Map 35 Tripolitana Compiled by D.J. Mattingly, 1996

Introduction

Tripolitana was the name of the fourth century province constituted from a region of Africa Proconsularis that had always been somewhat separate geographically and culturally (Merighi 1940; Haynes 1959; Buck 1985; Mattingly 1989; 1994). Although parts of the coastal zone and the chain of hill ranges to its south (the Tripolitanian Gebel) benefit from a Mediterranean climate and flora, a large proportion of the area shown on the map can be classified as desert or pre-desert lands. It is a region of very few perennial streams and of generally poor water resources, with great ingenuity being shown by its inhabitants in the exploitation of the meager rainfall (Vita-Finzi 1969; Barker 1996). Tripolitana is best known for its wealthy coastal cities, Lepcis Magna, Oea, Sabratha, Gigthis and Tacape, although there were also several minor towns, mostly along the littoral (Gascou 1972; 1982; Lepelley 1979; 1981). The western part of the map covers southern Tunisia, but the eastern part lies within modern Libya, thus causing archaeological research to follow two separate traditions, French-influenced in the former case, Italian and British in the latter. Modern place names reflect this division for the most part; those in the east generally follow Italian conventions of transliteration (normally those given in Governo della Tripolitania 1916), those in the west French ones. For the Tunisian part, there are only a few sketchy sheets of AAT available, together with the published notes of the French Brigades Topographiques responsible for recording the sites noted there and on their 1:100,000 and 1:200,000 series maps (Toutain 1903; Toussaint 1905; 1906; 1907; 1908). More recent research has focused either on the frontier, or on the coastal sites (Trousset 1974; 1992). For the Libyan part, all research owes a great debt to the work of Goodchild (1976), who systematized earlier knowledge of roads and settlement and carried out many pioneering surveys. His TIR Lepcis Magna covers the eastern half of this map. Hafemann’s (1975) historical map of North Africa, centered on Tunisia, covers the western zone in part, but is generally less useful. Brogan’s work (1965; 1971; 1977; 1984) has been of great significance for the exploration of the Libyan pre-desert, and is now supplemented by the results of the Libyan Valleys survey (Barker 1996; Mattingly 1996). In addition, I have relied heavily on the American Map Service 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 series. For the Syrtic coast eastwards from Lepcis Magna, Purcaro Pagano (1976) has reviewed the ancient testimony for toponyms, though many of the precise identifications remain unsubstantiated on the ground. E.W.B. Fentress and P. Trousset gave advice and information on a number of controversial identifications. Broadly, Tripolitana may be divided into four zones: a coastal plain of varying depth, the hill ranges, the pre-desert beyond, and finally the true desert comprising sand sea in the west and a desolate rock plateau in the south (Hamada el-Hamra, ancient Ater M.). In all four zones, spring-fed oases have been important foci for human settlement, and the map seeks to reflect this. Most of the coastal cities had their own oases, even where rainfall permitted dry cultivation. The major inland settlements were almost invariably attached to oases, as in the dense grouping in the north-west corner of the map around Turris Tamalleni (modern Nefzaoua), or around Cidamus (modern Ghadamès) to the south-west. Most evidence for dispersed human settlement is to be found in the coastal plain (Gefara) and the Gebel, though in antiquity as today it was not evenly spread. In the pre-desert and desert areas the preservation of sites can be spectacular (Brogan 1984, for the well-known site of Ghirza), but in comparison with many other parts of the Greco-Roman world there has been little excavation either of rural sites or of urban centers apart from Lepcis Magna, Sabratha and Gigthis. In mapping rural settlement, which for the most part lacks ancient toponyms, I have followed two principles: first, to show major sites (typically villas, large farms, fortified farms, mausolea) by their modern names so that they may be easily located; second, to include a number of other sites (not named individually) in order to give an impression of overall settlement trends. This seems the best means of indicating the state of current knowledge since to some extent the major gaps on the map are representative of ancient reality. For instance, the 530 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA central area of the great coastal plain enclosed by the curving line of the Gebel marks a notable northward advance of arid conditions, and thus divides the region into eastern and western zones. The Gebel hills provided the best possibilities for non-irrigated agriculture, with olive cultivation of particular importance, and consequently the eastern coastal cities competed for control of large hinterland territories (Mattingly 1994, 50-54). However, although the Gebel region south of Lepcis Magna and Oea is reasonably well-known archaeologically, it should be noted that ancient settlement from the Gebel Nefusa (south of Sabratha) west to the Tunisian Gebel is less well-preserved and comparatively unexplored (Corò 1928). Intensive study would be sure to yield many more sites from these areas. In the pre-desert zone, settlement possibilities were more restricted, but the cultivation of the dry river systems of the Wadi Sofeggin and Wadi Zemzem basins in eastern Tripolitana by the Macae tribes is a distinct exception to environmental logic (Barker 1996, where the detailed settlement record for that remarkable region can best be appreciated). Tripolitana was also a frontier zone, and some of the remains of forts, fortlets and linear earthworks and embankments for the control of transborder movement compare with the best preserved examples elsewhere in the Roman world, though a number of key sites remain uninvestigated (Rebuffat 1972; 1975; Trousset 1974; Fentress 1979; Daniels 1987; Mattingly 1994; 1995). Most place-name evidence is summarized by entries in RE, which should be consulted as a matter of course alongside the works cited in the Directory; wherever possible, these seek to pinpoint information on the physical remains of the sites. Several corpora of inscriptions cover all or part of the region (ILAf; ILT; IPT; IRT; Reynolds 1955), with post 1950s material best traced through AE. A large number of the place names have Phoenician (lpqy for Lepcis Magna) or Libyan derivations (for instance, places beginning with Th). The problems of mapping the roads and locating named sites along them is particularly acute in Tripolitana due to a combination of circumstances (Toutain 1903; Donau 1907; Goodchild 1948; 1971; 1976; Salama 1951; Hammond 1967; Rebuffat 1973; Euzennat 1978; Mattingly 1994). With the exception of streets within towns, the roads were not paved, so that outside sectors where milestones have been recorded they leave no physical traces to distinguish them from the myriad dirt roads and tracks of the region. The course of the majority of roads marked is therefore a best approximation, taking account of the topography between places known, or believed, to have been linked in antiquity. Another problem is that many of the road stations named in ItAnt or TabPeut were evidently of a very minor nature, and their names are descriptive of features that can no longer be discerned or differentiated between rival locations (sites such as Ad Puteam, Puteos, Ad Cisternas, Ad Palmam, Ad Ficum). The identification of modern toponyms for sites that lie away from the major fixed points is thus hazardous, although I have sometimes chosen to indicate a best guess. There are two main circumstances where I have done this: first, where the mileage distance when measured from fixed points seems to indicate a fairly secure approximate location (primarily on the coast road between Tacape and Lepcis Magna); second, where I have suggested revised lines for the roads on which the sites lay (as in the region immediately east of Lepcis Magna). I have deliberately not pursued these efforts beyond a certain level of uncertainty, and have thus refrained from identifying all the minor road stations shown by TabPeut on the western side of the Syrtic gulf. Rebuffat (1973) and Purcaro Pagano (1976) summarize earlier views, but their contrasting identifications illustrate the intractability of the problems. Similarly, the identification of many of the sites named by Ptolemy in the interior of the country is to my mind unresolvable because his co-ordinate locations for this part of Africa are exceedingly unreliable. The towns on the island of Gerba present another instance where the conventional identifications cannot be satisfactorily reconciled with the available archaeological evidence (Jerba Actes 1986). Tribal names have caused much confusion in the past, not least because different sources provide a variety of ethnic names for the same general geographic areas (Bates 1914; Desanges 1962; 1980; Brogan 1975; EncBerb). I have proposed elsewhere that this confusion can best be resolved by recognizing the operation of a hierarchy of tribal names, of which the major groupings were the Gaetuli in western Tripolitana (and their major sub-group the Phazanii in the desert to the south), the Macae in the east and the Libyphoenices along the coast, with the Garamantes lying to the south on Map 36 (Mattingly 1994, 17-49). In Late Antiquity, the Laguatan emerged as a major confederation of tribes, expanding from bases in the region of the Syrtis Maior (Mattingly 1994, 173-85). Most of the remaining names in the sources can be seen to relate to sub-groupings of one of these larger units, and although approximate locations can be suggested for some, it must be noted that only a handful are confirmed by independent epigraphic data (Arzosei, Cinithi, Nybgenii). MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA 531

