Knowledge Dynamics in Moving Media in Skåne

Margareta Dahlström, Sigrid Hedin and Lise Smed Olsen with contributions from Sara Östberg, Christian Dymén and Anu Henriksson

Knowledge dynamics in moving media in Skåne — Knowledge dynamics in moving media in Skåne — Cross-sectoral innovations in game development and Knowledge dynamics in moving Cross-sectoral innovations in game development and ﬁ lm tourism media in Skåne — Cross-sectoral

This report is a result of the project Regional Trajectories to the Knowledge Economy: A Dynamic Model (EURODITE). The main objective of the EURODITE project was to investigate knowledge innovations in game development dynamics; that is, how knowledge is generated, developed and transferred within and among fi rms or organisations, and their regional contexts. and fi lm tourism Empirical research on knowledge dynamics has been based on the building blocks of region, sector, and both territorial and fi rm-level knowledge. Territorial knowledge dynamics concern knowledge exchange, networks and interactions among actors across territories, both internal and extra- Margareta Dahlström, Sigrid Hedin and Lise Smed Olsen with regional. Firm-level knowledge dynamics contributes a deeper understanding of knowledge dynamics contributions from Sara Östberg, Christian Dymén and Anu by studying the interactions within a fi rm or organisation and between fi rms or organisations that result in an innovation; for instance, a new or improved product. Henriksson

This report includes the description and analysis of two sets of territorial knowledge dynamics with accompanying fi rm-level knowledge dynamics in the moving media sector in the Skåne region of Sweden. The fi rst case study looks at knowledge dynamics within computer game development NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 and a micro-level study of the development of the serious game ‘Agent O’. The second case study elaborates on the knowledge dynamics related to fi lm production and tourism with a micro-level study of the marketing collaboration ‘The Film Track’. In addition, these case studies have been placed in a wider European perspective by comparing them with the other case studies performed within the project.

It is clear from the project’s case studies that knowledge dynamics are multiscalar and include important interactions at great distances. We conclude that cross-sectoral knowledge interactions are seed-beds for innovation and drive product development. Finally, knowledge interactions include many types of actors conducting a variety of knowledge interactions.

In any region, there is a vast amount of intertwined evolution of knowledge dynamics. A multitude of strategies and actions is utilised by ﬁ rms, higher education institutions and other actors to seek ﬁ out and to utilise the knowledge needed wherever it is located. Tailor-made and progressive NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 policy lm tourism support of such processes is needed to avoid lock-ins and promote innovative regional development

The report aims at policymakers and practitioners within economic development work, business organisations, chambers of commerce, the higher education sector, and researchers of knowledge dynamics, innovation, regional development and policy.

Nordregio P.O. Box 1658 SE–111 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] www.nordregio.se www.norden.org

ISSN 1403-2503 Nordic Council of Ministers ISBN 978-91-89332-73-7 Knowledge dynamics in moving media in Skåne - Cross-sectoral innovations in game development and ﬁ lm tourism

Knowledge dynamics in moving media in Skåne - Cross-sectoral innovations in game development and ﬁ lm tourism

Margareta Dahlström, Sigrid Hedin and Lise Smed Olsen with contributions from Sara Östberg, Christian Dymén and Anu Henriksson Nordregio Report 2010:1 ISSN 1403-2503 ISBN 978-91-89332-73-7

Nordregio P.O. Box 1658 SE-111 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] www.nordregio.se www.norden.se

Dtp: Allduplo, Stockholm, Sweden Linguistic editing: OnLine English Repro and print: Allduplo, Stockholm, Sweden Nordic co-operation

Photo on cover from the conference Nordic Game 2009 in Malmö: Morten Skovgaard

Nordic co-operation takes place among the countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland.

The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians form the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiatives and monitors Nordic co-operation. Founded in 1952.

The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum of co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in 1971.

Nordregio – Nordic Centre for Spatial Development works in the f ield of spatial development, which includes physical planning and regional policies, in particular with a Nordic and European comparative perspective. Nordregio is active in research, education and knowledge dissemination and provides policy-relevant data. Nordregio was established in 1997 by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The centre is owned by the f ive Nordic countries and builds upon more than 30 years of Nordic cooperation in its f ield.

Stockholm, Sweden, 2010 Contents

Preface 7

Executive summary 9 Objective and framework of the EURODITE project 9 Preface 7 Knowledge anchoring 9 Policies infl uencing new media at the regional level 10 Executive summary 9 Conclusions and main fi ndings 11 Objective and framework of the EURODITE project 9 Policy implications 11 Knowledge anchoring 9 Policies infl uencing new media at the regional level 11 1. Regional trajectories to the knowledge economy—the project 13 Conclusions and main fi ndings 11 1.1 Understanding knowledge dynamics 13 Policy implications 12 1.1.1 The regional context and knowledge dynamics 14 Regional trajectories to the knowledge economy—the project 13 1.1.2 The sectors and knowledge dynamics 14 Understanding knowledge dynamic 13 1.1.3 Territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics 14 The regional context and knowledge dynamics 14 1.2 Territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics studied in the Skåne region 15 The sectors and knowledge dynamics 14 1.3 How the study was conducted 16 Territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics 14 1.4 Disposition of report 17 Territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics studied in the Skåne region 15 2. KeyHow concepts the study and wasissues conducted in know-ledge dynamics from a territorial perspective 1619 2.1Disposition Key concepts of report used in the EURODITE project 1719 2.1.1Key concepts Knowledge and dynamics issues in know-ledgeand knowledge dynamics types from a territorial perspective 19 2.1.2Key concepts Knowledge used dynamics in the EURODITE and knowledge project phases 1920 2.1.3Knowledge Knowledge dynamics dynamics and knowledge and knowledge types processes 1920 2.2Knowledge Key debates dynamics for understanding and knowledge knowledge phases dynamics from a territorial 20 Knowledgeperspective dynamics and knowledge processes 2120 2.2.1Key debates Local buzz for understandingand global pipelines—a knowledge way dynamics of understanding from a territorial territorial perspective 21 knowledge interactions 21 2.2.2Local buzzPath dependencyand global pipelines—a and knowledge way ofdynamics understanding territorial knowledge 22 2.2.3interactions Regional innovation systems, clusters and triple helix 21 22 2.3Path Concluding dependency comments and knowledge dynamics 2322 Regional innovation systems, clusters and triple helix 22 3. KnowledgeConcluding dynamics comments in moving media in Skåne 2325 3.1Knowledge The Skåne dynamics region in moving media in Skåne 25 3.1.1The Skåne Regional region development and cross-border collaboration 2526 3.2Regional The new development media ‘sector’ and cross-border collaboration 2628 3.2.1The new Moving media media ‘sector’ in Skåne 2728 3.3Moving Knowledge media in dynamics Skåne in game development in Skåne 2729 3.3.1Knowledge Territorial dynamics knowledge in game dynamics development in game in developmentSkåne 2829 3.3.2Territorial Firm-level knowledge knowledge dynamics dynamics: in game development development of the ‘Agent O’ game 2831 3.4Firm-level Knowledge knowledge dynamics dynamics: in fi lm tourismdevelopment in Skåne of the ‘Agent O’ game 3330 3.4.1Knowledge Territorial dynamics knowledge in fi lm dynamics tourism in in Skåne fi lm tourism 3332 3.4.2Territorial Firm-level knowledge knowledge dynamics dynamics: in fi lm tourismThe Film Track 3235 Firm-level3.5 Concluding knowledge comments dynamics: The Film Track 3734 Concluding comments 36 4. AnchoringAnchoring knowledge knowledge in inSkåne Skåne from from a widera wider European European perspective perspective 3739 Knowledge4.1 Knowledge anchoring anchoring and andterritorial territorial knowledge knowledge dynamics—in dynamics—infl owfl andow and recirculation recirculation of knowledge of knowledge 3840 Channels4.2 Channels for inforfl ow infl andow andrecirculation recirculation of knowledge of knowledge 3941 Knowledge4.3 Knowledge anchoring anchoring through through fi rm-level fi rm-level interactions interactions 3941 The4.3.1 role The of role networks of networks and direct and directinteractions interactions between between fi rms fi rms 4042 The4.3.2 role The of role higher of higher education education institutions institutions and R&D and infrastructure R&D infrastructure 4043 Knowledge4.4 Knowledge anchoring anchoring through through the acquisitionthe acquisition of codi of codifi ed fiknowledge ed knowledge 4244 Knowledge4.5 Knowledge anchoring anchoring through through work-place work-place or job-related or job-related mobility mobility 4244 Knowledge4.6 Knowledge anchoring anchoring through through events events 4446 Concluding4.7 Concluding comments comments 4547 Knowledge dynamics and interactions seen from a fi rm-level perspective 47 5. KnowledgeGeographic dynamics distance and of knowledgeinteractions interactions seen from a fi rm-level perspective 4947 5.1Types Geographic of actors involveddistance inof theknowledge knowledge interactions interactions 49 5.2Knowledge Types of types actors represented involved in in the knowledge knowledge interactions interactions 5051 5.3Knowledge Knowledge phases types in representedthe knowledge in knowledgeinteractions interactions 5152 5.4Knowledge Knowledge processes phases in in the the knowledge knowledge interactions interactions 5253 5.5Concluding Knowledge comments processes in the knowledge interactions 5254 5.6Policies Concluding infl uencing comments new media in Skåne—a European outlook 5455 Organisation of public policies enacted at the regional level 56 6. PoliciesStrategy infl uencing new media in Skåne—a European outlook 57 6.1Policy Organisation instruments of public policies enacted at the regional level 58 6.2Knowledge Strategy impact 58 6.3Concluding Policy instruments comments 59 6.4Regional Knowledge Trajectories impact to the Knoweldge Economy – the Conclusions 6061 6.5In-depth Concluding studies comments of knowledge dynamics 6061 Knowledge interactions across sectors, scales and actors 62 7. RegionalPolicy implicationsTrajectories ofto the knowledgeKnoweldge dynamicsEconomy studied– the Conclusions 6261 7.1References In-depth and studies interviews of knowledge dynamics 6561 7.2Appendix Knowledge 1 List interactionsof Abbreviations across sectors, scales and actors 6962 7.3Appendix Policy 2implications EURODITE ofCase the Study knowledge Reports dynamics (Territorial studied knowledge dynamics) 62 analysed 71 ReferencesAppendix and 3 interviews REKENE Case Study Reports (Territorial and fi rm level knowledge 65 Webpagesdynamics) analysed 66 73 Background reading 66 Interviews 67

Appendix 1 List of Abbreviations 69

Appendix 2 EURODITE Case Study Reports (Territorial knowledge dynamics) analysed 70

Appendix 3 REKENE Case Study Reports (Territorial and ﬁ rm level knowledge dynamics) analysed 71 Preface

The following report is a result of work by the Nordregio of papers have been published or are in the pipeline to research team on the Regional Trajectories to the Knowledge be published as a result of the EURODITE project. Economy: A Dynamic Model (EURODITE) project.1 The publications range from articles in scientifi c The EURODITE project runs from September 2005 journals to pieces orientated towards policymakers and to August 2010 and is led by the Centre for Urban practitioners. Please visit the EURODITE homepage and Regional Studies (CURS) in the University of for further information on publications. Birmingham. A team of Nordregio researchers was involved in The intention of the EURODITE project is to the work resulting in this report. Margareta Dahlström probe beneath the popular notion of the ‘Knowledge was the project manager and was mainly responsible for Economy’ by describing the diversity of learning the fi eld and analysis work. Sigrid Hedin and Lise Smed processes, knowledge dynamics and knowledge Olsen worked on the editing and the analysis sections trajectories across Europe. It was also intended to of the report. Sara Östberg was involved in the fi eld- examine the assumption that regions and other spatial work and in earlier phases of the research. Research and arrangements, such as ‘clusters’ or ‘milieus’, represent compilation of background information was undertaken coherent units of explanation and intervention in the by Christian Dymén, mainly on the ‘Agent O’ fi rm- knowledge fi eld. In addition, the inclusion of four level knowledge dynamics, and by Anu Henriksson on policy-making partners has been important in the sections on the Skåne region and on path dependency. project by safeguarding users, infl uencing the work and The illustrations in the report were produced by José developing applied research outcomes. Sterling. In the EURODITE project, empirical case We would like to thank the interviewees and studies have been conducted in 22 regions in 13 others in the case study area who have participated in the European countries. As a project partner, Nordregio research by providing information such as background conducted an empirical case study exploring knowledge material. This research would not have been possible dynamics in new media in Skåne, Sweden. Specifi cally, without their kind participation. We would also like knowledge dynamics connected to cross-sectoral to express our gratitude do the project partners of innovations in game development and fi lm tourism EURODITE and REKENE for input and discussions have been investigated. In addition, Nordregio has been through the duration of the projects. Special thanks are active in synthesising all the empirical case studies of due to Laura James, Geert Vissers and Henrik Halkier, EURODITE and the policy work of the entire project. with whom we have worked the most closely in the Furthermore, Nordregio has been the leading partner synthesis and policy work throughout the EURODITE of a Nordic spin-off project named Regional Trajectories empirical research. to the Knowledge Economy—Nordic–European comparisons (REKENE).2 In the REKENE project, seven additional Stockholm, March 2010 regions in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Sweden have been studied. The same methods and input from Margareta Dahlström, Sigrid Hedin and Lise Smed contextual research as in the EURODITE project Olsen. have been utilised to compare Nordic and European regions. This report mainly covers the empirical case study exploring knowledge dynamics in new media in Skåne. The target readership of this report is practitioners and policymakers as well as academic scholars with an interest in the fi eld. In addition to this report, a number

1 EURODITE is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission and the Directorate for Research under Priority Seven (Citizens and Governance in a knowledge based society) of the Sixth RTD Framework Programme, contract nr 006187 (CIT3). Read more about the project at (www.eurodite.bham.ac.uk). 2 The REKENE project has been ﬁ nanced by Nordic Innovation Centre (NICe) under the focus area ‘Innovation Policy’ in project number 07058, and participating partners. Read more about the project at (www.nordregio.se/Rekene/)

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 7 8 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 Executive summary

Objective and framework of the EURODITE project

The main objective of the EURODITE project was to level knowledge dynamics in the moving media sector investigate how knowledge is generated, developed and in Skåne. In the fi rst, we study knowledge dynamics transferred within and among fi rms or organisations, and within computer game development using a micro-level their regional contexts. Another objective was to gain a study of the development of the serious game ‘Agent better understanding of how policies may be developed O’. In the second, we analyse cross-sectoral knowledge and used to facilitate knowledge dynamics. This in turn dynamics related to fi lm production and tourism using can contribute to increased regional competitiveness. a micro-level study of the marketing collaboration ‘The In the project, knowledge was understood as a Film Track’. process. A key concept in the project for investigating Since a broad defi nition of knowledge has been how knowledge is generated, developed and transferred used, the following different aspects of knowledge have has been knowledge dynamics. Empirical research into been included in the analysis. knowledge dynamics has been conducted based on the building blocks of region, sector, territorial knowledge • Knowledge types: analytical, synthetic and symbolic dynamics and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics. Territorial knowledge knowledge dynamics concern knowledge exchange, • Knowledge phases: exploration, examination and networks and interactions among actors. Key actors may exploitation include fi rms, higher education institutions, chambers • Knowledge processes: cumulative and composite of commerce and local and regional authorities. The knowledge processes regional level is important, but interaction is not constrained to an administrative region. Knowledge From a policy perspective, it is important to understand dynamics are multiscalar and may include important which knowledge types, phases and processes are at interactions at great distances. The fi rm-level knowledge play when policy instruments are designed and applied. dynamics analysis aims to contribute with greater depth To achieve a deeper understanding of knowledge and more detail on knowledge dynamics. The report interactions, we use three main strands of debate and deals with how knowledge is developed and transferred concepts: fi rst, we use local buzz and global pipelines; at a micro level, whether within a fi rm or an organisation, second, ideas of path dependency; and third, concepts or between networks of fi rms or organisations. of regional innovation systems, such as clusters and In this report, we describe and analyse two triple helix. These concepts are explained in chapter 2. territorial knowledge dynamics with accompanying fi rm-

Knowledge anchoring

One approach in the analysis of knowledge dynamics in ‘work-place or job-related mobility’, and ‘events’. In this game development and fi lm tourism in Skåne has been analysis, we used results from the other European case to look at how knowledge fl ows into the region and studies performed within the EURODITE project to how the knowledge is then recirculated. This process provide a wider perspective on the Skåne cases. is called knowledge anchoring. Knowledge anchoring By looking at activities that are more concrete has been analysed by looking at activities that could be and mechanisms for having an infl ow and recirculation connected to four different channels: namely, ‘fi rm- of knowledge, it has been shown that processes of buzz level interactions’, ‘acquisition of codifi ed knowledge’, and global pipelines are diffi cult to separate. Instead, we

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 9 conclude that the infl ow and recirculation of knowledge part at the attractions represent a phenomenon that is may occur at the same time and in complex mixes increasingly identifi ed in research on innovation as user- of processes and channels. For example, knowledge driven innovation. anchoring through fi rm-level interactions takes place Furthermore, we conclude that knowledge through both organised networks and direct interactions interactions have a multi-actor character. A variety between fi rms. These processes are often infl uenced by of actors, ranging from public agencies such as local higher education institutions. Acquisition of codifi ed authority departments and higher education institutions, knowledge is not often mentioned explicitly in the case to individual entrepreneurs, are included in the studied studies. The channel ‘work-place or job-related mobility’ knowledge dynamics. Individuals belong to different provided examples of people with dual positions: at networks that are interlinked and overlaid, facilitating a university as a lecturer and in a fi rm. Such mobility knowledge interactions across contexts. strengthens knowledge transfer between academia and The importance of symbolic knowledge in fi rm- the business community. We also see that different level knowledge dynamics should be highlighted. This kinds of events are an important channel for having kind of knowledge is often connected with other types an infl ow and recycling of knowledge. Public policy of knowledge, such as analytic knowledge, as in the case has been highly infl uential in relation to this channel. of the source code needed to develop ‘Agent O’. Funding is available for organising events within regions The research shows that the knowledge phases— attracting extra-regional knowledge and for individuals exploration, examination and exploitation—are to participate in events outside the region. interlinked and may take place at the same time. The Firm-level knowledge dynamics: A deeper complexity of innovation processes—for instance, in understanding of knowledge types, phases and combining different kinds of knowledge and actors— processes is also evident. This research has shown that the Firm-level knowledge dynamics concern how development of an innovation is a non-linear process, knowledge is developed and transferred at a micro although it is often considered a knowledge chain. In level, within a fi rm or an organisation, or within a the Skåne case studies, this is evident in the interaction network. Looking at these knowledge interactions, between the visitors to Cineteket and those working we can conclude fi rstly that they have a multiscalar there. This type of interaction brings knowledge character. Both the fi rm-level knowledge dynamics about market demands and contributes to product studied in Skåne include a combination of knowledge development. In innovation discourse, such interaction interactions among actors at small and large distances, echoes the concept of user-driven innovation. Our nationally as well as internationally. The local context is case study and results from other EURODITE case of great importance for game development. However, studies suggest that this aspect of consumer–producer an extended spatial network with MIT (Massachusetts interaction in the innovation process is highly relevant Institute of Technology) in Boston was crucial in and worthy of further attention and research. the process of developing the game ‘Agent O’. The When it comes to knowledge processes, we have knowledge dynamics of ‘The Film Track’ is also demonstrated that knowledge interactions take place characterised by collaboration among three regional across sectors; for instance, fi lm production and tourism. attractions and interactions with a mixture of visitors Composite knowledge is an important dimension of from the local and international markets. The producer– cross-sectoral knowledge interactions, and is a good consumer interactions in which these visitors take seed-bed for innovation.

Policies inﬂ uencing new media at the regional level

The project has conducted a systematic discussion of In terms of organisation of policies, municipalities public policies in relation to knowledge interactions in have been found to be infl uential as drivers of economic new media, providing an overview of the characteristics development initiatives, unlike in the other European of public policies linked to the new media industry in case studies. Skåne, and providing an outlook to two other new The strategy of new media policies mainly media case studies in EURODITE. The analysis has concerns processes of modernisation and creativity. covered organisation, strategy, policy instruments and Policies have been found to support the establishment knowledge impact of public policies infl uencing the of regional systems of new media fi rms built around a development of new media at the regional level. combination of cluster strategies and the development

10 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 of infrastructure to support the industry, as well as knowledge in the fi rst place, such as new media, but to enhance the attractiveness of the region to extra- also, for example, in cases related to ICT and Food regional actors. and drink. Our research shows that symbolic knowledge The available resources for policy instruments may have been underestimated in the knowledge are mainly fi nancial and organisational. Various funding economy and innovation discourses. Across the board, programmes exist for new media actors, and a number many policy instruments within the framework of of ‘soft’ measures in the form of networking initiatives the knowledge economy have focused on research, are in place. Examples of public policies that facilitate scientifi c knowledge and engineering; i.e., on analytic a combination of analytic and symbolic knowledge are and synthetic knowledge. In the EURODITE case in place in Skåne, with Malmö University, the incubator studies, we can see that symbolic knowledge is Minc, and Living Lab New Media as examples of cross- important not only in sectors that are high in symbolic sectoral activities.

