn On playing the Nazi card and much-criticized statistical charges’’ (1959); ‘‘extreme and unwarranted con- clusions’’ (1959); ‘‘foggy thinking’’ (1962); Professor Robert N Proctor ‘‘a rehash of previously inconclusive find- ings’’ (1962); ‘‘the easy answer to a Schneider and Glantz in this issue (see tobacco taxes helped prop up the Nazi state complex problem’’ (1962); ‘‘fanciful the- page 291) chronicle the industry’s long- (more than half of all storm-trooper ories’’ (1964); ‘‘propaganda blast’’ (1964); standing efforts to characterise tobacco income, for example, was from tobacco ‘‘statistical volleyball’’ (1965); ‘‘utterly control as ‘‘Nazi’’ or ‘‘fascist’’.1 The indus- taxes).2 They never point out that while without factual support’’ (1965); ‘‘exag- try’s rant has a certain superficial plausi- Nazi authorities tried to curtail smoking, gerations and misstatements of fact’’ bility: the Nazis had one of the world’s the industry was already powerful enough (1967); ‘‘guilt by association’’ (1968); strongest anti-cancer campaigns, one cen- to resist most of these encroachments. The ‘‘‘guesses, assumptions, and suspicions’’ tral feature of which was to curtail tobacco fact is that the Nazi war on tobacco was (1968); ‘‘worse than meaningless’’ (1969); use. Hitler himself stopped smoking in never waged as effectively as, say, the ‘‘claptrap’’ (1969); ‘‘a bum rap’’ (1969); 1919, throwing his cigarettes into the destruction of the Jews. Cigarettes were ‘‘colossal blunder’’ (1970); ‘‘one of the Danube in an act of defiance he later distributed to German soldiers throughout great scientific hoaxes of our time’’ credited for helping the triumph of the war, and cigarettes were still being (1970); ‘‘claims of the anti-cigarette Nazism.