NJORD Annual Report 2020 Our Mission Is to Advance the Understanding of Transformation Processes in Earth- and Manmade Porous Materials

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NJORD Annual report 2020 Our mission is to advance the understanding of transformation processes in Earth- and manmade porous materials – Contents

Chapter Research Projects

Chapter About Njord Introduction 39 Part 1: Fluid Flows in Complex Media 43 Preface 08 Part 2: Pattern Formation and Dynamical Systems 57 About Njord 10 Part 3: Fracture, Friction and Creep in Rocks and Materials 67 Organization 11 Part 4: Mechano-Chemical Processes from the Finances 14 01 03 Nanoscale to the Scale of Continents 75

Chapter Activity at Njord Chapter Appendices

Highlights 2020 18 List of staff 84 Interviews 20 PhD and postdoc projects 87 Education 26 Guest talks, workshops and seminars 89 Outreach and media highlights 28 Production list 90 Fieldwork 30 Project portfolio 98 02 Laboratories 32 04 Njord and COVID-19 36

4 5 01 About Njord The Mulafossur waterfall in front Preface of the village Gåsadalur at the Preface Faroe Islands. Árnafjall (722 m "For to er ingen klev for bratt – a.s.l.) in the back is the highest – mountain on the island of Vágar and composed of basalt flows. (A hill is never too steep when These volcanic rocks are a potential storage site for large volumes of CO . 2 you are two)" – Henrik Ibsen “It's not what you For to er ingen klev for bratt (A hill is of the Goldschmidt laboratory, dedicated never too steep when you are two), wrote to geochemical analysis, and written an look at that matters, Henrik Ibsen more than 100 years ago. application for the second stage of this national facility, dedicated to imaging and At Njord, we continue this tradition to microstructural studies. Njord, in collabora- it's what you see” acknowledge that greater outcomes tion with the departments of Geosciences, – Henry David Thoreau are reached together rather than alone. Physics, and Odontology, will participate Njord is an open, cross-disciplinary and in the EXCITE EU infrastructure that helps curiosity-driven research environment. build state-of-the-art analytical facilities all over Europe. Finally, Njord researchers Our main strength is the ability to raise have submitted successful applications to and solve original scientific questions. get access to large international facilities We can solve such problems because (neutron and synchrotron sources), and The cross-disciplinary geoscience-physics or accepted. For a research centre with Njord outreach contributions include ra- we recognize that the diversity in com- high-performance computing and data centre Njord was officially established 10 senior staff members and the Covid-19 dio interviews and newpapers articles in petence we have developed over the storage national facilities (Notur, Norstore). With these fully equipped, state-of-the- on January 1st 2018. Njord is a merger virus limiting our degrees of freedom, this Aftenposten about volcanism on Iceland by past twenty years is an asset that allows production is remarkable. Olivier Galland, and the Porous Media Tea art facilities at the highest international of the 1st generation Norwegian Centre us to tackle difficult problems by simpli- Time Talks by Marcel Moura. level, 2021 will be the year to submit new fying them to basic processes. The cross- of Excellence (CoE) PGP (Physics of Geo- In contrast to the anomalous 2019, where proposals and start innovative projects. logical Processes, running in the period 13 PhD students graduated from Njord, During 2021, Njord will keep working to disciplinary research developed in Njord, 2003–2013), and the Oslo node of the only Claire Aupart graduated in 2020. From increase synergy and interactions between at the interfaces between physics, geo- The national and international visibility that Njord has acquired in the past three years 4th generation CoE PoreLab (Porous 2021 onwards, 7 new PhD students will its main components (PoreLab and PGP) sciences and, more recently, biology and join Njord funded by a large ‘Cofund’ project through joint projects and new research relies on the senior academic staff and early Media Laboratory, started in August data science, continuously renews our (CompSci) led by Anders Malthe-Sørenssen, initiatives in an open and friendly, but yet career researchers who are continuously scientific questions and ensures they 2017). Through curiosity-driven research Director of the Center for Computing in quality-minded, atmosphere under the pushing the frontiers of knowledge, training at the interface between physics and Science Education (CCSE). The CompSci Njord umbrella. are at the forefront of knowledge and students, communicating science to stake- geoscience, our ambition is to advance program will train a new generation of relevant to society. holders and the public, and importantly, Looking at outcrops of fossil earthquakes, the frontier of knowledge about the natural science researchers with disci 2020 was my last year as Njord Director _ encouraging new ideas, particularly if some Nusfjord, Lofoten Archipelago, May 2020. are outside our comfort zone. This free- behavior of Earth-like systems at condi plinary, interdisciplinary and transferable and I wish François Renard the best of luck skills and a foundation in computational as he takes over the responsibilities in- In 2020, researchers and engineers have dom is possible because the Department of tions far from equilibrium. To achieve methods – providing them with the know volved in leading this very exiting physics- developed and upgraded Njord's laboratory Geosciences and the Department of Physics, these aims, we build on our diversity in ledge, skills and vision to digitally trans- geology collaboration into the future. facilities. A fully renovated and equipped together with the Mathematics and Natural an open environment with a high level form the European education, research, room in the Department of Physics is now Sciences faculty, recognize that the Centre of technical skill. government and industry sectors. hosting the Oslo Analogue Laboratory. The represents a unique opportunity to develop _ Kore rig, a new rock deformation appara- cross-disciplinary and high-level science at Njord outreach in 2020 includes two new tus built by Njord's researchers, is now the University of Oslo. books by Anja Røyne (‘Varm klode, kaldt installed at the European Synchrotron During our third year in operation, the in- hode. Løsninger på klimakrisen’, published Radiation Facility. PoreLab researchers I will start as Njord's director in 2021 after famous Covid-19 year, Njord staff produced by Kagge, and ‘Fysikk – enkelt forklart’, have developed a new four-dimensional Bjørn established this research environment 82 papers in international journals, keeping published by Universitetsforlaget). Her optical imaging technique in their fully in 2018. I share his vision of curiosity and the pace from the very productive 2019. 2018 book ‘Menneskets grunnstoffer’ has so renovated laboratories, from which ex- freedom in academic research. Bjørn is now Papers include 2 in Nature Communications, far been published in 11 countries, including citing and original new data are now pro- Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics 1 in Scientific Reports, 1 in Astrophysical Jour- the UK, USA, Italy, Poland and Holland. duced. The University of Oslo has decided and Natural Sciences. UiO will surely benefit Bjørn Jamtveit François Renard nal Letters, 4 in Earth and Planetary Science Anja had an extremely busy outreach to fund a nano-indenter apparatus to study if Bjørn can spur the faculty to push the Letters, 2 in Geophysical Research Letters, 2 year in 2020 with numerous popular Director of the Njord deformation processes in natural rocks frontiers of knowledge towards the highest Director of the Njord Centre Centre from 1.1.2021 in Geology, and 1 in Physical Review Fluids. talks, podcasts, and appearances in radio, and fabricated materials. Njord members international level to the same degree he In addition, 41 papers are under review notably NRK P2’s ‘Ekko’ program. Other have obtained funding for the first stage did at Njord and PGP.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 8 Chapter 1 – About Njord Chapter 1 – About Njord 9