Conclusions and main ﬁ ndings

The case studies of game development and fi lm tourism include some kind of highly relevant extra-regional in Skåne illustrate the coexistence of knowledge knowledge interaction. Actors who are fi rmly dynamics within moving media. However, in any connected to other local and regional actors region, there is a vast amount of intertwined evolution utilise extra-regional knowledge when needed. of knowledge dynamics. The main fi ndings regarding Multiscalar interactions are supported by policy knowledge dynamics from the case studies performed instruments, ranging from cluster organisations to within the EURODITE project can be grouped in the support for organising and participation in various following three key points. events. • Knowledge dynamics include many actors. • Cross-sectoral knowledge interactions are Knowledge interactions include many types innovative and drive product development. of actors conducting a variety of knowledge Composite knowledge processes drawing on interactions. The activities performed by various different disciplines and fi elds of expertise are at kinds of actors support the conclusion of the heart of the processes. combinatorial and cross-sectoral knowledge • Knowledge interactions are multiscalar. All cases interactions promoting innovation. of territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics

Policy implications

If these are the characteristics of the processes related that the mechanisms and channels through which to knowledge dynamics, then what are the policy actors in regions tap into global knowledge fl ows are implications? In terms of policy considerations, this very complex. A multitude of strategies and actions is research clearly shows that ‘one size does not fi t all’. How utilised by fi rms, higher education institutions and other will policy actors assist the cross-sectoral, multiscalar actors to seek out and to utilise the knowledge needed nature of, and the multiplicity of actors involved in, wherever it is located. Progressive policy actors support knowledge dynamics and interactions? To what degree is such mechanisms and processes in a tailor-made way management of such processes desirable and possible? rather than restricting their focus to supporting region- Brokering, funding and sometimes managing platforms, internal networks and linkages. This is a proactive way clusters and network organisations are common policy of avoiding lock-ins and promoting innovative regional support measures in this fi eld. This research has shown development.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 11 12 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 1. Regional trajectories to the knowledge economy—the project

The main objective of the Regional Trajectories to the capable of sustainable economic growth with more Knowledge Economy: A Dynamic Model3 project was and better jobs and greater social cohesion’.4 According to investigate how knowledge is generated, developed to the Lisbon Agenda, this was to be achieved by and transferred within and among ﬁ rms or organisations preparing the transition to a knowledge-based economy and their regional contexts. The reason for exploring and society through better policies for the information the dynamics of knowledge is that a knowledge-based society and R&D, by stepping up the process of economy is considered vital for competitiveness in the structural reform for competitiveness and innovation global economy. Knowledge is also considered crucial and by completing the internal market’.5 However, for innovations. Over the past decade, policies have progress has generally been slow in Europe. Despite consequently been developed to encourage knowledge good intentions, policies are not delivering innovation production and innovation to contribute to economic at the rate that had been hoped. The fact that the goals development. This development is strongly related to have not been achieved in 2010 resulted in the launch the strategic goal established at the Lisbon summit of the strategy document EUROPE 2020 A European ‘that Europe should become the most competitive strategy for smart,sustainable and inclusive growth in and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, March 2010.6

1.1 Understanding knowledge dynamics

EURODITE is a multidisciplinary project including knowledge are the driving force behind innovation. researchers from economic geography, organisational Knowledge dynamics arise through changes in knowledge theory, economics, management theory, business itself and in the various ways in which knowledge moves, administration, sociology and other disciplines. This is transformed and created. A result of knowledge means that from a theoretical and conceptual point of dynamics may be an innovation in, for instance, a new view, the project draws from a multitude of academic or improved product (good or service), organisation or disciplines and sources. Some of the key concepts are process.7 Specifi cally, knowledge dynamics are related briefl y introduced here in Chapter 1. These concepts to interactions of individuals or groups of actors who have formed the starting point for the empirical research are directed to learn, seek and diffuse new knowledge, in EURODITE. Chapter 2 introduces further academic and to apply old and new knowledge in the economy. topics and concepts that were utilised in the analysis of This may include many activities such as employment the empirical work in this report. of knowledge workers, education, training, consulting In the EURODITE project, knowledge was and in- and outsourcing.8 understood as a process, where certain fi rm competences In the empirical case studies of EURODITE, are used to acquire new, economically useful knowledge. research into knowledge dynamics has been conducted. A key concept in the project for investigating how The empirical case studies are based on the following knowledge is generated, developed and transferred has building blocks: region, sector, territorial knowledge been knowledge dynamics. According to Strambach, 7 4 TheStrambach Lisbon (2008) European p. 153-154. Council 23 and 24 March 2000 the core of knowledge dynamics is that changes in 8 5 TheCrevoisier Lisbon et European al (2007) p.Council 2. 23 and 24 March 2000 3 The project is known as EURODITE, see further in the Preface. 6 European Commission (2010). 7 Strambach (2008) p. 153-154. 3 The project is known as EURODITE, see further in the Preface. 8 Crevoisier et al (2007) p. 2.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 13 dynamics and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics, as 1.1.2 The sectors and knowledge outlined in Figure 1.1 and discussed below. Better dynamics understanding of how knowledge is developed within In addition to a region, one of the following seven various sectors and types of businesses, how it is strategic sectors has been a basis for selecting an transferred, and the role of regional contexts, such empirical case study in EURODITE. as public actors, higher education institutions and networks of fi rms, can contribute to insights into • Automotive how policies may be developed and used to facilitate • Biotechnology knowledge dynamics. This in turn can contribute to • New media increased regional competitiveness. • Food and drink • Information and communication technologies (ICT) 1.1.1 The regional context and • Knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) knowledge dynamics • Tourism The point of departure for selecting an empirical case study was a region. In the EURODITE project, and the The seven sectors were chosen because 9 spin-off project REKENE, the aim has been to explore innovation is considered important because of large knowledge dynamics in selected regions. In EURODITE, knowledge content in some of the chosen sectors, 22 regions in 13 countries have been studied; and such as biotechnology and ICT. In addition, there is an in REKENE, seven regions in four countries were unleashed potential regarding innovation despite high researched. In this report, we primarily highlight growth rates in some other sectors, such as tourism and fi ndings from the exploration of knowledge dynamics food and drink. The sectors include high-, medium- and in Skåne, Sweden, which is the case study conducted by low-tech companies. An assumption here was that the the Nordregio research team. The reason for starting sectors would represent different kinds of knowledge from a region is that the regional level was considered dynamics in both goods and service production. crucial in the development of a more competitive However, it is important to stress that the predefi ned Europe. Increasing attention has been paid to regions sectors were only meant as a basis for the empirical as designated sites of innovation and competitiveness case study. A challenge for sectors in general is that it in the globalising knowledge-based economy, and there is a rather static category that does not always fi t the is an extensive body of literature stating that regions complex reality of knowledge dynamics. We see that are an important source of competitive advantage in many innovations and knowledge interactions tend to 10 the growing global interregional competition. The occur across sectors. This is evident in the empirical notion of regional competitiveness gained ground with case study investigating knowledge dynamics in Skåne. Porter’s The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990).11 The concept of clusters, fi rst coined by Porter, and the development of related concepts, such as industrial 1.1.3 Territorial and fi rm-level knowledge districts, innovative milieus, learning regions and dynamics regional innovation systems, have all been described as In empirical case studies, the key approach has been to important in relation to competitiveness that extend investigate knowledge dynamics from a territorial and the boundaries of individual fi rms but that operate a fi rm-level perspective. 12 within the boundaries of a (loosely defi ned) territory. Territorial knowledge dynamics concern knowledge However, in the EURODITE project, as discussed exchange, networks and interactions among actors from further below, it is assumed that knowledge dynamics a spatial perspective. Key actors may include fi rms, are not restricted to bounded territories such as higher education institutions, chambers of commerce administrative regions. Instead, the assumption is that and local and regional authorities. The spatial focus knowledge interactions stretch across administrative stresses the importance of the regional level while borders but because the regional context appears to emphasising that interaction is not constrained to an play a role in knowledge interactions, for instance, in administrative regional level. In contrast, territorial discussion of policies, a region is used for the empirical knowledge dynamics are seen as multiscalar and may case study. include important interactions at great distances. Understanding territorial knowledge dynamics requires 9 See further about REKENE in the preface. the probing of issues such as the role of proximity 10 See for instance Asheim & Coenen (2005); Boschma (2004) and and distance in terms of knowledge interactions and Visser & Atzema (2008). the importance of mobility of different actors and 11 Porter (1990). individuals. Special attention is paid to how various 12 Boschma (2004).

14 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 types of policies affect the knowledge dynamics. These framework uses a knowledge biography approach in policies may stem from the supranational, national, investigating—or more precisely, tracing—knowledge regional or local levels, but it is the way that the policies dynamics starting from a change in product, process or are realised at the regional level that is in focus. organisation. Key events of knowledge interaction are While the territorial knowledge dynamics provide identifi ed in an attempt to understand the processes and the context, the fi rm-level knowledge dynamics aim to the role of different actors aiming at ‘telling the story’ contribute with depth and more details about knowledge of the change from idea to implementation. The links dynamics. Firm-level knowledge dynamics thus concern between fi rm-level and territorial knowledge dynamics, how knowledge is developed and transferred at a for instance, are seen through the interaction among micro level: within a fi rm or an organisation, or within actors. a network of fi rms or organisations. The research

1.2 Territorial and ﬁ rm-level knowledge dynamics studied in the Skåne region

In this report, we describe and analyse two territorial The territorial knowledge dynamics studied knowledge dynamics with accompanying fi rm-level in Skåne begin with the EURODITE new media knowledge dynamics in Skåne. Thus, the report aims sector. In the Skåne case study, it is most appropriate to highlight the role and development of knowledge to focus the study on ‘moving media’.13 The fi rst in the regional economy of Skåne. From a Swedish example of territorial knowledge dynamics focuses perspective, it is of special interest to examine knowledge on the increasing interconnectedness among dynamics in Skåne because the directly elected regional moving media actors in Skåne, which contributes council, Region Skåne, has been appointed to handle to growth in computer game development. The regional economic development issues. Sweden has an attached fi rm-level knowledge dynamics study asymmetrical regional governance structure. For the the development of the serious game ‘Agent O’. past 10 years, Region Skåne and the Västra Götaland The second example of territorial knowledge region have had extensive responsibility for regional dynamics focuses on the increasing interconnectedness development policies. These competencies were taken among actors related to fi lm production and those over from the county administrative boards. Hence, related to tourism in Skåne, which contributes to compared with the period before this devolution, and the development of fi lm tourism in the region. The with many other regions in Sweden, Region Skåne attached fi rm-level knowledge dynamics deal with has potential to make longer-term strategic decisions the development of Film Spåret (The Film Track), a about regional development with greater funding to collaboration aimed at joint marketing of attractions realise the strategies. Findings from the EURODITE connected to fi lm production in Skåne. and REKENE projects are used in the discussion and An illustration of how the empirical case study analyses of the Skåne empirical case study to contribute conducted in Skåne fi ts the EURODITE framework, to a wider European perspective. including the elements of region, sector, territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics, is displayed in Figure 1.1.

13 See further section 3.2.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 15 Figure 1.1 Structure of empirical research in EURODITE and the studied territorial and ﬁ rm-level knowledge dynamics in the Skåne region

1.3 How the study was conducted

The aim of studying knowledge dynamics is to unravel addition to the interviews, information was gathered the processes of knowledge interactions and to identify through the reading of policy documents, reports, types of actors involved in the processes. An essential academic literature and Internet homepages. part of the research is based on interviews with key At the heart of the fi rm-level case studies are informants,14 mainly conducted face-to-face during the so-called ‘knowledge biographies’ in fi rms and fi eld-work, but in some cases via telephone, and in one organisations. The ‘knowledge biography’ method is an case using only email. Because the research deals with innovative approach providing a deeper understanding interactions and networks among different actors and of knowledge dynamics in fi rms and regions. We have is particularly aimed at identifying knowledge exchange traced the development of a product, service or goods and development, it would not have been possible to that have been developed. Interviews have been used discover so much about such processes in any other way. to obtain basic information about the space and time Furthermore, we are interested in where the different dimensions of knowledge dynamics. What important actors are located. An advantage of this method is knowledge interactions have occurred to develop that these issues may be broached and discussed with the product? Who were the actors? Where were they actors involved in knowledge interactions. At the same located? What type of knowledge did they contribute? time, it means that we became very dependent on the All information was gathered through semi-structured information from the interviewees, and it could be interviews and from home pages or documents. The diffi cult to verify information and to maintain a distance ‘knowledge biography’ method can capture the diversity from the informants. Although we have attempted to of the social environment of a fi rm or organisation speak with different actors and to obtain several people’s and can identify knowledge fl ows as well as obtaining views, it is important to remember that we obtained information about partners inside and outside it. ‘stories’ and had to handle our information as such. In We would like to stress that both the territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics were studied over a 14 A list of interviewees is provided under ‘References’.

16 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 particular period. We examined knowledge interactions likely have been different if the interviews had been that occurred in the past and over a limited time period. conducted after September 2008. For instance, most The empirical fi eld-work began in May 2007. In the companies faced a lack of labour when the interviews case of the knowledge dynamics in game development were performed. in Skåne, the empirical research was completed in The aim of the case studies has not been to map May 2008. In the case of knowledge dynamics in fi lm all actors and all knowledge interactions completely. tourism in Skåne, the empirical research continued until This would not be possible. Moreover, it is important September 2008. Since then, only a few updates have to remember that knowledge dynamics are ongoing been made. Furthermore, it is important to stress that processes, and therefore the processes that we have all interviews were conducted before the global fi nancial captured should be seen as ‘snapshots’ covering the crisis began in autumn 2008. Conditions would most time periods of the empirical research.

1.4 Disposition of report

After this introduction to the project, we turn in Chapter and proximity within knowledge dynamics. A systematic 2 to a presentation of the conceptual framework discussion of public policies in relation to knowledge employed in the project. Some key debates that have been interactions in new media is conducted in Chapter 6. considered in the analysis of the empirical fi ndings will Here the policies concerning these issues in Skåne are also be presented. Chapter 3 consists of a description discussed in relation to the two other case studies of of the regional context of Skåne, the sectors that are new media in EURODITE. Finally, in Chapter 7, we studied and brief summaries of the territorial and conclude with some refl ections on our in-depth studies fi rm-level knowledge dynamics that form our empirical of knowledge dynamics and a brief discussion of policy case study. Following this descriptive chapter, a deeper implications of the study. analysis of the territorial knowledge dynamics will be To aid the reader of the report, we have assembled conducted in Chapter 4. A special focus of this analysis a list of abbreviations, which can be found in Appendix is the question of how extra-regional knowledge is 1. For Swedish names of actors and institutions, we accessed and recirculated within the region, and how it have used their English names if there is an offi cial is anchored. Chapter 5 concerns fi rm-level knowledge translation. If not, the Swedish name is used. The fi rst dynamics analysed in relation to the elements of time the name is mentioned, an English translation is knowledge types, phases and processes. In addition, provided. emphasis is placed on the role of geographical distance

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 17 18 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 2. Key concepts and issues in knowledge dynamics from a territorial perspective

The aim of the EURODITE project is to investigate project. In addition, we refer to some key issues in how knowledge is generated, developed and transferred knowledge interactions from a territorial perspective. within and between fi rms or organisations and their This literature deals with specifi c interactions among regional contexts. Consequently, territorial aspects of actors and policies to support knowledge interactions of innovations in general and knowledge interactions in various kinds. Central concepts of the debates include particular are scrutinised. In this chapter, we fi rst address local buzz and global pipelines, path dependency, some key concepts regarding knowledge types, phases clusters, regional innovation systems and triple helix. and processes that have been used in the EURODITE

2.1 Key concepts used in the EURODITE project

To study territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics, developed through scientifi c exploration. Synthetic we need to address further elements that are important knowledge was considered a result of a secondary-stage for a deeper understanding of knowledge dynamics combination of analytical and (perhaps) of symbolic and interactions. These elements constituted the knowledge. For instance, engineering knowledge is key framework for the empirical case studies of said to be synthetic because it derives from application EURODITE. as well as from original (scientifi c) research. Symbolic knowledge relates to knowledge about representation. For example, the ‘styling’ of a product, organisation or 2.1.1 Knowledge dynamics and process in a way that may convey an image that appeals knowledge types to certain consumers. It may also include knowledge that As mentioned above, knowledge has been understood contributes to the development of a brand symbolising as a process that uses given fi rm competences to certain characteristics of a product. Furthermore, how appropriate new economically useful knowledge. to develop, manage and protect this abstract quality can Because this is a rather broad defi nition of knowledge, be described as symbolic knowledge.16 In research into it is necessary to distinguish between different types of knowledge, a distinction is often made between tacit knowledge that may be encountered in the empirical and codifi ed knowledge. In the EURODITE project, case studies. This was considered important because this distinction was important for investigating whether knowledge develops from various fi elds and sets of and how the transfer of different types of knowledge players, and integration of different kinds of knowledge varies; for instance, in relation to geographical distance is needed for innovation. and proximity. The operationalisation of this distinction For knowledge types, the point of departure in was as follows. Codifi ed knowledge has been understood EURODITE was the discussion of analytical, synthetic as knowledge that can be represented in writing or and symbolic knowledge.15 In EURODITE, these another kind of digital or analogue format. Therefore, concepts were operationalised to guide the empirical codifi ed knowledge can be transmitted to others who work in the following manner. Analytical knowledge is are prepared to make suffi cient investments—for understood as research-based knowledge, primarily instance, in time or money—and can absorb and utilise 15 There is an increasing academic literature dealing with this issue, it. Codifi ed knowledge can be transferred without a and references can be made to many researchers. See for example requirement for geographic proximity among actors. the discussion in James et al (2010a). A useful starting point can be Asheim et al (2007). 16 EURODITE (2007)

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 19 However, for it to be absorbed and used, ‘cognitive or a policy perspective, it is relevant to the kinds of phases relational proximity’ may be necessary.17 for which policy instruments are designed and applied. In contrast to codifi ed knowledge, tacit knowledge The exploration phase is often described as the fi rst is understood as knowledge that largely comes from step in a knowledge chain. This phase is characterised by practice and is embodied in people.18 Asheim et al. the action of searching for new knowledge or maintaining state that tacit knowledge is diffi cult to codify because and developing existing knowledge. The phase may it is articulated ‘through practical skills and cannot be include scientifi c knowledge but does not necessarily reduced to numbers, graphs, maps, diagrams, texts, do so. An example where scientifi c knowledge is not formulas, etc.’19 They argue that face-to-face contacts or included may be searching for upstream or downstream ‘buzz’ are consequently important for a transfer of tacit collaborators or competitors as an exploration process knowledge. This will be elaborated further in Chapter that may lead to new knowledge. The examination phase 4. was understood as a testing phase where the veracity However, it is not possible to separate tacit and applicability of the knowledge is considered. Here and codifi ed knowledge entirely, because they usually an example is subjecting a potential new therapeutic coexist. In practice, tacit knowledge is, for instance, method to clinical trials. Another example might be often necessary to understand codifi ed knowledge. An stress testing of a new material or component. Finally, example is that laboratory results can be codifi ed, but in the exploitation phase can be seen as the ‘selling’ or ‘using’ experimentation, there are many subtleties of method phase where knowledge is put to use. This may be for that are known to the experimenters. This is unique to fi nancial return but may also, as in academia, be for them and is the value added they retain.20 status, position or recognition.21

