BETH-BIREI BETHEL term, and therefore probably an echo of an ancient tion (panot ly) forbids us to see in it the IIapd6e~uos name.’ T. K. C. of Strabo and’Ptolemy, and equally forbids us to regard BETH-BIREI, RV Beth-bii (W13 n’n), I Ch. 431. it with Wetzstein (Del. 702 ; cp Vg. de dumo See BETH-LEBAOTH. vulzlptutis) as a poetical name of Damascus. The view, however, adopted bySchrader (KA 327)and favoured BETH-CAR (lz-n’3 ; Baiexop [BLI! BEAX. [AI, by &iBAQr (see above), that Beth-eden is the Bit-adini [MBXPI]KOPP~IWN, Jos. Ant. vi. 22 ; I+?&‘ [Targ.]), a of the inscriptions (see EDEN), is not less inadmissible, place, presumably in the district of Mizpah, to which for this is too far to the N. of Damascus, and had, the Israelites pursued the defeated Philistines (I S. 7 TI in the time of Amos, long been subject to Assyria (Wi. [Dt.]). The phrase ‘ under Beth-car ’ is remarkable. AT Unters. 183 ; cp Nold. ZDMG 33326 [‘79]). No Does it mean under the gates of Beth-car ’ (so We. doubt there were other.places called EDEN (q.40., ii.). TBS 68)? or does it mean ’ to the foot of the hill on There is equal uncertainty as to the name Bikath-aven some part of which Beth-car stood ’ ? No such name (see AVEN,3), which corresponds to Beth-eden in the as Beth-car is mentioned elsewhere ; hence it is at first parallel line. T. K. C. sight too bold to identify it (as PEF, not disapproved by BETH-EKED (72u np, EV ‘shearing house’; GASm. HG 224) with ‘Ain K5rim, the name of a flourish- RVmg. ‘ house of gathering ’),lwhere Jehu met Aha- ing village a good way to the S. of Nebi Samwil, and ziahs brethren, is either a place-name or (more probably) W. of Jerusalem. The name Beth-car, however, is the designation of an isolated house used on certain self-evidently corrupt, and if we may emend it into occasions by the shepherds of the district (2K. 10 12 ; ‘ Beth-haccerem ’ the identification with ‘Ain K&im 14 BaleaKae [B]; but in 21. 14 8u ‘ri uK?)urj [EWbrng.], becomes probable (see BETH-HACCEREM). Only 14m. to the N. of ‘Ain KHrim is DEr YLsin, not improbably ah [AL] ; Pesh. has ‘ and he was overthrowing the altars that were on the way ’ [40. 121, and in 40.14 my nri, to be identified with the Jashan or Jeshanah of 40. 12 (see cp Cod. Vind. of Vet. Lat. Bedhacur). SHEN), which need not be the same as the Jeshanah of z Ch. 13 19. BETHEL (>&?’n,@ I, IO, always one word [Sa. The alternative is to read ‘Beth -horon ’ $10.) ; 2 and n wcre,, on Gen. 128 Josh. 72). RV wrongly with a hyphen ; from phonetic causes easily confounded. Under Beth-horon ‘house of God’--i.e., Bal~yAlo~-(cpBAI- would be a very idtelligible expression: hut Beth-* is Site. TOYAI~, BETHULIA); see IDOLATRY, certainly too far north. The reading Beth-jashan quoted 2, from Pesh. e)by G. A. Smith (HGz24), is no &ding at MASSEBA; BaleHA [BADEL] ; hut Gen. 357, Bee. all, but a cor uption of the text of I S. ? 11, as We. has pointed [D]; gentilic Bethelite, see HIEL). I. A town out. T. K. C. on the border between Benjamin and Ephraim, W. of BETH-DAGON (IiIT n’z, 95, Louse of Dagon,’ the wilderness of Beth-aven (Josh. 18 12 ; on 1216, where BHeharwN [AL]). I. A city of Judah, enumerated @A omits the clause, and &PFhas HXa6 for Bethel or in the third group of ‘lowland‘ towns (Josh. 1541, Makkedah, see TAPPUAH, z),without doubt the present puaya6i+ [B]). The list is so scattered and irregular Beitin (from Beitil, by the common interchange of I that nothing can with certainty be inferred from it as to and n), a small village (said to have 400 inhabitants), the site of Beth-dagon ; but MAKKEDAH(q.~.), which with ruins of early Christian and Crusaders’ buildings, is mentioned in the same verse, must have lain off the about IO m. N. of Jerusalem. It lies on the hack- mouth of Aijalon (Josh. 10~8). Here we find, 6 m. SE. bone of the central range, a little E. of the watershed, from Joppa, a Beit-Dejan, and, 14m. farther S., DLjLjan. and 2890 ft. above the sea. From the village itself Each of these has been identified with Beth-dagon (see the view is confined to the plateau, which, like most Rob. RR 3298, Clermont Ganneau, PEFQ, 1874), of the territory of Benjamin, presents a bleak prospect and one of them (the former, according to Friedr. Del.) of gray rocks and very stony fields, relieved by few is probably the Bit-daganna mentioned in Sennacherib‘s trees and a struggling cultivation. A few minutes SE., prism-inscription (col. 2 Z. 65 ; KB 2 92). It must be however, lies one of the great view-points of Palestine, remembered, however, that the name occurred in several the Burj-Beitin or Tower of Bethel (probably the .ruin places through Palestine-Beit Dejan nearly 7 m. E. of of an early Christian monastery), supposed to mark NibZus (seePEFmap), and, according to Jos. (Ant.xiii. a traditional site of the tent and altar of Abraham 8 I BJi. 2 3), Dagon near Jericho, each on an important ’ to the E. of Bethel’ (Gen. 128), and of Lot’s view trade route from Philistia to the Jordan Valley. There of the ‘ Circle of Jordan ’ (133 -10). Four good springs may, then; have been more than one Beth-dagon on 2. Traditions. and a great reservoir amply certify the the borders of Philistia, and it ought not to be over- present village as the site of the city, looked that neither DLjfin nor Beit Dejan lies in the which ‘ was called Luz at tge first ’ (Gen. 28 19 ; O?K& ShephElah proper. On the doubtful phrase ‘land of OaoF [ADEL]). The sanctuary, ‘God‘s house,’ the Dagon’ in Eshmunazar’s inscription, and on the god ‘ place ’ (as it is called in Gen. 28 IT, where it is distinct Dagon, see DAGON, 8 I. .On DXjEn see especially from the city) which grew famous enough to absorb C1. Ganneau, Arch. Res. in PuL 1268 the city’s name in its own, may have lain either on z A locality not yet identified (but cp Conder HdJk. to fhe .the site of the ,Burj-Beitin, or on one of the neigh- Sihe 268) on the border of Asher (Josh. 19 27 . $L&YFYE~ [B]). bouring slopes, where there is a natural stone circle 3. ‘khe ;emple of Dagon in Ashdod (I Mack 1083, j3908aywv (PEPQ,1881, p. 255); and the curious formation of [AWa c.bV], j30Saywu [N”]). G. A. S. the rocks in terraces and ramparts has been taken as BETH-DIBLATHAIM(a:n>p-n*n ; cp AS^. duuu, the material suggestion of the ‘flight of steps’ (see ‘ foundation ’ ; but see NAMES, § 107),a town in Moab LADDER) which Jacob saw in his dream (Gen. mentioned along with Dibon [I] and Neb0 [iii.] (Jer. 2810JT).2 There he raised a pillar, or massebbah, to YahwB, and afterwards is said (Gen. by the 4822=@ 312~~en OlKON AarBhAeaiM [BQI? 8. 0. 351-8) AGBA~~AIM[KA]), evidently the same as ALMON-DIB- same narrator, E (it is J who gives the previous story of LATHAIM, which also occurs in connection with Dibon Abraham’s altar), to have built an altar and called the (Nu. 33463). This place (called inhi m),Mehedeba, ‘place’ (not yet ‘city’)‘God of Bethel’ (forwhich6AUEL, and Ba‘al Me‘on are stated by Mesha on his stele to Pesh., and Vg. read ‘Bethel’). Here Deborah, Rebecca’s have been fortified by himself (Z. 30). 1’ Cp the Targ. N’ 7 nrp ”’2. ‘place of the gathering BETH-EDEN, AVmg., EV ‘ house of Eden’ (I793 together of the shepkkrd5. For e@&, however, we should perhaps read n8kZdi?tz (D’?$), and omit the next word (in v. 12, IT&’; 85 ANAPWN xappa~[BAQr]), an Aramaean city or land, with a ruler of its own, but presumably not in U. 14) hd-dzrn (D’plc) as a gloss ; n8kZdim was a less common word for shepherds’ than r8‘irn. allied to Damascus (Am. 15). No satisfactory identifi- ‘ 2 Schlatter (ZUY Tojog. 236) infers from Gen. 12 8 Jos. 7 z cation of this place has been made. The vocalisa- (om. @.A) that the sanctuary lay E. of the town, in Deir Diwin. 551 552 BETHEL BETHER foster-mother, died. She was buried Mow the town, the superstitious and immoral nature of its cult, even beneath an oak called ‘ the oak of weeping ’ (see ALLON- though the object of this was Yahwk himself. They BACUTH, MULBERRY) : trees, it is probable, would not regard it as apostasy from Yahwk (Am. 44, ‘ Come to be found on the stony plateau above. The next notice Bethel and revolt ’ ; 5 5 [PaBvX Q*Vid], ‘Seek not of Bethel is in the JE narrative of Joshua’s conquests Bethel, seek Yahwk ’), and its crimes culminate (Am. 7 13) (Jos. 72 Sgrz [om. BAF ; pqt’au L]), in which Bethel is in the silencing of his prophet Amos by its priest Amazixh not yet the name of a city (so also the Deuteronorhist in [see AMOS, § 20). It shall, therefore, bear the brunt of
Jos. 129 [res [A] ; in v. 16 ‘ Bethel’ is with GHAato be the ~ impending doom (Am. 3 14 Hos. 1015 [OZKOS TOO omitted), but is still distinct from Luz (162 [@A does :upagX BAQ]). In scorn Amos had said ‘ Bethel shall not distinguish them, reading houra (B in v. I, A in v. 2) become AVEN ’--i.e., vanity, falseness, false worship, after part’7hl). The later priestly writer, however, idolatry (5 5) :-so Hosea calls it Beth-aven (415 58 lo5) makes them the same (1813, cp 22 [pquava [B], pv0qA oftener than he calls it Bethel. The nickname was the (.4)] ; in Judg. 123 the parenthesis is probably a gloss).‘ readier because of the actual BETH-AVEN (q.v. ), which In Judg. 45 the prophetess Deborah is said to have sat once stood, and perhaps in the eighth century still stood, under the palm-tree of Deborah between Ramah and in the neighbourhood. After the fall of the northern Bethel-a statement which the critics who understand kingdom the heathen colonists naturally adopted the the song of Deborah to imply that she belonged to the cult of the ‘god of the land,’ and Bethel retained its tribe of Issachar suppose tn have arisen from confusion importance as a religious centre (z I<. 1728). Isaiah with the other Deborah (see DEBORAH). There is no and Micah do not mention Bethel ; it is very doubtful if cogent reason, however, for their inference from the song, Jeremiah does so (Giesebrecht on Jer. 4813). The frontier and while a palm is an unusual, it is not an impossible, of Judah, however, must have been gradually pushed N. tree at the altitude of Bethel : there is one at Jerusalem. so as to enclose it, for when Josiah put down the high In the story of the crime of the Benjamites the priestly places in the cities of Judah’ he destroyed the altar in writing tells of a national gathering before God at Bethel Bethel and desecrated the site (zK. 23415). The city (Judg. 21 2). itself must have been inhabited by Jews, for its families In the records of the period after the Judges the are reckoned in the great post-exilic list [see EZRA, ii. name Luz does not occur ; we may suppose it by this $5 9, 86; Ezra228 (yadvh [B]) = Neh. 732 (p&X 3. History. ;me to have been absorbed in that of [BK*])= I Esd. 521 (~ETOXLW[B], p7~.