About Njord Organization -- -- Njord is a cross-disciplinary geoscience-physics centre at the Faculty synergies between the departments of Njord is a cross-disciplinary geo In the first years of the centre (2018–2020), Centre includes the Oslo node of the Centre of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Oslo. Physics and Geoscience at the University science-physics centre at the Faculty Njord was directed by Professor Bjørn of Excellence PoreLab, led by Professor of Oslo. Our cross-disciplinary research Jamtveit. As Bjørn Jamtveit becomes vice Knut Jørgen Måløy, and the Physics of Our research focuses on the fundamental physics of geologically allows us to make progress in answering of Mathematics and Natural Sciences dean of the Faculty for Mathematics and Geological Processes (PGP) at the the sec- relevant processes, such as transport and reactions in deformable scientific questions that individuals could at the University of Oslo (UiO). We Natural Sciences at UiO from January tion for Physics, led by Professor François porous media, fracturing and fragmentation, interface dynamics not solve alone, as demonstrated by our main consider ourselves as one of the main 1st 2021, Professor François Renard will Renard. Professor Luca Menegon will be during geophysical flows, and intermittency and pattern formation findings in 2020 presented in this report. UiO cross-disciplinary 'drivers' for become the director of Njord. The director, leading PGP from 2021. The Njord leader assisted by the administrative coordinator, group includes ten senior scientists. In total, in geological systems far from equilibrium. We aim to: the future development of Physical Nina Mino Thorud, is responsible for pro- Njord comprises about 56 members, 25 % • Maintain and develop a world leading Sciences in general, and Earth and ject management, administration, as well of which are women. There are members cross-disciplinary research centre in Space related research in particular as technical and financial delivery. The from both the Department of Physics, the director reports to the board. The Njord Department of Geosciences and from Njord. physical sciences at UiO with focus on at UiO. a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of fluid-solid systems with Earth-like complexity. Njord Board: • Build the next generation of compu tational competences and experimental laboratory facilities for the study of Solveig Kristensen, Vice Dean Brit Lisa Skjelkvåle, Head of Susanne F. Viefers, Head processes in fluid-rock/fluid porous- (research), The Faculty of Mathe Department of Geosciences of Department of Physics media systems in 4D from molecular matics and Natural Sciences to field scales. • Provide a unique basis for making