2.1.2 Knowledge dynamics and 2.1.3 Knowledge dynamics and knowledge phases knowledge processes To understand the complexity of fi rm-level knowledge As stated above, the point of departure for the dynamics, it was necessary to distinguish various EURODITE project is that knowledge is about processes. knowledge phases. Here a distinction is made among It has also been mentioned in the discussion about the phases of exploration, examination and exploitation. the sectors that innovations tend to take place across However, it is important to stress that knowledge sectors and across academic disciplines. To investigate dynamics seldom entail a linear process. This means this dimension further, a distinction was made between that innovations are rarely developed in a research cumulative and composite knowledge processes when laboratory, tested and then applied in a market. Instead, we studied knowledge dynamics empirically. A cumulative the development may take place in various phases at process is where new knowledge builds upon, and the same time, and there may be loops between these depends directly on, existing knowledge within the same phases. This may be related to the increased number fi eld or discipline. An example is a scientifi c discovery of interactions between producers and the end- that adds to previous discovery. Thus, the ‘body of users. However, by examining knowledge dynamics knowledge’ is increased. A composite process comprises considering these phases, more knowledge on how the and depends upon several disciplines or functional areas phases are connected and the loops between them was of knowledge. These might include various sources of achieved and thereby hopefully contributed to a deeper analytical or science-based knowledge.22 It is thus typical understanding of the mechanisms of knowledge for the process of generating composite knowledge that dynamics. We also investigate whether different types different and basically separated knowledge stocks are of actors tend to be more active in some phases. From brought together. However, each knowledge stock may be anchored in a cumulative knowledge process.23

17 EURODITE (2007). Such proximities can for example relate to factors such as the shared understanding between people working within the same discipline. 18 EURODITE (2007) 21 EURODITE (2007) 19 Asheim et al (2007) p. 655. 22 EURODITE (2007) 20 EURODITE (2007) 23 Strambach & Stockhorst (2010)

20 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 2.2 Key debates for understanding knowledge dynamics from a territorial perspective24 24

There is a vast body of literature available on the role among suppliers and customers, and collaboration on of the regional context for territorial dimensions of specifi c projects. innovations and knowledge interactions. Below, some To avoid negative ‘lock-in’ in a region, local key issues that we have used as a framework for the buzz may be combined with extra-regional linkages or fi ndings of the empirical case study are described. The ‘pipelines’. These global pipelines may, for instance, fi rst issue concerns local buzz and global pipeline. This offer access to new knowledge about markets or includes both the importance of the regional context technologies. By looking at the development of new for knowledge interactions and interactions with actors knowledge in the Boston biotechnology industry, it at remote locations. The second issue concerns the could be concluded that new knowledge was developed concept of path dependency and the role of history based on both local and regional interactions, and extra- and institutional setting in knowledge interactions and regional and international partnership and networks.26 regional development. The fi nal issue elaborates on the Global pipelines have been used for describing the development of the concepts of regional innovation channels of knowledge fl ow between regions located in systems, clusters and the triple helix approach now different parts of the world. Compared with local buzz, being applied in various policy instruments aiming at the knowledge transfer through global pipelines may be supporting knowledge development and transfer. seen as more structured and explicit.27 The concepts of local buzz and global pipelines have been criticised because precise understanding of 2.2.1 Local buzz and global pipelines—a the mechanisms by which actors in, for instance, a cluster way of understanding territorial gain access to knowledge at different spatial scales is knowledge interactions missing.28 There have been additional nuances regarding To achieve a deeper understanding of knowledge buzz. According to Asheim et al.,29 buzz cannot simply interactions from a territorial perspective, the concepts be translated as face-to-face communication. Instead, of local buzz and global pipelines have been applied. These face-to-face communication is above all related to concepts have been developed to show how knowledge transfer of tacit knowledge, while buzz is important interactions among actors at the local or regional level for symbolic knowledge. It has also been demonstrated are combined with interactions with actors at a more that buzz cannot be regarded as unplanned and distant level. Consequently, the model is intended to unstructured. Instead, it can be seen as a planned explain the role of both inter-regional and extra-regional process performed by a number of actors in different interactions. In this discussion, we fi nd references to stages of innovation processes.30 The characteristics of the relation of territorial dimensions to a variety of knowledge interactions are consequently not so distinct knowledge types; for instance, analytical, synthetic and that they could be considered typical of local buzz or symbolic as well as tacit and codifi ed knowledge. global pipelines. The same kind of interactions may According to Bathelt,25 buzz can be understood take place regardless of where an actor is located. In as information, knowledge and inspiration that circulate this discussion, Boschma’s distinction of fi ve kinds of among the actors of a cluster. The buzz may consist proximity (cognitive, organisational, social, institutional of specifi c information fl ows, knowledge transfers and and geographical) may be used to understand the roles continuous updates that take place in both organised of different kinds of proximities. Physical proximity and spontaneous meetings. Bathelt argues that buzz is may facilitate learning or knowledge exchange but based on the co-location within a region of many fi rms is not a necessity. Instead, the role of other kinds of in one value chain that share face-to-face interactions proximities may be more important for knowledge on a regular basis. Thus, buzz can be defi ned as the interactions. These can be that the interacting people non-deliberate acquisition of knowledge through have a disciplinary proximity due to their professional interaction, in contrast to more deliberate actions such training, or social proximity due to trust.31 as monitoring of competitors, sharing of knowledge

26 Owen-Smith & Powell (2004). 27 Bathelt (2007). 28 Trippl et al (2009). 24 These key debates have been further elaborated in 29 Asheim et al (2007). James et al (2010a) and (2010b). 30 Moodysson (2008). 25 Bathelt (2007). 31 Boschma (2005).

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 21 2.2.2 Path dependency and knowledge 2.2.3 Regional innovation systems, dynamics clusters and triple helix The concept of path dependency is often associated Regional innovation systems and clusters are concepts with the statements ‘history matters’32 or ‘the past concerning territorial innovation that have gained infl uences the future’. However, the concept can be particular attention from both academia and policy- broadened further; for example, to include the concept makers. The concepts are closely related, but as Asheim of lock-in. Regional development paths arise not only et al. stress, there are also distinct differences between the from historical legacy in a deterministic manner but also concepts.37 Clusters can be defi ned as ‘a concentration as an interrelation, or co-evolution, with local structures of “interdependent” fi rms within the same or adjacent and human action.33 Thus, both time and space form a industrial sectors in a small geographical area’, whereas development path, but history infl uences the possible regional innovation systems can be described as options and probable outcomes of policies and ‘interacting knowledge generation and exploitation strategies for developing new growth paths.34 Variations subsystems linked to global, national and other regional in endogenous factors form the basis of development. subsystems’. Clusters and regional innovation systems Interaction with actors inside and outside a region is can coexist in the same territory. However, from a necessary for cumulative knowledge dynamics and policy perspective, the sector-specifi c nature of clusters learning to take place. Path dependency is strengthened and the more generic sector orientation of regional by these self-reinforcing elements and structures that innovation systems are signifi cant. ‘lock-in’ certain pathways of development. In addition, The regional innovation system can be described exogenous factors such as changes in the global economy as the institutional infrastructure supporting innovation continuously alter the development of regions. in regional production. Thus, a regional innovation A successful regional development process is system involves two subsectors of actors actively engaged characterised by learning processes that moderate the in interactive learning:38 (1) the regional production development path. The processes of emergence or structure or knowledge exploitation subsystem regeneration of a path can be initiated at the micro level consisting mainly of fi rms, often displaying clustering in the following ways. The push factor may be novelty; tendencies, and (2) the regional supportive infrastructure for instance, in the form of new sectors or clusters, or knowledge generation subsystem, consisting of such self-renewal, or diversifi cation development and new institutions as public and private research laboratories, development areas.35 universities and colleges, technology transfer agencies, A process of negative path dependency, or lock- and vocational training organisations. Moreover, the in, makes it diffi cult to introduce changes, perhaps institutional context— i.e., norms, trust and routines— because options to change have become limited. These is signifi cant for interactive learning, which informs lock-ins can be divided into functional, cognitive, and innovation systems. An innovation system involves political forms. The functional lock-in refers to dominant a systems perspective, which is the recombination of working methods that do not permit new ways of the economic dynamics of the market, the dynamics doing things or allow upgrading and enhancement of knowledge-based innovation, and governance. The of existing industries. The networks are closed, and systems perspective that is used to inform innovation established coalitions block the widening of the existing systems can be applied at different levels of governance, knowledge and innovation base. Cognitive lock-in refers and can thereby be evident at national and regional to an infl exible use of discourse and view of regional levels, and in dynamic models such as the triple helix of development actors who concentrate on sustaining university–industry–government relations.39 the existing system. Political lock-in refers to political According to the triple helix approach, strong administrative coalitions that wish to remain in their relationships among universities, fi rms and government positions and are unable to introduce changes in their agencies are crucial in encouraging innovation within working environment. Negative lock-in is a potential regions. In earlier phases of the triple helix thinking, consequence of path dependency; however, it is not there was a strong focus on natural sciences and unavoidable.36 technology transfer. Science parks and incubators are examples of the infrastructure that is often part of public policies supporting triple helix knowledge transfers.40

32 David (1985). 33 Bassani & Dosi (2001). 37 Asheim & Coenen (2005). 34 Boschma (2004). 38 Asheim & Coenen (2005). p. 1177. 35 Martin & Sunley (2006). 39 Cooke & Leydesdorff (2006). 36 Martin & Sunley (2006). 40 Etzkowitz (2002).

22 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 Other examples include funding to link universities technology. More recently, it has, in some cases, become and ﬁ rms in knowledge sharing and development.41 shorthand for almost any strategy that focuses on Technical and natural sciences still dominate triple knowledge interaction for development, innovation and helix thinking. However, in line with a move within growth where all three spheres of industry, universities innovation policies from a focus on technological and government are active. An example of this is the innovations to a broader innovation concept including Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems services innovation, triple helix thinking too has become (VINNOVA).42 more widely used than its previous narrow focus on

2.3 Concluding comments

To summarise, in this chapter, we have presented an introduction to the regional context of Skåne as and discussed some of the key concepts used as a well as brief summaries of the territorial and fi rm-level starting point for the empirical case study. We have knowledge dynamics studied. In Chapters 4, 5 and 6, we also introduced the key issues to which we refer return to the key concepts and issues in the analysis of in placing the empirical case studies in a broader the empirical fi ndings of the studies of territorial and theoretical framework. The following chapter includes fi rm-level knowledge dynamics.

41 Benner & Sandström (2002). 42 James et al (2010b)

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 23 24 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 3. Knowledge dynamics in moving media in Skåne

In this chapter, the empirical case studies conducted in this study. Following this contextual background, the Skåne are described. The analysis of the case studies empirical case studies are introduced. These consist of follows in Chapters 4, 5 and 6. The chapter provides an two sets of territorial knowledge dynamics with linked overview of the different focus areas of the EURODITE micro cases of fi rm-level knowledge dynamics. The project, which involve: region, sector, territorial and fi rst case study involves territorial knowledge dynamics fi rm-level knowledge dynamics (see Figure 1.1). First, in game development with a micro case study of the the region of Skåne is briefl y introduced to provide a development of the serious game Agent O. The second context for the case study. Secondly, the characteristics case study deals with fi lm tourism with a micro-level of the new media sector are provided, focusing on case study of a marketing collaboration among three its moving media subsector, which is at the centre of tourist attractions in the region: The Film Track.

3.1 The Skåne region

The Skåne region is based in the southernmost part of when the road and rail bridge to Denmark was opened. Sweden. Its area is approximately 11,000 km2. Skåne Skåne is far from the Swedish capital city Stockholm is surrounded by sea on three sides, and to the west (approximately 600 km), but the distance to the Danish of the region, across the narrow strait of Öresund, is capital Copenhagen over the Öresund Sound is only a the capital region of Denmark (see Figure 3.1). The few kilometres. However, because of an earlier transport number of inhabitants in Skåne is over 1.2 million, bottleneck, the connections in both passenger and goods which accounts for approximately 13% of the Swedish transport between these cities were limited. Together, population. The population is growing faster than the the Skåne and Copenhagen metropolitan regions form average in Sweden, mainly because of immigration.43 the cross-border region of Öresund. The region has 3.6 There are 33 municipalities in Skåne, and 90% of million inhabitants.45 the population live in urban communities. The largest After a strong agricultural and industrial history, cities are located in the western part of the region: Skåne is at present characterised by a private and Malmö with over 294,000 inhabitants, Helsingborg with public service sector economy. Large and medium- 128,000 and Lund with 110,000.44 sized companies provide the major source of private The early economic structure of Skåne was employment, often in transnational ﬁ rms. Small ﬁ rms based on natural resources such as agricultural products in particular operate in farming, business-to-business and limestone, and from the 19th century also on the services and trade. The public sector is a large employer, textile industry and engineering, especially in the coastal not least within the higher education and health sectors. cities of Malmö, Landskrona and Helsingborg. Lund Research and development and education account for has one of the oldest universities in Sweden and is a 12% of the region’s employment. In line with the general traditional academic centre. The industrial production pattern in Western economies, there has been a decline and engineering underwent a thorough economic in employment in primary and secondary industries restructuring from the 1960s to the 1990s. The service and a growth in the service sector. The number of sector started to grow during the 1970s. New sectors, business start-ups per 1,000 inhabitants is higher than such as IT and medical technology, started to develop the national average in Skåne but clearly lower than in gradually in the 1980s. In 2000, the economic and Stockholm County.46 social settings of Skåne were changed profoundly

43 SCB (2009). 45 Karppi & Takkala (2007). 44 SCB (2009). 46 Skåne-Blekinge län (2007).

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 25 Figure 3.1. Overview of the Skåne region

3.1.1 Regional development and cross- border collaboration The large intraregional differences within the The Skåne region has a regional council with a directly Skåne region are signifi cant. At the subregional level, elected body. It has been a Swedish pilot region the economies are quite different, as is the settlement where the competences at the county council level pattern and the infrastructural links with neighbouring (mainly health care and regional transport) have been economies. The manufacturing industry of south- extended to include regional development with a focus western Skåne has an employment profi le that is high on economic development. This competence was in both knowledge and research and development. transferred from the County Administrative Board. The When manufacturing industries are classifi ed into the competences of Region Skåne also include a mandate four categories of labour intensive, capital intensive, to represent Skåne internationally; for example, within knowledge intensive and R&D intensive, this part of cross-border collaboration. The main reason for the Skåne scores slightly higher than the national average pilot was to increase the effi ciency of administration on the two latter categories. In 2003, one-third of and development, and to develop a stronger democratic the employees in the manufacturing industry of this base among various actors in the region. The fact that subregion worked in knowledge-intensive production the region holds this responsibility under a directly (national average 31%) and 15% worked in R&D- elected body is important with regard to the regions’ intensive production (national average 14%). An opportunities to develop and implement regional important difference between these two categories is development strategies. In 2009, this system was made that the latter has a high share of employees with a PhD. permanent. The gross regional product/employment is particularly Cross-border co-operation has an important high in South-west Skåne, where the main cities of role in regional institutional settings, and political and Malmö and Lund are located. The annual growth is also practical co-operation is managed by several development high in this subregion.47 institutions. Region Skåne and its neighbouring region

47 Skåne-Blekinge län (2007) p. 17.

26 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 to the north-east, Blekinge, form a NUTS 2 unit. They fi rms and to support new and existing business owners, collaborate with regard to EU Structural Funds and have especially women; to strengthen the promotion of produced a joint programme. The current programme Skåne as a place to visit and invest; and to strengthen (2007–2013) concentrates on innovation and renewal, technological transfer and development of competences accessibility, and city regions.48 Both the national and the in mature businesses. Within the growth area of regional authorities are active in the Öresund Network, research and development, the regional development and they have established a service for integration, programme aimed to build support for larger ventures Öresunddirect. Öresund Science Region was established in research and development in Skåne and the region for academic and private business research. There is a of Öresund; to develop innovation systems with the co-operation network for the following fi elds: the life purpose of transferring research results into products science cluster (Medicon Valley Academy), the Öresund and businesses; to establish meeting places in the region IT Academy, the Food Network, the Environment to support the university’s and university colleges’ co- Academy, Öresund Logistics, Öresund Design and operation with the local community; and to promote the regional university structure (Öresundsuniversitet). commercialisation of research results; for example, After an INTERREG project, an organisation for fi lm through supporting patenting as well as advancing development—the Öresund Film Commission—was knowledge about patent and marketing strategies. also established. The main challenge is that the region is Furthermore, the programme emphasised the part of the EU but not the EMU, and there is no single importance of co-operating across sectors to increase currency in the area. There is also a need to harmonise learning.49 different laws and social regulations such as taxation Another important policy programme is the and social insurance. The area is, however, a platform Regional Structural Funds Programme 2007–2013. The for local and regional innovations because of the focus areas include innovative environments, which institutional richness with a co-operative atmosphere. particularly aim at developing clusters by supporting Skåne’s regional development programme in cluster processes and actors. The moving media industry 2004–2008 was focused on two growth areas: the is mentioned as an upcoming cluster in the programme business community and research and development. and has since been developed further as discussed In terms of the strategy for the business community, in section 3.3.50 The Structural Funds Programme the region aimed to support the development and is developed within the framework of the national promotion of clusters; to build networks with other strategy for regional competitiveness, entrepreneurship regions nationally and internationally; to design a risk and employment 2007–2013. capital fund for Skåne; to streamline the consultancy

49 Region Skåne (2004). 48 Tillväxtverket (2010). 50 Skåne-Blekinge län (2007).

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 27 3.2 The new media ‘sector’

New media is a growing sector in the knowledge- 41%.54 Despite its small size, the subsector is interesting based economy, and it has increasingly become a focus because moving media companies and individuals of regional economic development strategies. The interact with companies and institutions belonging to advent of new media was triggered by the advance of other sectors; e.g., ICT and tourism (as displayed in the communication and information technologies that have fi rm-level knowledge dynamics). This cross-sectoral changed the way media content is offered, assessed, interaction where moving media fi rms are involved owned and controlled. New media, like traditional media, contributes to innovation and value added in several is concerned with the transmission of information and sectors. Furthermore, moving media is a growth sector knowledge but through new channels, new forms and in Skåne. The growth builds on existing actors—e.g., new contexts. It therefore represents a convergence of the regional fi lm production centre Film i Skåne (Film telecommunications, computing and traditional media. in Skåne) in Ystad—and a growing and thriving sector Some authors suggest that it is problematic to classify of companies in mobile user interface and computer new media as a distinct industrial sector, especially games.55 Moreover, Skåne holds the third largest pool because of its overlap with traditional media, and that of fi lm workers in Sweden. A study of fi lm production therefore it should rather be referred to as a common in Sweden from a fi lm worker perspective indicated technological platform comprising different sectors. that there were around 295 fi lm workers in the region Examples of subsectors are wireless services, computer in 2006. This is about 11% of all fi lm workers in the games and animation and interactive television and country.56 radio. New media is different from traditional media This report provides a study of fi lm tourism in in three main ways: (1) the diversifi cation of media Skåne, which begins with the moving media sector; more forms, contents and channels, (2) the personalisation specifi cally, fi lm production. The basis of fi lm tourism of media content, and (3) a shift from consumption to in Skåne is fi lm production activities; hence, moving production.51 media is the primary sector, but some background information on the tourism sector is also needed for the case study. The defi nition of the tourism sector is widely 3.2.1 Moving media in Skåne discussed. It is a complex set of activities including The diffi culties with identifying new media as a sector many components. Tourists are people travelling away also become clear when attempts are made to defi ne from home, either staying at least one night or crossing new media in terms of statistical classifi cations. In this an international border. However, both tourists and report, we use a classifi cation made for the purpose of local residents are users of tourism and leisure services the development of a strategic programme for moving such as transport, catering, attractions and scenic sites. media in Skåne and Blekinge.52 In the strategic work with Furthermore, in recent years, tourism has often been moving media in these regions, it is defi ned as ‘content included in the concept of the experience economy. production within fi lm, TV, computer games and mobile This concept may be linked to the objective of the platforms’. In this report, we will focus on ‘moving purchase of a service; i.e., the experience, which is media’ rather than ‘new media’ because the former is undoubtedly important for many of these activities. the terminology used for the strategic work in Skåne. However, the same tourism services may be bought for By defi ning moving media as a ‘subsector’, an different reasons by business tourists who may have attempt has been made to capture a specifi c group of travelled because of commitments other than their wish fi rms and individuals focusing on ‘symbolic’ knowledge.53 to encounter individual experiences. Halkier defi nes the On the basis of employment fi gures, it is a very limited tourism sector in an inclusive way as ‘those private or subsector. In 2005, it employed approximately 5,100 public providers of services or infrastructure involved individuals in Skåne, or 1% of employment. The in facilitating [all] these activities’.57 majority of people working in moving media in 2005 This report focuses on the production and were men. This gender division was, however, within provision of the services. Private tourists, business the bracket that is normally considered acceptable in tourists and local residents using facilities for leisure and/ terms of gender segregation. Men made up 59% of or educational reasons all utilise fi lm tourism products in employment in moving media in Skåne, and women Skåne. The fi lm tourism territorial knowledge dynamics

51 Staines & Collinge (forthcoming). 54 Palo et al (2008). 52 Palo et al (2008). 55 Dahlström & Hermelin (2008). 53 Different knowledge types, such as ’symbolic’ knowledge, is further 56 Dahlström & Hermelin (2007). discussed in chapter 2.1. 1. 57 Halkier (forthcoming).