Directory All place names are in Libya unless otherwise noted

Abbreviations

AAT I E. Babelon, R. Cagnat and S. Reinach (eds.), Atlas archéologique de la Tunisie (1: 50,000), Paris, 1892-1913 ILAf R. Cagnat, A. Merlin and L. Chatelain (eds.), Inscriptions Latines d’Afrique (Tripolitaine, Tunisie, Maroc),Paris,1923 ILT A. Merlin (ed.), Inscriptions latines de la Tunisie,Paris,1944 IPT G. Levi della Vida and M. Amadasi Guzzo (eds.), Iscrizioni puniche della Tripolitania (1927-1967), Rome, 1987 IRT J.M. Reynolds and J.B. Ward-Perkins (eds.), Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania, Rome, 1952 Jerba Actes 1986 Actes du colloque sur l’histoire de Jerba (avril 1982), Tunis, 1986. TIR Lepcis Tabula Imperii Romani, Lepcis Magna, Oxford, 1954

Names

Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference

E2 Abrotonum/ CH/ Sabrata, Zuaga Desanges 1978, 100-101; Sabratha ACHRL Mattingly 1994, 125-27 C2 Ad Amadum RL? Dehibat TUN Trousset 1974, 123 E2 Ad Ammonem HRL Mellita Bisi 1970, 224-28 G2 Ad Palmam R?L 11 miles W Lebda ItMiller 897 C1 *Ad Pontem RL el-Kantara, Trik Tissot 1884, 203 el-Djemmal TUN B1 Ad Templum RL? Djemna TUN Trousset 1974, 48 E1 Africum Mare See Map 1 B1 Agarlabas? RL Henchir Mgarine TUN Mattingly 1994, 100 C1 Agma RL? Zarat TUN Tissot 1884, 198 F2 Ain Zara L Aurigemma 1932 F2 Amarea HR mouth of Wadi el-Msi StadMM 97 C2 el-Amrouni RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 110-13; Ferchiou 1989 B1 Aquae Tacapitanae RL el-Hamma TUN Mattingly 1994, 97 B1 Arzosei R Mattingly 1994, 26 C1 Arzuges L Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 6 Arzuges B1 Arzugum Regio L Mattingly 1994, 175-76 E2 Asabaa L Ward-Perkins 1953, 35-37 E2 Assaria R?L near Lmaia ItMiller 898 C2 Astakoures? RL EncBerb 7; Mattingly 1994, 26 §Astrikes D4 Ater M. R Hamada el-Hamra Desanges 1980, 390-91 C1 Augemmi RL Henchir Kredema TUN Feuille 1938 § Auzemmi E3 Auru RL Ain el-Auenia Mattingly 1994, 102 C1 Ausere fl. R?L Wadi Fessi TUN ItMiller 922 H3 Auxiqua RL? Bir el-Gheddahia? ItAnt 64.4 B1 *Aves RL? ed Debdaba? el-Hamma? Mattingly 1994, 66 § Avibus TUN

H2 Base R?L W Tauorgha? ItAnt 64.2 H4 Be fl. R?L Wadi Bei el-Kebir ItMiller 949 A1 Bechili R? TUN Trousset 1974, 48 C2 Beni Guedal RL TUN Trousset 1974, 123-24 C1 Benia bel Recheb L TUN Trousset 1974, 95-96 B1 Benia Guedah Ceder L TUN Trousset 1974, 67-68 G2 Berge/ RL near Gardabia ItAnt 64.1; ItMiller 895 Virga B1 Bezereos RL Sidi Mohammed ben EncBerb 10; Mattingly 1994, 100 § Vezereos Aissa TUN 532 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA

Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference

F2 Binaitir L Breviglieri area Goodchild 1976, 99-100 H4 Bir ben Isa RL? Rebuffat 1988, 50, 60 E2 Bir Cuca RL? TIR Lepcis F3 Bir ed-Dreder L Mattingly 1996, 78-79 F2 Bir el-Uaar RL Brogan 1978 G4 Bir es-Shawi RL? Rebuffat 1988, 59 F3 Bir esc-Scedeua RL Mattingly 1996, 43-55 G3 Bir Gebira RL? Mattingly 1996, 183-84 G2 Bir Kimen RL Brogan 1977, 121-22 C1 Bir Mahalla L TUN Trousset 1974, 94-95 F3 Bir Nesma RL Mattingly 1996, 287-88 B1 Bir Soltane RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 89-90 F3 Bir Tarsin RL? IRT 887 B1 Bordj Tamra RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 51 F2 Breviglieri L Ward-Perkins 1953, 45-47

G2 Casa Rimoniana R?L on or near Wadi Sasu ItMiller 894 E2 Casas/ RL? Zuara ItAnt 61.2; Kolendo 1986, 153-54 Villa Aniciorum B1 Centenarium Tibubuci L Ksar Tarcine TUN Trousset 1974, 90-92 H2 Cepahalae Pr. Cape Misurata Brogan 1978, 52 F2 Cercar RL Ain esc-Scersciara Oates 1953, 89-92 F3 Chafagi Aamer L Mattingly 1996, 289-91 E2 el-Chatatba R Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 63-65 C4 Chawan RL? Rebuffat 1972, 323-24 C1 Chizen H TUN Weriemmi-Akkari 1985 B4 Cidamus HRL Ghadamès EncBerb 13; Mattingly 1994, 97; EncBerb 20 Ghadamès C1 Cinithi R EncBerb 13; Mattingly 1994, 26 G2 Cinyphii HR EncBerb 13; Mattingly 1994, 26 G3 Cisippades? R EncBerb 13; Mattingly 1994, 26