predictions relevant for CO2-sequestration, exploration and exploitation of PoreLab Knut Jørgen Måløy, François Renard Physics natural resources, transport of contam- CoE Oslo Leader of PoreLab Leader of PGP of Geological inants in the subsurface, avalanches, CoE UiO Processes (PGP) landslides, and other geohazards. NJORDDirector: Bjørn Jamtveit • Generate an outstanding environment for research-based education at the Masters and PhD levels. At Njord we conduct research on systems 2013. At the end of the CoE period, PGP was • Make the complex Earth System visible Leader Luiza Angheluta, Dag Kristian Dysthe, Eirik Grude Flekkøy, Olivier Galland, Karen Mair, that range in scales from atoms to conti- ‘phased-into’ the host departments as one in the public sphere. group nents, and apply methods where fieldwork, section in the Department of Geosciences Knut Jørgen Måløy, Anders Malthe-Sørenssen, Luca Menegon, François Renard, numerical modelling, experiments and theory (PGP), and one section in the Department Our research strategy is to: Anja Røyne, adm. coordinators Nina Mino Thorud and Hedda Susanne Molland act in concert. The prime products of our of Physics (Condensed Matter). • Create an interactive co-localized centre are high quality fundamental research organization of geoscientist and and education. We also focus considerable Porous Media Laboratory (PoreLab) is a fourth physicists conducting field geology, efforts on outreach and innovation through generation CoE and is running in the period theory, numerical modeling and collaboration with media, renowned artists 2017–2027. The centre is directed by Professor experiments in concert. Staff and industry partners. Alex Hansen at NTNU, and a major compo- • Be an active, and often leading, nent of PoreLab’s staff and activities is located partner in international collaborations. Our research is directly relevant to a wide at UiO coordinated by professors Knut Jørgen • Participate in international projects range of applications, including the transport Måløy and Eirik Grude Flekkøy. The goal (IODP, ICDP, Inter-Reg MAXIVESSFUN, of water, pollutants and hydrocarbons in of PoreLab is the development of theories, Excite) and be a user of large-scale porous and fractured rocks, carbon seques- principles, tools and methods to reduce the national and international facilities tration and storage, avalanche dynamics, trial and error approach to porous media where Norway is a partner (ESRF, ESS, earthquakes, volcanoes and other geohazards. with relevance in biology, chemistry, geology IFE, IOR, Goldschmidt laboratory). and geophysics based on fluid mechanics, Who are we? non-equilibrium thermodynamics and sta- Our philosophy, in line with UiO strategy, The Njord centre involves researchers from tistical mechanics. The goals and methods is that our research is leading our edu the former Centre of Excellence (CoE) ‘Physics of PoreLab is highly cross-disciplinary and cational activities where we valorize the % % % % of Geological Processes’ and the University overlaps with ongoing PGP activities. approach ‘Learning by doing’. We are doing of Oslo's node of the new CoE ‘NTNU-UiO this in close collaboration with the Centre 34 30 30 05 Porous Media Laboratory’. Physics of Geo- By merging the geology and physics activities for Computing in Science Education (CCSE), Professors and PhD Postdoc and Technical and logical Processes (PGP) was a first generation into the Njord Centre, we gain an obvious a CoE in education directed by Njord's Anders senior researchers researchers administrative Norwegian CoE running in the period 2003– and considerable potential for increased Malthe-Sørenssen. (incl. prof 2) staff

Njord annual report 2020 10 Chapter 1 – About Njord Geographical origins of Njord employees --

Norway %

Geographical % % % % % % origin by percentage 04 04 – 18 05 04 04 France Italy Canada China Germany Iran

