Navigating the Built Environment: Architecture and Social Connectedness in the Southern Levant, 330 BCE - 250 CE Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Winter, Matthew Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 09:18:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/645776 NAVIGATING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: ARCHITECHTURE AND SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT, 330 BCE – 250 CE by Matthew A. Winter __________________________ Copyright © Matthew A. Winter 2020 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2020 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a dissertation is no easy task, and there are many people who had a profound influence on me. As I sit down to write these acknowledgments, I realize now that even though a dissertation may at times feel like a lonely, and rather frustrating, endeavor, in truth I was never alone. I was surrounded by an academic community that provided me with a stimulating and collegial environment within which I could create and develop — and many times entirely discard — the ideas that would eventually culminate in this dissertation, and by friends and family who offered love and support. During my graduate education a number of professors, many of whom were outside of my field or specific focus, encouraged and challenged me to think deeply about the discipline of archaeology and anthropology, and to them I owe my gratitude. I proudly carry the academic fingerprints of these individuals. I would especially like to thank both my comprehensive exams committee and my dissertation committee. While not all members crossed over, this dissertation is very much a result of the influences of all of these folks who greatly shaped by academic development. I would like to thank David Killick for his inspiration and tutelage in a side of archaeology that I had very little exposure to before my doctoral journey. I would like to thank Alison Futrell from the department of History and Beth Nekhai and Ed Wright from the Center for Judaic Studies for their guidance, instruction, insightful feedback and help with securing funding and navigating the landscape of academic conferences. This dissertation is heavily influenced by several fields, including Judaic Studies, History, Anthropology, and Archaeology, and this is especially due to these individuals. Finally, I would like to thank my dissertation committee. To Lars Fogelin, thank you for the guidance in navigating the complicated world of anthropological and archaeological theory in a sensible manner. To David Soren, thank you for 3 keeping me ever grounded and focused, but also for being an inspiration for my initial fascination with Greco-Roman archaeology while I was an MA student in History. And to Emma Blake, thank you for your patience, guidance, and thoughtfulness in helping me navigate the complexities of interweaving complex theory and method into my research and for the guidance and willingness in helping me navigate anthropological approaches to Mediterranean archaeology. I am a better student, researcher, and scholar because of you all. I extend thanks to my digging buddies in Israel and Italy, and especially thank Michael Eiesnberg of Haifa University for his assistance and guidance while in the field. Likewise, I would like to thank the various folks I have met at academic conferences or at the Albright Institute, who provided great intellectual stimulation and friendship. Additionally, a network of dear friends and family are important to have. While I will not name them all here — lest I forget someone and be forever ashamed — I would like to thank friends that I made in both the Department of History and the School of Anthropology, who provided encouragement, support, and friendship during my studies. You know who you are. I would also like to thank my circle of close personal friends, who were always wondering what I was saying and when I would be finished saying it. To my family, and especially my grandmother and father, I am deeply grateful for your patience and your interest in my work. I recall those conversations fondly and hope to continue to enjoy many more yet to come. Finally, and most importantly of all, I would like to thank the steadfast support of my partner and by far the most beautiful of all my people, Meagan. Your love and embraces gave me more support than you realize. Te amo, mia dolcissima. 4 DEDICATION Dedidicated in loving memory of the Winter brothers, Charles Gordan Winter and Robert Alan Winter. Though you did not live to see this come to fruition, you were always an inspiration for me. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………….…………10 LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………...15 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………..17 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..18 Identity in Ancient Mediterranean Studies: A Brief Overview…………………………..21 Building Identity through Networks: Architecture, Identity, and Connectedness……….24 Research Design………………………………………………………………………………...28 Primary Research Questions and Data Utilized………………………………………....28 Methodological and Theoretical Approaches to Connectedness………………………...33 Concept Lattices and Formal Concept Analysis…………………………………………34 Social Network Analysis…………………………………………………………………37 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………….40 Scope of the Study: Exclusions and Limitations……………………………………………...41 Summary and Shape of the Dissertation……………………………………………………...45 CHAPTER 2: THE LANGUAGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONNECTEDNESS Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..48 Anthropology and Archaeology Meet Architecture………………………………………….50 Semiotics of Architecture: The Language of Buildings and Spaces…………………………57 A Grammar for the Built Environment: Semiotics and Architecture…………………….62 Materiality: The Link between the Abstract and the Physical………………………………66 Towards a Theory of Semiotics, Architecture, and Networks……………………………….68 CHAPTER 3: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT OF THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN EAST The Architecture of the Greco-Roman East: An Overview………………………………….73 The Blueprint for Hellenistic and Roman Architecture……………………………………...78 Hellenistic Architecture: Philosophy and Design………………………………………..78 Greek and Hellenistic Architecture: Construction Techniques and Styles………………81 Roman Architecture: Philosophy and Design……………………………………………83 Roman Architecture: Construction Techniques and Styles…………………………...…87 Domestic Architecture………………………………………………………………………….89 Hellenistic and Roman Style Houses…………………………………………………….89 Levantine Style Houses…………………………………………………………………..94 Building Forms………………………………………………………………………………99 Civic Buildings……..…………………………………………………………………… 99 Entertainment and Sporting Buildings………………………………………………….107 Baths and Bathing Facilities……………………………………………………………115 Urban Ornamental Architecture………………………………………………………..120 Sacred Architecture…………………………………………………………….……….126 6 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………….127 CHAPTER 4: SAMARIA Geographic and Historical Overview……………………………………………………..….129 Samaria: Principal Sites and Archaeological Surveys…………………………………...…138 Archaeological Surveys...................................................................................................138 Caesarea Maritima..........................................................................................................140 Samaria (Sebaste)............................................................................................................141 Shechem (Flavia Neapolis)……………………………………………………………..142 Antipatris (Afek)……………………………………………………………………...…143 Mt. Gerizim (Hagerizim)………………………………………………………………..144 Ramat Hanadiv…………………………………………………………………………145 Regional Architectural Features in the Region of Samaria………………………………...146 Domestic Architecture………………………………………………………………….146 Urban Design…………………………………………………………….……………..150 Building Forms…………………………………………………………………………151 Building Techniques…………………………………………………………………….157 Architectural Decorations and Philosophy……………………...……………………….157 Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) of Samarian Architecture………………………………..159 Building Techniques…………………………………………………………………….159 Building Forms………………………………………………………………………... 165 CHAPTER 5: IDUMAEA AND JUDAEA Geographic and Historical Overview…………………………….…………………………..172 Judaea: An Historical Overview………………………………………………………..175 Idumaea: An Historical Overview……………………………………………………...180 Regional Surveys………………………………………………………………………………187 Principal Sites in Judaea and Idumaea………………………………………………………188 The Idumaean Fortresses……………………………………………………………….188 Elusa (al-Khalasa)………………………………………………...…………………....189 Beersheba (Beersheva)…………………………………………………………………190 Maresha/Beit Guvrin (Marisa/Eleutheropolis)................................................................191 Beth Zur (Beit Tzur/Bethsura).........................................................................................195 Jerusalem.........................................................................................................................197 Ramat Rahel.....................................................................................................................201