[A])]. It was the ethel, which was still a sanctuary (IS. most northerly site repeopled by Jews (Neh. 11 31 ; PvOqp 716 103). The divisi\b n of the kingdoms brought Bethel *’winf. ; om. BK*A]).l We hear nothing more of a new opportunity : its ancient sanctity was taken ad- Bethel till it is described as one of the strong places of vantage of by Jeroboam for political ends, and he made Judah which Bacchides refortified in 161 B. c. (I Macc. it one of the two national shrines which he established 950 ; Jos. Ant. xiii. 13), and then it disappears from OT in North Israel in order that his people might not go history. over to Jerusalem. In these shrines he set up the golden In Cg A.D. Vespasian garrisoned Bethel before his advance on Jerusalem (Jos. Bjiv. 9 9) ; and circa 132 Hadrian placed a calves--‘Thy God, 0 Israel, which brought thee up out post there to intercept Jewish fugitives (Midrash of the land of Egypt’ (IK. 1229). A priesthood, not 6. Post- Ekhak. ii. 3 : Neub. Giog. Tulnz. 115). The Bori Levitical, was established, and a new altar, pilgrimages, biblical. deaux hlgrim (333) gives it as Betthar 12 R: m. and feasts were ordained (II<. 123of:). In the words from Jerusalem. Robinson’s theory (LBR,170), that Bethel is therefore the Bether of Hadrian’s war, is un- of Amaziah to Amos, Bethel became a royal and national founded. Euseb. and Jerome call it a village: the latter temple (‘ sanctuary of the king,’ ‘ house of the kingdom,’ adds (under Aggai) that where Jacob dreamed there was Am. 7 1.3)~ built a church-perha s part of the ruins at Burj-Beitin. The A later (perhaps post-exilic) narrative records a Crusaders exhibited tEe rock under the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem as Jacob‘s Sto?e ; hut the ‘ Cartulary of the Church prophecy as made by a prophet from Judah, by which of the Holy Sepulchre’ gives Bethel as a casale ceded to that Jeroboam was judged according to the Deuteronomic church in 1160, and the site of a tower and chapel built hy standard, and Yahwgs overthrow of Bethel was predicted Hugues d’Ibelin (Key, 378). See Cubrin, Judie, chap. 5s ; PEF Mem. 2 295 f: 3051: ; Stanley, SPzr7 ; GASm. HG, chap. rii. (II<. 13 ; cp z K. 1029). There was no such feeling of and pp. 289y. 298. guilt or foreboding of doom, however, among the (2) A place to which David sent part of the spoil of prophets of the northern kingdom, for we find a the Amalekites (IS. 3027,) : probably the same as company of them settled in Bethel, and the place BLTHUL,if we are not with 6” (and Budde) to read visited by Elijah and Elisha (zI<. 22f: 23). paihup-i.e. ~ BETH-ZUR. G. A. S. For a national sanctuary the position was convenient. The present village lies about a furlong off the most BETH-EMEK (3gu;l ncJ, ij 99, ‘house in the *. Important easterly of the three parallel branches valley’), a place on the boundary of Asher (Josh. 1927). into which the great north road here Before Beth-emek some words appear to have dropped out : position. divides, very near its junction with the perhaps the are represented by @‘s Ka; sluehav’usrac [d]%pia. (After 6pLa &E continues ua+f)aii3a~Ops,where ua+Bac seems to road by Michmash to Jericho, and not many miles from he a corruption of yar+tIaiqh [=yac rs+f)aqh],prefixed wrongly the heads of those two other roads which come up to BarOps [ =fa&EpfK]; aua+%a PqOafpfK [A], .ua+a P@pCpfK from the coast by the Beth-horons, and by Goplina, [L] ; Symm. BLI +u KOrhd8a). The descrlptlon In v. 27f: E not clear ; there would seem to be two descrlptions of the northern respectively, to meet the north road just mentioned. boundary (if ‘on the left hand,’ v. 28 means ‘northward,’ and That is to say, the main lines of traffic N. to S. and if the equivalent of rai elud. :pa ’is to be inserted before E. to W. crossed at the gates of Bethel. Like other ‘ northward ’ in v. 27). ancient sanctuaries, it must have had a market ; its mer- Robinson was struck by the resemblance of the name cenariness and wealth are implied by Amos (84, etc.). to that of ‘Amka, 69 m. NE. of ‘Akka (Acre) ; but, as Moreover, Bethel lay upon the natural frontier between he himself points out (BR4 103 IO^), the situation of the two kingdoms on the plateau ‘between the passes of ‘Amka is too far N. of Jefit (Jiphtah-el?), and, even if Beth-horon and Michmash (on the Chronicler’s story of this objection be waived, ‘Amka is at my rate too far its capture by Abijah of Judah, see ABIJAH, I). The N. of Kgbiil (which must be the ancient Cabul). prophets Hosea and Amos appear in opposition to T. K. C. Bethel, not on the ground (taken by the later Deutero- BETHER (8€8Hp [BLl, Br*18Hp2 [A]). one of the nomists) that it was the seat of a schism, but because of additional cities of Judah m Josh. 1559 (cp SBOT), 1 mentioned after Karem (‘Ain KZrim) and Gallim (cp In Judg. 2 I Bethel ought probably to be read for BOCHIM 1 a GIBBAR). No doubt it is the modern Bittir (7 m. SW. (ev.). 2 AV for it is the king’s N?3 3&Q n’ar NlX 7$gd>,!p ’?, ‘ 1 On this list see EZRA ii. 55 5 [BI, 15 [I] a. chapel, and it is the king’s court’; RV ‘for it is the king’s a Pa~f30qp also occurs ’in ’I Ch. 659 [A], as a substitute for sanctuary, and it is a royal house.’ away IBI-i.e., Juttah. 553 554 BETHER BETH-HARAM of Jerusalem), which” stands on the slope of a steep some with Kh. /email, which lies to the east of the well- projecting hill between the WZdy Bittir and a smaller known DIBON; according to others, it finas its modern valley. If we ascend higher we shall reach a site representative in Umm ej-Jemd, about five hours S. of admirably adapted for a fortress, where there are still BoSra. some ruins connected by popular legend with the Jews. On the E. side are chambers in the rock and old cisterns. n’a), Neh. 1229 RV; see Neubauer (Gkog. Tulnz. 103-114,cp 90) and Guerin GILGAL, 6 (5). (Id.2387 -395) had all but demonstrated that this was BETH -HACCEREM, AV Beth-Haccherem the Bether (in*>)or rather Beth-ter (inn.>), within whose (n’a walls Bar Cochba so obstinately resisted the Romans n.73?, § 103, ‘vineyard place’), is expressly called, not under Julius Severus (A.D. 134-5). The proof has now a ;own, but a ‘ district ’ (s)@), near Jerusalem, Neh. 3 14 been completed by the discovery of an inscription stating (BHehXAM -8AXXapMA [AI, -8AKAM [VIS -AX- which divisions of the Roman army were stationed xapa~[L]). From Jer. 61 it appears to have included there.l It is, therefore, no longer possible to maintain a conspicuous height to the S. of Jerusalem which was with Gratz (Hist. 2417) that the Beth-ter of Bar Cochba used as a beacon-station (BatBBaXappa [B], BeBB. [K], was identical with the Bettbar of the itineraries, which BvBa. [QJ B?)ewtap [AI. was situated between Antipatris or Diospolis and Jerome (in his comment on the latter passage) says that it was one of the villages which he could see every day with his own eyes Czesarea (see ANTIPATRIS, 2, end). See GIBBAR. from Bethlehem, that it was called Bethacharma, and that it lay Only two ancient statements respecting the position of Bether on a mountain. yence, many since Pococke have placed it on need be here quoted. Eus. (HE 56) describes pfMqpa in the so-called Fureidis or ‘Frank Mountain’ (2487 ft. above the these terms : rrohi)(vq TLP qv b~~po~kq,T&V ‘Iaporroh~gwv cG sea-level), between Bethlehem and Tekoa, and very near the rr+dSpa rrdppo 6rsu6ma, and the Talm. of Jerus. (Taanifh, latter (so even Giesebrecht). Jerome’s statement we are unable 48), ‘If thou thinkest that Beth-ter [spelt with two n almost to criticise : but there is now no name near the ‘ Frank Mountain’ always in this section] was near th,e sea, thou art in error: which confirms this theory, and the special fertility which the truly it was 40 m. away from the sea. T. K. C. name Beth-haccerem implies to have characterised the district suggests lookingelsewhere. After all, it was rather hasty to infer BETHER, The mountains of (7@ *yj?l), Cant. 217 from Jer. 6 I that Beth-haccerem was bound to be near Tekoa. EV, following Vg. (Bethm). The word Bether, how- Since we have found reason elsewhere (BETH-CAR) ever, all recent critics agree, is not a proper name : it to correct ‘ Beth-car’ in 1,s.711 into Beth-haccerem, qualifies t e preceding words. Putting aside the old, and to identify this with the beautiful village of ‘Ain forced exp anations of the phrase, such as ’ mountains KHrim, about an hour and a half W. of Jerusalem, of ravines’P (@WAC (Ipv Koihopdrov-i.e., nqn3 *la ; cp it becomes difficult to resist the conclusion that the hill BITHRON), and ‘ mountains of separation’ (between the referred to by Jeremiah was the 3e6eZ ‘AU,at the foot of lovers), one might conjecture that ‘ Bether ’ was the which lies the village in question. The fruitful oliv’e- Syrian plant malobathron, from which a costly oil was groves and vineyards of ‘Ain KHrim are watered from a procured, used in the toilet of banqueters (Hor. Od. ii. superb fountain, and would justify the name Beth- 77), and also in medicine (Plin. NH xxiii. 448). So haccerem. The summit of the Jebel ‘Ali commands a Symm. (Field, Hex. on Cant. 217), RVms ; Wellh. view of the Mediterranean, the Mount of Olives, and PYoZ.(~)399 ; ET 391. Others emend in> into n’nax, part of Jerusalem (Baed.(3)112). Conder mentions that ‘spices,’ in conformity with 814 (so Pesh., Theod., there are still cairns on the ridge above ‘Ain KBrim which Meier, Gratz). The best solution, however, has yet to may have served as beacons (PERQ, 1881, p. 271). be mentioned : in1 is miswritte; for to-lni$, ‘cypresses’; One is 40 ft. high and 130 ft. in diameter, with a flat cp 117 (Che. ). ‘ Mountains of cypresses ’ is an appro- top measuring 40 ft. across. priate term for Lebanon ; cp ‘ mountains of panthers ’ Two more references to Beth-haccerem may be indi- (48). SeeJQR10571, and cp CANTICLES, 15 n. cated. In the Mishna treatise, Middoth 3 4, it is stated that the stones for the great altar in the second BETHESDA (BHBecha [c~d“’~]-i.e., K2DQ Il’g temple came from the valley of Beth-cerem, which Adler --‘houseof mercy’ ; BHezaea [Ti. WH]), the reading (IQR 8390) identifies with Beth-haccet;em and ‘Ain of TR in Jn.52, for which the best authorities have IcZrirn ; and among the eleven towns which GnALhas BETHZATHA or BETHSAIDA. On the topographical (but not MT) in Josh. 1,559 occurs Karem (‘Kapep), question, see JERUSALEM. which, from the context, can only be ‘Ain ICHrim. Cp TAHCHEMONITE. For another (probable) Beth-carem BETHEZEL n’a ; ~BAQOTKOV ;x~6peC~vab+, ($YE;? see BATH-KABBIM. T. K. C. ’;.e., d?YN, ‘near her’), an unidentified place in the ShephElah mentioned by Micah (1I,), who foresees the BETH-HAGGAN (]&i nq. domus ho~ti[vg.], EV captivity of its noble ones (y>ry, emended from in:!p, ‘ the garden- honse’ ; better in d as a proper name, 6’s reading [dSbvvs], where MT has mmny : so Che.