C4 Derg R? Mattingly 1994, 30; EncBerb 16 C2 Dolopes? R Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 16 B1 Douz RL TUN Trousset 1974, 49

H3 Elaiones? R Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 17 C1 Erebidai? CR Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 17 C2 Eropaioi? R Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 17

G3 el-Faschia RL Mattingly 1996, 314-15

G2 Gadabitani? L Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 19 B1 Gaetuli HRL Mattingly 1994, 26l; EncBerb 20 Gétules B4 Gamphasantes? CHR? Mattingly 1994, 26 F2 Gaphara HR Marset ed-Dzeira Desanges 1980, 260 § Graphara § Taphra F2 Gargaresc CHRL Bakir 1967, 241-44 F2 Garian RL? TIR Lepcis G3 Gasr Banat H?RL Mattingly 1996, 263 G3 Gasr Bularkan L Mattingly 1996, 174-75, 178 F2 Gasr Doga RL? Aurigemma 1954 E2 Gasr el-Gezira RL Brogan 1953; Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 132-36 F3 Gasr en-Naggazza RL Mattingly 1996, 290, 292-93 G3 Gasr Isawi RL Mattingly 1996, 263-64 G3 Gasr Leb'r RL Mattingly 1996, 213-15 E3 Gasr Wames RL Mattingly 1996, 308 H4 Gasr Zerzi R Rebuffat 1970, 136-37, 163 F2 Geran H?R Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 29-30 D1 Gergis HR Zarzis TUN Trousset 1992, 328 §Girgi MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA 533

Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference

F2 Getullu R?L S of mouth of Wadi Ram'l ItMiller 898 F4 Gheriat el-Garbia RL Mattingly 1996, 98-105 F4 Gheriat esh-Shergia RL Mattingly 1996, 125 G4 Ghirza RL Mattingly 1996, 118-20 H4 Gholaia RL Bu Njem Rebuffat 1973 § Chol §Golas E3 Giado RL? Zenati 1995, 156 C1 Gidaphta? HR Ras Segala TUN Trousset 1992, 328-30 § Hedaphtha C1 Gigthis CHRL Bou Grara TUN Mattingly 1994, 26, 128-31; EncBerb 20 § Gigthenses D1 Gindanes? CH? Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 20 D2 Giosc R? Sjöström 1993, 160 C1 Girba? HR Houmt-Souk TUN Toutain 1903, 285 Girba Ins. = Meninx Ins. F2 Graret D'nar Salem RL Mattingly 1996, 57-59 C1 Guellala CHRL? TUN Toutain 1903, 285; Desanges 1980, 432-33 F2 Gurgi HRL Bakir 1967, 250; Abou-Hamed 1975, 298 E2 *Gypsaria Taberna R?L Marset Tibuda GeogRav 3.5; ItMiller 899 §Cypsaria

C1 Henchir Bourgou CHRL TUN Weriemmi-Akkari 1985 C1 Henchir Bu Hamed R TUN Toussaint 1906, 234 B1 Henchir Chenah RL? TUN Trousset 1978, 134 B1 Henchir el-Hadjar L TUN Trousset 1974, 59-60 C1 Henchir es-Sedd RL? TUN Toussaint 1906, 234 C1 Henchir Fesguia RL? TUN Toussaint 1906, 235 C1 Henchir Goret Zid RL? TUN Toussaint 1906, 234 C1 Henchir Hadjer RL? TUN Toussaint 1906, 234 B1 Henchir Krannfir RL TUN Trousset 1974, 79 B1 Henchir Krebita RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 83-84 C1 Henchir Medina HR in W Gerba Is. TUN E.W.B. Fentress C1 Henchir Medina RL TUN Trousset 1974, 95 B1 Henchir Oum el-Abbas RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 84-85 G2 Henchir Sidi Hamdan RL? Oates 1953, 97-100 C1 Henchir Sidi Rjijila RL? TUN Toussaint 1906, 234 C2 Henchir Snem RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 109 E2 Henchir Soffit RL Bartoccini 1929, 106-10 F2 Henchir Taglissi RL el-Msufin Ward-Perkins 1953, 37-43 G2 Hermaion Pr. Cape Homs Di Vita 1974 G2 Homs HR Di Vita 1974

F2 Kassala H Thwaite 1969, 16-17 A1 Kebili HRL TUN Trousset 1974, 46-47 G2 Kinyps C near mouth of Wadi Caam Desanges 1978, 408; EncBerb 13 Cinyps G2 Kinyps fl. CHR Wadi Caan Desanges 1978, 408; EncBerb 13 Cinyps B1 Ksar Chetaoua L TUN Trousset 1974, 89 C2 Ksar Chouline R?L TUN Trousset 1974, 104 C1 Ksar Koutine RL TUN Carton 1897, 73-85 B1 Ksar Tabria R?L TUN Trousset 1974, 73-75

F3 Laguatan L Mattingly 1983; 1994, 27 § Leuathai Lepcis Magna = Neapolis B1/E2 Libyphoenices LBY / TUN See Map 33 B1 Limagues RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 50 E2 Locri HR Ras Sidi Giogghig StadMM 100 C1 Lotophages H Mattingly 1994, 27 Lotophagitis Ins. = Meninx Ins.

F3 Macae HRL Mattingly 1994, 27 534 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA

Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference

B1 Machlyae? R Mattingly 1994, 27 § Machryes? G4 Magrusa H?RL Mattingly 1996, 310-14 A1 Mansoura H?RL TUN Trousset 1974, 42-43 H2 Marsa Gezirah C?HR? Brogan 1974 C1 Martae RL Mareth TUN Tissot 1884, 692-93 C4 Materes RL? Rebuffat 1972, 323-24 E3 Medina Ragda RL? Mattingly 1994, 102 E2 Mediterranei M. Libyan Gebel Goodchild 1948, 31 F2 Megradi/ HRL mouth of Wadi Ram'l? StadMM 97; ItAnt 62.3; Megerthis? Tissot 1884, 216-17 F2 Mellaha HR Bartoccini 1927, 238-39 C1 Meninge HRL Bordj el-Kantara TUN Pliny, NH 5.41; Toutain 1903, 284-86 C1 Meninx/ HR/ Gerba TUN Toutain 1903, 285; Desanges 1980, 430-34; Lotophagitis/ H/ EncBerb 16 Djerba Girba Ins. R §UchiumIns. RL F2 Mesphe H?RL Medina Doga Goodchild 1976, 76-79 D3 Mezgura RL? Brogan 1954, 129-30 F2 Minna/ RL?/ near Sidi Mahmud, c. 6 ItAnt 63.1; Kolendo 1986, 154 Villa Marsi? R miles S Marset ed-Dzeira? F3 Mizda RL Mattingly 1994, 97 F2 Msellata RL Abd al-Rahman 1995, 155 G3 Mselliten RL Mattingly 1996, 173, 178, 182

