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The Churches of the Holy Land in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 198

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The Churches of the Holy Land in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 198 Tracing the Jerusalem Code 1 Tracing the Jerusalem Code Volume 1: The Holy City Christian Cultures in Medieval Scandinavia (ca. 1100–1536) Edited by Kristin B. Aavitsland and Line M. Bonde The research presented in this publication was funded by the Research Council of Norway (RCN), project no. 240448/F10. ISBN 978-3-11-063485-3 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063943-8 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063627-7 DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639438 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020950181 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Kristin B. Aavitsland and Line M. Bonde, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover illustration: Wooden church model, probably the headpiece of a ciborium. Oslo University Museum of Cultural history. Photo: CC BY-SA 4.0 Grete Gundhus. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI Books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com In memory of Erling Sverdrup Sandmo (1963–2020) Contents List of Maps and Illustrations XI List of Abbreviations XVII Editorial comments for all three volumes XIX Kristin B. Aavitsland, Eivor Andersen Oftestad, and Ragnhild Johnsrud Zorgati Prelude 1 Introductions: Jerusalem in Medieval Scandinavia Kristin B. Aavitsland Chapter 1 Jerusalem: Navel of the Storyworld in Medieval Scandinavia 12 Klaus Johan Myrvoll Chapter 2 Re-Naming Jerusalem: A Note on Associative Etymology in the Vernacular North 42 Eivor Andersen Oftestad Chapter 3 Translatio Templi: A Conceptual Condition for Jerusalem References in Medieval Scandinavia 49 Part I: Kings, Crusaders, and Jerusalem Relics: Strategies of Legitimation, Models of Authority Bjørn Bandlien Chapter 4 Jerusalem and the Christianization of Norway 59 Øystein Ekroll Chapter 5 Scandinavian Holy Kings in the Nativity Church of Bethlehem 86 VIII Contents Pål Berg Svenungsen Chapter 6 The Saint and the Wry-Neck: Norse Crusaders and the Second Crusade 95 Ane L. Bysted Chapter 7 Historia de Profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam: A Journey to the Lost Jerusalem 132 Lukas Raupp Chapter 8 Importing Jerusalem: Relics of the True Cross as Political Legitimation in Early Twelfth-Century Denmark and Norway 140 Lena Liepe Chapter 9 The Crown of Thorns and the Royal Office in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth- Century Scandinavia 166 Part II: The Holy City: Travels, Perceptions, and Interactions Anthony Bale Chapter 10 From Nidaros to Jerusalem; from Feginsbrekka to Mount Joy 191 Denys Pringle Chapter 11 Scandinavian Pilgrims and the Churches of the Holy Land in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 198 Stefka G. Eriksen Chapter 12 Physical and Spiritual Travel across the Christian Storyworld: Leiðarvísir, an Old Norse Itinerary to Jerusalem 218 Maria H. Oen Chapter 13 The Locus of Truth: St Birgitta of Sweden and the Pilgrimage to the Holy Land 245 Contents IX Part III: Jerusalem Transposed and Reenacted: Townscapes, Churches, and Practices Øystein Ekroll Chapter 14 St Olav, Nidaros, and Jerusalem 270 Line M. Bonde Chapter 15 Jerusalem Commonplaces in Danish Rural Churches: What Urban Architecture Remembers 299 Kersti Markus Chapter 16 The Holy City in the Wilderness: Interpreting the Round Churches in Västergötland, Sweden 324 Margrete Syrstad Andås Chapter 17 Entering the Temple of Jerusalem: Candlemas and Churching in the Lives of the Women of the North. A Study of Textual and Visual Sources 340 Kaja M. H. Hagen Chapter 18 Heavenly Agent and Divine Disclosure: The Holy Cross at Borre 375 Martin Wangsgaard Jürgensen Chapter 19 The Heavenly Jerusalem and the Late Medieval Church Interior 394 Part IV: Navigating the Sacred Storyworld: Nordic Landscapes and Salvation History Kristin B. Aavitsland Chapter 20 Civitas Hierusalem famosisima: The Cross, the Orb, and the History of Salvation in the Medieval North 424 X Contents Mikael Males Chapter 21 Imagining the Holy Land in the Old Norse World 455 Margrethe C. Stang Chapter 22 Enemies of Christ in the Far North: Tales of Saracens, Jews and the Saami in Norwegian Medieval Painting 477 Jørn Øyrehagen Sunde Chapter 23 The Virtues Building Jerusalem: The Four Daughters of God and Their Long Journey to Norwegian Law in the Thirteenth Century 500 Biörn Tjällén Chapter 24 Zion in the North: Jerusalem and the Late Medieval Histories of Uppsala 520 List of Contributors 535 Bibliography 537 Index of Manuscripts 591 Index 593 List of Maps and Illustrations Fig. 1.0 The Hereford mappa mundi, c.1300 oriented and centring on Jerusalem. Public domain, Wikimedia Commons 10 Fig. 1.1 St Olav, Rex perpetuum Norvegie. Detail of portable ivory altar, early fourteenth century, National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA, John Lee, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 12 Fig. 1.2 Scenes from the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. Altar panel from Nedstryn Church, Western Norway, 1270–1300. University Museum of Bergen. Photo: Svein Skare © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen 25 Fig. 1.3 Civitas Hierusalem. Central part of the gilt altar panel from Lisbjerg Church, 1135. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: John Lee, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 36 Fig. 1.4 Taking the cross for Jerusalem. Relief above the portal of the southern transept, Ribe Cathedral, early thirteenth century. Watercolour by J. Kornerup, 1865. National Museum of Denmark. Public domain, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 38 Fig. 2.1 Wooden stick with runic inscription mentioning Jerusalem [iaurrusalem], thirteenth century. Excavated from Trondheim city centre 1973—1985. NTNU, Vitenskapsmuseet, Trondheim 42 Fig. 3.1 Roman soldiers carrying the menorah from the Temple of Jerusalem. Relief from the Arch of Titus, Rome, 81–85 CE. Photo: Roger Jensen 53 Fig. 4.0 Mail-clad knights fighting sword in hand below a scene from the life of St Nicholas. Murals in the nave of Aal Church, Jutland, c. 1200–1225. Photo: Martin Wangsaard Jürgensen 56 Fig. 4.1 Mølen, a portion of the coastline in Vestfold, South-Eastern Norway, identified with Old Norse Nesjar, site of the battle between King Olav Haraldsson and Svein Haakonson at Palm Sunday 1016. Photo: Arnstein Rønning, CC BY-SA 3.0 61 Fig. 4.2 Full-page miniature of Christ’s entry into Jerusalem, preceding the benediction for Palm Sunday, in the Benedictional of St Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester 963–984. British Library, Add MS 49598, f. 45v 65 Fig. 5.1 Tadeus Rijchter, St Olav. Copy of mural on column in the Nativity Church, Bethlehem. Gouache on paper, 180 × 110 cm © Frederiksborg Castle, Museum of National History. Photo: Kit Weis 86 Fig. 5.2 Tadeus Rijchter, St Knud. Copy of mural on column in the Nativity Church, Bethelem. Gouache on paper, 180 × 110 cm © Frederiksborg Castle, Museum of National History. Photo: Kit Weis 90 Fig. 6.1 Orkney, Kirkwall. St Magnus Cathedral. Photo: Robert Scarth, CC BY-SA 2.0 126 Fig. 6.2 Orkney, Orphir. Ruined round church, early twelfth century. Photo: Kjartan Hauglid 129 Fig. 7.1 The ruin of St Olav’s Church of the Premonstratensian monastery in Tønsberg, twelfth century. Photo: Kjell Oscar Bakker 132 Fig. 8.1 The Dagmar Cross, front. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA; Lennart Larsen, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 140 Fig. 8.2 The Dagmar Cross, reverse. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA; Lennart Larsen, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 150 Fig. 8.3 The Roskilde Cross. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA; Lennart Larsen, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 152 Open Access. © 2021 Kristin B. Aavitsland and Line M. Bonde, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639438-203 XII List of Maps and Illustrations Fig. 8.4 The Orø Cross. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA; Lennart Larsen, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 153 Fig. 8.5 The Tønsberg Cross, Oslo University Museum of Cultural History. Photo: CC BY-SA 4.0; Eirik Irgens Johnsen, Kulturhistorisk museum, Oslo 160 Fig. 9.1 St Mary’s Church, Oslo. Reconstruction of the façade by Harald Sundt, 1926. From Riksantikvarens kulturminnebilder 166 Fig. 9.2 St Louis of France publicly displays the passion relics of Sainte Chapelle on Good Friday. Drawing from Matthew Paris’ Chronica Majora, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Parker MS 16 fol. 141v. Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 186 Fig. 10.0 The Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem. Photo: Stefano Baldini/ Alamy Stock Photo 188 Fig. 10.1 Mount Joy: Nabi Samwil (Palestine). Photo: Anthony Bale 194 Fig. 11.1 Ṭarṭūs (Tortosa), Latin cathedral. Photo: Denys Pringle, 1984 198 Fig. 11.2 Map of the Holy Land showing Abbot Nikulás’s route from Acre to the Jordan, 1145–53. Drawing by Kirsty Harding 205 Fig. 11.3 Jerusalem, church of St Mary in the Valley of Jehoshaphat. Photo: Denys Pringle 207 Fig. 11.4 Jerusalem, Mount of Olives. Constantinian church of the Eleona (Pater Noster), plan and section. From L.-H. Vincent and F.-M. Abel, Jérusalem nouvelle, Paris 1914–1926, fig. 154 209 Fig. 11.5 Jerusalem, Mount of Olives. Church of the Eleona (Pater Noster), plan of the medieval crypt. Drawing by Peter E. Leach, after Vincent and Abel, Jérusalem nouvelle, Paris 1914–1926 211 Fig. 11.6 Map showing the route of Friar Maurice’s voyage through the western Mediterranean in 1271. Drawing by Ian Dennis 212 Fig. 11.7 Ṭarṭūs (Tortosa), Latin cathedral. From the SW. Photo: Denys Pringle 213 Fig. 12.1 The opening of Eiríks saga víðförla, late fourteenth century. Flateyarbok, GKS 1005, fol. 4v. Reykjavík, Safn Arna Magnússonar 218 Fig. 13.1 Niccolò di Tommaso, Birgitta of Sweden at the cave in Bethlehem, beholding the vision of the Nativity of Christi.
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