28 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 are also based on the new media sector; in this case, ‘fi lm tourists’, and this is the meaning of the word in activities related to fi lm production and activities in this report. However, the narrow meaning of the word Skåne. Films shot in Skåne have infl uenced tourists to focuses on those who wish to ‘relive’ the fi lms or visit visit the region both for the sake of exploring the actual attractions associated with the fi lms,58 and these types fi lm stories and because the images of the region in the of focus are more important with regard to the fi rm- fi lms have contributed to the decision to visit the region level knowledge dynamics. as a tourist. Both these types of tourists can be called

3.3 Knowledge dynamics in game development in Skåne

This section explores territorial knowledge dynamics 3.3.1 Territorial knowledge dynamics in in the knowledge interaction among actors in the ﬁ eld game development of game development in Skåne inside and outside Over the past decade, the region of Skåne, centred on the the region. As discussed in Chapter 1, the purpose of Malmö–Lund conurbation, has experienced extensive studying knowledge dynamics is to identify important growth in the moving media industry. The development actors and processes of knowledge interactions among that has taken place in moving media represents both these actors. The aim is not to map all knowledge continuity and change. Moving media are closely related interactions within game development in Skåne. As to the ICT and media industries, and in Skåne, there is knowledge dynamics are ongoing processes, it is a relatively long tradition in both these sectors. Thus, important to point out that the actors mentioned in Malmö has a tradition for ‘old’ media with the presence this section represent key actors in game development, of newspapers and various types of publishers, while particularly during the study period of May 2007 to Lund is a historical university town and has a strong May 2008. Since that period, only a few updates have ICT sector with Sony Ericsson and Ericsson Mobile been made as indicated at the end of section 3.3.1. Platforms as major players based there. The Faculty of Figure 3.2 therefore represents a snapshot of some key Engineering at Lund University and Ideon Science Park actors in the game development territorial knowledge are also important players in ICT. The various actors dynamics in our study. There are clearly other actors in introduced in this section are illustrated in Figure 3.2. the knowledge dynamics.59 Figure 3.2 Examples of key actors in game development in Skåne

5958 SeeDahlström further (2008).discussion on how the study was carried out in chapter 58 Dahlström (2008). 591.3. See further discussion on how the study was carried out in chapter 1.3.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 29 The establishment of Malmö University in 1998 from the same building in Västra Hamnen where Minc has been infl uential on the subsequent growth of the and MMM are also based. The programme provides moving media industry in Skåne. The university was fi nancial support for Nordic game developers and established with a particular interdisciplinary profi le promotes internationalisation of Nordic fi rms; for that to a large extent removes the traditional borders example, through providing funding for participation between academic disciplines, in relation to both in international events such as the Game Developer education and research. The development of moving conference in San Francisco and Game Connection in media has especially been infl uenced by the Department Lyon. Moreover, the national public service broadcaster of Art, Culture and Communication (known as K3: SVT is also based in Västra Hamnen. Konst, Kultur och Kommunikation). In addition to Malmö At the time the empirical research was carried University, other knowledge institutions in Skåne out, the largest game development company in and the neighbouring region of Blekinge have been Malmö, and one of the largest in Sweden, was Massive infl uential in forming a strong education and research Entertainment, which was established in 1997. The environment for moving media actors. Thus, the company produces interactive entertainment software. Faculty of Engineering at Lund University is strong in Massive Entertainment has been acquired twice by the area of ICT, and the Department of Interaction and multinational corporations, and in 2008, it was owned by System Design at the Blekinge Institute of Technology Ubisoft. Another game development fi rm in Malmö is is signifi cant because of its bachelor’s degree in digital Upside Studios, established in 2001. It engaged in larger games. Further education institutions relevant to game projects; for example, for the Swedish public television development are the Game Academy in Malmö,60 which company SVT, focusing on the development of serious is run by the private education fi rm Hermods, and the games for children. Upside was closed in the summer of Hyper Island institution in Karlskrona in the Blekinge 2009, after this study was concluded. The Astonishing region. Both institutions run advanced vocational Tribe (TAT) was founded in 2002 by six men, four of education and training programmes. whom had studied together at Lund University. This In 2003, the incubator Minc was established next fi rm offers software technology and design services. door to Malmö University, in the area Västra Hamnen, As part of the 2007–2013 EU Structural Funds with new media as one of its focus areas. Minc focuses programme for Skåne and Blekinge, a cluster initiative on providing support for the commercialisation of was initiated in 2008 to support networking and innovative business ideas, some of which are conceived collaborative projects in the moving media industry in at Malmö University. The incubator is owned by the Skåne and Blekinge. This initiative was called Moving City of Malmö. In 2004, with the recognition of the Media Southern Sweden (MMSS). increasing activity in new media in Skåne, the national Figure (3.2) illustrates the actors in moving platform organisation, Media Mötesplats Malmö media and more specifi cally in the game development (MMM) (meeting place for media actors) was established in industry in Skåne, and examples of their extra-regional the same building as Minc. It was funded by the national knowledge interaction in 2007–2008. In conjunction agency, the Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen), Region with this, one should note that the knowledge interaction Skåne and the City of Malmö. MMM activities and with Nanyang Technological University is provided as an services involved, among others, competence, business example. In practice, the knowledge institutions, fi rms development and exchange of knowledge and ideas and public authorities have many additional knowledge among new media actors nationally and internationally. interactions with various international partners. The MMM has participated in various collaborative projects fi rms in the fi gure are examples. More fi rms involved with new media actors in other parts of Sweden as well as with game development exist in Skåne. internationally. An example of one of MMM’s projects is Since the case studies were concluded in 2008, the its co-operation with Nanyang Technological University activities in the moving media industry have continued and other actors in Singapore. In the autumn of 2008, a to develop. As of 1 January 2010, MMSS and MMM workshop was organised in Singapore based on projects merged into one initiative called Media Evolution,61 conducted at Malmö University and Blekinge Institute through which activities such as conferences and of Technology. The aim of the project was to create a networking events, and facilitation of competence and platform for facilitating collaboration in research and business development for new media fi rms continues. business for interactive digital media. Media Evolution will also continue the development of The Nordic Game Programme is an initiative ‘Moving Media City’, which is the planned centre for the funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers during moving media cluster in Västra Hamnen. During 2010, the period 2006–2013. The programme is managed the facilities of ‘Moving Media City’ will be constructed and, according to the time plan, will be ready by the end 60 In August 2009, Game Academy changed names to Game Assembly. 61 http://www.mediaevolution.se/om-media-evolution/bakgrund/

30 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 of the year to provide space for 200–300 workstations University—K3 and the School of Education—and it for actors in the new media industry.62 emphasises the importance of knowledge interaction with extra-regional actors, which in this case particularly involves the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3.3.2 Firm-level knowledge dynamics: (MIT). The ‘story’ of the knowledge dynamics resulting development of the ‘Agent O’ game in Agent O is told below. Figure 3.3 gives an overview This section explores a case of fi rm-level knowledge of key interactions between different actors during this dynamics63 in game development in Skåne. The process. The fi gure schematically provides the positions development of the computer game ‘Agent O’ has been of these actors and interactions in time and space. The selected as a case study in fi rm-level knowledge dynamics story begins when PhD student Patrik Bergman fi rst because of the involvement of different actors within had the idea to develop the game in 2004, and it ends the region and internationally. Thus, the development when the fi rm Awnic was formed and the development of the game illustrates an example of knowledge of Agent O 2.0 was almost fi nished in the autumn of interaction between two departments at Malmö 2007.

Figure 3.3 Knowledge biography of Agent O

The serious game Agent O was developed during gelatine, which makes both people and dogs sick. the period 2004–2007. It is a so-called ‘Augmented Reality Thepupils who play the game have to co-operate to Outdoor GPS’-based game intended for educational fi nd the cause of the illness. There are three stages in purposes in courses on sustainable development, Agent O. First, the game is introduced in the classroom, chemistry and technology. ‘Agent O’ explores the where the mystery is introduced to the pupils through consequences of Agent Orange (a defoliant chemical) a fi lm that provides the necessary information to begin. used by the USA during the Vietnam War. In the Afterwards, the game is played outdoors, and fi nally game, the same chemical is used in the production of there is a concluding session in the classroom.64

62 http://www.mmmalmo.se/projekt.aspx 63 See further discussion on what a ﬁ rm level knowledge dynamics is in chapter 1.1.3. 64 http://www.awnic.se/

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 31 The idea and start-up phase and came into contact with four students at the School The development of Agent O was initiated by Patrik of Education who had previously developed a script Bergman, a PhD student at the School of Education for a serious game. Through this connection, the K3 at Malmö University. Bergman was involved in various students gained knowledge from the students who serious game development projects, in co-operation were experienced in developing pedagogical aspects with his PhD supervisor Gunilla Svingby. In parallel of serious games. As part of the bachelor dissertation with his involvement in projects, Bergman was searching of the K3 students, the game was tested by two school for new knowledge to identify strong researchers in the classes. In this connection, Sverker Aasa at the School of fi eld of developing serious games for mobile platforms Education became involved. His role was to ensure that and hand-held PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants). At Agent O was harmonised with the curricula and to ensure this time, MIT was one of the strongest actors in the the usefulness of the game for educational purposes. fi eld. In January 2004, Bergman travelled to MIT and After graduation in June 2006, Daniel Karlsson, Festim came into contact with Professor Eric Klopfer, who Zhuta and Christopher Fergusson were employed works with hand-held augmented reality simulations. as freelancers by Gunilla Svingby to develop Agent Klopfer introduced the serious game ‘Environmental O further on behalf of Malmö University. The three Detectives’, which was played on a PDA, to Bergman. graduates were interested in starting their own business They discussed how this game could be developed and therefore contacted the information centre further and how serious games could be used in Sweden. concerning business start-ups at the University. This The contact between Bergman and Klopfer led to the process, which one year later led to the establishment initiation of collaboration between MIT and the Malmö of their own fi rm, was supported by Svingby. University School of Education. Today Klopfer is part The three colleagues fi nalised the updating of the of the academic network of Malmö University, and he game during the autumn of 2006; however, the game sometimes lectures at the university. was considered to be too linear. By the end of 2006, During the period 2004–2005, MIT created the game was suspended because of a lack of research the source code for the game, to be developed by funding. In July 2007, Sverker Aasa and Elisabeth M. Malmö University. In September 2005, Gunilla Svingby Nilsson participated in a workshop at the University employed a new PhD student, Elisabet M. Nilsson, who of Wisconsin, where they presented Agent O. This took over a game development project from Bergman provided a useful opportunity to present the game that would later become Agent O. At that time, Svingby and to receive comments, to test other games and to was contacted by department K3 and asked whether network with other serious game developers. she had a project that students at K3 could develop in In the autumn of 2007, the linear approach of connection with their bachelor dissertation. Encouraged the game was abandoned, as Daniel Karlsson, Festim by Svingby, Nilsson provided the three students Daniel Zhuta and Christopher Fergusson formed the fi rm Karlsson, Festim Zhuta and Christopher Fergusson Awnic and became the owners of the game. The game at K3 with the ‘Environmental Detectives’ game. The was retested and made more interactive. This version of objective of the involvement of the students at K3 was the game is called Agent O 2.0. In 2008, as this study to make it more user friendly. was carried out, the game had almost been fi nalised. Future plans of Awnic are to develop new Product development and establishment of Awnic applications for mobile platforms, using Agent O to In 2006, the students at K3 continued to develop the showcase how such platforms are used. One aim is to game. They received the fi nal source code from MIT develop applications that are more applicable to private fi rms and easier to commercialise.65

65 http://www.awnic.se/

32 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 3.4 Knowledge dynamics in ﬁ lm tourism in Skåne

This section explores territorial knowledge dynamics the fi lm tourism territorial knowledge dynamics in our among actors in the fi eld of fi lm tourism in Skåne, study. There are clearly other actors in such knowledge inside and outside the region. As discussed in Chapter dynamics.66 1, the intention of studying knowledge dynamics is to identify important actors and processes of knowledge interactions among them rather than to map all 3.4.1 Territorial knowledge dynamics in knowledge interactions within fi lm tourism in Skåne. fi lm tourism Because knowledge dynamics are ongoing processes, it Film tourism is a growth area in Skåne, and it has is important to point out that the actors mentioned in developed particularly as a response to the popularity this section represent examples of key actors in fi lm of the books and fi lms by Henning Mankell about tourism, particularly during the period when the study Inspector Wallander of Ystad’s police department, which was carried out from May 2007 to September 2008. are centred on the town of Ystad in Skåne. A number After that period, only a few updates have been made as of actors and activities are involved in the development indicated at the end of section 3.4.1. Figure 3.4 therefore of fi lm tourism. The various actors introduced in this represents a snapshot illustration of some key actors in section are illustrated in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4 Examples of key actors in ﬁ lm tourism in Skåne

66 See further discussion on how the study was carried out in chapter 1.3.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 33 One of the key actors in terms of attracting in the German market linked with the screening of the fi lm production to Skåne is the regional production Wallander fi lms on the TV channel ARD at Christmas centre Film i Skåne (Film in Skåne). It was formed as an 2006. Ystad’s tourism offi ce, Tourism in Skåne’s fore association in 1995. Since 2001, Film i Skåne has been a runner Position Skåne and Visit Sweden collaborated limited company owned by an association. It is active in with the German book-shop chain Thalia in the Berlin the production of feature fi lms, TV drama series, short and Hamburg areas. The collaboration also included fi lms and documentaries in addition to media pedagogic the German SEB bank. Based on market research, a fi lm-related activities particularly focusing on children leafl et was produced and circulated with key newspaper and young people. The Regional Film Fund, which is supplements, as well as in book-shops and banks. managed by Film i Skåne, provides conditional funding, There was also a competition linked with the campaign. which means that fi lm teams that receive funding are Press campaigns were linked with the activities, and required to shoot fi lms in the region and to employ the Wallander tourism team was present at the major staff in the region. The fi lm production activities are ITB tourism fair in Berlin in 2007. Follow-up research fi nancially supported by public funding from national, has shown a substantial increase in German tourists in regional and local levels. Some of the funds for the Skåne, particularly in Ystad. Regional Film Fund come from the national-level The local savings bank Sparbanken Syd plays an cultural policy, which distributes funds to Film i Skåne. important role. It is active in the economic development The Region distributes funds to the fi lm fund from both of Ystad and the surrounding area, and provided funding its cultural and economic development budgets. The for the very fi rst Wallander project in 2003. The bank public funding from the local level mainly stems from has continued to support fi lm production through the the Municipality of Ystad. At the regional and local Ystad-Österlen Film Fund, to which it makes an annual levels, the fi nancial support is particularly motivated contribution of SEK 1 million, the same amount as the from an economic development perspective to support Municipality of Ystad. the development of the fi lm sector in the region.67 The Öresund Film Commission has been The municipality of Ystad is a signifi cant actor established as a non-profi t organisation including Skåne with regard to fi lm production and fi lm tourism. A key and the greater Copenhagen region in Denmark to event in their work in relation to fi lm production was promote the Öresund region as an attractive location the decision to support the fi rst Wallander fi lm project, for shooting fi lms. It was initiated as an INTERREG which began in 2003.68 Since then, the municipality has project, and it is now run by public authorities on both worked in various ways to support fi lm production and sides of the sound. The Öresund Film Commission fi lm tourism; for example, through training programmes provides services free of charge for fi lm teams that and initiatives to facilitate fi lm shooting in the area.69 wish to shoot fi lms in the region. Moreover, the Municipality of Ystad has initiated the A number of different fi lm production Ystad-Österlen Film Fund to which individuals, fi rms companies are based in Skåne. The association Skånska and organisations can contribute funds. The municipality Filmproducentföreningen (Film Production Association in donates SEK 1 million annually to the fund. Skåne) represents 16 fi lm production companies based Tourism in Skåne is a marketing company in the region. These companies span the entire spectrum that promotes tourism in Skåne. The purpose of the of fi lm productions: short fi lms, documentaries, features company is to contribute to increasing growth in the and animated fi lms. Some are also involved in producing region through increasing the number of visitors and advertisements and music videos.70 developing the region as a tourist destination. Tourism Other production companies are not part of the in Skåne is a publicly owned company. Together with fi lm production association. One of these is Yellow Bird, Invest in Skåne and Event in Skåne, it is part of Business which is the largest fi lm production company in Skåne. Region Skåne, which in turn is owned by the region of Yellow Bird was founded in 2002 by the Danish producer Skåne (85%) and the municipalities of Skåne (15%). Ole Søndberg, the Swedish writer Henning Mankell There is also increased cross-border collaboration and Mankell’s agent Lars Björkman. The company was through the Öresund region involving Visit Denmark established in Ystad with the objective of focusing on and Wonderful Copenhagen on the Danish side. projects that were more comprehensive than one fi lm at The tourism offi ce of the Municipality of Ystad a time to collaborate and co-produce with international in co-operation with the publicly owned organisation broadcasters. Yellow Bird started by producing 13 fi lms Tourism in Skåne is actively working to attract fi lm based on Mankell’s books (and new scripts) about tourists to the region. A specifi c example is a campaign Inspector Wallander. This project was conducted as a 67 Dahlström & Hermelin (2008). co-production with fi lm production and TV companies 68 Dahlström et al (2005). 69 Dahlström (2008). 70 http://www.producentforeningen.se/

34 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 in several countries, including ZDF in Germany. Yellow A permanent exhibition about fi lms in Skåne was Bird has been involved in co-productions with the BBC opened in 2006. on three British Wallander fi lms. Figure 3.4 illustrates the actors involved in fi lm The fi lm production facility Ystad Studios has tourism in Skåne and examples of their extra-regional been established with public support. Adjacent to knowledge interaction in 2007–2008. In practice, the Ystad Studios, the fi lm experience centre Cineteket fi rms, organisations and public authorities may have was established in Ystad in 2006 as a project run by many additional knowledge interactions with various the municipality. It is now a public–private partnership international partners. The fi rms that are depicted in between the municipality and CUDOS Filmpartner the fi gure serve as examples. Further fi lm-related fi rms AB. CUDOS Filmpartner is a fi rm that deals with are based in Skåne. strategic projects associated with fi lms, tourism and Since the case studies were concluded in 2008, the environment. Cineteket’s exhibition is owned by the knowledge dynamics of fi lm tourism in Skåne the municipality of Ystad, but it was established and is have continued to develop. Ystad Municipality has, for run by CUDOS Filmpartner. The fi rm runs Cineteket example, employed a fi lm coordinator who works with as a business within the framework of what is called partners in the area to develop Ystad as a fi lm-friendly ‘social entrepreneurship’, and one of its goals is to place. An important framework for this work is the develop fi lm tourism in the region through product ‘Film as a growth engine’ project, which is partly funded development, events and service innovations. Cineteket by the EU.72 attracts visitors ranging from private tourists to schools and educational institutions and private fi rms and organisations, and it serves as a meeting place for actors 3.4.2 Firm-level knowledge dynamics: in the fi lm industry. The Film Track In the autumn of 2008, two master’s programmes This section explores a case of fi rm-level run by the University of Lund and the Malmö Academy knowledge dynamics73 in fi lm tourism in Skåne. ‘The of Music were initiated under the name of the Film Film Track’ involves marketing collaboration among University: one in fi lm production and the other in three fi lm tourism attractions in eastern Skåne. composition of fi lm music. The programmes are located Moreover, it provides an example of service innovation at the former army barracks area in Ystad where Film in the tourism sector, which is generally considered a i Skåne, Ystad Studios and Cineteket are located. The ‘low knowledge’ sector.74 A further important aspect programmes are funded by the Municipality of Ystad of this case study is that it exemplifi es the importance and Sparbanken Syd.71 of the knowledge about marketing for innovation. This Outside Ystad, there are other institutions within type of knowledge is often ignored in relation to studies fi lm tourism in Skåne. The Hasse & Tage museum in of aspects of the knowledge economy. Tomelilla is a museum of 15 m2 that displays the fi lm- The ‘story’ of the knowledge dynamics of The making and production of shows, books and radio Film Track is told below. Figure 3.5 provides an overview programmes of the two multifaceted Swedish artists of key interactions among various actors during this Hasse Alfredsson and Tage Danielsson in an interactive process. The fi gure displays the positions of these actors manner. The small museum, which only accommodates and interactions in time and space. The story begins in eight people at a time, was opened in 2006. The Region early 2006, when Ronny Jönsson at the Region Museum Museum in Kristianstad was founded in 1957 and in Kristianstad, the Tourism Department of Tomelilla works as a regional knowledge and resource centre. Municipality and Anna Maris that was engaged by Ystad The museum consists of a variety of exhibitions, Municipality to develop what became Cineteket, began such as the Film Museum, which is a studio in which to discuss collaboration in marketing. The story fi nishes the very fi rst Swedish feature fi lms were produced. when this study was concluded in late summer 2008.