G2 Neapolis/ H/ Lebda Desanges 1978, 100 Lepcis Magna ACHRL § Lepcitani Mattingly 1994, 116-22 A1 Negga RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 42 F2 en-Ngila L Sjöström 1993, 136-37 G2 Nivirgi Tabernae R?L near Sidi Silin between ItMiller 895 Zliten and Misurata? A1 Nouil RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 49 E3 Novum Centenarium RL Gasr Duib Mattingly 1994, 86-87 B1 Nybgenii RL? Mattingly 1994, 28

F2 Oea ACHRL Tripoli Mattingly 1994, 29, 122-25 § Macar Oea § Oeenses

B4 Phazania RL? Mattingly 1994, 28 D1 Pisida HRL Bu Chemmasc Gascou 1982, 308-309 § Fisida E2 Pontos? R?L Zavia ItMiller 898 C2 Praesidium (...) R Si Aioun TUN Trousset 1974, 118-20 D1 Putea Pallene RL? on Slob el-Gharbi (Bahiret Tissot 1884, 207-208 (Ksar Nouara) el-Biban), perhaps Hassi Sebbura? TUN

F2 Quintiliana RL? Fondugh el-Allus? Kolendo 1986, 154-55 § Villa Quintiliana

A1 Rabta RL? TUN Trousset 1974, 442 C2 Ras el-Ain Tlalet RL Mattingly 1994, 98 F2 Ras el-Haddagia R Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 130-32 G2 Ras el-Hammam RL Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 125-26 G2 Ras el-Mergheb H?RL Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 125 C1 Ras el-Oued Gordab RL TUN Trousset 1974, 103-104 E3 Rogeban RL Zenati 1995, 156

Sabratha = Abrotonum H3 Salinae Inmensae Sebkha Tauorgha Peyras 1988 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA 535

Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference

A1 Salinarum L./ TUN See Map 34 Tritonis Palus H3 Samamykioi? H?R Mattingly 1994, 28 F3 Scemech RL Mattingly 1996, 282-84 G3 Sdada RL Mattingly 1996, 267-68 F2 Senam Semana RL? Mattingly 1994, 142-43 F2 Sghedeida RL? Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 68-70 F2 Sidi Sames RL Goodchild 1976, 111-12 G2 Silin RL Salza Prina Ricotti 1970; Picard 1985 G2 Simnana R?L Zaviet el-Mahgiub? ItMiller 895; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 346-47 § Simadana C3 Sinawen RL? Rebuffat 1972, 323-24 G3 Snemat RL? Mattingly 1996, 181, 183 C1 Souk el-Ghibli HR TUN Weriemmi-Akkari 1985 F2 Subututtu RL Gasr ed-Daun Oates 1953, 89-92 G2 Sugolin RL Zliten Purcaro Pagano 1976, 347 § Seggera G3 Suk el-Oti RL Mattingly 1996, 64-69 H2 Syrtis Maior Greater Syrtis Desanges 1980, 243-48, 254-56 C1 Syrtis Minor Lesser Syrtis Desanges 1980, 243-48, 264-65

C2 Tabalati? RL Tatahoune TUN Toutain 1903, 346-47, 400-401 C3 Tabuinati RL? near Nalut? Hammond 1967, 12 C1 Tacape HRL Gabes TUN Mattingly 1994, 127-28 § Tacapas F2 Tagiura RL Di Vita 1966 F2 Talalati RL es-Slahat? Hammond 1967, 14 F2 Tarhuna HRL Goodchild 1976, 103 D1 Taricheiai/ H/ Henchir el-Mdeina TUN Drine 1993 Zouchis HR § Zeucharis HR § Praesidium L ItMiller 899 H3 Taricheiai? H Bir Bu Retma Purcaro Pagano 1976, 347 E2 Tebedut RL Ward-Perkins 1953, 42-43 C1 Teboulbou RL TUN AAT I, Environs de Gabès B1 Temassine RL TUN Trousset 1974, 53 C1 Templum Veneris H?R Terf el-Djeuf TUN Tissot 1884, 200 C4 Tfelfet RL? Rebuffat 1972, 323-24 D3 Thamascaltin RL? near er-Rehibat Hammond 1967, 12 C2 Thebelami RL Henchir Medeina TUN Mattingly 1994, 101 H3 Thebunte RL? Gasr Qaddas? ItAnt 64.3 F2 Thenadassa RL Ain Wif Mattingly 1994, 99-100, 102 E3 Thenteos RL Edref? Zintan? Mattingly 1994, 97 § *Tentheos D3 Thramusdusim RL? near Kabao Hammond 1967, 12 H2 Thubactis RL? Gasr Ahmed, Misurata Mattingly 1994, 132-33 § Tubactis Marina? B4 Tidamensioi? R Mattingly 1994, 28 D2 Tigi RL? Henchir el-Ausaf Brogan 1965 C2 Tillibari RL Remada TUN Euzennat 1978; Mattingly 1994, 90-92 § Cilliba? B1 Timezegeri Turris? RL Henchir Merteba TUN Trousset 1974, 57-58 F3 Tininai RL Mattingly 1996, 304-305 C1 Tipasa H?RL Houmt-Adjim TUN Toutain 1903, 285 B1 Tisavar RL Ksar Rhilane TUN Mattingly 1994, 101 F2 Trigh-Tarhuna RL? Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 71-73 C2 Tripolitana RL LBY / TUN Mattingly 1994, xiii, 218. Tritonis Palus = Salinarum L. F2 Turris ad Algam R?L SE Tripoli on inland route ItMiller 898 C1 Turris Maniliorum RL Henchir el-Gueciret TUN Trousset 1974, 85-86 Arelliorum 536 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA

Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference

A1 Turris Tamalleni H?RL Telmine TUN Mattingly 1994, 131-32 § Civitas Nybgeniorum