‘, BaleAN [Bl, BAlATrc*N [APvid.SUP ras], B&leCipwN= JQR, JuJy ’98). It is scarcely the same as Azel (cp Beth-horon [L]), a place, apparently to the S. ,of Jezreel, AZAL). on the road to which Ahaziah fled in his chariot when he saw Jehoram slain by Jehu (z K. 927). Jenin, the BETH-GADER n’2 ; BaleralhwN [Bl, (17; first village which one ,travelling southwards would -rehap [AI, BHersAAwp [L]), a town, whose encounter, may very well be Beth-haggZn ( = Beth-hag- ‘ father ’ Hareph was of Calebite origin (I Ch. 251f) ; gannim, place of gardens‘), i.k., EN-GANNIM (q.~.,2). the genealogy seems to represent post-exilic relations. If, however, we hold with Conder that Megiddo, which On the analogy of the other great divisions Shobal abi Ahaziah reached at last-to die-was Mujedda‘ at the Icirjath-jearim and Salma abi Bethlehem, Beth-gader foot of Gilboa, a little to the S. of BeisHn, it will become was perhaps no unimportant place, and we may possibly natural to identify Beth-haggHn with a northern Beit identify it with GEDOR,I.~ It is noticeable that the further Jenn, between Mt. Tabor and the S. end of the Lake divisions of Hareph are not enumerated, as they are in of Gennesaret (Beit Jenn is, in Arabic nomenclature, a the cases of Shobal and Salma. favourite name). Against this view of the flight of K. C. BETH-GAMUL (59~4nq, 8 place of recompense 0 ? Ahaziah, see GASm. HG 387, n. I. T. [c~GamalieL~K~~PBI;OiKON rdrl~aA[B],o.rAMwh& BETH-HANAN. See ELON-BETH-HANAN. [A], 0. -A [Q], 0. -waB [Kc.a], om. K”). In Moab on the table-land E. of the Jordan (Jer. 48 zi), identified by BETH -HARAM, AV incorrectly BETH-ARAM (n’a n?;! : oeapraei, or perhaps -&A~M[Bl, BHBapaM 1 CI. Gan. Acad. des imcr Comptes vendus 1894, p. x?f: 2 The position of GEDER, kth which it miiht otherwise be [AL]), Josh. 1327 (P). For the true form of the name connected, is unknown. see BETH-HARAN. 555 556 BETH-HARAN BETH-HORON BETH-HARAN (177 n’a, probably ‘house of Itnnn;r-hence the dual form preserved by wpwvwl [B ; HARAN,’BAleApAN [Bl, -Apph [AI, -N [FLI, NU. but p@wpwv AL], Josh. ~OIO~.),near the head and the 3236 [E]), the correct and original pronunciation of Coot, respect‘ively, of the ascent from the Maritime Plain the name of the place also called BETH-HARAM (Cp to the plateau.of Benjamin, and represented to-day by GERSHOMfor GERSHON). The place thus designated Beit ‘oreZ-jii&a and Beit ‘oret-td?zta (large PEP Surv. Map, Sheet xvii. \. The road leaves Beit Sira finwhich was an ancient Amorite city, fortified by the conquering 1- Gadites. . The site is occupied by the modern TeZl er- 2. Beth-horon some see Uzzen-sheerah : see SHERAH), RZmeh, which stands up in a wiidy of the same name, road. 840 ft. above sea-level, on the high between HesbLn and the Jordan, at no great distance Dlain of Aiialon : climbs UD the suur of from the river. The objection to this raised by Guthe the Benjamite hits in about 50 minutes to th’e lowerBeth- (ZDPV 23. n. I) is not decisive. horon, 1240 ft. ; and thence, dropping at first for a Rameh does indeed imply a form, Beth-harZm8h; but this Little, ascends the ridge, with the gorges of Wady form is vouched for by the existence of the Aramaic Beth-ramtha Selmau to the S., and WHdy es-Sant and Wridy el- (see below). It arose out of BETH-HARAM (a phonetic modifica- ‘Imeish to the N., to the upper Beth-horon, m. tion of Beth-haran) when the older and correct form of the 12 name had passed out of use, and so the later form, Beth-haram, from its fellow and 2022 ft. above the sea ; and thence, came to he misinterpreted. Moreover Tristram’s discovery of still following the ridge, comes out on the Benjamite a ‘ conspicuous mound ’ called Beit Ha&n (Land ofMoa6,348) plateau about 44 m. farther on, to the N. of el-Jib has not been verified by subsequent travellers 1 though it is still recognised in Baed.13) (map of Peraea), and the identification (Gibeon), at a height of about 2300 ft. The hyn or (which stands in Di.’s comm.) is retained by von Riess in BibeL ascent to Beth-horon (Josh. 1010)may be the road AtZarP), on the assumption that Beit Harran (or Haram) is towards the upper Beth-horon from Gibeon : it does nearer to the outlet of the wady than Tell er-RSmeh. rise at first from the plateau before descending; the The really conspicuous mound is surely that of Tell y>jn or descent to the two Beth-horons (Josh. 1011,63.) er-Rluneh, which is 673 ft. above the sea-level, and is the whole road from the edge of the plateau. More certainly marks the site of an ancient town of importance probably, the two are the same taken from opposite (Conder, PEFMem., E. Pal. 1238). Such a town ends. This Beth-horon road is now no longer the high was the Beth-ramtha of the Talmud (Neubauer, Ge‘og. road from Jerusalem and the watershed to the Maritime TaZm. 247), the name of which is attested by Josephus, Plain ; but it was used as such from the very earliest Eusebius, and Jero e.2 times to at least the sixteenth century of our era, and Herod had a palac here (Jos. Ant. xvii. 10 6 . BJ ii. 4 2) ; indeed forms the most natural, convenient, and least Herod Antipas walle3’ it and called it Julias aftdr the wife of Augustns, at the same time that Herod Philip rebuilt Bethsaida exposed of all the possible descents from the neighbour- and gave it the same name after the emperor’s daughter (Jos. hood of Jerusalem to the plain of Sharon. The line of Ant. xviii. 2 I ; BJii. 9 I). Jerome, however, enables us to correct it bears many marks of its age and long use. Carried this statement (OS 103 77). The older name of the city was Livias ; the name was changed to Julias when Livia was received into for the most part over the bare rock and rocky debris, the gens Julia by the emperor’s testament (see Schiirer, Hisf. it has had steps cut upon it in its steeper portions, and ii. 1142). Eus. (OS 23488) and Theodosius (530 A.D.)also call it has remains of Roman pavement. Standing as they Livias . the latter (De Situ Terre Suncfre 65) describes it as do upon mounds, the two Beth-horons command the 12 R. A. from Jericho, near warm springs that were efficacious against leprosy. T. K. C. most difficult passages of this route and form its double BETH-HOGLAR, once (Josh. 156) AV Beth-hogla key. The constancy with which the Beth-horons appear in (iD;a nQ, 104, ‘place of partridge,’ cp HOGLAH),3 history is, therefore, easily explicable (they do not occur, a Benjamite city on the border of Judah (Jos. 156, 3. MiliearJr however, in either the lists of the conquests BAleArhAAM [B], -ha [L], -8Ah [A]; 181921, of Thotmes 111. or the Amarna letters). OAhACCAN and B€B€rAlCd [Bl, BAleAhArA [AI, history. According to JE, after Joshua had won BHeArhA [L, and A in 211). It is the modern ‘Ain for Israel a footing on the Benjamite plateau and made (and Isasr) Hajla, a fine spring and ruin situated be- peace with Gibeon, the latter was threatened by the tween Jericho and the Jordan S. of Gilgal (cp Di. on Canaanites. Joshua defeated them at Gibeon, and Gen. lrr and Baed.13) 154): Under the form Beth- pursued them all the way down by the Beth-horons alaga it is, according to Jos. (Ant.xiii. 15), the place (Josh. 10 1.3).In the days of Saul the Philistines must to which Jonathan fled before Bacchides, I Macc. 963 have held the pass from their camp at Michmash (I S. (but see BETHBASI). The Onom. erroneously identifies 13 18).2 Solomon fortified Beth-horon the nether, along Beth-hoglah with Atad (see ABEL-MIZRAIM, end). The with Gezer, on the opposite side of Aijalon (I K. 917 interpretation ‘ Belhagla, locus gyri’ of Jer., according [om, BL, Jos. p~rxwpa; in I K. 2353 parOwpw6, A] ; to WRS (ReL Sem.PI 191, n. I), may rest upon a local 2 Ch. 85 adds Beth-horon the upper [padwpwp, B]). tradition of a ritual procession around some sacred During his son Rehoboam’s reign’shishak or SoSenk of object there (cp Ar. &ala, ‘ hobble, hop ‘)-similar Egypt invaded Judah by the Beth-horon passage, perhaps to the Ar. ceremonial tawdf (for which see We. it would appear, for both Ai-yu-ru-u (Aijalon) and Ueid(21 IIO).~ The form survives also in Ma- Bi-ti-b-va-ru-n, (Beth-horon) occur in his lists of the khHdet Hajla (see BETH-ARABAH, z), a noted bathing- towns he conquered (Nos. 26 and 24 ; see WMM, As. place for pilgrims at the mouth of the WHdy el-Kelt u. Eur. 166). (Baed. 169). In the Syro-Maccabean wars, Seron, a Syrian general, BETH-HORON ((Tin n’a, also fiin ’2 and (Til ’1, advanced on Judah by Beth-horou ; Judas with a small and in Ch. pm ’2; BaiewpwN or Bee. [BAL], force met him on the ascent, defeated him, and pursued him out upon the plain Macc. 313-24 [@* v. site.BsewpCi, Bale-, -8wpw, BH8. in JOS. [CP (I 16, the modern form Beit ‘Ur], probably ‘the pteOwpwv] ; Jos. Ant. xii. 7 I). A few years afterwards, place of the hollow’ or ‘hollow way’) was the name Nicanor having retired from Jerusalem upon Beth- qf two neighbouring villages, upper Beth-horon (’n ’1 horon, Judas attacked and slew him, and routed his army as far as Gezer (IMacc. 7393 ; Jos. Ant. xii. 105). )V$q, Josh. 165 ; p7Owpwv [L]) and lower Beth-horon Beth-horon was among the places fortified by Bacchides (finnn TI Josh. 163 ; but in 2 Ch. 85 jl9kI and ‘1, (I Macc. 950 [p7Owpwv. V*], Jos. Ant. xiii. 13). See 1 See eg Schick ZDPVZ IT. cp p. 2. also Judith44 (peOwpw [A]). 2 Jos: giv& the ndme as PqSa&aBa and &BapapQBa ; once (Ant.xvii. 106) the text gives appaea. Eus. (OS23487) &e- 1 A similar dual (iTf1h) is to be read in 2 S. 13 34 with We., pap+Ba, with a fragmentary reference to the &UU+LOL. Jec (OS 25 11 ; 103 r6), ‘ Betharam domus sublimium vel montium , Dr., and Bu. SBOT, following @B’s opwvqv (opawv [Avid], quae a Syris dicitur Bethrarntha’). uw aLp [L]). 3 The D in Hoglah is nyt supported, and all the evidence points $It was probably by the Beth-horons that the Philistines to the reading ‘ Haglah. were routed by Saul (I S. 13 14) and ‘from Gibeon south to 4 For another explanation see EN-EGLAIM. Gezer,’ by David (I S. 5 2s). 5 57 558 BETH-JESHIMOTH BETHLEHEM In 66 A.D. a Roman army under Cestius Gallus, ascending by CAI, BHehkBiwe [L]), or, simply, LEBAOTH(Josh. Beth-horon, had their rear disordered by the Jews, and after a Bae short and futile siege of Jerusalem retreated pell-mell by the 1532, AaBoc [B], -we [AL]), an unidentified site in same way. Josephus describes the difficulties of the ground in the Negeb of Judah (Josh. 1532), assigned to Simeon a manner that leads us to suppose that the Romans in their (Josh. 196). The parallel passage in I Ch. 431 has haste cannot have kept to the high road by the Beth-horons, hut BETH-BIRI which has probablyarisen from a were swept down the gorges on either side (Bjii. 19). Perhaps (wl? n.?), because of this experience, Titus, in his advance upon Jerusalem corruption of the text. For 'and at Beth-biri and at two years later, took another road : and Beth-horon is not again Shaaraim' has KU~O~KOV /3puoupu&pei,u [B], K. o. mentioned in the military history of Palestine. d Papoup' . u. [A], K.