72 http://ystad.se/ 73 See further discussion on what a ﬁ rm level knowledge dynamics is in chapter 1.1.3. 71 http://ystad.se/ 74 Halkier (forthcoming).

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 35 Figure 3.5 Knowledge biography of The Film Track

Establishing contact and producing a leafl et The circumstances at the outset of the collaboration Filmpartner in a public–private partnership. were characterised by different situations for the three In 2006, Ronny Jönsson was involved with the attractions involved: the Region Museum, the Hasse development of the exhibition ‘Skåne and Film’ at the & Tage Museum and Cineteket. The Region Museum Region Museum. Jönsson is well informed about fi lm is an established museum and cultural institution in production in Skåne and has an extensive network in Kristianstad. Because of its separate Film Museum, this regard. He was therefore engaged by Tomelilla it already had a special interest in fi lm, and the idea Municipality in relation to the development of the of developing a permanent exhibition about fi lms Hasse & Tage Museum. In collaboration with Hasse in Skåne was linked to that. The Region Museum is a Alfredsson, he helped to select the fi lm episodes to be foundation owned by the Municipality of Kristianstad. used in the exhibition. Because of his knowledge of Independently, in Tomelilla, there were ideas of fi lms in Skåne, Jönsson was also contacted by Anna developing an attraction linked with Hasse & Tage. Maris, employed as project leader by the Municipality The initiative came from Hasse Alfredsson himself of Ystad, who was working on the development of and the local authority, which together wanted to do Cineteket. The three parties discussed the advantages something to exhibit the duo and their activities. The of a potential marketing collaboration. The three museum is owned by the Municipality of Tomelilla. In attractions all opened during the spring and summer the case of Cineteket, the Municipality of Ystad was of 2006. In December 2006, Johanna Lindvall from interested in developing a fi lm attraction because of the the Municipality of Tomelilla became project leader demand from tourists who arrived and wanted exhibits of the Hasse & Tage museum. She joined the ongoing and experiences related to the Wallander fi lms. This had discussions between the three attractions. Finally, in the previously started with tourists arriving after having beginning of 2007, The Film Track leafl et, promoting read the books, wishing to follow in the footsteps of the three attractions, was produced, funded by Region Wallander, and seeing the places where he lived and Skåne. The leafl et was mainly targeted at schools and dined. Cineteket was initiated as a project run by the was intended to draw people to the attractions outside Municipality of Ystad, but it is now run by CUDOS the tourist season.

36 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 Product development and development of a ‘Film Track brand’ police. Ideas about how to develop the police station During 2007, the new tourist attractions sought to props and activities around this were generated by a develop their products further. For the Hasse & Tage visit by staff from Cineteket to a crime stories fair in Museum, it was important to develop further activities Horsens, Denmark in April 2008. Various guided tours for visitors because of the small size of the museum are organised for different target groups. An example and the limited number of visitors it can host at a time. of a marketing collaboration is between Cineteket and Therefore, the museum developed a map that indicated the local Hotel Continental, which for conferences locations signifi cant to Hasse & Tage fi lms and other offers a limousine service to take visitors from the activities in Tomelilla, which tourists could explore in hotel to Cineteket for a guided tour. Similarly, Cineteket addition to the museum. During this period, the museum organises ‘fi lm safaris’ in limousines where selected also initiated a collaboration with the Stockholm-based fi lms are shown in combination with a picnic at famous PAN Vision, which is the distributor of the DVD fi lm locations in the region. Several further activities box collection of the Hasse & Tage shows. The fi rst have been developed in relation to Cineteket. boxes distributed included a leafl et about the museum, Because of the uncertainty surrounding the and a 2-for-1 ticket. Another marketing collaboration status of Cineteket, further development after The was started by the regional public transport company Film Track leafl et was postponed until the summer of Skånetrafi ken, for both 2006 and 2007, which involved 2008. Discussions among the parties continued. They a reduced entrance fee to the museum for people were interested in placing signs at the fi lm locations travelling with the company. Another marketing in the region to support the maps produced by the opportunity in 2007 was the acceptance of the museum attractions. In conjunction with this, discussions to in Svenskt Kulturarv (Swedish Cultural Heritage), which introduce different types of ‘self-guided’ tours with the is a membership organisation for Swedish museums help of maps and MP3s were initiated. Such activities and other historical and cultural visitor attractions. The were planned by The ‘Film Track’ team as this study museum is now visible on the organisation’s website was concluded in 2008. In this way, The Film Track will and in its magazines, which are distributed throughout expand its activities to include a wider target group with the country. a wide variety of tourists. Throughout 2007 and until May 2008, when Since the case study work fi nished in the the fi rm CUDOS Filmpartner, owned by Anna Maris, autumn of 2008, the marketing collaboration and was awarded a fi ve-year contract to run Cineteket, the product development of The Film Track and the three development of the attraction was limited because of attractions has continued. An example of this is the new its project-based nature and the fact that it was run by ‘Ateljé 1’ exhibition, which opened on October 2009 the municipality. Cineteket was further developed in in the Film Museum part of the Region Museum in 2008–2009. A fi lm gallery was established in the building Kristianstad. This exhibition focuses on the early phases next to Cineteket, hosting temporary exhibitions and a of Swedish fi lm history 1905–1929. The Hasse & Tage small cinema. Cineteket exhibits the sets in which the Museum has begun guided bus tours of fi lm locations Wallander fi lms were shot using the props from the in the region, and Hasse Alfredsson himself provides fi lms donated by the fi lm production company Yellow recorded commentary on the bus. At the Cineteket, the Bird. Additionally, guided tours of the ‘police station’ interactive fi lm exhibition has been totally remade, and are provided by an actual police offi cer from Ystad a fi lm gallery has opened.

3.5 Concluding comments

Before moving on to analyse the territorial and fi rm- of publishers, newspapers, fi lm production and also level case studies about game development and fi lm board games. In addition, the tourism sector is a well- tourism in Skåne in greater depth in the following two established and developed industry with a long history chapters, a few closing comments can be made. in Skåne. The developments of game development and Linking back to the contextual background of the fi lm tourism therefore represent both continuity and Skåne region and of the new media sector, it is worth change. They show the ability of different actors to noticing the ‘roots’ in the Skåne economy that exist for collaborate in new and innovative ways to create new both game development and fi lm tourism. The recent business opportunities. A path dependency has been dynamic interactions and developments have grown used and a lock-in avoided due to the actors’ capacity from an established ‘old media’ sector; for example, to change.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 37 It is also interesting that the two different they are the key actor in the fi rm-level knowledge territorial knowledge dynamics, although partly dynamics. The territorial knowledge dynamics of fi lm overlapping—for example, through actors active in both tourism include higher education institutions, but they these dynamics being involved in the same platform or play a more limited role in this case. With regard to the cluster organisations—have very different compositions. fi rm-level knowledge dynamics of The Film Track, the The higher education institutions are important for higher education institutions are not involved at all. both territorial knowledge dynamics but are particularly This may be explained by its knowledge focus being on strong with regard to that of game development, where marketing knowledge.

38 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 4. Anchoring knowledge in Skåne from a wider European perspective

This chapter provides an analysis of knowledge also crucial in terms of networking and fi nding partners anchoring in the two forms of knowledge dynamics for new projects. studied in Skåne. Throughout the analysis, examples Within the territorial knowledge dynamics from other European and Nordic case studies of game development, international interactions are conducted in the EURODITE and REKENE projects, important both in the context of the universities and for respectively, are included75 to provide a deeper insight the game development fi rms that act in a global arena. into the diversity of factors that infl uence anchoring of Meeting places for moving media actors and fairs are knowledge in regions. signifi cant here. The study also shows that the increasing Territorial knowledge dynamics concern number of entrepreneurial small, medium-sized and knowledge exchange, networks and interactions among large fi rms in Skåne are key agents in the territorial actors inside and outside the Skåne region. There are knowledge dynamics. Small and medium-sized fi rms are many key actors involved in such knowledge interactions; often fl exible, but they suffer from limited resources. for example, fi rms, higher education institutions, and Collaboration is a way of dealing with this. Many smaller local and regional authorities. The regional level is and larger fi rms within game development are involved important for several reasons. Many of the actors are in international knowledge interactions through their located within the region, where the close proximity business relationships and contracts. facilitates interactions. Furthermore, the regional level Within the territorial knowledge dynamics of is important because of the responsibilities of the fi lm tourism, two particular elements of international regional administration, not least in relation to regional interaction are essential. The fi rst is the international development and growth. However, it is also essential to character of fi lm production itself, where the many remember that territorial knowledge dynamics include international co-productions generate fi lm teams knowledge interactions over great distances outside composed of people from a variety of countries. The the region. Precisely the combinations of knowledge screening of these international co-productions, in turn, interactions inside and outside the region are at the attracts visitors from different countries. These visitors heart of territorial knowledge dynamics. Regions should bring a second important international interaction: their therefore not be seen as ‘closed containers’.76 demands contribute to product development among Case studies of both game development and fi lm tourism actors. Both a developed and growing tourism tourism are complex and characterised by interrelated sector and a fi lm sector are crucial for the further and overlaying networks. There is no doubt that the development of the territorial knowledge dynamics. international territorial relations are of great importance, The networking of fi rms within the tourism sector just as local interactions are imperative. The mix of improves the possibilities for knowledge transfers and large, international ICT companies with SMEs and intensifying of product development in fi lm tourism. incubator start-ups in the broad ICT, new media, moving We now further discuss knowledge anchoring images and cultural sectors are of great importance for within the territorial knowledge dynamics of game territorial knowledge dynamics. The mobilisation of development and fi lm tourism. In the following sections, this asset is also illustrated in MMSS77, which offers the processes by which knowledge from outside Skåne meeting places for people working in moving media. comes into the region and is recirculated among actors Such meeting places and platforms are important assets are discussed. Some refl ections on knowledge anchoring for the exchange of ideas and experiences among local processes in other case studies in the EURODITE and people and those who visit from elsewhere. They are REKENE projects are also presented.

75 See further information on these projects in chapter 1 and Appendix 2 and 3. 76 For further discussions of the concept of territorial knowledge dynamics, see chapter 1.1.3. 77 Now Media Evolution (see section 3.3.1).

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 39 4.1 Knowledge anchoring and territorial knowledge dynamics—inﬂ ow and recirculation of knowledge78 78

In this part of the chapter, the most important fi ndings and being recirculated within the region. Recirculation of the territorial knowledge dynamics and knowledge of knowledge means the processes by which knowledge anchoring are presented and discussed. The point of is used by fi rms and institutions within a region other departure for the analysis is how knowledge fl ows into than the fi rm or organisation that found or adopted the a region and how the knowledge is recirculated within knowledge from an external source. Recirculation may it. We call the processes of accessing extra-regional include using the accessed extra-regional knowledge to knowledge and the subsequent recirculation of this develop new knowledge, or recombining it with existing knowledge anchoring. Anchoring refers to knowledge knowledge, as well as general diffusion within a region.79 coming from outside a region, somehow ‘sinking in’ The processes are illustrated in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1. Anchoring of knowledge

Source: James et al. 2010a Figure 4.1 shows the infl ow of knowledge into a region the fact that extra-regional knowledge can be accessed and its subsequent recirculation within it. We make both from within the region and by travelling outside no assumptions about the length of time between the region; for example, to attend a conference or fair. knowledge entering the region and its being recirculated. The patterns on the arrow signify that knowledge can This may happen immediately or over a number of come in through a multitude of different actions or years.80 The arrow symbolising knowledge that comes processes, a point discussed in greater detail below. into the region points in two directions. This represents The dark blue central circle is a receptor node for the 78 The framwork of the chapter is based on the work performed extra-regional knowledge. This is typically a fi rm or a within EURODITE working package 7 resulting in the James et al higher education institution that initially receives the (2010a). knowledge. The light blue circles represent other fi rms 79 James et al (2010a). 80 If there is no recirculation, then there is no anchoring of or institutions located within a region (the bounded shaded area) among which the knowledge is recirculated. 80knowledge. If there is no recirculation, then there is no anchoring of knowledge. 79 James et al (2010a). 40 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 We suggest that there are three common ways in criterion of the anchoring process. Hence, recirculation which knowledge comes into a region. First, it may be involves many interactions among various actors in embodied in people who temporarily or permanently a region. This might be the relatively simple or static move there from elsewhere. Second, it may be acquired diffusion of the ‘new’ knowledge or may involve more when people leave the region—for example, to take interactive relations and learning processes in which part in a conference—and bring new knowledge with two or more parties collaborate to recombine the new them when they return. Third, it may come into a knowledge in some way. This is where the territorial region without any physical movement of people in knowledge dynamics become important. Where rich codifi ed form; for example, in a book, a patent or via knowledge interactions among various types of actors the Internet. are in place, there is a greater chance for recirculation We argue that recirculation of the knowledge of new knowledge. outside the receptor node in the region is a necessary

4.2 Channels for inﬂ ow and recirculation of knowledge

The complex relations within the two territorial knowledge, but these four were the ones identifi ed knowledge dynamics studied in Skåne include a in the empirical material. We would also like to stress multitude of mechanisms and processes by which extra- that knowledge anchoring is a multidimensional and regional knowledge is accessed and recirculated. The multiscalar process. By this, we mean that knowledge schematic overview of some key actors in the territorial infl ow and recirculation often do not take place through knowledge dynamics illustrated in Figures 3.2 and 3.4 in only one channel or one activity. In addition, actors from Chapter 3 cannot represent all these processes. Below several geographical levels are involved. Knowledge can is an attempt to discuss these processes, analytically enter through one channel and then be recirculated organised under four anchoring channels. through another, or it can enter or be circulated through In the work on analysing the territorial knowledge a combination of channels or activities. A channel dynamics in the EURODITE and REKENE projects, can also be used for both infl ow and recirculation of the following four channels of anchoring were knowledge. We recognise that there is some overlap identifi ed.81 among these channels, but we argue that they should be considered separately for analytical purposes because • Firm-level interactions each channel has some special features. • Work-place or job-related mobility We have tried to streamline the analysis in • Acquisition of codifi ed knowledge82 each channel below. However, there are overlaps and • Events links between infl ow and recirculation of knowledge mechanisms through different channels. We therefore There may be other channels or mechanisms provide pointers and cross-references among the types at work with regard to infl ow and recirculation of of channels to highlight such links.

4.3 Knowledge anchoring through ﬁ rm-level interactions

The channel fi rm-level interactions includes interactions or knowledge institution. In other cases, individuals among, for instance, organisations, and various higher may interact in manners that are guided by their own education institutions in addition to fi rms. A decisive agenda; for example, when they are freelancers. We can part of this channel is that the individuals that interact do see a distinction between unmediated and mediated this in their capacity as employees in a fi rm, organisation interactions at the fi rm level. Examples of unmediated 81 James et al (2010a). 82 For a defi nition of ’codifi ed knowledge’, see chapter 2.1.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 41 fi rm-level interactions are supplier–buyer relationships Stockholm (Sweden) and the KIBS-ICT-new media case and technological alliances between fi rms. An example in Åland (Finland). Moreover, in game development of mediated fi rm-level interactions occurs when, for in Skåne, some networks integrate fi rms from both instance, consulting fi rms are involved in knowledge new media and ICT, and companies of varying sizes interactions. These consulting fi rms are often known as interact with contacts at the university and participate knowledge-intensive business services fi rms, or KIBS. in networking activities through, for example, Media Other important examples of mediated fi rm-level Mötesplats Malmö (MMM), Malmö incubator (Minc) interactions are various types of cluster management and later Moving Media Southern Sweden and Media organisations, networks and platform organisations Evolution. Such meeting places and networks, which where policy actors often play an important role. are described further in Chapter 3, are important in Firm-level networks are common within terms of supporting the recirculation of knowledge in the moving media sector because it includes many moving media and facilitating anchoring of knowledge specialised fi rms and freelancers in addition to large through new projects and collaborations. In the analysis fi rms and other actors. The market structure in new of anchoring processes in the EURODITE project, media is characterised by increasing demand for new there were also some examples of cross-sectoral cases and innovative media content and applications, rapid in relation to new technology networks. Such examples turn-over of technological developments and high are found in the development of nanotechnology in the levels of uncertainty. The fi rms in the new media sector Veneto region (Italy) and photonics and laser technology thus have to explore new sources of knowledge while in Aquitaine (France). exploiting the existing knowledge stock from different A general conclusion from the EURODITE case platforms, disciplines and sectors. Their challenge is to studies is that there are few examples of national and strike a balance between specialising in core knowledge regional cross-border knowledge interactions related areas and searching for new products and processes. to networks or direct interactions between fi rms. It is consequently vital for small fi rms to co-operate If mentioned, it is often in connection with higher with other actors. The external knowledge base offers education institutions that are involved in cross-border new ideas and expertise on strategic information, tacit collaborations.86 In the territorial knowledge dynamics knowledge and know-how, and is just as important as covered within the REKENE projects, we see more technological knowledge.83 multiscalar networking interactions; for instance, the case studies in Stockholm and Åland mentioned above. Also, in the territorial knowledge dynamics studied in 4.3.1 The role of networks and direct Skåne, there are international networking activities interactions between fi rms through conferences and fairs such as the Nordic Game As mentioned above, networking is very common in Conference in Malmö, which are discussed under the new media because individual fi rms are usually forced anchoring channel events in section 4.6. Interaction and to concentrate on their core competencies. Their networking in Skåne thus include game development products and services, however, require a combination fi rms, other types of fi rms, universities, and various of knowledge from a range of disciplines.84 Many of the international, national, regional and local initiatives networks described in the various territorial knowledge related to moving media. dynamics studied in the EURODITE project are within Among the REKENE case studies, there are a region and confi ned to a single sector. It can also some examples of knowledge anchoring through direct be concluded that so-called ‘planned’ or formalised interactions between fi rms. There is, for instance, networks are often accompanied by institutions such intra-regional co-operation between engineering fi rms as a technology centre, a science park, a training and in Akureyri (Iceland) and ICT fi rms in Värmland research institute or a dedicated university department. (Sweden). There are also examples of knowledge As in other empirical case studies in the EURODITE anchoring through this channel in Skåne. The Yellow project, we have not seen a large fi rm function as an Bird production company collaborates directly with important receptor node for infl ow of knowledge or as broadcasters from several countries including ZDF a hub for a network in the Skåne case studies.85 in Germany and BBC in the UK. Another example is In contrast to the general fi ndings in the participation of the local savings bank Sparbanken EURODITE, we fi nd examples of networks covering Syd in the fi lm activities in the Ystad area. The bank more than a single sector in some of the territorial is active in the economic development of Ystad and knowledge dynamics studied in the REKENE project; the surrounding area, and it invested in the very fi rst for instance, the KIBS-ICT cross-sectoral case in Wallander project in 2003. This was important not only 83 Staines & Collinge (forthcoming). in terms of the economic contribution to the project 84 Staines & Collinge (forthcoming). 85 James et al (2010a). 86 James et al (2010a).