D3 Uled Bu Aescia L Sjöström 1993, 179 G4 Umm el-Gueloub RL? Rebuffat 1982, 197

E2 Vax/ RL? between ez-Zavia and ItAnt 62.1; Kolendo 1986, 153-54 Villa Repentina et-Tuebia? E2 Vicus M(...)nus? R near Sabratha Brogan 1977 F2 Villa Aniciorum R mouth of Wadi Ram'l? Tissot 1884, 216-17; Kolendo 1986, 153 §Megradi Villa Aniciorum = Casas C1 Villa Fulgurita R Zarat? TUN Tissot 1884, 198; Kolendo 1986, 151-52 D1 Villa Magna R Henchir Bou Garnine? ItAnt 60.3; Kolendo 1986, 152-53 § Villa Privata TUN Villa Marsi? = Minna Villa Repentina = Vax E2 Vinaza RL el-Asabaa? Hammond 1967, 14 Virga=Berge

F3 Wadi Ajdab RL Mattingly 1996, 32 F3 Wadi Antar RL Brogan 1985; Mattingly 1996, 33-42 E2 Wadi Crema RL Ward-Perkins 1953, 37-38 F3 Wadi el-Amud RL Mattingly 1996, 165-72 G4 Wadi Ghirza RL Mattingly 1996, 106-20 G3 Wadi Gobbeen RL Mattingly 1996, 86-97 G3 Wadi Khanafes RL Mattingly 1996, 150-61 E3 Wadi Lella RL TIR Lepcis G3 Wadi Mansur RL Mattingly 1996, 234-47 F3 Wadi Merdum RL farms and water course Mattingly 1996, 173-99 C2 Wadi Merteba RL TUN Trousset 1974, 122-23 F3 Wadi Meseuggi RL Mattingly 1996, 248 F3 Wadi Migdal RL Mattingly 1996, 200-207 G2 Wadi Mimoun Darragh RL Brogan 1977, 111-13 G3 Wadi Mimoun RL Mattingly 1996, 208-33 G3 Wadi N'f'd RL Mattingly 1996, 255-69 F4 Wadi Raml RL Mattingly 1996, 272 G2 Wadi Sasu RL Brogan 1977, 115-20 G3 Wadi Scetaf RL Mattingly 1996, 273-78 F3 Wadi Sofeggin RL farms and water course Mattingly 1996, 279-96 F4 Wadi Tabuniya RL Mattingly 1996, 298-303 F4 Wadi Taghiggia RL? Barth 1857, 117 G3 Wadi Tessa RL Mattingly 1996, 306-307 G3 Wadi Umm el-Agerem RL Mattingly 1996, 19-32 G3 Wadi Umm el-Kharab RL Mattingly 1996, 131-49 F4 Wadi Zemzem H?RL Mattingly 1996, 310-16

F2 Zanzur HR Abou-Hamed 1975, 297-98 G2 Zaviet el-Mahgiub RL? Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 204-205 D1 Zitha H?RL Zian TUN Mattingly 1994, 132 §Ziza D1 Zitha Pr. R Zarzis peninsula TUN Ptol. 4.3.3 G2 Zliten RL Dar Buk Ammara Aurigemma 1926 F2 Zouchabbari? M. Libyan Gebel Ptol. 4.2.6 Zouchis = Taricheiai D1 Zouchis L. Bahiret el-Bibane TUN Peyras 1988 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA 537

Aqueducts

Grid Location Period Reference

G2 Lepcis RL IRT 275, 357-59 E2 Sabratha RL IRT 117

Causeway

Grid Location Period Reference

C1 between Meninge and Ad Pontem RL Toutain 1903, 284-85

Clausurae (linear barriers)

Grid Location Period Reference

B1 NE Bezereos at Tebaga RL Mattingly 1994, 109-11 C1 E Bir Mahalla at Zraia RL Mattingly 1994, 110-12 C1 SE Bir Mahalla at Skiffa RL Mattingly 1994, 110-12 C2 W Tabalati? at Chenini RL Mattingly 1994, 110-12 C2 W Wadi Merteba at Remada south RL Trousset 1996, 156-60 C3 SW Ad Amadum at Bir Morteba RL Trousset 1996, 156-60 E3 SE Thenteos at Hadd Hajar RL Brogan 1979; Mattingly 1994, 112-13

Monuments

Grid Location Period Reference

B1 Sidi bel Abbis TUN R Trousset 1974, 79-80 C2 near Tabalati? at Wadi Beni Blell R Trousset 1974, 108 F3 N Wadi Meseuggi R Bauer 1935, 69, 72-75 G3 el-Amud mausolea near Wadi N'f'd R Mattingly 1996, 261-62

Roads

Itinerary Period Reference central road, Oea → Gheriat RL Goodchild 1948, 14-20; 1971, 159, 168-69; Mattingly 1994, 67 coast road(s) E and SE of Lepcis HRL Rebuffat 1973; Brogan 1975; Purcaro-Pagano 1976, 285-310; Mattingly 1994, 61-63 coast road(s) Tacape → Lepcis HRL ItAnt 59-63; Tissot 1884, 196-220; Toutain 1903, 274-84; Goodchild 1948, 9-10; 1971, 158,167, 169; Di Vita-Evrard 1978, 12-16; Mattingly 1994, 61-63, inland route Oea → Lepcis RL Goodchild 1948, 25; Oates 1953, 89-92; Di Vita Evrard 1979, 67-77; Mattingly 1994, 67 Limes Tripolitanus road, Tacape → Turris Tamalleni → RL Tissot 1884, 697-709; Goodchild 1948, 11-13; Agma →Tillibari → Lepcis Magna 1971, 158-9; Hammond 1967; Trousset 1974, 29-38; Mattingly 1994, 62-66; Tacape → Augemmi-SE R ILAf 657; Toutain 1903, 343-47; Mattingly 1994, 66-7; on Girba RL Toutain 1903, 284-86; Jerba Actes 1986 routes N Turris Tamalleni RL Donau 1904; 1909; Toutain 1906; Trousset 1978, 165-68 538 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA

Itinerary Period Reference routes W Tacape RL Toutain 1903, 287-303; Le Boeuf 1905; Donau 1907 track Douz → Aquae Tacapitanae R Tissot 1884, 691-97; Toutain 1903, 303-304; Trousset 1974, 30-32 track NE of Gholaia R Rebuffat 1973 tracks Bezereos and Tisavar → Tabalati RL Trousset 1974, 33-34, 93. tracks N from Ghadames → Tillibari and Sabratha HRL Rebuffat 1972, 322-24; Trousset 1974, 26-28; Euzennat 1978, 153-56 tracks S from Ghadames/Derg R Rebuffat 1972, 322-24 tracks S Gholaia RL Brogan 1965a; Rebuffat 1970a tracks SW Gholaia R Brogan 1965a; Rebuffat 1982; 1988 upper Sofeggin road (Thenteos → Mizda) RL Goodchild 1948, 21-23; 1971, 160; Mattingly 1994, 67