BEZALEEL, RV Bezalel (\&?, $8 22, 29, ‘ in the shadow of God ’ ; cp BESODEIAH; PEUEIE~X [BAL]). BICBRI ; Boxopei [BAI, BeAAaAi [I2]) The form is improbable. Sil-Bel, ‘ Bel is a shelter,’ the (*???, 61 name of a king of Gaza in Sennacherib’s time (KA in Sheba b. Bichri (2S. 20 I 3 ), a gentilic from BECHER n2) Cq.v.1. The plural Bichrites (PW?;?) is postulated 162), even if correctly represented, is not parallel. Read hrh, ‘ God rescues,’ and cp the Phmn. names ’7yzlc$n, by BRA KC^ ~dvreshv Xappa) in z S. 20 74 in place of y5ninrz~. The number of the artificial religious names BERITES[u.v.]. See SHEBA,ii. (I), BENJAMIN, § g, ii. p. of later times has been exaeeerated. -- BIDKAE (7273 ; BAAEK [Ll, -I(&[Bl, -~ap[BbAl), I. b. Uri h. Hnr of the tribe of Jodah, a Calebite (I Ch. 2 20)) a skilled workman in gold silver, and brass, who together with BaAa~ap[Bamg;], Jehu’s adjutant (L&@), 2 K. 925. Aholiab executed the wdrk of the tabernacle (Ex. 31 z 35 30 The name is noteworthy, because the chief support of 361 f: 371 3822, all P). He is mentioned in zCh. 1s as having made the brazen altar. the theory that 2 at the heginning of proper names some- 2. One of the b‘ne Pahath-Moab in the list of those with times stands for ‘ son of’ is that Pesh. here has ~RY-~~&zY (hence ‘2 = ~p?,-]?, ‘ son of piercing ’-a suitable name for a warrior ; cp Lanzknecht ; cp Ass. 6indiKiri [Del. ZKF 572 BIER BINDING AND LOOSING
21721, and see BENDEKER). For other examples, all Benjamin) ? Or does the name, which occurs nowhere doubtful, see Ges. Thes. col. 349; Konig, Lehrgeb. outside of Genesis (and the equivalent I Ch. 7 13), simply 2248; and against this 01s. Ne6. Gr. 613. Halevy indicate that not only Dan but once also Naphtali tried (Rech. Bi61. iii., REI, Jan,-June 1885) thinks 3 in all unsuccessfully to settle somewhere in the Highlands of these words=[3]3~. For this 3= p theory we can hardly Ephraiin before betaking itself to the extreme north ? cite the one or two cases in Phcenician, probably Or, once more, is this true only of Dan, the inclusion accidental (CIsi. 1922, 3933). Does CF's BU&Kimply of Naphtali being then due simply to its geographical a reading vwhwi pix, ' €3. chief (ddi) of his (Jehu's) nearness to Dan in its later seat, and to its worthiness captains ' ? . W. R. S. to stand by the side of the noble Rachel tribes (Judg. 5 18) ? Again, is the Reuben story (Gen. 35 22 I Ch. 5 I) BIER (a&, K~INH).2s. 331 ; (COPOC)~Lk. 714. to be brought into connection with the other traces of See DEAD, 5 I. the extension of the house of Joseph (cp Reuben's BIGTHA (HQag; BUPAZH [BKL21, [oaps] B~Ainterest in the fortunes of Joseph : Gen. 37 22 29 : E.,) [A]), a chamberlain of Ahasuerus (Esth. 110). Marq. beyond Jordan (MACHIR ; EPHRAIM, WOOD OF), or is it (Fund. 71) finds its Gr. equivalent in fqpaOaOa [A], for to be explained, as Stade (Cesch. 1119)explains it, as a pa{qOaOa, whence he restores ~ni33(misread Nniiz) =O. memorial of the primitive society that survived E. of the Pers. bagadZta, 'given by God ' ; cp BAGOAS, and see Jordan when there had been a change in W. Palestine? ESTHEX, ii. 3. Or are we to give serious consideration to a combination (G. H. B. Wright) with the story of BOHAN (cp BILHAH, BIGTHAN ()Q?3,etymology doubtful ; BaraeaN 2) the son of Reuben (Josh. 15 6 18 17), as an indication [Kc.a mg. sup.] ; BKAL om. ; Jos. Baraewoc), Esth. 221, that Reubenite elements were once actually to be found or Bigthana, Esth. 62 (H;iI;J; as in 221 ; Jos. d W. of the Jordan ( ' in that land : ' Gen. 35 22) ? That raBATAlOC), a chamberlain of Ahasuerus, who, in there really was contact between Benjamin and the Esth. 12 I, is called GABATHA(-yupuOa [BKALa]). See Bilhah tribe Dan was a matter of course ; Ono and Lod ESTHER, ii. § 3. ultimately became Benjainite (cp BENJAMIN, 3 ; We. BIGVAI (VJJ, rather BAGOI, Le., BAGOAS[4.v.] ; De Gent. 12 n. I). It was Rachel, however, not Bilhah, that died when, Ben-oni was horn. BArOyA [AI, -oyia [L]). I. A leader (see EZRA, ii. $ 8 e) in the great post-exilic list (8. 2. In Simeon (I Ch. 429). See BAALAH,2. ii. 0 g), Ezra 2 2 (pa7ouuL [Bl, payouat [Ll)=Neh. 7 7 (paroe6 H. W. H. [BN] payou'ac [A])=I Esd. 58, 6V REELIUS(@opoAe~ou [BA] BILHAN (I&?, § 77 ; CP BILHAH; 6t.h~~~[BAI). fiay&c [L]); signatory to the covenant (see EZRA, i. $ 7), Ned I. A HORITE(p.~.), Gen. 36 27 (pduap [D'" ELI) ; I Ch. 142 16 [IT](payom [Bl, -OCL PA],. pauouc [LI). 10 (-aw [BLI). a. Family in great post-exilic list (see EZRA, ii. $8 9, Sc), 2. In genealogy of BENJAMIN (0 g, ii. a) : I Ch. 7 IO (pahaap Ezra 2 (paoya [B], payoua [Avid], -ouaL [LI)=Neh. 7 14 19 [Ll). (j3ama [BNA])=r Esd. 5 74, BAGOI(j3ouac [B], @ayoc [A], -ouaL BILSHAN (&Q, 5 83 ; perhaps Bab. BeZfm ; but Family in Ezra's caravan (see EZRA, i. 5 2, ii. $ 15 [i.] d), more probably we should read Bel-lax, a mutilated form Ezra 814 (payo [Bl apouaa [AI, yapouca [L])=I Esd. 640 BAGO (pavat [Bl, pa;olA]). Cp HEGAI. of Bel-iar-ezer--i.e., Bab. Bel-Gar-uSur ;-cp dBALin I Esd.). A name in the great post-exilic list (see EZRA, BIKATH-AVEN (\~$7l&'~J),Am. 15 AVmg. See ii. § 9).borne by one of the ten (Ezra), or eleven (Neh., AVEN, 3. I Esd. ), persons who accompanied Zerubbabel from BILDAD (73\3, § 43, BahAaA [BKACI, -hac [AI), Babylon (see EZRA, ii. 8 e). Ezra22 (~au$ap[B], the Shuhite ('see SHUAH), one of Job's friends (Job2 II paXauap [A], -hauav [L]) = Neh. 77 (pau+av [HI, andelsewhere). The name either means 'Bel has loved' paauav [A], paXu. [B], L om. ) = I Esd. 5 8 BEELSAKUS (cp Nold. ZDMG 42 479 r88])! or is a softened form (/?~eXuapou[BA], puhuap [L]). If Bel-gar is correct, of Bir-dad, which appears to lie at the root of BEDAD may not this be the Sharezer of Zech. 72 (see SHAXEZER, (so Del. Par. 298). See ELIDAD,and cp DOD. z)? This undesigned coincidence (if accepted) may have important bearings on criticism. T. X. C. BILEAM (D!$3, J 77), I Ch. 670 [55]. See IBLEAM. BIMHAL ($TilfXl), : : in genealogy of ASHER (0 4 [ii.]), BILGAH (1I 2;\ 3,, ' cheerfulness ' 1). I. Head of the fifteenth course of priests, I Ch. 24 14 (PEA a I Ch. 733 ( IMABAHA [BIT &AMAHA [AI, BaaMae [LI). [AI, -a8 [L]). @B has fppyp, which must represent Immer txe head of the sixteenth course. (ydpa, the name of the hdd of BINDING AND LOOSING (Mt. 16 19 1818t). The the fourteenth in @B [MT X??;], is merely a transposed form explanation given under MAGIC (5 3 [4]) may account of Bilgah in a different place in the list.) for the origin of the Jewish phrase 'binding (~DR)and (iTn3) 2. A priest @aAyas [Nc.a'"g.], OCA. [Ll ; om. BRA) in Zerub- loosing' ; but in usage ' to hind ' and ' to loose ' mean simply ' to forbid' and to permit' by an indis- babel's hand (EZRA, ii. 0 6 a), Neh. 12 5 ;in v. 18(p.aAya [Numg.], ' putable authority, the words of authoritative prohibition pehyas [L] ; om. BNA) a 'father's house.' Cp also BILGAI. and permission being considered to be as effectual as he BILGAI (Behrb[e]i [AL], -Ac[elia [BRI), a priestly spell of an enchanter (cp i~?,Targ. Ps. 585[6]). The signatory to the covenant (see EZRA, 1. 6, 7),Neh. wise men or rabbis had, in viitue of their ordination, the No doubt the same as BILGAH. 108 [g]. power of deciding disputes relating to the Law. A BILHAH ( ailT\ 3 ; [BADEL], but I Ch. 7 13 practice which was permitted by them was said to be BAAAM [BIB-hab~,[L]). 'loosed' (inla), and one which was forbidden was I. The 'mother of the tribes Dan and Naphtali, called ' bound' ('IIDN). Such pronouncements were according to J ; also represented as the maid of Rachel made by the different schools ; hence it was said, The (mother of the house of Joseph) and concubine of Jacob school of Shammai binds ; the school of .Hillel looses.' and his eldest son Reuben. Theoretically, however, they proceeded from the San- We have not, unfortunately, the means of determining hedrin, and there is a Talmudic statement that there how far we are warranted in regarding these relations were three decisions made by the lower ' house of judg- as representing traditions of fact, and how far they may ment ' to which the upper 'house of judgment ' (i.e., be imaginative incidents of the story. Was Rilhah, e.g., the heavenly one) gave its supreme sanction (Mass&, a tribe (Canaanitish? AramEan ?), elements of which 23 6). Probably, therefore, Jesus adopted a current were taken up into some of the clans of the house of mode of speech when he said to the disciples that what- Joseph (the first Israel) in the earliest days after their soever they bound or loosed on earth (Le., in expound- arrival in W. Palestine before they crystallized into the ing the new Law) should be bound or loosed in heaven three well-known branches (Manasseh-Machir, Ephraim, (Mt. 18 18). Probably, too, it is a less authentic tradition 573 574 BINDING AND LOOSING BIRSHA which makes Jesus give the same promise to Peter FOOD, § 8) ; the Torah divides them into clean and UP individually (Mt. 16 19). Nowhere is it recorded that clean (Lev. 11 13 Dt. 1420 ; see CLEAN and UNCLEAN, the great Teacher made Peter the president (N??;) of 5 9). Many,contrivances for capturing birds were in his council of wise men. The words which immediately common use (Ps.913 1247 Prov.117 65 723 Am.35 precede 'Mt. 16 19 6-self-evidently taken by the editor Eccles. 9 12 Jer. 5 27 Hos. 7 12 9 8 Ecclus. 11 30). The from another context-represent Peter, not as an ex- Torah protects them against cruelty (Dt. 226 f.)., pounder of the new transfigured Law, but as a practical Sometimes the captives were tamed and treated as pets administrator (cp Is. 2222). It is in favour of the view (Job 41 5 [4Ozg], Bar. 3 17 Ecclus. 27 19 Jas. 37). Only here adopted (viz., that the words on ' binding' and in cases of extreme poverty does the Torah allow birds ' loosing' were addressed to the disciples in general and to be used for sacrifice (see SACRIFICE). Naturally, not to Peter individually) that in Jn. 2023 the power to common small birds, on account of their abundance, remit and to retain is granted to the disciples collectively, were of little value ; they were probably so numerous as not to any one of them individually. Though the use to prove a nuisance (Mt. 1029 31 Lk. 126.J ; cp Land of Kpareiv in that passage has no exact Hebrew or and Book, 43). To what extent-if any-birds were Aramaic equivalent, the saying is not a new one, but studied for omens in Israel as in Babylonia (see BABY- a paraphrase of Mt. 1818. T. K. C. LONIA, § 32, MAGIC, BABYLONIAN, § 3) it is difficult to determine (see Lev. 1926 Dt. 1810 2 K. 216 2 Ch. 336 ENJAMIN BINEA (ng??, Kq??), in genealogy. of B I K. 433 [513], and cp DIVINATION, § 2, beg., and (I 9, ii. [PI), I (3.837 (BANA [B], BAAN. [ALl)=943 Schultz, OT TheoL 12508 ET). (BAANA [BKLI, BAN. [AI). Allusions to their habits in metaphors, similes, and BINNUI (9.133, ' a building up ' ; on form cp NAMES, proverbial expressions prove how prominent thev were 3. Literary'in the life and thought of the people (cp § 5). I. Family in great post-exilic list (see EZRA, ii. p$ g, 8 c), Neh. and popular AGRICULTURE, 15, and see Lowth, '7 15 (pavovc [BHA], -vaiov [Ll)=Ezra2 IO, BANI [g.v., 21 (pavou allusions. Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the vol. [B], -om [A], vaia [L])=r Esd. 5 12, BANI (pavaL [BA], -Yam NeJrews. Lect. vii. i. ET 1787).I I, r Ll). They were evidently observed with the keenest interest 2. A Levite, temp. Ezra (see EZRA, i. $ 2, ii. $ 15 [~ld),Ezra as being links between earth and heaven, and regarded 8 33 (&A epavvuLa [Bl, ULOS &zvaba [ALl)= I Esd. S 63 SABBAN, RV SABANNUS(uapavuov [BA], 6~bspavaLou [L]), and probably with a certain awe (Job127 2821 3511 Eccles. 1020). It Neh. 12 24 (MT 'the son of' ; KaC V~OL[BNA], K, ot w. ahov was noticed how they cared for and protected their young [L]) ; so Smend, Die Lis& etc. Most probably the same as (Dt.3211 Ex.194 Is. 315 Mt.2337); how and where 3. A Levite in the list of wall-builders (see NEHEMIAH,$ IA, they made their nests (Ps. 10412 17 Ezek. 316)-some- EZRA,ii. $$ 16 [I], 15 4, Neb. 3 24 (ppvec [BRA], -vai'[Ll) : sig- times (according to a pleasing but very doubtful inter- natory to the covenant (see EZRA, 1. 9 7), 109 [IO] (pavaLov pretation) in the very temple itself1 (Ps. 843 [4]); in [BNAL], 4. [Nc,a]), possibly the same as the Levite Binnui in what sad plight they wandered about when cast out of Zerubbabel's band (see EZRA, ii. $ 66) 128 @worn [BNA], mi ot the nest (Prov. 278 Is. 162 Ps. lO27[8]); how swiftly uioi ahoO [L]). In Neh.3.4, BAVAI ('32: BeSa [Bl, &'ep they flew away when scared (Hos.911 Ps. 111); how IN], j3eve~[AI, f3avaL [Ll) seems a textual error. eagerly they returned to their nest (Hos. 11 11) ; how 4. and 5. One of the b'ne Pahath-moab, Ezra1030 (OavovsL free from care they were (Mt. 626) ; how regularly they [BN], pavow[slc [4Ll)=1 Esd. 931, BALNUUS(8ahvovr [Bl, -OVOF [AI, pavom [Ll) and one of the b'ne Bani (Ezra 10 38 ; Bavom migrated (Jer. 8 7 Prov. 26 2) ; how voracious they were (Gen. 40 17 Mt. 13 4 Mk. 44 Lk. 8 5) ; how they descended [BNA], ~OYVEL[L])=I Esd. 934 ELIALI; bothin the list of those with foreign wives (see EZRA, i. $ 5 end). from the clouds in a bevy (Ecclus. 4317), and with what delight they gathered in a leafy tree (Dan. 49 [I.] Ecclus. BIRD. References to birds generally are very.. frequent 279 Mt. 1332 Lk. 1319); how sweetly they warbled in OT and NT. (Eccles. 124 Wisd. 1718 Cant. 212 [see, however, VINE] The following terms (translated in EV 'bird ' or ' fowl ') are used to denote the members of the family Awes collectively : Ps. 104 12) ; how God recognises and protects them (Ps. and how they praise and reverence qiy, '8jh, Eccles. 10 20 Is. 16 2 Hos. 9 IT ; 7\@ 5011 Lk.1224) ; 1. Kinds him (Ps. 148 IO Ezek. 38 20). Further, Israel's enemy Gen. 14 Lev. referred to. 7 146 51 8 : 122 5p, is often pictured as a rapacious bird that sights its prey 6a'uZ KlinZjh, Prov. 117 ; and [of birds of prey] afar off and swoops down upon it (Is.4611 Jer. 12g2 D)ip, 'uyit, Gen. 15 11 Is. 18 6 46 IT Jer. 129 Ezek. 39 4 Job 26 7 Dt. 2849 Rev. 19 17 ",I). Thus, ' to destroy ' is to give a (I/ ?llF, 'uyyuh); T~TFLV&and T& m.reav&, Mt.8 20 13 32 Lk.9 58 man's flesh to the birds of the air for meat (Gen. 4019 Rom. 123 Jas. 3 7 ; 78 mqvb, I Cor. 15 39, and [of birds of prey] Dt. 2826 IS. 174446 I K. 1411 164 2124 Ps. 792 Jer.733 Bpvsov, Rev. 18 2 19 17 ZT. 164 197 3420 Ezek.295). A place is desolate when Birds of the smaller kinds are not so often distinguished its only inhabitants are the birds of the air (Jer. Ezek. as the larger ; but special reference is made to several 3113 324 Is. 186), and an utter desolation when even species, both large and small. Mention seems to be these too have perished (Jer. 425 124 Hos. 43 Zeph. 13). ITTERN made, for example, of the B , Buzzard (see The saying in Mt. 820, where Jesus contrasts himself GLEDE), Blue Thrush (see SPARROW), CORMORANT, with the birds which have nests, has not yet been made CRANE, DOVE, Egyptian Vulture (see GIER EAGLE), perfectly clear (but see SON OF MAN). Griffon (see EAGLE), HAWK, HERON, HOOPOE, Sacred Ibis (see SWAN), KITE, NIGHT HAWK (?), OSPREY, BIRSHA (y&hg, scarcely with [or, in] wickedness ': OSSIFRAGE, OSTRICH, OWL, Pigeon (see DOVE), PAR- the name is corrupt ; cp BERA), king of Gomorrah who TRIDGE, PEACOCK, PELICAN, QUAIL, RAVEN, STORK, SWALLOW, Tern (see CUCKOW),Black Vulture (see 1 Cp WRS Rei.Se?iz.(2116a, and Che.'s note, PsuZmsP). The VULTURE), and the domestic fowl (see COCK), details common view of the meaning is untenable on all gronnds- and discussions concerning all of which will be found exeaetical. historical, metrical. I. No natural exeEesis can be given, if nN, 'thine altars,' has any relation to tGe birds. 2. in the special articles. SPARROW occurs occasionally in The sanctity of the temple proper would certainly have excluded the EV as a translation of the word (iigr) which denoted the winged visitors; Jos. Bjv. 56 speaks of pointed spikes on any small passerine bird. the top of the (Herodian) temple to-prevent birds from sitting That feathered animals (11: abounded in Pales- even on the outside. This seems to have been generally over- Sg) looked. 3. The psalm consists of long verses (lines) divided by tine is clear from the many references to them in OT a ciesura into two unequal parts. 'Thine altars, my King and 2. Use. and NT, and lapse of time has produced my God,' is too much to form the second and shorter portion of one of these verses. See Che. Psal;m,(~)and cp Baethg. ad no change in this respect (see PALESTINE). Zoc. who attempts an exegetical compromise. Naturally the eggs and the birds themselves were used 2 Read thus, 'Do I count my heritage a carcase torn by for food (Ex. 16:2$ Nu. 1132 Job66 Neh. 518 Ps. 7827 bysenas (pi>! ng???; @ ur
slime’) in Gen. 113 1410 Ex.23T; but also (2) of towards God or man, things holy or things profan 793, which, like its Aram. cognate, is an 4ss. loan-word (Jer. 3324 Is. 60 14 I S. 2 17). (EV PITCH) in Gen. 6 14f, where its occurrence furnishes ‘ Blaspheme’ (cp the verb ‘to blame,’ Romanic 62as?ma~e, one of the proofs of the Babylonian origin of the L. blasjhSncrire, and see Murray, s.v.), however, occurs in the EV as a Gendering also of the following ,words : 712 I K. Deluge-Story (see DELUGE, § 13). In the Bab. 211013 AV (RV ‘curse’l RVmg. ‘renounce ; cp Dav. on Job Deluge-Story six ‘ faus’ of Rupru (-@, ‘ bitumen ’) and 15); 172 zK.19622 EV=Is.3?623 EV, Ezek.2027 EV, Nu. three of iddu (naphtha : Jensen) are poured upon the 153oRV(AV ‘reproach’), Ps.4416[17]EV; (WLzm) 2p Lev. outer and inner sides of the ship, respectively. Iddu, 2411 (” De) 2). 16 EV, and the Gk. Bharr+~p& z Macc.1034 ‘ naphtha,’ is the word used in the legendary account of (not V) 1214 Mt. 2739 Mk. 328 (followed by ~b &opa TOQ OaoG), Rev.136, I Pet.414. the infancy of Sargon I. (3 R. 458a ; RP(l)5 56) :-‘ she placed me in a basket of reeds, with id& my door In I Macc. 738 ‘blasphemies’ is the rendering of ‘she shut’ ; in the similar story of Moses the words Gvuq5vplaL ; in n. 41 ‘to blaspheme’ represent: the igg, ‘ bitumen,’, and jm, PITCH (q.~.),are combined related verb 6uuq5vpeLv ; the object of the blasphemies is the temple, It is important to determine the sense of (E: 2 3 mum [Ban but ~U~~UXT~TLUUU &U~~UXTOS b]. pXau$gp~iv accurately, because the sense of ‘ to blas- [B AF]). The origin of bitumen, or asphalt, and pheme’ in EV follows this exactly. In a word, the naphtha need not delay us long. Together with conception of ‘blasphemy ’ in current English is narrower petroleum and mineral tax, they form a series of sub- than the conception that we find in this supposed pattern stances which are the result of certain changes in of English speech, which includes all modes of reviling organised matter. These substances merge into each or calumniating God or man (see on K. 196 [Heb. other by insensible degrees, and it is impossible to d z WIJ] 194 [Heb. ph] and Is. 525 [Heb. yam uncertain say at what point mineral tar ends and asphalt ,begins. Naphtha, which is the first of the series is in some places conj.], and cp Acts 1345 186 Jude g with Lk. 521 Jn. found flawingout of the earth as a clear lidpid, and colourless 10 36). liquid. As such it is a mixture of hydrdcarbons, some of which Among the Hebrews (whose view, it is needless to are very volatile and evaporate on exposure ; it takes up oxygen from the air, becomes brown and thick, and in this state it say, profoundly affected our own comiuon law) is called petroleum. A continuation of the same process of 2. OT senti- blasphemy or the expression of unjust, evaporation and oxidation gradually transforms the material derogatory opinions regarding God or his into mineral tar, and still later into solid glassy asphalt. merit. government of the world was made a Asphaltic deposits are widely diffused throughout capital offence-(Lev. 24 11 ; cp I K. 21 13, and see Jos. the world, more especially in tropical and sub-tropical Ant. iv. 86) ; the blasphemer must be ‘ cut off’ from his regions-for example in the basin of the DEAD SEA people (Lev. 2415 P ; see LAW AND JUSTICE, $ 13). (q.n., $6). The asphalt of the Dead Sea (which was It was forbidden to use the name of God lightly (o;n very well known to the ancients) is not at present of Dt. whether to ask a blessing or to invoke a curse commercial importance ; but the sources of the supply of 5x1). ancient Babylon, the bitumen springs of Hit (the .Is of (cp Ex. 207, and see BLESSING AND CURSING, $ I, and Schultz, TheoZ. 2 122 [ET]). Whenever Israel Herod. lqq), are still used. At this very old city on OT fl the Euphrates the shipwrights adhere to the ancient is brought to shame Gods name is scoffed at by the heathen (Ps. 7410 18). At a later date it was held to be fashion of boat- building. , Tamarisk and mulberry branches form the substratum, which is covered with a mark of profanity even to pronounce the real name of mats and thickly besmeared with bitumen (cp Ex. 23).2 the God of Israel (see Lev. 2411 and cp NAMES, 109). Josephus (Ant. iv. 86), and the Rabbis interpret Ex. Bitumen was much used in architecture (see Gen. 11 3). 2228 as a prohibition of blaspheming ‘ strange gods ’ ; Unburned brick protected by a plaster of bitumen but the interpretation, however much in the interests of proved the most indestructible of materials (see ASSYRIA, the Jews themselves, implies a misunderstanding of the 6, BABYLONIA, and cp Peters, Nippur, 2162). 