42 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 but also because of its symbolic value. The fact that the capacity of fi rms and institutions to collaborate with bank decided to invest in this project gave it a kind of users to develop competitive IT-based services and quality approval that made it easier to generate further products. Living Labs are arenas for innovation based funding. The bank has continued to support fi lm in a strong research and innovation milieu where users, production through a new fi lm fund, where it makes an researchers, fi rms and institutions meet. Living Labs can annual contribution of SEK 1 million, the same amount be seen as a user-focused research method to experience, as Ystad municipality. create, test and develop new services and products. The Living Lab New Media is run in collaboration with an arts association called Inkonst and a number of fi rms; 4.3.2 The role of higher education for example, TAT and Scandvision. These knowledge institutions and R&D infrastructure dynamics are similar to those described by Strambach In both the EURODITE and REKENE case studies, regarding knowledge-intensive business services. it is often seen that higher education institutions act Exploration and examination89 take place simultaneously as receptor nodes of knowledge and are members of and in project-based interaction between consumers networks where they often are assigned the role of and producers. This type of knowledge interaction is network coordinators. In the past decade, this role has also discussed in scientifi c literature.90 been manifested in many policy instruments including a In Skåne, there has been an absence of major higher triple helix approach (see section 2.2.3). education institutions of importance for fi lm production. An interesting role that higher education Recently, master’s programmes in fi lm production and institutions play in the development of knowledge composition of fi lm music have been established in in a region is seen in the reports covering the regions Ystad. In a study of the territorial knowledge dynamics of Veneto (Italy), Centro (Portugal) and Aquitaine in fi lm production in Bavaria (Germany), it is stressed (France). In these places, higher education institutions that the higher educational facility plays an important have been particularly involved in the introduction of a role in developing competitive fi lm production in the domain of knowledge (nanotechnology, biotechnology region, both in educating people in subjects related to and photonics, respectively) that has been new to the fi lm production as well as in forming networks, which region in terms of economic activity.87 The role can also is important for bringing actors together.91 The relative be seen in game development in Skåne, as despite their shortage of a major higher education institution in connection with ‘old’ media activities, game development the fi eld of fi lm production in Skåne may be seen as can be seen as an emerging domain of knowledge in a disadvantage. On the other hand, some education the regional context of Skåne. Over the past decade, and training facilities are available in the Skåne region, the game development education and funding in Skåne although the most advanced professionals in fi lm, has been well developed both in entertainment and such as directors, script-writers and photographers, serious games according to the SWOT analysis for the tend to be educated in key national or international MMSS project. However, not all of these education institutions.92 It can also be argued that the emphasis in opportunities are to be found within higher education fi lm production in the Skåne region is on using rather institutions. According to this analysis, a supply of good than generating knowledge. A key issue within fi lm education and training, and established strong research production is that learning to a large extent takes place environments are among the important strengths in in projects. This means that there is both an exchange Skåne.88 These assets may contribute to the possibilities of knowledge and a generation of new knowledge for anchoring knowledge in the region. In terms of within fi lm projects. Here it is worth mentioning the policy, Region Skåne has played an important role as a regional and local policies that have played a role in broker and facilitator in connecting important players Skåne. The conditioning of funding from the regional such as higher education institutions with each other fi lm funds with demands to hire local and regional and with other actors in the region and further afi eld. staff on fi lm projects has facilitated knowledge infl ow, There are also examples of interaction between recirculation and development of fi lm projects.93 There R&D infrastructure and the local civil society through is a link to the direct interactions among fi rms such as so-called Living Labs. The K3 Department at Malmö Yellow Bird, ZDF and the BBC mentioned above. Such University has a research project where ordinary people collaboration will facilitate learning and anchoring of are asked to participate in the research including user knowledge through mixed fi lm teams with staff from trials in Living Labs. VINNOVA co-funds the Living Lab the various fi rms. New Media in Malmö (Malmö University) and Living 89 These concepts are further discussed in chapter 2.1.2. Lab Öresund IT Academy. These aim at improving the 90 Strambach (2008). 91 James et al (2010a). 87 James et al (2010a). 92 Dahlström & Hermelin (2007). 88 MMSS (2008). 93 Dahlström et al (2005).

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 43 4.4 Knowledge anchoring through the acquisition of codiﬁ ed knowledge

Another way that knowledge can become anchored is with accessing of standards, protocols and scientifi c through the acquisition of codifi ed knowledge. This fi ndings. This was the situation in the ICT case study in anchoring channel deals with the process of obtaining the Bratislava region (Slovakia), that of nanotechnology access to knowledge through, for instance, browsing in Veneto region (Italy) and the food and drink case study the Internet and reading publications such as scientifi c in Bornholm (Denmark). In addition, there were some journals or trade magazines. In the EURODITE project, examples of purchases of licences that were further codifi ed knowledge is understood as knowledge that developed into a product in the case of biotechnology has been captured or represented in writing or some in Bavaria (Germany) and game development in the other digital or analogue format. It can be transmitted West Midlands (the UK). It is also in connection with to others who, with suffi cient investment (in time or this kind of activity that we have found an example of money), can absorb and utilise it. Another activity that acquisition of codifi ed knowledge in game development involves the acquisition of codifi ed knowledge is the in Skåne. This is the case of the acquisition of the buying of licences, which then are further developed to source code that was needed to develop further the be commercialised. serious game Agent O. Malmö University accessed this The acquisition of codifi ed knowledge is not extra-regional knowledge through a person working frequently mentioned in the Skåne case studies. One at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). reason may be that activities that are associated with Interestingly, no money was involved in this transfer. this channel are taken for granted to such an extent The reason for this type of knowledge transfer could that they are generally not explicitly highlighted. When be that it was seen as part of developing long-term examining the territorial knowledge dynamics in the collaboration for the benefi t of both parties rather than EURODITE and REKENE cases, we notice the same as a straightforward business transaction. However, in pattern. Examples of acquisition of codifi ed knowledge this case, we have no evidence regarding the reason for mentioned in the EURODITE case studies have dealt a non-monetary knowledge transfer.

4.5 Knowledge anchoring through work-place or job- related mobility

The channel of work-place and job-related mobility region. As discussed in Chapter 2.2.1, the role of buzz includes ways in which knowledge fl ows in and is in knowledge interactions is highlighted in the research recirculated by individuals who are self-employed, literature.95 In a case study of game development in workers or students. Examples of activities connected the West Midlands (in the UK), both the presence of to this channel are people moving to the region, two large computer game development fi rms and the movement of employees within an organisation with further development of small developers around these outlets or offi ces in different places, establishment of a two fi rms have created an environment that attracted branch plant by a fi rm, business trips by employees (but people from other part of the UK, such as London see also section 4.6 on events) and consultants working and the South-east.96 A similar development, but on a for a few days or for a longer period. smaller scale, can be seen in Skåne. Several interviewees in our research have In Skåne, the combination of good quality-of- mentioned that one of the reasons for staying in Malmö life factors and buzz in moving media provide the dual is that they enjoy living in the city region, both in terms asset of helping to retain people with the qualifi cations of its assets for good quality-of-life factors and with and experiences needed in the region, and attracting regard to the opportunities and multifaceted aspects people interested in working in moving media to move of game development and moving media.94 Field- to the region. A positive aspect of moving media in work has revealed a buzz within moving media in the the region that was mentioned by several interviewees is the opportunity to combine working in a fi rm and 94 For further discussions about the role of quality of life factors and regional development in the knowledge economy, see Reardon 95 Asheim et al (2007). See also chapter 2.2.1. (2009) 96 James et al (2010a)

44 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 being involved in teaching and research at the university. is increasingly the norm, and the pattern in the major We will return to this below. These assets of the city fi lm projects in Ystad generate fi lm production teams region are an important aspect of the anchoring of that are built by people from many places. Film teams knowledge in an activity where mobility in various ways consist of people from many places and countries, and is important. An interesting example of a proactive in Skåne, the proximity to the capital region of Denmark initiative to attract people to the region is the cluster is particularly noticeable in the fi lm teams. Film workers organisation Veneto Nanotech ScPA (Italy). It organises from Skåne also work in fi lm productions taking place an annual competition for business plans, where the in other fi lm regions in Sweden and overseas.101 winner is offered starting capital and opportunities for Because of the increasing degree of international offi ces in a science park. In addition, immigration of co-production, the fi lm teams tend to be assembled by international talented researchers is encouraged through people from different countries who come together for the funding of short-term fellowships.97 each production. The knowledge interaction therefore Important factors for attracting fi lm productions includes a mix of learning taking place in close proximity to Skåne include the regional fi lm fund managed by Film and involving learning from further afi eld because the i Skåne, the more recent subregional fi lm fund, and the fi lm team is gathered in the same fi lm location in Ystad facilities for fi lm production; for example, Ystad studios. and the surrounding area. This is another example Access to Film i Skåne’s fi lm fund is conditional and of how buzz interaction is important for knowledge includes demands about employing staff living in the interactions in moving media in Skåne102. region when shooting the fi lm. Training programmes The knowledge biography of Agent O described for fi lm workers have been implemented to augment in Chapter 3 can be interpreted as a case where mobility the regional supply of skilled fi lm workers.98 However, within international academia has played an important a key way to learn different tasks in fi lm work is through role through the interactions between Malmö University taking part in fi lm productions. Film projects are very and MIT, and the workshop at the University of complex and involve a large number of occupations Wisconsin. The possibility for the students of Malmö and functions. Some projects include over 100 people, University to continue developing Agent O, fi rst as but in some cases, the same person can perform several freelancers and later in the form of a spin-off company, functions within the project. By stating that fi lm projects can be seen as a way to anchor knowledge that is that are co-funded by the fi lm fund must employ regional exchanged and developed through this mobility. staff, continuous learning and development of the local There are examples of infl ow and recirculation stock of fi lm workers is secured. Film workers not only of knowledge through the same people being involved learn from each other while working on fi lm projects in different functions with different actors in the same but also obtain the networks necessary for fi nding locality. Some people who lecture and conduct research a job on another project. Film work is totally project at K3 in Malmö University are also running their own based, and the shooting of the fi lm is a short part of businesses based on the incubator Minc. The importance the life of a fi lm project.99 Making funding conditional of multiple roles—for instance, teaching or performing on employing regional staff and supporting the training research at university in combination with having other of fi lm workers can be seen as examples of anchoring work or one’s own fi rm—is a frequently mentioned knowledge in the very mobile world of fi lm work. phenomenon in the EURODITE and REKENE case In some of the EURODITE case studies, studies. The way that education is organised in the it is obvious that freelancers and consultants are business-oriented University of Malmö includes work important carriers of knowledge. This role can be seen practice placements in fi rms. In this way, students in across sectors; for instance, in the automotive sector interactive design at K3 have had placements in game connected to knowledge-intensive business services development fi rms. An example of this is a student who in the West Midlands (the UK) and South-east Lower had a placement in a Malmö-based game development Saxony (Germany). These freelancers are mostly company and later started a game development fi rm highly paid and work internationally. As in the case based in the incubator Minc. The placement of students of freelancers working in game development fi rms in in businesses is frequently mentioned in the REKENE the West Midlands, many of the fi lm workers in fi lm reports; for instance, in the Oulu South region (Finland) production in Skåne are freelancers who are not well and Värmland (Sweden) case studies. paid.100 The international co-production of fi lms, which

97 James et al (2010a). 98 Dahlström et al (2005). 99 Dahlström & Hermelin (2007). 101 Dahlström & Hermelin (2007) and Dahlström et al (2007). 100 James et al (2010a) and Dahlström et al (2007). 102 Asheim et al (2007). See also chapter 2.2.1.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 45 4.6 Knowledge anchoring through events

Another way of tapping into extra-regional knowledge participants from around the world. Another example is and recirculating knowledge within the region is the case study of photonics in Aquitaine (France). Here through different types of events. By ‘event’, we mean the ‘Invest in Photonics’ event is claimed to be a unique an organised and temporary event of some sort—for way for local actors to access worldwide dispersed example, a fair, conference, seminar or a study tour—in knowledge about new market tendencies rapidly. In which people meet physically and interact. Extra-regional addition, it facilitates business opportunities with both knowledge can be accessed either through people internal and extra-regional actors.105 from the region travelling outside the region to attend The Nordic Game Programme has also facilitated events and bringing the knowledge home, or through the participation of game developers in Skåne in the organising of events within the region, which international fairs and conferences, thereby expanding brings knowledge to the region through presenters and their networks and knowledge exchange geographically, participants in the event. and has contributed to knowledge anchoring. A concrete Events are by defi nition arenas for recirculation example is that public funding through the Nordic of knowledge. Compared with ordinary meetings, events Game Programme has been made available for game are characterised by the fact that people would not developers in Skåne to attend international fairs and otherwise meet or be brought together. Consequently, conferences such as the ‘Game Developer’ conference expected as well as unexpected knowledge interactions in San Francisco and ‘Game Connection’ in Lyon. The can take place. As examples of expected knowledge opportunity for individuals within game development interactions lectures, presentations and sales spiel can be to use regional funding to attend fairs and conventions mentioned,103 while informal, sometimes unexpected, and to travel to potential markets is also mentioned in knowledge interactions take place through, for instance, the game development case study in the West Midlands mingling. Relying on the academic literature as discussed (the UK). Regional public co-funding, and co-funding briefl y in Chapter 2.2.1, we would argue that events are from the Structural Funds, has also been made available characterised by the coexistence of intertwined buzz through the platform for cluster development, MMSS, and pipelines.104 Another feature of events is that they which has co-fi nanced the ‘Nordic Lounge’ at the combine tacit and codifi ed knowledge exchange through Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles to help interaction among individuals and the availability of moving media fi rms from Skåne to market themselves published material. and to fi nd collaboration partners and investors. These In several of the other EURODITE and are clear examples of the scope for policy to support REKENE case studies, we have found examples of anchoring of knowledge within moving media. public actors, networks and industrial organisations that There are further examples of events supporting are involved in organising and/or providing funding knowledge anchoring within moving media in Skåne. for different kinds of events. Policy instruments often In addition to being a fi lm attraction, Cineteket hosts contribute by providing co-funding events or providing events for people in the industry. Once a month, a fi nancial support to facilitate attendance by fi rms or ‘movie breakfast’ is organised, where people in the fi lm individuals. The role of various private and public industry meet to network and to exchange information actors and public funding in organising events can also about what is going on with regard to fi lms in Ystad. been seen in the game development case study in Skåne. Ystad municipality also works very actively with The introduction of the Nordic Game Programme, stimulating and facilitating for fi lm productions. Movie funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers, to support nights are organised for people in the industry, fi lm and game development in the Nordic market, has increased media students, and others who are interested. These opportunities for game developers in Skåne and are examples of how Ystad municipality and Cineteket elsewhere in the Nordic countries to develop products act to mobilise and anchor knowledge with regard to for the home market. The programme supports fi lm production and fi lm tourism. knowledge anchoring through funding the ‘Nordic Also within the territorial knowledge dynamics Game’ annual conference in Malmö, which attracts over of fi lm tourism in the region, there are examples of 1,000 delegates from around the world. The importance combinations of proximity and distance knowledge of organising such an event in a region is that it attracts interactions. Visitors come to the fi lm attractions from far afi eld, and their demands generate product 103 In connection with such activities codifi ed knowledge may also be development in these attractions. Those working in the acquired. Compare section 4.4 discussing anchoring of knowledge attractions themselves travel to other attractions and through codifi ed knowledge. 104 Bathelt (2007) and Owen-Smith & Powell (2004). 105 James et al (2010a).

46 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 to fairs to learn and recombine knowledge to continue is, for instance, generated in the interaction with visitors product development at home. An interesting cross- at Cineteket. An important group of visitors come over between the fi lm tourism and fi lm production from Germany, and although the interaction takes in Ystad is how knowledge exchange and anchoring place at the attraction, it can be seen as an example of can take place via the meetings at Cineteket and those distance interaction. To generate new knowledge and to organised by Ystad municipality as part of their fi lm- develop the fi lm tourism product, it is necessary to have friendly strategy. the capacity to understand both the language and the Based on some of the case studies in the context of the visitors. Also, the connection between EURODITE project, we have also seen that the tourism selling an experience and knowledge development can sector offers examples of how, when events function be seen in the food and drink case study in Region as a channel for knowledge anchoring, which include Zealand (Denmark) in the REKENE project. There visiting attractions, there is a tight interaction between micro fi rms producing food and drink have begun to consumers and producers. The tourist as a consumer is sell the experience of observing the production of food exemplifi ed in the North Rhine, Westphalia (Germany) and drink as a kind of ‘edutainment’. The immediate case where sports events and the Love Parade include feedback from the consumers during such an event activities for consumer–producer interactions resulting generates new knowledge about the user demand for in such benefi ts as new knowledge about market the producers. demands. In the Skåne case, studying new knowledge

4.7 Concluding comments

We have defi ned anchoring as knowledge coming Acquisition of codifi ed knowledge is not often from outside a region, which somehow ‘sinks in’ and mentioned explicitly in case studies. This may be because is recirculated within the region. Recirculation of this type of knowledge anchoring is more or less taken knowledge means the processes by which knowledge is for granted. However, in the cases where acquisition of used by fi rms and institutions within a region other than codifi ed knowledge is highlighted, these studies refer to the one that acquired the knowledge from an external the acquisition of licences that are afterwards developed source. Knowledge anchoring has been analysed into products. according to four different ‘channels’. The channel ‘work-place or job-related mobility’ Knowledge anchoring through fi rm-level has demonstrated several regional examples of the interactions has been found to take place through infl uence of multinationals that play a role in attracting both organised networks and direct interactions knowledge workers. Moreover, especially in the Nordic between fi rms, and to be infl uenced by the role of case studies, examples were found of people with dual higher education institutions and R&D infrastructure. positions, at a university as a lecturer and in a fi rm. Examples of organised networks in many cases result This indicates a form of mobility that strengthens from partially publicly funded regional cluster initiatives knowledge transfer between academia and the business that establish cluster or platform organisations either community. within one sector or with cross-sectoral focus; for example, in ICT and new media fi rms.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 47 48 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 5. Knowledge dynamics and interactions seen from a ﬁ rm-level perspective

Firm-level knowledge dynamics concern how clear, and a better understanding of how the knowledge knowledge is developed and transferred at a micro interactions actually take place can be achieved. level, within a fi rm or an organisation, or within a The EURODITE project concerns the geography network. By studying knowledge interactions at this of the knowledge interactions and the actors involved level, it is possible to obtain greater depth and detail in these. Furthermore, the project looks analytically at about knowledge dynamics than is the case at the level knowledge from different perspectives. As discussed of territorial knowledge dynamics. The links between in section 2.1, it is recognised that there are different fi rm-level and territorial knowledge dynamics are often types, phases and processes of knowledge. In this seen through the interactions of actors involved at both chapter, the fi rm-level dynamics in Skåne are studied. levels. The cases of Agent O and of The Film Track are As discussed in Chapter 1, the reasons for exploring analysed against this analytical framework. We explore the dynamics of knowledge are that a knowledge-based whether the research using this framework brings any economy is considered vital for competitiveness in further understanding of various aspects of knowledge the global economy and that knowledge is crucial for dynamics. Brief comparisons with the fi ndings from the innovations. By studying the knowledge dynamics, research into fi rm-level knowledge dynamics from the processes of knowledge interactions can be unravelled. other Nordic case studies in the REKENE project106 The types of actors involved in the processes become are also made.107

5.1 Geographic distance of knowledge interactions

Interaction within moving media tends to take place MIT in Boston was needed. This co-operation resulted among major urban areas, and this can be seen in the in MIT providing the Environmental Detective game fi rm-level knowledge dynamics in Skåne. However, and later the source code, which was essential for the particularly in relation to the knowledge dynamics in development of Agent O. Distant interaction in the fi lm tourism, interactions among smaller towns and shape of participation in a workshop at the University of rural areas are signifi cant. In both game development Wisconsin was also valued as an important contribution and fi lm tourism knowledge dynamics, local interactions to the development of Agent O. Proximity learning are highly important, at the same time as international was critical in terms of the development of the game, interactions are very clear. in which two departments at Malmö University were The local context is of great importance for game involved, and in terms of the testing of the game at a development. An important venue for the development local school. It is interesting to note that a combination of Agent O was the School of Education and the School of close and distant knowledge interactions was of Arts and Communication (K3) at Malmö University. necessary for the successful development of the game. This is thus an example of interactions among actors Contact with the distant actor, MIT, was made after a facilitated by proximity. However, the development deliberate search for a strong milieu regarding serious of Agent O shows that critical knowledge (here the games. source code) was not produced at the local or regional level. In this instance, an extended spatial network with 106 See further about the REKENE project in section 1.1.1 of this report. 107 A list of the case studies in REKENE is included in Appendix 3.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 49 Game development and moving media The most important geographical aspects of development in Skåne consequently benefi t from the knowledge interactions regarding The Film Track knowledge interaction ranging from interaction at very are, however, the visitors to the three attractions. close proximity to long distance at an intercontinental Concerning customers or visitors, the local markets are scale. Close-proximity knowledge interactions very important. This includes visitors such as the local particularly take place among actors in Västra Hamnen population and schools, as well as, to an increasing degree, in Malmö, in the University, in Minc, in MMM, in fi rms taking part in corporate events at Cineteket. The the Nordic Game Programme, and within a slightly domestic Swedish tourism market is also important, and wider community within the city, in fi rms like Massive this includes visitors from all over the country who have Entertainment, Upside Studios and TAT. There are also travelled to Skåne for holidays, meetings or business fi rms with offi ces in several countries, such as TAT. tourism that may also include a visit to, or an event at, However, the fi rm-level knowledge dynamics one of the attractions. With regard to the international studied highlight the fi nding that new critical knowledge market, the German market is very important for is developed within networks of circulation and Cineteket. These visitors travel from a greater distance, anchoring. Exchange of embrained knowledge takes although it is a close market in terms of the international place both in Malmö and, for example, at MIT and at a scale. Preliminary indications in 2009 show an increase conference at the University of Wisconsin. Actors from in the number of British visitors that may be related Malmö have travelled to interact, and the key person to the screening of the three BBC-produced Wallander at MIT has visited Malmö to give lectures. Mobility is fi lms in late 2008. The demand from the tourists is a therefore crucial and has been funded through research driver of product development at Cineteket. grants. The anchoring of knowledge at Malmö University The producer–consumer interactions that and later the spin-off company Awnic was facilitated by these visitors take part in at the attractions represent a the multidisciplinary and business-oriented character of phenomenon that is increasingly identifi ed in research Malmö University. on innovation. Through interactions among visitors, It can be said that Malmö, the third largest city in the producers obtain invaluable knowledge about their Sweden, has acted as a node for knowledge circulation. markets and demand that leads to further product Mobility in terms of international interaction such development. The concept that is increasingly used as contacts and visits by lecturers and researchers in in the literature to highlight the importance of the universities to exchange knowledge and to participate interaction between consumer and producer and its role in conferences and workshops is encouraged by in innovation is user-driven innovation. Swedish research policies. It is an important evaluation Both fi rm-level knowledge dynamics studied in factor when research councils are selecting research Skåne include a combination of knowledge interactions proposals to fund. In the case of Agent O, funding at small and large distances. The Skåne region is through research grants facilitated interactions with important for knowledge interactions, but the region MIT and participation in a workshop at the University should by no means be seen as a closed container. of Wisconsin. Important knowledge interactions take place among With regard to the issue of geographical distance actors inside and outside the region, both nationally and knowledge interactions, the knowledge biography and internationally. This pattern of a combination of of The Film Track is characterised by collaboration important intra-regional and extra-regional knowledge among three regional attractions. Two of them, the interactions is also present in the seven Nordic Hasse & Tage Museum and Cineteket, are located in knowledge dynamics studied in the REKENE project. the neighbouring municipalities of Tomelilla and Ystad, These case studies provide evidence from other sectors, respectively. The third attraction, the Region Museum in such as information and communication technology Kristianstad, is about 80 kilometres away. There are also and knowledge-intensive business services, that regional examples of more distant interactions, such as the visit knowledge interactions are linked with knowledge by two members of staff from the Cineteket to the crime interactions at great distances when necessary. Actors story fair in Horsens in Denmark, and the marketing within the regions have actively sought out knowledge collaboration between the Hasse & Tage Museum and where it has been needed, and have connected with it. the PAN Vision company based in Stockholm.