Quarry

Grid Location Period Material Reference

G2 near Lepcis at Ras el-Hammam R Ls Ward-Perkins 1993, 60

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

Achaimeneis R near Syrtis Minor EncBerb 3 Akhaemeneis; Mattingly 1994, 26 Ad Cisternas R?L Rebuffat 1973 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 325 Afas Laminie L SE Augemmi TUN Mattingly 1994, 66 Agarsel L SE Chott Djerid TUN Mattingly 1994, 66 *Amantes (Garamantes?) Desanges 1980, 376-77; Mattingly 1994, 26 Ammonos R Ad Ammonen? Ptol. 4.3.11 Amougkla R Ptol. 4.3.11 Anacutas L Tripolitana? EncBerb 5; Mattingly 1994, 26 Arnum R Marichal 1992, 106 Azouis R Ptol. 4.3.11

Boin(ag?) R Marichal 1992, 106 Boutta R Ptol. 4.3.11

Chosol R?L Bu Njem? Rebuffat 1973, 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 333 Chouzis R TUN Ptol. 4.3.11

Dissio Aqua Amara R?L Rebuffat 1973, 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 334 Dourga R Ptol. 4.3.11 Esuba R Marichal 1992, 106

Flacci Taberna L SE Oea ItMiller 898 Galin(...) R Marichal 1992, 106 Galybe R Ptol. 4.3.11 Geir fl. probably well to S of map Ptol. 4.6.4 Geirei = Girrei Giglion Oros Ptol. 4.3.5 Girrei/ R on Geir fl. Ptol. 4.6.5; EncBerb 20 Geirei Gurubi L EncBerb 21

*Hares/ HRL Guellala? TUN Toutain 1903, 285; Desanges 1980, 432-33 *Haribus/ *Har/ *Phoar? Hyeruzerian R Marichal 1992, 106 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA 539

Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

Ifuraces L Syrtica Mattingly 1994, 27

Macares/ L Tripolitana Mattingly 1994, 27 Macae? CHRL Machyles/ L Syrtica Mattingly 1994, 27 Macae? Mahatanhur L S Djebel Tebaga TUN Mattingly 1994, 66 Mecales Tripolitana Mattingly 1994, 26-28 Mouchthousioi/ R near Syrtis Minor Mattingly 1994, 27 Muctuniana Manus L Mousti Kome R Mizda? Ptol. 4.3.11 Moutourgoures R near Syrtis Minor Mattingly 1994, 27 Muctuniana Manus = Mouchthousioi Musula R?L Rebuffat 1973, 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 341

Nalad R?L Rebuffat 1973, 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 342 Nathabres RL S Tripolitana Mattingly 1994, 28 Nigitimoi RL near Syrtis Minor Mattingly 1994, 28

Ogiplonsioi/ R/ near Syrtis Minor Mattingly 1994, 28 Sigiplousioi R

*Phoar? = *Hares Putea L SE Augemmi TUN Mattingly 1994, 66 Puteo RL TUN? Mattingly 1994, 66

Rufini Taberna L SW Pisida? TUN ItMiller 899

Secedi R Marichal 1992, 106 Sigiplousioi = Ogiplonsioi Silcadenit L Tripolitana? Mattingly 1994, 28 Silvacae L Tripolitana? Mattingly 1994, 28 Silvaizan L Tripolitana? Mattingly 1994, 28 Sintai R near Syrtis Minor Mattingly 1994, 28 Soumoukis R near Syrtis Maior Ptol. 4.3.11 Syddenis R Ptol. 4.3.11 Sykapha R Ptol. 4.3.11

Tacapitani Mattingly 1994, 28 Tege R Ptol. 4.3.11 Theriodes AL Phazania? Mattingly 1994, 28 Thizibi Oros Ptol. 4.3.5 Tinzimedo L S Djebel Tebaga TUN Mattingly 1994, 66

Uchium RL Henchir Bourgou? Weriemmi-Akkari 1985

Veri L SE Augemmi TUN Mattingly 1994, 66

Zarath R town in Tripolitana? RE Zaratha 540 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA

Bibliography

Abd al-Rahman 1995 Brogan 1954 A.S. Abd al-Rahman, “Archaeological news,” LibAnt O. Brogan, “The camel in Roman Tripolitania,” n.s. 1 (1995) 154-55. PBSR 22 (1954) 126-31. Abou-Hamed 1975 Brogan 1965 M. Abou-Hamed, “Archaeological news,” LibAnt O. Brogan, “Henchir el-Ausaf by Tigi (Tripolitania) 11-12 (1975) 297-304. and some related tombs in the Tunisian Gefara,” LibAnt 2 (1965) 47-56. Aurigemma 1926 S. Aurigemma, I Mosaici di Zliten, AfrIt monograph, Brogan 1965a Rome and Milan, 1926. O. Brogan “Notes on the Wadis Neina and Bei-el-Kebir and on some pre-desert tracks,” LibAnt Aurigemma 1932 2 (1965) 57-64. S. Aurigemma, L’area cemeteriale cristiana di Ain Zára presso Tripoli di Barberia, Rome, 1932. Brogan 1971 O. Brogan, “First and second century settlement in Aurigemma 1954 the Tripolitanian pre-desert,” in F.F. Gadallah (ed.), S. Aurigemma, “Il mausoleo di Gasr Dóga in Libya in history. Proceedings of a conference held territorio di Tarhúna,” QAL 3 (1954) 13-31. at the Faculty of Arts, University of Libya, 1968, Bakir 1967 pp. 121-30, Benghazi, 1971. T. Bakir, “Archaeological news,” LibAnt 3-4 (1967) Brogan 1974 241-51. O. Brogan, “Round and about Misurata,” LibSt 6 Barker 1996 (1974/1975) 49-58. G. Barker et al. (eds.), Farming the desert. The Brogan 1975 UNESCO Libyan Valleys archaeological survey, O. Brogan, “Inscriptions in the Libyan alphabet from vol. 1: synthesis, UNESCO, Paris, 1996. Tripolitania and some notes on the tribes of the Barth 1857 region,” in J. Bynon and T. Bynon (eds.), H. Barth, Travels and discoveries in North and Hamito-Semitica, pp. 267-89, The Hague and Paris, Central Africa, London, 1857. 1975. Bartoccini 1927 Brogan 1977 R. Bartoccini, “Rinvenimenti vari di interesse O. Brogan, “Some ancient sites in eastern archeologico in Tripolitania (1920-1925),” AfrIt 1 Tripolitania,” LibAnt 13-14 (1977) 93-129. (1927) 213-48. Brogan 1978 Bartoccini 1929 O. Brogan, “Es-Sernama Bir el-Uaar: a Roman tomb R. Bartoccini, “Scavi e rinvenimenti in Tripolitania in Libya,” in R. Moorey and P. Parr (eds.), negli anni 1926-27,” AfrIt 2 (1929) 77-110, 187-200. Archaeology in the Levant. Essays for Kathleen Kenyon, pp. 233-37, Warminster, 1978. Bates 1914 O. Bates, The eastern Libyans: an essay, London, Brogan 1979 1914. O. Brogan, “Hadd Hajar, a clausura in the Tripolitanian Gebel Garian south of Asabaa,” LibSt Bauer 1935 11 (1979-80) 45-52. G. Bauer, “Le due necropoli di Ghirza.,”AfrIt 6 (1935) 61-78. Brogan 1984 O. Brogan and D.J. Smith, Ghirza: a Libyan Bisi 1970 settlement in Roman period, Libyan Antiquities A.M.Bisi,“ScopertadiduetombepunicheaMellita series 1, Tripoli, 1984. (Sabratha),” LibAnt 6-7 (1970) 189-228. Brogan 1953 O. Brogan and D. Oates, “Gasr el-Gezira, a shrine in the Gebel Nefusa of Tripolitania,” PBSR 21 (1953) 74-80. MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA 541