5 15, use of dl6him (see Schultz, 2127). It was on a charge Bitumen was used in ancient times as a fuel (Verg. NT. of blasphemy-claiming to be the Christ, the 8 83), for medicinal purposes (Jos. BJ iv. 84) 3. Ed. Son of God-that Jesus was found worthy of and for embalming (see EMBALMING). death (Mk. 1461-64 Mt. 2665 ; cp Jn. 1033), and for BIZJOTHJAH, RV Biziothiah (Vn\?2), among blasphemons words against ‘the holy place and the the cities of Judahin the Negeb (Josh. 1528). BBA(KU~ law’ Stephen was condemned to be stoned (Acts613 al KGpaL U~T&K. ai BTU~XELSad. [L om.]) enables us to 7563). See STEPHEN. By blasphemy against the restore thus-~v$ip (‘and her villages ’). See We. CH Holy Spirit in Mk. 329, Mt. 1232, was meant originally 132, and Hollenbeig, AZex. Ue6ers. a‘. B. /os. (’76),14. a definite offence of the scribes and Pharisees, who had ascribed Jesus’ cures of demoniacs to a power derived BIZTHA (K>l$ [sa., Ginsb. for common ’131, from the prince of the demons. This was blasphemy MAZAN [BK*LB], BAZ. [Kc.=], -zsaJA]). a chamberlain against the divine power which had come upon of Ahasuerus (Esth. 1IO). If any reliance could be put on Jesus at his baptism (Mlr. 1IO Mt. 316 Lk. 322). In the reading of the Vss., one might, with Marq. (Fund. Mt. 1232,however, a later interpretation is given, which 71),compare pafav with 0. Pers. nzazdana-i.e., IiTn, or implies that the disciples of Jesus had thoroughly pafav, with /#a&vqs, the name of a eunuch of Darius 111. absorbed the idea of the indwelling Spirit. The Holy BLACK (Dtn, 7h4, 772, ?@J) and BLACKISH Spirit is put in antithesis to the ‘Son of Man.’ One (7lb) Job 616 ; see COLOURS,$ 8. BLACKNESS ; for who fails to pierce below the humble exterior of Jesus may be forgiven. One who not merely rejects, but Prov. 79 RV and Joel26 Nah. 210, see COLOURS,§ 17; openly disparages, that great gift which ‘ the Heavenly for Job 3 5 n., for Is. 503 8. i6. 8 ib. Father will give to those who ask him’ (Lk.1113) BLAINS (n’y+p%),Ex. 99J.q. See BOIL, 3. cannot be forgiven : the inward impediment in the man himself is too strong. The idea of the original distinc- BLASPHEMY (nuy? 2 K. 193 IS. 373 ; n\Yi$J tion was suggested by that in the Law (Num. 1527-31). Neh. 9 18 26 ; ’5; Ezek. 85 12 ; BAAC@HMIA Tob. 118 A parallel to it will be found in the Mishna (Sanhedr. I Macc. 26 Mt. 1231 2665). The word lor)-’ He who says that the Law is not from Heaven The word* so translated is derived from a root has no part in the world to come’ (w>n phy). The HI) meaning literally to scorn or reject’ (see z S. later interpretation, however, has no parallel, and is a 1214 Ps. 741018 Is. 525). In Hebrew, therefore, it can naturally be used to describe an attitude of hostility 1 This rendering of ?(lz is very doubtful: but it is quite possihle that in passa es like Job 15 I I<. 21 TO 13 a later editor 1 Perhaps connected with bamtu, ‘burning. fiery’ (Halevy). substituted 712 for 5\p or yxi. In Ps.103 we may even have a See the illustration called ‘A Noachian Boatyard at Hit,’ Peter., iVzippur, 2 162. side by side the correction 712 and the original reading YS!. 589 590 BLASTING BLUE product of the Spirit of Christ working in the hearts of )metimes an increased sanction through the cursing the first disciples. irmulae attached. Thus KE iv. mentions a statute BLASTING (fiPye; GBAFLaNeMo@Bopia [Dt. :specting the maintenance of boundaries, which is iforced by a curse on any one who should violate it. 25 22 2 Ch. 6 281, ENTTYPICMOC [I K. 8 371 ; GBAQ ’O this category of curses belong those in Dt. 28. rrypwc~c[Am. 491 ; dBNcbQI’, a@opia, bA a@eo. It is true that a series of blessings is attached to the @N* am. [Hag. 2171) is, as we learn from Gen. 41, :ries of cursings. Moses, from his close connection with a term specially applied to the blighting effect of wind le Deity, had a special power of blessing and cursing. upon corn. The root in Arabic means blackness ; and .fter him the priests had a similar power, which they the Heb. word thus describes a blackening (almost xerted in the interests of the faithful community (cp burning) process which is regarded as due to a severe wind JRIM AND THUMMIM, § 6). The uplifted hands of the -a sense which is expressed by the various renderings riest drew down (as it were) a blessing on Israel (cp of 6. The word is in each passage coupled with fipz,: ,ev. 9 22 Nu. 6 23-27) and a curse on Israel’s enemies. ‘ mildew.’ Nevertheless, it is doubtful whether wind is ,o potent, indeed, were the blessings and the curses ot in itself sufficient to account for such a blackening. In he reputed founder of Israel that they could be said to the British Islands wheat when young assumes a yellow e on the two sacred mountains which enclose the colour from cold, a well-known physiological effect. Sriginal centre of the people-the valley of Shechem- Under a burning drying wind, it might turn brown, eady to descend, as the case might be, ,with rewards or but scarcely bZack. Further, it must be noted that in iunishments (Dt. 11 29).I Gen. 41 6 the corn was in ear ; it had made its growth, Within the family it was the father who (according to but the ears were thin-i. e., diseased. It seems prob- )rimitive ideas not unconnected with the worship of able, then, that the effect conceived in the dream was mcestors) had the mystic privilege of determining the that produced by corn smut,‘ UstiZago Carbo; and that veal or woe of his children (Gen. 9 258), and more this is the real meaning of ]im@. ‘ Mildew ’ is the other :specially when his days were manifestly numbered (see common disease of corn, Puccinia graminis. %Au, 2, ISAAC, 5 5, JACOB). Nor does it appear hat the early Israelites linuted this power by moral con- N. M.-W. T. T.-D. iiderations (see Gen. 27 35). Obviously, however, such BLASTUS ( BAac~oc[Ti. WH]), the chamberlain 703 KoirGvos, prefeGtzls cubic~li)of King Herod L limitation was a necessary consequence of a pure (6 8d nonotheism. The post-exilic writers declare that only Agrippa I. (Acts 12 2.). .he offspring of the righteous can be blessed (Ps. 37 26), BLESSINGS and CURSINGS (773, to bless-a md that the observance of God‘s laws ensures his favour denominative from T;?, the knee, with the lower part of without the aid of priests or enchanters. Fear not, the leg; perhaps ‘to cause to make progress,’-and .hen, said the later sages to their pupils, if thine enemy 776,to curse [cp Ass. ardru (I) ‘ to curse,’ ardru (2) ‘ to :uses thee : ‘ the curse causeless shall not come ’ (I’rov. bind ’1,and their derivatives ?l?JL n?&p,in parallelism, 26 2): chiefly in poetic and legal sources of JED ‘and later Still, even in post-exilic time we sometimes find a imitations ; cp Gen. 27 zg Dt. 11 26 Josh. 8 34 etc. ). strange half-consciousness that curses had an inherent LB represents -p-~ by s&Aoyeiv, 3113 by &Aoyia (also NT power. It was worth while to curse a bad man, words). In Hebrew for ‘ cursing ’ we find also (a) %p Z\\c to ensure his full punishment-such is the idea of Ps. (prop. tobelittle?)frequently. (6) &, verb and noun, cp nY?t 109-a strange survival of primitive superstition. In the discourses of Jesus we find blessings and n>$ ‘oath of cursing’ Nu. 5 21 (RVmg. ‘adjuration’), rendered ‘execration,’ Jer.4218 4422, and RV only Jer.2918; its curses. They are, however, simply authoritative declara- tions of the eternal connection between right-doing and derivative Z2,Kp occurs in Lam. 3 65t. (c) Dlfl, i3’lr7> see BAN. happiness. wrong-doing and misery (e.g.,in the case of (d) 22p only in the Balaam stories (Nu. 22 IT 23 8 24 IO) and possibly to be connected wjth 233 (prop. ‘ to pierce ’) rendered in Judas). Lev. 24 II 16 ‘blaspheme. From the Jewish tradition which Parallels to the Israelitish view of blessings and explained it to mean ‘pronounce, speak aloud’ arose the deep cursings outside of the Semitic peoples hardly need to be rooted belief that the divine name was not to be uttered undeI quoted. The objective existence of both, but especially any circumstance (see NAMES, 0 109 n.)! IDOLATRY, 8 8. (e) ?1p13$,Is. 65 EV ‘curse,’ properly oath ’ as in RVw ; see of curses, was strongly felt by the Assyrians and 15, ‘ Babylonians, as the magical texts show. The Arabian OATH and cp COVENANT, $3 5. The NT words are (a) bva&pad
8 MT has w17 in Ps. 5515 and 7~11in 643 (cp 1~11in 21)~ but in each case it has been questioned whether the text iz 1 Of course a gloss embodying a true tradition may have made correct. See Che. Ps. (2). its way into a translation of a faulty MS. 9 There is no reason to suppose thqt in the passage cited ,hy 2 J. F. K. Gurlitt had considered this word in his careful Lightfoot (MegZah B. zgn, mid.) the word means ‘thunder. discussion in St. Kr. (1829, pp. 715-738). 10 A corruption-of pyi into wyi (see p) would be easy. 3 So now also Arnold Meyer, 3esu Mutterspraclre, 51f. 38 593 594 BOHAN BOIL There is an early testimony to the form Bochim in linking of the ‘botch of Egypt.’ The reference in the fourth im. 4 IO), however, may possibly be to some actual epidemic Mic. 110, if >j>n-SN 133 (EV weep not at all’) may be i the history of the northern kingdom. The ‘pestilence in th? emended into 133n nq33 (@Q”’g. [IN] paxap), ‘in lanner of Egypt’ may well be equivalent to the ]>nvor ‘botch Hochim (HEkii’ini) weep ’ (Elhorst, We., Now., Che., f Dt. 25 27 which should mean some specific disease such as omitting the intrusive h, ‘ not’ ; cp Che. IQR, July le ‘emerdds’ (KV ‘ tumours’ ; or plague-boils) of I 5156, with 1898). No locality called Bekaim near Micah’s native rhich it is coupled, certainly means. As the sixth plague is pecially called one of ‘boils and blains,’ this also may be taken town is known to us. This causes no difficulty. There 3 stand for some definite boi!-disease of Egypt. may have been many places where Baca-trees grew. We must now consider which of the boil diseases of The alternative correction, ‘ In Acco weep not’ (Reland, Cgypt is meant by E&%. ’ It is stated that the boil Hitzig, etc. ), is geographically inadmissible. We cannot 2. shshrn accompanied by blains broke forth upon well suppose a Philistine city of that name (G. A. Smith), both man and beast. This, if nosologically does Micah concern himself with Philistia(cp ILOH nor G ). Of Egypt* meant, would exclude bubo plague, as being BOHAN, THE STONE OF (]?3i7K. BMWN [BA]), inknown in cattle. On the other hand, anthrax, which an unknown point on the honndary between Judah and night be correctly described as the boil of cattle, is BENJAMIN (§ 31, Josh. 156 (BEWN EL]), 1817 (B~AM :qually excluded, inasniuch as in man it is never [A], -N [L]). Bohan is called in both places the son :pidemic, but only sporadic. If we might suppose (sometimes sons [eBLin 18 17)) of REUBEN ; possibly, he narrative, or (as the critics say) the interwoven however, the stone or rock was a well-known landmark, iarratives, of the plagues to be based on a simpler thus designated on account of its supposed resemblance iarrative, or simpler narratives, which would bear to be to a thumb (1.3). reated as matter-of-fact description, we might expect hat in the original narrative the sixth plague repre- BOIL, BOIL (Botch)l of Egypt. The Heb. word ;ented the plague proper (bubo plague), which is con- vnrtj, %%in (lit. ‘an inflammation. from a root found ,.:, . > ined to man, whilst the fifth stood for epizootic disease names in Syr. and Ar., meaning ‘ to be hot ’) for 1. OT n general. 