50 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 5.2 Types of actors involved in the knowledge interactions

A key characteristic of knowledge dynamics and Each attraction stands to gain from collaboration by interactions in moving media in Skåne is the importance attracting a larger number of visitors. The main people of all the different networks in which individuals are at Cineteket and at the Region Museum stress the involved and how these networks interlink and are importance of their large networks, in that they utilise overlaid. Another signifi cant feature of the knowledge in a number of methods in their work. The key person interactions is the meeting places, networks and at the Region Museum has worked there since the early platforms where different actors can meet and interact 1980s, and his network, particularly within the area both physically and through other means. These of fi lm in the region, has therefore been built over a meetings are facilitated through actors ranging from long time. The main person at Cineteket, on the other Region Skåne to Cineteket and are supported with hand, utilises the network that she developed when funding contributions from local, regional, national and she lived in the UK, and since she moved to Skåne, EU sources in various constellations. she has extended it to include individuals and actors in The overall picture of the fi rm-level knowledge the region. A specifi c example of how these networks dynamics about game development is a network of are drawn upon is when the exhibition designer for individuals that is connected to the School of Education ‘Skåne and fi lm’ at the Region Museum was found and and the School of Culture, Arts and Communication recruited from within the network. The graphic designer (K3) at Malmö University. A professor acted as a that was needed at Cineteket was also recruited from broker and facilitator, because she had fi nancial means within the network, where both key people had worked and an interest in initiating the project and has been at the fi lm production team of ‘Frostbites’ in Ystad. continuously involved; for example, through fi nancing Another crucial actor in the network is the tourism further development of Agent O. However, the department of Ystad municipality. The collaborations development of Agent O was in the hands of the three and knowledge interactions deal with themes such as fi nal-year bachelor’s students who later started the fi rm knowledge of exhibitions, different types of tourists, Awnic, where the further development of Agent O product development and marketing. now is based. Two PhD students were also of crucial Market knowledge and product development are importance in the knowledge biography. In addition, at the heart of the knowledge dynamics of The Film another person at the School of Education was central Track. It is interesting to note that types of knowledge to testing the game in schools and providing input on other than those in the Agent O case also mean that adapting the game to the curriculum. Finally, a professor a variety of actors are involved in the knowledge at MIT in Boston had a crucial role, particularly in dynamics. For the knowledge dynamics of Agent O, relation to the fi rst game platform and the source code. crucial knowledge was generated in the universities, He is also part of the Malmö University network and while essential knowledge for the dynamics of The has, for example, lectured at the university. Film Track was generated through business activities The knowledge dynamics of Agent O clearly and in interactions with local authorities. In both cases, show the great potential for innovation within networked public actors have therefore played important roles in higher education institutions. It is also clear that in knowledge dynamics. addition to the entrepreneurialism and commitment of The mix of types of actors involved in the the individuals in the knowledge dynamics, there is a fi rm-level knowledge dynamics of Agent O and The context and framework that facilitates commercialisation Film Track is representative of fi rm-level knowledge from the innovation to spin-off to a private fi rm. dynamics in the REKENE case studies too. All these The Film Track knowledge biography is also case studies have complex mixes of actors within characterised by the network nature of collaborations their knowledge dynamics, but the types of actors and knowledge interactions. Almost all interactions emphasised vary somewhat. In all cases, public sector take place within the network of the three attractions, actors are involved, which indicates that there is scope Cineteket, the Hasse & Tage Museum, and the Region for policy strategies and initiatives within knowledge Museum, and the overlying networks of the key dynamics. Higher education institutions are important individuals in these attractions, particularly those of the public actors in many but not all cases. Local and main people at the Region Museum and at Cineteket. regional authorities are also involved in knowledge Marketing collaboration and product development dynamics at the fi rm level. Furthermore, because fi rm- are very important to small businesses and activities. level knowledge dynamics offer opportunities to study

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 51 knowledge interactions at a detailed level, it is also clear knowledge sharing in general. Personal knowledge of in both the Skåne and REKENE cases that personal people within the networks facilitates such knowledge contacts and networks are crucially important. This fact sharing through a certain level of trust. also links to the issue of transfer of tacit knowledge and

5.3 Knowledge types represented in knowledge interactions

In this section, we briefl y analyse the knowledge types street culture’.112 Examples of symbolic knowledge in represented in the dynamics of Agent O and The Film the case of Agent O are therefore when the game was Track. As discussed further in Chapter 2.1.1, EURODITE tested by pupils in schools and when the game scene has used the analytical distinction of three different was redeveloped to take place in the local area of Västra types of knowledge; Analytical knowledge or research- Hamnen in Malmö. based knowledge, Synthetic knowledge or ‘engineering-type The entire knowledge biography of The Film knowledge’ derived from the application of research, Track is characterised by symbolic knowledge. A more and Symbolic knowledge that relates to representation such detailed description of symbolic knowledge states that as the ‘styling’ and marketing of a product.108 There it ‘relates to the aesthetic attributes of products, to the is an increasing body of academic literature dealing creation of designs and images, and to the economic with these knowledge types, but in the following short use of various cultural artefacts’.113 This clearly relates analysis, we utilise two main sources that also research to the world of exhibitions, museums and attractions. knowledge phases.109 However, the use of synthetic knowledge also appears Symbolic knowledge is highly relevant to the throughout the knowledge dynamics of The Film Track. moving media sector, particularly regarding the content Aspects of synthetic knowledge include interactive side. This type of knowledge deals with ideas, symbols learning with users,114 something that links directly and socially constructed commodities.110 Interaction with with the demand-led product development at Cineteket users and consumers is therefore of great importance generated by the interactions between the visitors and to symbolic knowledge. With regard to analytical the staff of the attraction. knowledge, this type of knowledge interaction was The importance of symbolic knowledge for the crucial with MIT in the Agent O case. This interaction fi rm-level knowledge dynamics of Agent O and The provided access to the fi rst game and later to a stable Film Track is stressed above. It is perhaps not surprising platform and the full source code for the game. that these knowledge dynamics have strong symbolic In terms of knowledge types, the development knowledge content because they are played out in the of Agent O mainly relied on a combination of synthetic moving media sector where the proportion of symbolic and symbolic knowledge throughout the entire project. knowledge is high. However, in all the seven REKENE There are several examples of synthetic knowledge cases, the importance of symbolic knowledge in fi rm- where ‘innovation takes place mainly through the level knowledge dynamics was clearly stressed. In many application of existing knowledge or through the cases, symbolic knowledge is of importance in relation to new combination of knowledge’.111 Use of the fi rst marketing, a knowledge area that can be underestimated Environmental Detectives game in new ways was an in knowledge economy thinking. Yet there were also example of this. Symbolic knowledge was also crucial examples of the importance of symbolic knowledge in for the development of Agent O. An important aspect relation to very technical fi rm-level knowledge dynamics, of symbolic knowledge is ‘learning through interaction that of the licences gaming operator in Åland. in the professional community, learning from youth/

108 EURODITE (2007). 109 The two sources that we chieﬂ y use are: Asheim et al (2007) and Strambach (2008). 112 Asheim et al (2007) p. 661. 110 Strambach (2008) p. 158. 113 Asheim et al (2007) p. 664. 111 Strambach (2008) p. 157. 114 Asheim et al (2007) p. 661.

52 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 5.4 Knowledge phases in the knowledge interactions

In this section, we briefl y analyse the knowledge phases The workshop activity at the University of Wisconsin that are represented in the knowledge dynamics of can also be seen as an example of examination. The Agent O and The Film Track. As discussed further phases of the development of Agent O that form these in Chapter 2.1.2, EURODITE has used the analytical knowledge dynamics represent a continuous interaction distinction of three phases of knowledge: exploration, between exploration and examination. At the very end examination and exploitation. However, it is important of the knowledge biography, the game is being prepared to stress that knowledge dynamics seldom entail a linear for the market, and at this stage, the third knowledge process. Instead, the development may take place in phase of exploitation is beginning to appear. different phases at the same time, and there may be loops The early stages of The Film Track knowledge between the phases. The exploration phase is characterised dynamics were characterised mainly by exploration but by the action of searching for new knowledge. The phase in a different way from the research-based exploration may include scientifi c knowledge but not necessarily. phase of Agent O. Exploration remains important The examination phase is understood as a testing phase. throughout knowledge dynamics because it relates to An example might be stress testing of a new material or constant interaction with visitors to remain familiar with component. Finally, the exploitation phase can be seen as their desired experiences. This can be seen as a form of the ‘selling’ or ‘using’ phase in which knowledge is put market research that can be seen as a combination of to use. This may be for fi nancial return but may also, as exploration and symbolic knowledge.118 Examination in academia, be for status, position or recognition.115 and exploitation come into the knowledge biography at In terms of knowledge phases, the development a fairly early stage in connection with the opening of of Agent O mainly displays examples of exploration and the fi rst exhibition. When visitors visit an exhibition, it examination. The project begins as part of a university is an example of exploitation, but it can also be seen as study. The driver to fi nd new economic opportunities examination in the sense that the exhibition producers was not the starting point but the element of ‘discovery’ obtain a ‘test’ of their product. Hence, in The Film as part of the research process. The fi rst drive may be Track, there is a constant overlap of the knowledge seen as research drive. Exploration can also be a process phases of exploration, examination and exploitation. ‘of fi nding new economic opportunities to profi t from It is very clear in the fi rm-level knowledge these’.116 When the bachelor’s students became involved dynamics of both Agent O and The Film Track that the in the project, it can be argued that they were partly driven three knowledge phases are interlinked and cannot be by the ‘economic opportunities’ factor because they seen as a linear process starting with examination. This were interested in starting a business after graduation. is also clear in the seven forms of fi rm-level knowledge This can be seen as an example of an entrepreneurial dynamics of REKENE. All these cases included drive. The knowledge phase examination represents aspects of all three knowledge phases, and there were ‘testing, experimentation and validation activities … loops, spirals and overlaps among the three. The details aimed at improving the knowledge content with regard that concern studies of fi rm-level knowledge dynamics to its appropriateness for commercial value added’.117 clearly shed light on the complexity of these phases and Different versions of the game were tested several highlight the fact that the processes are far from linear. times followed by amendments to improve the game.

115 EURODITE (2007). 116 Strambach (2008) p. 160. 117 Strambach (2008) p. 160. 118 Strambach (2008) p. 161.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 53 5.5 Knowledge processes in the knowledge interactions

In this section, we briefl y analyse the knowledge and contribute to the generation of new knowledge and processes that are represented in the knowledge dynamics new products in terms of both goods and services. The of Agent O and The Film Track. As discussed further connections between moving media and ICT are very in Chapter 2.1.3, EURODITE has used an analytical clear, and we have highlighted the connections between distinction of knowledge processes: cumulative and moving media and tourism. The game development composite knowledge. Cumulative knowledge is where new fi rm-level knowledge dynamics of the serious Agent knowledge builds and depends directly upon existing O game also highlight the interaction between moving knowledge within the same fi eld of discipline. Composite media and education. This is a growing fi eld with knowledge depends upon several disciplines or functional interesting potential in a variety of ways. An example areas of knowledge.119 Typical of the generation mentioned by one of the interviewees was the use process of composite knowledge is thus that diverse of serious games in health education for people who and basically separate knowledge stocks are brought cannot read. The interviewee was referring to a research together. However, each knowledge stock may be proposal dealing with applications where serious games rooted in a cumulative knowledge process.120 It is argued could be used to inform illiterate people about safe sex that the capacity to develop and to utilise composite in countries seriously affected by HIV and AIDS. knowledge is a good seed bed for innovation. Both cumulative and composite knowledge The fi rm-level knowledge dynamics of both were also present in the REKENE fi rm-level Agent O and The Film Track are characterised by knowledge dynamics. It seems there may be stages in composite knowledge dynamics. In fact, the essence the knowledge dynamics that are more characterised of moving media is related to composite knowledge by cumulative knowledge processes while others are dynamics, and this is also the reason for focusing on this characterised by composite knowledge interactions sector despite its limited share of employment in Skåne where complementary knowledge is needed to develop as pointed out in Chapter 3. Moving media interact with the goods or service further. a number of different other sectors in the economy

5.6 Concluding comments

By examining how knowledge is developed and roles in the knowledge dynamics; for example, by both transferred from a micro-level perspective, more lecturing at a university and running a business. details of knowledge interactions have been provided. Regarding knowledge types, we have shown the Regarding geographical distance, we can conclude that importance of symbolic knowledge in the knowledge knowledge interactions have a multiscalar character, biographies. Furthermore, this kind of knowledge is because we see a combination of important contacts often connected with other types of knowledge, such among actors inside and outside the region in the as analytic knowledge as in the case of the source code knowledge biographies. needed to develop Agent O. We can also conclude that knowledge interactions By using a knowledge biography method, we have a multi-actor character. A variety of actors, ranging also conclude that the different knowledge phases are from public actors such as local authority departments interlinked and may take place at the same time. The and higher education institutions to individual complexity of innovation processes—for instance, in entrepreneurs, are included in the studied knowledge combining different kinds of knowledge and actors as biographies. We also see that individuals belong to well as their non-linear character—is also highlighted. different networks that are interlinked and overlaid, It has also been demonstrated that knowledge which may facilitate knowledge interactions across interactions take place across sectors—however, in contexts. The same person can also have multiple various degrees—because complementary knowledge

119 EURODITE (2007). 120 Strambach & Stockhorst (2010)

54 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 has in all cases been needed to develop the goods play in the development of activities connected to new and services. Composite knowledge is an important and moving media in Skåne. We also compare the policy dimension of cross-sectoral knowledge interactions. landscape of importance for new media in Skåne with We may further conclude that policy instruments the policy instruments that have been displayed in the play a role in knowledge interactions. In the next two other EURODITE case studies, beginning with the chapter, we examine more closely the role that policies new media sector.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 55 56 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 6. Policies inﬂ uencing new media in Skåne—a European outlook

Public policies of importance for knowledge interactions was conducted in the West Midlands region in the UK have been discussed in relation to regional context, and focused on game development, while the other case sector, and territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics study involves Bavaria in Germany and its activities in in respective chapters of this report. In this chapter, a fi lm production. This chapter does not cover all aspects systematic discussion of public policies in relation to of public policies infl uencing new media; however, it is knowledge interactions in new media is conducted. An intended to provide a view into current policy patterns overview of the characteristics of public policies linked and indicate similarities and differences between the to the new media industry in Skåne is provided. An regions that have been studied. The structure of this overview of the two other new media case studies in chapter is based on the key dimensions for policies EURODITE is provided to show how public policies are played out at the regional level in Europe as introduced enacted in other European regions. One of these studies by Halkier.121

Table 6.1. Key dimensions of public policy at the regional level

Dimension Subdimensions Variables Organisation Geographical coverage Complete / partial / absent Political infl uence Direct / arm’s length / diffuse Strategy General direction of change Expansion / duplication / modernisation / creativity Target institutions Individuals / fi rms & organisations / system Target capabilities Hardware / software / orgware Policy instruments Resources Authority / information / fi nance / organisation Rules Mandatory / conditional / voluntary Knowledge impact Knowledge types Analytical / synthetic / symbolic Knowledge phases Exploration / examination / exploitation Sources: Reworked on the basis of Halkier 2006, Chapter 3, and Cooke 2005.

As illustrated in Table 6.1, the organisation R&D to include more creative forms of knowledge. of regional policy is signifi cant in terms of the Combinations of science-based and creative knowledge geographical location of potential benefi ciaries and can be important to the economic success of individual the extent to which politicians can infl uence policy- fi rms and regions. making. The regional development strategy is crucial in Before initiating this analysis, the main terms of the general direction of change; that is, which characteristics of policies identifi ed in the new media institutions are supposed to change and with regard to case studies are briefl y introduced. It is evident that what capabilities. Policy instruments refer to the methods public funding programmes for networking, business used to make it attractive for policy targets to behave development and R&D activities are prevalent with in line with public policy priorities by providing access regard to game development both in Skåne and in the to particular resources. Finally, the knowledge impact of West Midlands. These funding opportunities are in policies can be evaluated in terms of the economic line with the characteristics of the new media industry purpose of knowledge activities and the nature of and game developers, which need to adapt rapidly to the knowledge involved.122 The introduction of the changing technologies through measures such as R&D two-dimensional model, involving knowledge types activities, business development and knowledge sharing and knowledge phases,123 includes a wider perspective through networking.124 As with game development, than the traditional focus on natural-science-based public funding programmes for fi lm production are 121 Halkier (forthcoming). 122 Halkier (forthcoming). (forthcoming). 124121 StainesHalkier (forthcoming). & Collinge (forthcoming). 123 Asheim & Coenen & Coenen (2005) and (2005) Cooke (2005). and Cooke (2005). 124 Staines & Collinge (forthcoming).

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 57 represented in both Skåne and Bavaria, mainly targeting fi lm production. As discussed in Chapter 3 in the case of funding for fi lm production. such programmes in Skåne, it is not only state funding Development of infrastructure as a result of of higher education institutions enacted at the regional public policy was evident in the three case studies. For level that contributes to these education opportunities. moving media and game development, this entails the Funding has also come from the municipality of Ystad establishment of incubators in proximity to universities and Sparbanken Syd for the two master’s programmes to support business start-ups. With regard to fi lm at the ‘Film University’ in Ystad. production, as part of the regional cluster strategy in Internationalisation activities are also supported Bavaria for fi lm production, a fi lm centre has been built for game development, which takes place in the form of including facilities that provide offi ce space and services funding opportunities for participation in international to business start-ups in the industry. Development of conferences, other events and trade missions to infrastructure in terms of fi lm production has also potential game development markets. This is supported entailed the establishment of fi lm production studios. in the West Midlands by national trade organisations. Moreover, the establishment of meeting venues for Moreover, new media events are hosted by the case actors in moving media, game development and fi lm study regions to attract participants and presenters production was evident in the studies conducted in from other regions. In Skåne, the annual Nordic Game Skåne, the West Midlands and Bavaria. event is organised by the Nordic Council of Ministers’ Higher education programmes exist in the case Nordic Game Programme. Further information about study regions for moving media, game development and the organisation of events can be found in Chapter 4.