02% 02% 02% 02% 02% 02% 04% 02% 02% 02 % 02 % 02% 39Brazil Denmark Greece India Poland Romania Switzerland Russia Serbia Sweden UK USA

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 12 Chapter 1 – About Njord Chapter 1 – About Njord 13 Finances Distribution of funding and Funding 49% 16 % 24%

University of Oslo CoE from NRC Other NRC-grants – – –

Funding in total in 2020 – 45 MNOK % % % The Njord centre is funded by overhead from the Research Council of Norway, from externally funded projects, the the European Research Council and other 03 08 100 Department of Physics and the Department sources will replace funding from the of Geosciences at the University of Oslo. departments to cover running costs. In 2020 the centre had secured enough funding The staff at Njord is employed by either for the running costs, and became self- one of the departments or by projects at sufficient. Overheads from projects at Njord Njord. The centre did in the first two years are split between the centre and the host of running receive contributions from both department of the project leader. External EU/ERC Industry and others Funding in total departments to cover running costs. The funding from projects at Njord covers – – – ambition has been that the contributions around 50% of all the expenses.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 14 Chapter 1 – About Njord Chapter 1 – About Njord 15 02 Activity at Njord

17 Highlights of 2020 --

January March June September October November

The PoreLab Guillame Dumazer, Bjørnar Sandnes, EarthFlows holds is PoreLab UiO opens Anja Røyne launches Jane Luu, Eirik Flekkøy and Renaud Toussaint’s Seminar is held in Knut Jørgen Måløy & Eirik Grude Flekkøy 6th annual seminar. a virtual gallery her second book in article “'Oumuamua as a cometary fractal Courmayeur, Italy publish “Capillary bulldozing of This year as a “The Art of Porous 2020: «Hot planet, aggregate: The “Dust Bunny” model” in sedimented granular material hybrid event, Media” cool minds” Astrophysical Journal Letters, reaches more than confined in a millifluidic tube” partly on Zoom 100 popular science postings all around the world in Physical Review Fluids

January May August September October November December

Lucy Campbell, Luca Menegon, Njord contributes Luiza Angheluta is The Department Kristina Dunkel Marthe Guren Grønlie, Njord gets INTPART Åke Fagereng & Giorgio Pennacchioni to UiOs high ranking promoted full professor of Geosciences is is awarded “Teacher Henrik Sveinsson, grant from the Research publish "Earthquake nucleation on Nature Index granted funding for the of the year” by Anders Hafreager, Council Norway for the in the lower crust by local stress Goldschmidt I-laboratory the students at the Bjørn Jamtveit, project COLOSSAL, amplification” inNature Communications by the Research Council Department of Anders Malthe-Sørenssen, a collaboration project on of Norway, with Njord Geosciences François Renard flow across scales with in a leadership role for publish “Molecular dynamics 8 universities from the project simulations of confined water Norway, USA, Brazil in the periclase-brucite and France system under conditions for reaction-induced fracturing” in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 18 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 19 Name and position: Affiliation: Been at UiO since: 2006 "Feynman’s defiance of proclaimed authority has definitely stuck Luiza Angheluta Njord & PoreLab Been at Njord since: 2018 Interview Professor a personal chord having struggled with it myself as I grew up in a culture dominated by communist ideologies where respect and -- obedience was/is demanded by positions of power. Feynman is, in this respect, my hero for debunking and breaking loose from unearned authority." Luiza Angheluta