1 reE. the ‘boil’ in the sixth plague of Egypt, Certainly the special association of bubo plague with and the ‘ botch of EgvDt’ in Dt. 2827. is -,L tncient Egypt is historically correct, so that the word applied again to the ‘boil’ of Hezekiah and to some botch’ in the AV is a happy choice (cp I, n. I). diagnostic sign that occurred in one or more of the Besides the constructive evidence as to the disaster various contagious and mostly parasite skin-affections vhich is said to have befallen Sennacherib’s army included under the common name of rips (see xfofe Pelusinm (see PESTILENCE, and, on the historical LEPROSY) in Lev. 13 18J 20 23-the variety called ‘ burn- Joints, HEZEKIAH, I), there is, indeed, no extra-biblical ing boil’2 (really a pleonasm) being clean, and the Zestimony to bubo plague in Egypt earlier than about variety of boil which gave place to a white or bright 300 B.c., and even this testimony has been only indirectly spot being unclean. The reference is almost certainly ?reserved. to local or limited spots of inflammation, although it is Oribasius, who was physician to the Emperor Julian cites a hardly possible to give a modern name to them or to Jassage from Rufus of Ephesus, a physician in the’time of rrajan, wherein he describes bubo plague with singular clear- identifythem. - less ; it is indeed rare as Daremberg remarks to find in ancient In Dt. 28 35 and Job 2 7 the same word is applied to a skin- iuthors such positive darks of the identity of k pestilential type. disease ‘from the sole of the foot to the crown of the head’ ; but Rufus says that the disease was most common, and very mortal, probably it is so used without any precise nosological intention, in Libya, Egypt, and Syiia. He adds that Dipscorides and and merely to express a peculiarly loathsome affliction. Poseidonios had enlarged upon pestilential buboes in writing It is only the boii disease specially associated with upon the pestilence which in their time ravaged Libya- Egypt that is here considered. supposed to have been the same great epidemic, about 127 B.c., There occur four other references to diseases specially which is mentioned by Livy, Julius Obsequens and Orosius. Rufus further says that the pupils of one Dion;sius, 6 KU 76s Egyptian but not called M@n. Two of these(Dt. 7 15 and 2860, make mention of these pestilential buboes. An ancieiit &,e$ n:?y9 mlp [>)?pl, ‘the evil diseases of Egypt,’ and ‘all loss to the Vatican codex of Oribasius explains that Dionysius the diseases of Egypt’) are in admonitory passages written in hhthe above surname (‘Hunchback’) conies into the bio- a popular style. In the third (Zech.1418) a plague is to :raphies of Hermippus. This would fix his date prior to smite the Egyptians if they do not comd up to keep the 280 B.C. Feast of Booths. It is the same aflliction that is to befall Whilst the botch of Egypt cannot, upon independent the other peoples who neglect this ordinance, and there is nothing, as the text now stands,4 to indicate that the writer is testimony, be traced farther back than 300 B.c., it is highly improbable that it was first seen then. As 1 Botch is a name commonly and with the definite article Lorinser points out, the endemic inflnences favouring distinctively, given to plague in ;he Elizabethan and the Stuart plague in Egypt, depending upon the peculiar alterna- periods. In the Edinburgh treatise on plag,ue by Ur. Gilbert tions of wet and drysoil (caused by the periodic rise Skene (1568) it occurs in the form of ‘boiche. In the Vision q Piers Ploughman the spelling is 6oche, and the meaning specific and fall of the Nile), were there long before. or generic(‘ byles and boches and brennyngagues’). The most Pariset (Causes de Zu Peste, etc., Paris, 1837) has argued probable etymology is Fr. poche, meaning pocket, poke, pock with great cogency that the elaborate pains taken in the best (cp also It. dozzu, a bubble), and applied in the plural b period of ancient Egypt to preserve the soil from putrefying $odes, like the Spanish ks bubas, to epidemics of camp kick. animal matters human and other were inspired by the risk of ness, about A.D. 1528, which seem to have been typhus, bul plague, and m;st have been in high degree effective. It is may have included bubonic cases, or perhaps cases of truf clear however that any failure of the sanitary code would give plague. The translators of the AV seem to have meant bJ plag;e its opbortunity the pressure of population and the ‘ botch’ the familiar bubo plague of tb‘eir time. Milton alsc climate or hydrology be& constant, and that such failure may may use the word in its exact sense of bubo plague, where hc reasonably be assumed at first as an occasional thing and then- says of the sixth ppgue of Egypt : ‘botches and blains must a1 from the time that the ancient civilisation, with sabitation (en- his flesh emboss (PL12 180). With the disappearance o forced by religious sanctions) a principal part of it, began to \ plague from Britain after 1666, the word lost its technica decay under the influence oE Persian, Greek, and Roman con- meaning. quests-as permanent. 2 Rather, ‘scar of the boil,’ ]?I?? (v. 23 ; cp RV). without the negative particle, but ‘it has the second insertion. 3 [As Rudde points out the expressions in Dt. 2.c. an borrowed from the Prologud to Job. That section of the boo1 A critical edition should give the text thus : ‘And if the appears to be based on a folk-tale; the designation which i Egyptian people go not up nor come, upon ;hem will the stroke come with which Yahwk will strike. . . . The close of the gives to Job’s malady is, therefore, general, not technical. WI sentence may early have become effaced. The plague intended must remember, however, that in Lev. 13 183the is th< was, at any rate, not that of the other nations. which was want forerunner of leprosy, and that in the speeches hf Job th< ofrain.] ’ symptoms of his malady, though poetically expressed, point (a 1 The qualification (‘in general’) is designed. What is said most scholars admit) to leprosy in its worst form. See LEPROSV. of the ‘murrain’ upon the horses, camels, asses, oxen and 4 [The text is disfigured by two errors due to dittography sheep is expressed in a sense too comprehensive for any :ingle One is the word ‘not’ before ‘upon them,’ repeated from v. 17 epizootic malady (..E., anthrax is a disease that oxen and sheep the other is ‘the nations that go not up to keep the Feast o suffer from in common, but not horses,,nor, so far as is known, Booths,’ repeated from v. 19. @ has simply K& L?iC TO&OUS, asses and camels). 595 596 BOILS, PLAGUE BOSOR That the sanitary precautions did utterly break down BOILING PLACES (nl\vlq), Ezek. 4623, EV; under Mohammedan conquest, and that bubo plague and BOILING HOUSES (a+yj~ponq), Y. 24, RV. did become for fourteen centuries the standing pestilence See COOKING, § of Egypt, we know as matter of fact. We know also I. that it was from Pelusium that the great' plague of BOLLED (i.e., ' swollen,'. see Skeat, Etym. Dict. ; Justinian's reign (542 A. D.) started-to overrun the RV'"g. ' in flower' ; $974, CTTBPM~*TIZON[BA4L] : whole known world. It is probable, further, that Ex. 931T). The Hebrew word occurs only once, but the pestilence in Lower Egypt 'at the time of the s evidently (see Ges. Thes., Levy, Tuyg. W&.1421, massacre of Christians in the episcopate' of Cyprian NHWB 1296) connected with y-?;, ' cup ' ; and the included bubo plague. The valuable testimony pre- Mishnic usage (Ges. Z.C.) is in favour of its referring to served by Oribasins as to Egyptian, Libyan, and the flower-cup (perhaps as a closed bud), rather than Syrian pestilential buboes, as early as 300 B.c.. has (as d supposed) to the formation of the seed-pods (see, been already cited. If beyond that date we are left to however, Tristram, IVNB(~) conjecture, there is still a high probability that the plague 445). was known in 'Egypt at a much earlier date. BOLSTER (rI&Ty, I S. 1913 267. SeeBED, $4 (u). This historical bubo plague of Egypt answers best BONDAGE (il$$, hoy hela), Ex. 114 Rom. 8 15, to the sixth plague. The boil breaks out in the manner of the plague bubo, which may be etc., and BONDMAN (V;?, Aoyhoc), Dt. 15 15 Rom. Nature of3. disease. single or multiple. Its situations are the 6 16, etc. See SLAVERY. armpits, groins, and the sides of the neck ; BONNET. For ilLQJQ, mig&a"dlt,Ex. 2840, etc. (RV and it consists of one (or of a packet) of the natural 'headtire'), see MITRE, 5 I (I); for %e, @"ZY, Is. lymphatic or absorbent glands of those regions enlarged 320 (RV 'headtire'), Ezek.4418 (RV 'tire'), see to the size of a hen's (or even a turkey's) egg, often of TURBAN, z. a livid colour, hard, tense, painful, and attended with 0 inflammatory swelling of the skin for some distance BOOK (lgb, Gen.51 etc. ; BiBAoc, Lk. 34 etc., around it. Just as in Asiatic cholera and yellow fever BIBAION, Lk.417 etc.). See WRITING, § 3, end; there are ' explosive ' attacks so suddenly fatal that the HISTORICAL LIT., s$ 3, 5, 16 ; CANON, 1-4,20. distinctive symptoms have hardly time to develop, so there may be death from plague without the bubo or BOOK OF LIFE ([H]BIBhoC [THC] ZWHC), PhiIiP. the botch. Still, the latter is the distinctive mark of 43 Rev. 35. Cp Ex. 3232 Is.43, and see LAW AND plagne, the same in all countries and in all periods of JUSTICE, $ 14. history. BOOT (ON?), Is. 95 [4]t., RVmg. See SHOES, 3. Other signs of plague were livid or red hzemorrhagic spots of the skin (called 'the tokens' in English epidemics), large car- BOOTHS (nDp), Lev. 23423 See TABERNACLE, buncles (especially on the fleshy parts), and blains (niygyz?), , PAVILION, I, SUCCOTH, and cp TENT, I, and which were really smaller carbuncular formations or cores with CATTLE, I, 5. a collection of fluid on their summits. Besides the pain of the hard and tense buboes there were often delirium gentle or BOOTY (13, etc.), Jer. 4932, etc. See SPOIL. raving, vomiting, qui/ering of muscles (affect& gait and speech), and many other symptoms as if from a deadly poison. BOO2 (Bow [Ti. WH], Mt. 15, BOOC [Ti. WH], About three days was perhaps the average duration of fatal Lk. 332). RV has BOAZ. cases. Usually half the attacks were mortal. In'the beginning BOR-ASHAN ($&)-7\a; BUPACAN [AI, BH~CABB~ of the epidemic there would be but few recoveries, while [BL] ; Vg. Zacz Asun; Pesh. &ir'a.Gzn), the true MT 4.,Mortality. at the end of it as many as four out of reading (Gi. sa.)in I S. 3030, where many printed five might recover. Recovery was most edd. have 1!3'$-713 (AV CHOR-ASHAN,RV COR- likely when the buboes broke and ran ; sometimes the ASHAN). Probably the same as ASHAN(4.n.). suppuration, especially in the groin, would continue for months, the :victims being able to go limping in the BORDER. For IlTlDD, misgereth (u) in Ex. 25 25 z? streets. In the history of plague in London, which is (u~+Livq) 37 12 14 (I om.), in P's description of the 'table see ALTA;, $ IO; (a) in I K. 728f: 3rf: 35f; 2 K. 16 17 indescriG- continuous from the Black Death of 1348 to 1666, the tion of the lavbr bases (&VP&CU~Q; in 728 OVVKXFLUT~V: in great epidemics came at intervals, and, in those for 729 m'yrh~pa [A]; in 731f: 8~Liq-p[A; om. BL]; EVw. which we have the statistics, carried off from a fifth to a 'panels'), see LAVER, 5 I ; for qjj, krin@h (KP&U&OV) in Nu. sixth of the population, including but few of the richer 15 38 (RVmg. 