6.1 Organisation of public policies enacted at the regional level

Based on the EURODITE case studies, the organisation political infl uence. Examples of how the local level has of public policy linked with new media involves some infl uenced policy-making are the establishment and public funding from the EU and national programmes, ownership of the incubator Minc by Malmö City, the but in every case, it is co-fi nanced by regional and/ establishment of a local fi lm fund in Ystad-Österlen, or local authorities. In the fi lm production cases, in and the number of initiatives related to The Film Track both Skåne and Bavaria, regional public organisations adopted by the municipalities of Ystad, Tomelilla and manage the distribution of national funds for fi lm Kristianstad. The importance of the local authorities production at the regional level. The political infl uence in Skåne relates to the strength of this level of public in the West Midlands and Bavaria has mainly involved administration in Sweden, unlike in the UK, and regional development agencies, while local authorities carries a remit to work with economic development. In are not stressed as important actors in these case Germany, local authorities also have an opportunity to studies. In Skåne, on the other hand, both Region Skåne work with economic development, but examples of this and a number of municipalities have demonstrated were not found in the EURODITE case study.

6.2 Strategy

The general direction of change for regional public example, through support for business development policy is divided into four main categories: expansion, and the establishment of incubators to create new duplication, modernisation and creativity.125 Expansion fi rms. The policies would, however, seem to be mainly involves seeking a greater volume of activity within targeted at modernisation and creativity. Modernisation existing fi rms, while duplication implies a greater involves activities within existing fi rms to help them volume of activity through the creation or attraction of become more competitive through investment in new new fi rms. Both of these types of strategies are visible technologies, R&D and inter-fi rm networking resulting to some extent in policies linked with new media; for in new products or production processes. Creativity 125 Halkier (forthcoming). refers to the encouragement of new types of economic

58 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 activity within new fi rms either through incoming, local new media clusters/systems, public policy initiatives investors or spin-offs from existing fi rms. target the development of individuals, fi rms and In terms of target institutions, distinction is made organisations in the industry. among individuals, fi rms and organisations, and the Target capabilities of public policies distinguish system. The case studies have indicated that the system among hardware, software and orgware. As described is in focus in terms of new media. Thus, in Skåne, in above, the new media case studies provide many collaboration with the neighbouring Region of Blekinge, examples of hardware in the development of and as part of the regional Structural Funds Programme, infrastructure. Software refers to the development of a cluster strategy has been developed around new media. individuals and fi rms, such as in the form of training and The main initiative is Moving Media Southern Sweden education. Taking as an example opportunity for higher (MMSS), and another cluster initiative is funded by the education, which is evident in all case study regions, national level Media Mötesplats Malmö (MMM). In it is notable that the Munich Academy for Television 2010, MMSS and MMM merged in the Media Evolution and Film was established in the 1960s. The education initiative, which continues the development of the opportunities at the academy entail people developing industry, and which is furthermore developing a physical informal networks during their studies that they later hub in Malmö to focus on moving media.126 In the West use in their professional lives in the region. The higher Midlands, the system is also the focus of policies, because education programmes related to fi lm production in the regional development agency aims to develop a Skåne were initiated in 2008.127 With time, the education cluster around serious game development. This has, for opportunities may have a similar infl uence in Skåne in example, resulted in the establishment of the Serious terms of facilitating an informal network among fi lm Games Institute, which functions as an incubator and professionals in the region. Finally, orgware, which is located in proximity to Coventry University. Similarly, refers to the development of professional networks and the regional development authority of Bavaria aims cluster organisations, has also been targeted in Skåne. In to develop a fi lm production cluster, which is one of conjunction with this, one can again point to the policy the focus areas of its regional development strategy. initiatives MMSS and MMM128 as examples of cluster Through the regions’ development of different organizations.

6.3 Policy instruments

Policy instruments used to induce change among example of conditional rules for access to fi nance is targeted economic actors combine resources and rules the provision of funding for fi lm teams shooting in to make actors behave in ways conducive to policy goals. Skåne and Bavaria on the condition that local people Different types of resources are made available under are employed as project staff. Organisational resources generally stringent conditions.129 Conditional rules have refer to ‘soft’ measures such as networking initiatives been shown to be the most widespread in the new that exist in Skåne; for example, as part of MMSS and media case studies, often in combination with resources MMM130. The use of mandatory rules and authority has in the form of fi nancial or organisational support. An not been evident in the new media case studies.

126 Further described in Chapter 3. 130 Later merged to Media Evolution (see section 3.3.1). 127129 FurtherHalkier (forthcoming). described in Chapter 3. 130 Later merged to Media Evolution (see section 3.3.1). 128 Later merged to Media Evolution (see section 3.3.1). 127 Further described in Chapter 3. 126129 HalkierFurther described (forthcoming). in Chapter 3. 128 Later merged to Media Evolution (see section 3.3.1).

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 59 6.4 Knowledge impact

The knowledge implications of public policy are a with this, the different economic sectors studied in central concern in the EURODITE project. In this EURODITE have demonstrated a general focus on connection, Halkier131 distinguishes between the types analytical and synthetic knowledge in the design of of knowledge involved and the nature of knowledge public policies, whereas symbolic knowledge tends production processes. The nature of knowledge to be neglected, which consequently risks neglecting production processes refers to the knowledge phases of the consumption side of knowledge.134 A study of exploration, examination and exploitation.132 All three policies on new media has not revealed a lack of focus knowledge phases would seem to be refl ected in policies on symbolic knowledge. As discussed in Chapter 5, linked with new media. The exploration phase involves this may be because new media is a sector with high searching for new knowledge or maintaining and symbolic knowledge content. developing existing knowledge. In this regard, the case With reference to Chapter 3 and the introduction studies provide examples of funding opportunities for to the development of the Agent O game, the participation in international conferences, other events interdisciplinary profi le of Malmö University proved and trade missions, which, as mentioned in Chapter 4, useful in the combination of analytical knowledge in provide an opportunity to search for new knowledge and the form of scientifi c research and symbolic knowledge, new knowledge interaction partners. The examination which involved developing the game according to the phase is a testing phase where the applicability of the preferences of the consumers/users. In this case, it knowledge is considered. Examples of policy support involved collaboration between the School of Education for examination involve the establishment of incubators and K3 at Malmö University. Further initiatives related and support for entrepreneurs, as well as funding for to developing a moving media cluster in Skåne involve R&D collaboration. The exploitation phase is the one a cross-sectoral perspective; for example, between ICT, where knowledge is applied or commercialised. An media and design, which is evident in the focus areas example of exploitation of knowledge in terms of of the incubator Minc,135 and the proximity of the new media-related policies is the organising of events Moving Media City physical hub to Malmö University. in areas of which the regions in question have specifi c The combination of analytical knowledge and symbolic knowledge. Thus, Bavaria hosts three annual fi lm- knowledge is also present in the interaction between related events, and Skåne hosts the annual Nordic Game R&D infrastructure and the local civil society through conference organised by the Nordic Game Programme. Living Lab New Media in Malmö. This activity is run Another example is the support for commercialisation by an arts association called Inkonst and a number of new knowledge, often generated at universities, in of fi rms—for example, TAT and Scandvision—and incubators. in collaboration with the K3 Department at Malmö Knowledge types distinguish between analytical, University. The initiative is co-funded by VINNOVA. synthetic and symbolic knowledge.133 In conjunction

6.5 Concluding comments

This chapter has studied the organisation, strategy, The strategy of new media policies mainly policy instruments and knowledge impact of public concerns processes of modernisation and creativity. policies infl uencing new media. The organisation of Policies have been found to support the establishment policy is mainly centred at the regional level. In the case of regional systems comprising new media fi rms. of Skåne, however, different municipalities have also Systems in the case study regions are built around a been shown to be infl uential as drivers of economic combination of cluster strategies and the development development initiatives. of infrastructure to support the industry and to enhance the attractiveness of the region to extra-regional actors.

131 Halkier (forthcoming). 132 See further in chapter 2.1.2. 134 Halkier (forthcoming). 133 Further described in chapter 2. 135 http://minc.se/

60 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 7. Regional Trajectories to the Knoweldge Economy – the Conclusions

As mentioned in the introduction, the main question following chapter, we briefl y highlight and discuss the of the EURODITE project was to investigate how main outcomes of the empirical case studies investigating knowledge is generated, developed and transferred territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics connected within fi rms or organisations and between fi rms to moving media in Skåne as well as some of the overall or organisations and their regional contexts. In the fi ndings revealed by the EURODITE project.

7.1 In-depth studies of knowledge dynamics

By performing empirical case studies investigating knowledge economy and innovation discourses. So territorial and fi rm-level knowledge dynamics, it has far, many of the policy instruments have focused on been possible to get a more detailed understanding research, scientifi c knowledge and engineering, and of how knowledge interactions take place. The case consequently on analytical and synthetic knowledge. studies of game development and fi lm tourism in Skåne In empirical case studies, we can see that symbolic illustrate the coexistence of such knowledge dynamics in knowledge is important not only in sectors that are high relation to the same sector of moving media. Different in symbolic knowledge in the fi rst place, such as new knowledge dynamics in the same region vary according media, but also, for example, in cases related to ICT. to, for instance, the actors involved, the application of Looking at the different knowledge phases, it is policy instruments and the importance of different also demonstrated that the development of an innovation knowledge types. Our case study only involved two is not a linear process, although it is often considered a forms of knowledge dynamics. In any region, there knowledge chain. In the empirical case studies, it has is a vast amount of intertwined evolving knowledge been shown that the exploration, examination and dynamics. exploitation phases can take place at the same time. By looking at knowledge interactions from This is seen, for instance, in the interaction between the territorial and fi rm-level perspective, we can also the visitors to Cineteket and those working there. This contribute to the debate about local buzz and global type of interaction brings knowledge about market pipelines. In the empirical case study, it has been shown demands and contributes to product development. In that these processes are diffi cult to separate. By further the innovation discourse, such interaction echoes the exploring ‘knowledge anchoring’, we can conclude concept of user-driven innovation, which is a fairly that both the infl ow and recirculation of knowledge recent focus in this fi eld. Our case study and results may occur at the same time and in complex mixes of from other EURODITE case studies suggest that processes and channels. this aspect of consumer–producer interactions in the Drawing from the fi ndings of the fi rm-level innovation process is highly relevant and worthy of knowledge dynamics, we can see that symbolic further attention and research. knowledge may have been underestimated in the

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 61 7.2 Knowledge interactions across sectors, scales and actors

To summarise the key fi ndings of the empirical case Many of the case studies are also characterised by studies in Skåne, and drawing from the EURODITE active searches for these extra-regional knowledge and REKENE case studies, we see the following key interactions. This indicates that even actors who are characteristics of knowledge interactions. fi rmly connected to other local and regional actors • A cross-sectoral dimension: The case studies confi rm utilise extra-regional knowledge when needed. We that cross-sectoral knowledge interactions are have also seen that multiscalar interactions are innovative and drive product development. actively supported by some policy instruments, Composite knowledge processes drawing on ranging from the cluster organisations to support different disciplines and fi elds of expertise are at for organisations or participation in various events. the heart of the processes. • A ‘multi-actor’ character: Regarding knowledge • A multiscalar character: In the case studies, it is interactions, we can also conclude that they include evident that a region is not a closed container. many types of actors conducting a variety of On the contrary, knowledge interactions are knowledge interactions. The activities performed multiscalar. All cases of territorial and fi rm-level by various kinds of actors support the conclusion knowledge dynamics include some kind of highly of combinatorial and cross-sectoral knowledge relevant extra-regional knowledge interactions. interactions.

7.3 Policy implications of the knowledge dynamics studied

The EURODITE projected began with the Lisbon mentioned as benefi ting traditional sectors in rural areas Agenda stating ‘that Europe should become the most as well as highly skilled service economies. Important competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy measures mentioned are improvements in the quality in the world’.136 This grand goal was to be achieved by of education and research performance as well as preparing the transition to a knowledge-based economy promotion of innovation and knowledge transfer. The and society through better policies for the information promotion of developing innovative ideas into new society and R&D, as well as by stepping up the products or services is stressed as especially important. process of structural reform for competitiveness and A combination of entrepreneurship, fi nance, and a innovation and by completing the internal market.137 focus on user needs and market opportunities is needed. EURODITE picked up this challenge by researching Clearly, the Lisbon Agenda is carried through to this knowledge dynamics in great detail, aiming to deliver new strategy document. scientifi c knowledge as well as input to policy-making We conclude that EURODITE research, in the fi eld. When EURODITE concluded, the Lisbon particularly because of its in-depth qualitative approach Agenda was replaced by a new strategy: Europe 2020. to unravelling the details of knowledge interactions, In this document, it is stated that smart growth in the is capable of delivering important input in relation to development of an economy based on knowledge and both the old Lisbon Agenda and its successor, Europe innovation is still a key priority of the European Union 2020. In this context, we would like to highlight a few because this is a key driver of future growth. issues of policy considerations that clearly indicate that, In the Europe 2020 strategy,138 it is also indeed, ‘one size does not fi t all’. mentioned that ‘one size does not fi t all’ in terms of How will policy actors assist the cross-sectoral, policies supporting the knowledge economy. However, multiscalar nature of, and the multiplicity of actors investing in research and development, innovation, involved in, knowledge dynamics and interactions? To education and resource-effi cient technologies are also what degree is management of such processes desirable

136 The Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000. 137 The Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000. 138 European Commission (2010) p. 9.

62 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 and possible? Policy support through brokering, funding How can policies support the infl ow and and sometimes management of platforms, clusters recirculation of knowledge? We have seen that the and network organisations are common measures mechanisms and channels through which actors in in this fi eld. What is the way forward? Can platform regions tap into global knowledge fl ows are very organisations continue to move further towards more complex. A multitude of strategies and actions are cross-sectoral, perhaps cross-cluster initiatives? How utilised by fi rms, higher education institutions and other can the trend towards increasing multiscalar knowledge actors to seek out and to utilise the knowledge needed interactions be further supported by policy initiatives? wherever it is located. Progressive policy actors support How can multi-actor interactions evolve further from such mechanisms and processes in a tailored way various aspects of the triple helix to those including rather than restricting their focus to supporting region- users, consumers and civil society? Examples of these internal networks and linkages. This is a proactive way progressive ways of conducting policy are present in of avoiding lock-ins and promoting innovative regional the case studies in Skåne and in the wider EURODITE development. and REKENE projects.

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 63 64 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 References and interviews

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Robertsson, Erik, Managing Director, Nordic Game Program, Aasa, Sverker, Malmö högskola, 2008-04-22. 2008-04-22.

Andersson, Lena, Projektledare Position Skåne, 2008-04-22. Rosvall, Bodil, VD Minc, 2007-09-13.

Bergman, Björn, Näringslivsdirektör, Malmö Stad, 2007-09-21. Rundqvist, Petra, Ystad kommun, Ystads ﬁ lmfestival – YFF, 2008- 08-28. Bergman, Patrik, Instruktionsdesigner, AcadeMedia Learning Consulting, 2008-05-06. Salo, Johan, Do-Fi, 2007-09-11.

Birgersdotter, Lena, Näringslivsutveckling, Projektledare Moving Schimmele, Lilian, Cineteket, Ystad, Verksamhetsledare, 2008-01- Media Southern Sweden (MMSS) 2008-10-08. 16.

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NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 67 68 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 Appendix 1 List of Abbreviations

ARD Consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany

BBC British Broadcasting Corporation, public service broadcaster in the United Kingdom

HEI Higher Education Institutions

ICT Information and communication technologies

INTERREG Interregional collaboration progamme funded by the EU

K3 The Department of Art, Culture and Communication (known as K3: Konst, Kultur och Kommunikation), Malmö University

KIBS Knowledge intensive business services

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MMM Media Mötesplats Malmö (meeting place for media actors)

MMSS Moving Media Southern Sweden

NUTS Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics

PDA Personal Digital Assistant, a mobile device which may function as a for instance personal information manager

PPP Public-private partnership

SME Small and medium sized enterprises

SVT Sveriges Television, Swedish public service television company

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats – an analysis and planning tool

TAT The Astonishing Tribe, a software technology and design company

VINNOVA Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems

ZDF Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen, public service broadcaster in Germany

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 69 Appendix 2 EURODITE Case Study Reports1 (Territorial knowledge dynamics) analysed

Case study region Primary sector(s) Authors Antalya, Turkey Tourism Ali Dulupçu, M., Sezgin, A., Demirel, O., Cevher, E., Gökhan, O., Sungur, O., Çiftlikli, B. & Göçen, S. Aquitaine, France Photonics & Food and Drink C. Carrincazeaux, C., Gaschet,F. & Becue, M. Baden-Würtemberg, KIBS/Automotive Strambach, S., Stockhorst, J. & Germany Sandmüller, M. Bavaria, Germany Biotechnology & New Media Kaiser, R. Liecke, M. & Kripp, M. Bornholm, Denmark Food and Drink Manniche, J., Topsø Larsen, K. & Petersen, T. Bratislava, Slovakia ICT Pastor, R. , Rehak, S. & Suranova, J. Centro, Portugal Biotechnology Vale, M., Carvalho, L. & Silva, S. North Jutland, Denmark Tourism Halkier, H. & Berg Schmidt, P. North Rhine Westphalia, Tourism Butzin, A. & Widmaier, B. Germany NorthWest Switzerland New Media/Tourism Jeannerat, H., Kebir, L. & Crevoisier, O. Skåne, Sweden New Media/Tourism Dahlström, M., Östberg, S., Dymén, C., Hedin, S., Henriksson, S. & Smed Olsen, L. Slovenia ICT Stanovnik, P. & Murovec, N. Southeast Lower Automotive Blöcker, A. & Jürgens, U. Saxony, Germany Västra Götaland, Sweden Automotive Larsson, A. Venice, Italy Nanotechnology Finotto, V. Wageningen, Biotechnology Vissers, G. the Netherlands West Midlands, Automotive & New Media MacNeill, S., James, L., Collinge, United Kingdom C. & Staines, A.

1 Not all 22 case study reports were used in the analysis.

70 NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1

ﬁ

fi [email protected] fi [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] brita.hermelin@humangeo. su.se [email protected] harri.jokela@oulu. eija-riitta.niinikoski@oulu. [email protected] [email protected] na Syssner na jose fi Petersen, Henrik Toft Jensen Lukas Smas, Brita Hermelin Samuel Petros Petros Samuel Sebhatu Harri Jokela, Eija-Riitta Niinikoski, Ari Saine Katarina Fellman Hjalti Jóhannesson Author(s) E-mail Small Producers – Local Based Lene Ekholm INTERSECTIONS & DYNAMICS KNOWLEDGE OF MEDTECH AND KIBS - The Case of Zenicor ECG Serving food in 21st century – - from restaurants to the kitchens The case of Matglädje PC-free control system of forest harvester with remote control possibilities Crossbreeding Entertainment at Sea and the Digital Gaming World - The Case of Licensed Gaming Operators Development ofDevelopment geothermal drilling technology for electricity production. The case of Iceland Drilling Title Firm knowledge level dynamics report From Standardized Mass From Production to Experience and New Micro Mode ofEconomy Production ICT in KIBS - Composite knowledge offor development Medtech ICT in SERVItech: The case ofICT in SERVItech: Värmland Creating ICT based innovation in Creating ICT based innovation traditional machinery New Media, East Sweden New Media Meeting Jose A Small Island Region Riding the A Small Island Region in Computer and Technical Waves Services Geothermal harnessing for electricity production in Iceland and the Akureyri region N-Iceland Title Territorial knowledge Title Territorial dynamics report Zealand, Denmark Sweden Sweden Finland Sweden Finland Iceland Regional Regional case study rm level knowledge dynamics) analysed rm level Secondary sector (if appropriate) fi Food and Food Drink KIBS ICT Stockholm, ICT Värmland, ICT Oulu South, Primary sector New Media East Sweden, KIBS ICT & New Media Åland, KIBS Akureyri, Appendix 3 REKENE Case Study Reports (Territorial (Territorial Appendix 3 REKENE Case Study Reports and

NORDREGIO REPORT 2010:1 71

Margareta Dahlström, Sigrid Hedin and Lise Smed Olsen with contributions from Sara Östberg, Christian Dymén and Anu Henriksson

Nordregio P.O. Box 1658 SE–111 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] www.nordregio.se www.norden.org

ISSN 1403-2503 Nordic Council of Ministers ISBN 978-91-89332-73-7