Brogan 1985 Di Vita-Evrard 1979 O. Brogan and J.M. Reynolds, “An inscription from G. Di Vita-Evrard, “Quatre inscriptions du Djebel the Wadi Antar,” in D. Buck and D. Mattingly (eds.), Tarhuna: le térritoire de Lepcis Magna,” QAL 10 Town and country in Roman Tripolitania. Papers in (1979) 67-98. honour of Olwen Hackett, BAR International series Donau 1904 274, pp. 13-21, Oxford, 1985. R. Donau, “Note sur la voie de Turris Tamalleni à Brouquier-Reddé 1992 Capsa et sur quelques ruines romaines situées dans V. Brouquier-Reddé, Temples et cultes de le Bled Segui,”BCTH (1904) 354-59. Tripolitaine, CNRS, Paris, 1992. Donau 1907 Buck 1985 R. Donau, “Etude sur la voie romaine de Tacapae à D.J. Buck and D.J. Mattingly (eds.), Town and Turris Tamalleni,” Bulletin de la société country in Roman Tripolitania. Papers in honour of archéologique de Sousse (1907) 52-67, 173-90. Olwen Hackett, BAR International series 274, Donau 1909 Oxford, 1985. R. Donau, “Note relative à deux nouveaux Carton 1897 documents découverts sur la voie de Capsa à Turris L. Carton, “Etudes sur les travaux hydrauliques des Tamalleni,”BCTH (1909) 277-81. romains en Tunisie,” RevTun 4 (1897) 27-85. Drine 1993 Corò 1928 A. Drine, “Le site d’el-Mdeina au sud d’el Biban, la F. Corò, Vestigia di colonie agricole Romane. Gebel ‘Zouchis’ de Strabon,” Reppal 7-8 (1993) 103-16. Nefusa, Rome, 1928. Euzennat 1978 Daniels 1987 M. Euzennat and P. Trousset, “Le camp de Remada, C.M. Daniels, “Africa,” in J. Wacher (ed.), The fouilles inédites du commandant R. Donau,” Africa Roman world, vol. 1, pp. 223-65, London, 1987. 5-6 (1978) 111-89. Desanges 1962 Fentress 1979 J. Desanges, Catalogue des tribus africaines de E.W.B. Fentress, Numidia and the Roman army. l’antiquité classique à l’ouest du Nil, Dakar, 1962. Social, military and economic aspects of the frontier zone, BAR International series 53, Oxford, 1979. Desanges 1978 J. Desanges, Recherches sur l’activité des Ferchiou 1989 Méditerranéens aux confins de l’Afrique, CEFR 38, N. Ferchiou, “Le mausolée de Q. Apuleus Maximus Rome, 1978. àElAmrouni,”PBSR 57 (1989) 47-76. Desanges 1980 Feuille 1938 J. Desanges, Pline l’Ancien. Histoire naturelle, G.L. Feuille, “Note sur les ruines de l’Henchir livre V, 1-46, Collection Budé, Paris, 1980. Kedama,” BCTH (1938-40) 260. Di Vita 1966 Gascou 1972 A. Di Vita, “La villa della ‘Gara delle Nereidi’ J. Gascou, La politique municipale de l’Empire presso Tagiura,” LibAnt Suppl. 2 (1966) 11-64. romain en Afrique Proconsulaire de Trajan à Septime Sévère, CEFR 8, Rome, 1972. Di Vita 1974 A. Di Vita, “Un passo dello Σταδιασµὸς τῆς µεγάλης Gascou 1982 θαλάσσης ed il porto ellenistico di Leptis Magna,” in J. Gascou, “La politique municipale de Rome en Mélanges de philosophie, de littérature et d’histoire Afrique du Nord. I. De la mort d’Auguste au début ancienne offerts à Pierre Boyancé, pp. 229-49, du IIIe siècle. II. Après la mort de Septime-Sévère,” Rome, 1974. ANRW II.10.2 (1982) 136-320. Di Vita-Evrard 1978 Goodchild 1948 G. Di Vita-Evrard, “Le plus ancien milliare de R.G. Goodchild, The Roman roads and milestones of Tripolitaine: A. Caecina Severus, proconsul Tripolitania (Discoveries and researches in 1947), d’Afrique,” LibAnt 15-16 (1978-79) 9-44. Reports and Monographs of the Department of Antiquities in Tripolitania 1, British Military Administration, Tripoli, 1948. 542 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA

Goodchild 1971 Mattingly 1983 R.G. Goodchild, “The Roman roads in Libya and D.J. Mattingly, “The Laguatan: a Libyan tribal their milestones,” in F.F. Gadallah (ed.), Libya in confederation in the late Roman empire,” LibSt 14 history. Proceedings of a conference held at the (1983) 96-108. Faculty of Arts, University of Libya, 1968, Mattingly 1989 pp. 155-71, Benghazi, 1971. D.J. Mattingly and J.A. Lloyd (eds.), Libya: Goodchild 1976 Research in archaeology, environment, history and R.G. Goodchild, Libyan Studies: selected papers of society 1969-1989, LibSt 20, London, 1989. the late R. G. Goodchild,J.M.Reynolds(ed.), Mattingly 1994 London, 1976. D.J. Mattingly, Tripolitania, Ann Arbor, 1994. pp. 3-16 = “Roman Tripolitania: reconnaissance in the desert frontier zone,” GeogJ 115 (1950) 161-78. Mattingly 1995 pp. 72-106 = “Roman sites on the Tarhuna plateau of D.J. Mattingly and R.B. Hitchner, “Roman Africa: Tripolitania,” PBSR 19 (1951) 43-65. an archaeological review,” JRS 85 (1995) 165-213. pp. 145-54 = “Mapping Roman Libya,” GeogJ 118 Mattingly 1996 (1952) 142-52. D.J. Mattingly et al. (eds.), Farming the Desert. The Governo della Tripolitania 1916 UNESCO Libyan Valleys archaeological survey, Governo della Tripolitania, Elenco dei nomi di vol. 2: Gazetteer and pottery, UNESCO, Paris, località della Tripolitania settentrionale, Official 1996. Publication, Tripoli, 1916. Merighi 1940 Hafemann 1975 A. Merighi, La Tripolitania antica, 2 vols., Verbania, D. Hafemann, “Roman cultural landscape at about 1940. A.D. 300,” Afrika-Kartenwerk - series N, N15. Oates 1953 Historical Geography, Berlin and Stuttgart, 1975. D. Oates, “The Tripolitanian Gebel: settlement of the Hammond 1967 Roman period around Gasr ed-Dauun,” PBSR 21 N. Hammond, “The Limes Tripolitanus:aRoman (1953) 81-117. road in North Africa,” JBAA 3.30 (1967) 1-18. Peyras 1988 Haynes 1959 J. Peyras and P. Trousset, “Le lac Tritonis et les D.E.L. Haynes, The antiquities of Tripolitania, noms anciens du Chott el Jérid,” AntAf 24 (1988) Tripoli, 1959. 149-204. Kolendo 1986 Picard 1985 J. Kolendo, “Les grands domaines en Tripolitaine G.C. Picard, “La villa du Taureau à Silin d’après l’Itinéraire Antonin,” in Histoire et (Tripolitaine),” CRAI (1985) 227-41. archéologie de l’Afrique du Nord. Actes du IIIe Purcaro Pagano 1976 colloque international, Montpellier 1985, V. Purcaro Pagano, “Le rotte antiche tra la Grecia e pp. 149-62, Paris, 1986. la Cirenaica e gli itinerari marittimi e terrestri lungo Le Boeuf 1905 le coste cirenaiche e della Grande Sirte,” QAL 8 Capt. Le Boeuf, “La voie romaine de Tacapes à (1976) 285-352. Aquae Tacapitanae,” BCTH (1905) 346-50. Rebuffat 1970 Lepelley 1979 R. Rebuffat, “Bu Njem 1970,” LibAnt 6-7 (1970) C. Lepelley, Les cités de l’Afrique romaine au 107-65. Bas-Empire, I: La permanence d’une civilisation Rebuffat 1970a municipale, Paris, 1979. R. Rebuffat, “Zella et les routes d’Egypte,” LibAnt Lepelley 1981 6-7 (1970) 181-87. C. Lepelley, Les cités de l’Afrique romaine au Rebuffat 1972 Bas-Empire, 2 vols., Paris, 1981. R. Rebuffat, “Nouvelles recherches dans le sud de la Marichal 1992 Tripolitaine,” CRAI (1972) 319-39. R. Marichal, Les ostraca de Bu Njem, LibAnt Suppl. 7, Tripoli, 1992. MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA 543

Rebuffat 1973 Toussaint 1907 R. Rebuffat, “Gholaia (notes et documents VI),” P.-M. Toussaint, “Résumé des reconnaissances LibAnt 9-10 (1973) 135-45. archéologiques exécutées par les officiers des Brigades Topographiques d’Algérie et de Tunisie Rebuffat 1975 pendant le campagne de 1905-1906,” BCTH (1907) R. Rebuffat, “Trois nouvelles campagnes dans le sud 302-14. de la Tripolitaine,” CRAI (1975) 495-505. Toussaint 1908 Rebuffat 1982 P.-M. Toussaint, “Résumé des reconnaissances R. Rebuffat, “Recherches dans le désert de Libye,” archéologiques exécutées par les officiers des CRAI (1982) 188-99. Brigades Topographiques d’Algérie et de Tunisie Rebuffat 1988 pendant le campagne de 1906-1907,” BCTH (1908) R. Rebuffat, “Les fermiers du désert,” AfrRom 5 393-409. (1988) 33-68. Toutain 1903 Reynolds 1955 J. Toutain, “Notes et documents sur les voies J.M. Reynolds, “Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania stratégiques et sur 1’occupation militaire du (IRT): a supplement,” PBSR 23 (1955) 124-47. Sud-Tunisien à l’époque romaine,” BCTH (1903) 272-409. Salama 1951 P. Salama, Les voies romaines de l’Afrique du Nord, Toutain 1906 Algiers, 1951. J. Toutain, “Nouvelles découvertes sur la voie de Capsa à Turris Tamalleni,” BCTH (1906) 242-50. Salza Prina Ricotti 1970 E. Salza Prina Ricotti, “Le ville marittime di Silin Trousset 1974 (Leptis Magna),” RPAA series 3.43 (1970-71) P. Trousset, Recherches sur le limes Tripolitanus du 135-63. Chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne, CNRS, Paris, 1974. Sjöström 1993 I. Sjöström, Tripolitania in transition: late Roman to Trousset 1978 early Islamic settlement, Aldershot, 1993. P. Trousset, “Les bornes du Bled Segui. Nouveaux aperçus sur la centuriation romaine du Sud-Tunisie,” Thwaite 1969 AntAf 12 (1978) 125-77. A. Thwaite, The deserts of Hesperides, London, 1969. Trousset 1992 P. Trousset, “La vie littorale et les ports dans la Tissot 1884 petite Syrte à l’époque romaine,” Spectacles, vie C. Tissot, Géographie comparée de la province portuaire, religions. Actes du Ve colloque romaine d’Afrique, 2 vols., Paris, 1884, 1888. international sur l’histoire et l’archéologie de Toussaint 1905 l’Afrique du Nord, Avignon, 1990, pp. 317-32, Paris, P.-M. Toussaint, “Résumé des reconnaissances 1992. archéologiques exécutées par les officiers des Vita-Finzi 1969 Brigades Topographiques d’Algérie et de Tunisie C. Vita-Finzi, The Mediterranean valleys. pendant le campagne de 1903-1904,” BCTH (1905) Geological changes in historical times,Cambridge, 56-74. 1969. Toussaint 1906 Ward-Perkins 1953 P.-M. Toussaint, “Résumé des reconnaissances J.B. Ward-Perkins and R.G. Goodchild, “The archéologiques exécutées par les officiers des Christian antiquities of Tripolitania,” Archaeologia Brigades Topographiques d’Algérie et de Tunisie 95 (1953) 1-83. pendant le campagne de 1904-1905,” BCTH (1906) 223-41. Ward-Perkins 1993 J.B. Ward-Perkins, The Severan buildings of Lepcis Magna, London, 1993. 544 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA

Weriemmi-Akkari 1985 Zenati 1995 J. Weriemmi-Akkari, “Un témoignage spectaculaire M. Zenati, “Archaeological news,” LibAnt n.s. 1 sur la présence libyco-punique dans l’île de Jerba. Le (1995) 156-57. mausolée de Henchir Bourgou,” Reppal 1 (1985) 189-96.