'corner' [of garment]), see FRINGES; for ~pku- mdov, Mt. 9 20 14 36 RV, see FRINGES. class. With a population of nearly half a million in 1665, the highest mortality from plague was 7165 in BORITH (EORITX), 4 Esd. 12. See BUKKI, I. the week 12th-1gth September. Sometimes for a suc- cession of years' the deaths from plague kept at a high BORROW (k'K@, Ex. 322 ; AaNlcacOal, Mt. 642), annual level, especially during the summer and autumn andLEND (fi!??, Ex. 2224 [zs]; A~NIZBIN,L~.634). months. During the whole three centuries of plague See LAW AND JUSTICE, $ 16,T RADE AND COMMERCE. in London there were few years which did not have some deaths in the warmer months. From what BOSCATH (ne??), 2 K. 221 AV ; RV BOZKATH. is known of the mediaeval history of plague in Cairo BOSOR (Bocop [Ti.]), zPet.215 AV, RV BEOR (from Arabic annals ; cp von Kremer in S WA W,Phil. (q.v., 2). Hist. Class. Bd. xcvi.), and of its modern history (cp Pruner, KranR. des Orients), it appears to have come, BOSOR (Boccop [AI, -OCO. [KVTI, -CCWP [val~ as in London, in terrific outbursts at intervals of years, and in v. 36 -0~0.[A ; cp Is. 346 631, in d]),a town of Galaaditis, taken by Judas the Maccabee in B.C. and to have been at a low level or apparently extinct in 164 the years between. (I Macc. 52636), is identified by some with BEZER (p.v., The plagoe season in Egypt; within the period of exact i.) in Moab. Galaaditis, however, was the name of records has begun as early as September and as late as the country N. of Moab (GASm. HG 549, n. 5), and Januar;, has reached its height in March and April, and has the campaign in which Judas took Bosor was waged ended with great regularity almost suddenly about St. John's in the latitude of the YarmCik. If Bosora (q.~.)be day (24th June), the height bf the epidemic ck-responding with the. lowest level of the Nile. There bas been no plague since the present BuSrg, Bosor may be the present Bup-eZ- ~844. The last gmat,epidemic was that of 7835, described hy @arirf, in the SE. corner of the LejS, which the Kinglake in ' Eothen. c. c. Arabian geographer Wkat in 1225 A.D. (1621)still calk BOILS, PLAGUE (D>Qg),.Deut. 2827 RVmg. See only Busr [sic]. The passage in which it is mentioned EMERODS. is obscure; YV. 26f. are probably corrupt. (Cp We. 597 598 BOSORA BOX TREE
Z/G(3) 212, n. I). Herod the Great, in order to keep lso occurs frequently as a wine-skin-Josh. 9 4 13 I S. 16 20, etc. the Leja in his power (Jos. Ant. xvii. lz), fortified a is a water-skin it is used metaphorically in Ps. 5G8[9l (‘put my ears into thy bottle’), where there is no reference to the much village called Bathyra, and this may have been the ater ‘ tear-bottles,’ so called, and where the text is doubted same as Bosor (cp GASm. NG 618). G. A. S. see 65). The exact sense of Ps.11983, where the poet likens himself to a ‘bottle (RVw. “wine-skin”) in the smoke,’ is (Boccopa [AI, -0~0. -OCOPPA[~; CP BOSORA [XI, loubtful (see the comm. in Zoc.). (c) i.?, n26heZ, and i?:,ne6heZ, I Ch. 1441, I Macc. 526 ; Jos. BOCOp&[Ant. xn. 83]), d ilso frequently of the ordinary wine-skin (6~~6s[BAL]), IS. in Gilead, held by some to be the Bozrah in Moab .O 3, etc. (d) ZiR, ’66h, has the same signification in Job 32 ‘9, spoken of in Jer. 4824, must have lain farther N. (see where we read of ‘new bottles . . . ready to burst. Budde BOSOR,ii. ). Hence many (Ewald ; PEF Map ; etc.) ’96) renders ‘skins with new (wine),’ which gives us an OL‘ iarallel to the familiar passage in the NT (Mt. 9 r7=Mk. 222 more plausibly take it to have been Bostra, the capital =Lk. 53735)-‘ Neither do men piit new wine into old wine- of the Roman province of Arabia, modern Busy& 22 m. ,kins,‘ etc.-where the ,RV has rightly discarded the mislead- SE. of Edrei (cp Porter, FiveyearsW, IZ ; Merrill, E. of ng rendering ‘bottles. In judith105 we have the curious Jordan, 53, 58 ; Rey, Dans Ze Haouran Atlas; Buhl, word LUKOTUT~V~[BA],-RV a leathern bottle’ of wine. PaZ.’z51). See, however, Bathyra under BOSOR,ii. Vessels of earthenware also are mentioned in the OT %s receptacles for wine. Such was (a) the Jer. G. A. S. Earthenware 19 I IO ( QBNAQ, prxbs), made ’ by the BOSS (3$,text doubtful), Job1526. See SHIELD. z. hn+,t,le4””__”. potter, perhaps with a narrow neck BOTCH (]T!!$), Dt.282735 AV; RV BOIL (P.v., _- which caused a gurgling sound (Ar. la@a+aP) when the jar was being emptied. It was § 2J). BOTTLE. The statement that ‘what we call dso used to hold honey, I K. 143 (UT&~VOE[AL ; om. bottles were unknown to the Hebrews’ (Riehm, B] ; EV CRUSE [q.v., 21). (6) The name ha was also HCVBIz)),art. ‘ Flasche’) needs qualification. It has ;ken to wine-jars or urn$ziZZe of earthenware, as is long been known that the Egyptians manufactured :lear from Is. 30 14 (EV ‘ [potters’] vessel ’ ; AVW. ‘bottle glass from an early period. The Phcenicians and the If potters’), and Lam. 42 (EV ‘pitcher’). In both Assyrians were well acquainted with glass (see the :hese passages d has tlyyrov. We have no indication relative volumes of Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. de ?Art, If the size or even of the shape of the earthen nZbheZ etc. ), that manufactured by the former being of special ‘see POTTERY ; also CRUSE). A. R. S. K. repute in antiquity (see GLASS). It is impossible, BOW Gen. 273, Bowstrings Ps. therefore, that among the imports from Phcenicia, (IleR), (Wl?’)?), 12, RV. See WEAPONS. glass bottles should have had no place. They must 21 always, however, have been a luxury of the rich (cp Job BOWL. The various Hebrew and Greek words will 28 17 [RV]). be dealt with in the articles mentioned below. The ‘ bottles’ of Scripture fall into two ‘very different I. e..;?,gE6ia‘, Ex. 2531. See CUP, MEALS, $3 12. classes : (I) leather skins for holding and carrying water, 2. ai?, pZZah, the bowl or reservoir of a lamp, Zech. 4 2 wine, and other liquids, and (2) earthenware jars for :Aapm&ov) ; see CANDLESTICK, $2. Used in a simile in Eccles. the same and other purposes. 126 (~b6vOdp.rov). The globe-shaped bowls or capitals of the For the Hebrews in the nomadic stage of civilisation, twin pillars of JACHIN AND BOAZ(7 1:. 7413, rh urp~md[as as for the Bedouin of the present day, the skins of :hoogh oh87 see FRINGES] 11 zCh. 41235, AV ‘pommels,’ 1. Skins a6 beasts of their flocks supplied the readiest pAa0 [BAI, Pdue~s[Ll). See PILLAR. kettles. and most efficient means of storing and 3. lba, kqhar, I Ch. 28 17, etc., RV. See BASON,2. transporting the necessary supply of water 4. Q?, mizr$, Ex. 273. See BASON,3. in the camp and on the march. This method was found so simple and so satisfactory that it was retained 5. ni’?!?, 7nenakk*yaU, Kv’a0os [BAFL], used in temple ritual especially upon the table of shew-bread, Ex. 25 29 37 16 in a more settled state of society, and, indeed, has Nu. 4 7 Jer. 52 19 (where AV ‘cups ’). prevailed throughout the East until the present day. 6. 72, haph, I K. 7 50 ; see BASON,4. The writers of classical antiquity, from Homer down- wards, contain many references to this use of the skins 7. SBD, sZjh2, a larger bowl or bason, probably of wood, of domestic animals. The skins used by the Hebrews Jud. 5 25 6 38 (AfKdq [BAL] ; in 5 zj AaK. [AL]); cp Pal.-Syr. for this purpose, as in modern Syria and Arabia, were u.&m. 8. u~d+?,Bel, 33, a vessel for holding food (in Acts 27 16 30 32, chiefly skins of the goat and of the sheep. When a a boat). smaller size than ordinary was required, the skin of 9. +idAq, Rev. 58 157, etc. (AV ‘vial’). In OT it represents a lamb or of a kid sufficed ; for larger quantities there P2!!; see BASON.3; MEALS, $ 12, and cp generally BASON, was the skin of the ox,l and, perhaps, of the camel CUP, GOBLET, POTTERY. (Herod. 39). Among the Hebrews the pig-skin was, of BOX, synonymous in AV with jar or cruise, not a course, excluded. case of wood or nietal.1 The method of preparation varied in complexity and efficiency according as the peasant prepared his own skins (cp I. 7%jakh(z K.9 I 3 ; RV and in I S. 10 I, AV ‘ vial ’ ; @:BAL Doughty, Ar. Des. 1227) or employed a professional tanner. +CLK~S). Shape and material are both uncertain. The head and the lower part of the legs are cut off (such is the 2. For the ‘alabaster box’ (6 bAa’@~~p~s)of Mk. 143, etc. method at the present day), and the animal is skinned from the AV (RV ‘alabaster cruse’) see CRUSE, 4, ALABASTER. neck downwards, somewhat as one removes a tight-fitting glove 3. In RVw. of Jn. 126’13 29, where EV has BAG; ‘box’ is care being taken that no incision is made in the skin of th; suggested as an alternative rendering of ~ACOUU~KO~OV,which carcase. When the tanning process is completed (cp Tristram originally and etymologically signified a case in which the mouth- NHBP) 92, Robinson, BRW 2 440), all other apertures havini pieces (yA9uuaa) of wind instruments were kept. Later it previously been closed, the neck is fitted with a leather thong, assumed a more general significance and denoted any similarly by means of which the skin is opened and closed (cp LEATHER). shaped box or case. @BAL employs it to indicate the chest In the OT we find such skin bottles designated by a (PlE) set up by Josiah in the Temple (2 Ch. 248&), whilst variety of names. Josephususes it ofthe ‘coffer ‘($15I S. 6 88EV ; see COFFER), Such are (a) nQn, (zameth (LUK~S[ADL]), the water-skin or small chest, in which the Philistine princes deposited the (probably of a kid) which Abraham put upon Hagar’s shoulder golden mice. In the Mishna it is used to signify a case for (Gen. 21 143t). The Bedouin name is girby-i.e., KWatfrn books (~np15~in Lexx.) and even a coffin (cp the parallel use (Doughty, op. cit. index). In Hos.75 (RV ‘heat’)’ and in of ZocuZus); in the latter sense also in Aquila (Gen. 5026, of Hab. 2 15 (RV ‘venom,’ mg. ‘fury’), the RV more advisehly finds Joseph’s mummy-case; see COFFIN). Thus it would appear another word of similar sound (npq). (6) lgl, ncidh, like the that the preferable rendering in John (Z.C.) is that of RVm. sewzily (samiZaf7~)of the modern Bedouin, is the milk-skin of A. R. S. K. the nomad Jael (Judg. 4 19 ; cp Doughty op. cit. passim). It BOX TREE, BOX, RVmS ‘ cypress ’ ; once (Fzek. 276; d O~KOUS dhur56ers) RV Boxwood (lWeq, 1 According to Lane (Mod. Eg.) an ox-hide holds three or four times as much as a goat-skin (@%a). 1 For this EV employs ‘chest.’ 599 boo