imprinted on rocks. This curiosity-driven What are your current In parallel, I am also interested in anomalous inspirational scientists of all times that have densed matter physics. From that side of way of doing physics by peeling off details research project(s)? transport in porous media which currently is also kindled my fascinations for how to do things, I am an advocate of a curiosity-driv- to get to the basic underlying processes that I have broad interests in emergent phenom- a project part of Porelab. We are using mini- physics. Niels Bohr and Richard Feynman en way of thinking and researching where guided the Earth’s past and might play a ena, transport and pattern formation in mal models to predict different subdiffusive are perhaps my top favorites who continue applications come as an unexpected bonus, key role in shaping its future, is what I find non-equilibrium and complex systems, and regimes of Brownian meanderings in laby- to inspire me with their unconventional way aka discovery, but do not make much sense fascinating and has attracted me to PGP, in use theoretical and computational methods rinth patterns with scale-free branch size (at that time) of doing physics and living for research when they are demanded a the first place, and now the Njord centre. to model them. My main current research distributions. Recently, we have also started life; both following, in very distinct ways, priori. The proclaimed authority of the so- is pivoted on understanding the evolution new projects trying to understand statisti- their “gut feeling” for researching which led cietal importance of applications bothers It is humbling when we realize that, in spite of complex fluids and solids as a kind of cal properties of self-propelled Brownian them to develop a genuine intuition about me. That is not to say that I do not see or "This curiosity-driven way of of all progress, we are light-years away from defected matter. When defects are topolog- particles in confined space or interacting how nature works and formulate physical appreciate the importance of applications. doing physics by peeling off de- fully grasping Earth’s complexity and what ically protected (like the hole in a donut), with a spatial quenched disorder. This is a theories and mathematical models that It is the order in which things are done that tails to get to the basic underlying is ahead of us. For instance, fundamental the specific details and heterogeneities in minimalistic theoretical formulation of how paved the way on how we now understand is upsetting to me. Niels Bohr did not ob- processes that guided the Earth’s geological processes are built on phenomena the system become largely unimportant in active matter (like microbes and other liv- the quantum world and how light inter- sess over quantum mechanics because of like friction, fracture, plasticity or turbu- the scheme of large things, and the govern- ing biological matter, but also microrobots) acts with matter. Feynman’s defiance of the need to invent quantum computers, past and might play a key role in lence which, each on its own merit, have the ing evolutionary principles are determined behave in complex environments. proclaimed authority has definitely stuck and Leonardo Da Vinci did not fiddle with shaping its future, is what I find status of challenging unsolved problems in by the dynamics and interactions between a personal chord having struggled with it conceptualizing turbulence to control the fascinating and has attracted me classical condensed matter physics. How- topological defects. Systems with topological How does your current project(s) tie myself as I grew up in a culture dominated airflow around cars or airplanes. I think ever, they are also very common phenom- in with Njord’s diverse family? by communist ideologies where respect and that we tilted the balance too much towards to PGP, in the first place, and now defects are characterized by a global sym- ena in man-made systems and thus have metry that is broken at the defect core. For I am interested in diverse topics in statistical obedience was/is demanded by positions investing into “usefulness” and applicable the Njord centre." immediate impact to industry and society; example, vortices break rotational symmetry and condensed matter physics and several of power. Feynman is, in this respect, my science, and that we need to step back and – think of everything made around us that in superfluids in a similar way as dislocation of them fall under Njord’s umbrella. Even hero for debunking and breaking loose from give more space and ground to playfulness can break, get damaged or need to sustain break the translational and rotational sym- the more exotic topics like superfluid Bose unearned authority. and aimless research in science, since it does some turbulent shakes. Therefore, engi- metry in perfect crystals. Topological defects Einstein condensates bring home concepts pay back in true discoveries and surprises, neers and material scientists have “adopted” are commonly present in many exotic states from turbulence in classical fluids and ties What do you think your research in the long run. these problems as their own to find differ- of matter from superfluid, superconductors, in nicely with other fluid dynamics projects can do beyond academia? What has led you to the kind ent try-and-error solutions using empirical topological insulators and all the way to at Njord. The project on dislocation dynam- I consider myself a theoretical physicist of research you do now at Njord? approaches and educated guesses. Mean- cosmological strings. ics in crystals is addressing fundamental doing basic research in statistical and con- The physics we use in the Njord centre is while, statistical physicists have lost some questions of low-temperature plasticity in grounded in statistical physics of complex momentum and interest in solving these For now, I am mainly interested in the rock deformations. Anomalous transport systems. We aim to build a more funda- problems as they got labeled as perhaps understanding how topological defects in porous media is another topic central to mental understanding of the complexity of being “too engineering”. drive large-scale properties in the context Porelab. We have also initiated new pro- The proclaimed authority of the societal importance of applications different geological processes using concepts of Bose-Einstein superfluids, plasticity of jects on the hydrodynamics of active matter bothers me. That is not to say that I do not see or appreciate the of universality near critical phenomena in Njord centre provides a unique platform crystals and hydrodynamics of active mat- and anomalous transport of self-propelled far-from-equilibrium systems. For this, we for statistical physicists to explore these ter. The kind of questions that guide our Brownian particles, that challenge Njord importance of applications. It is the order in which things are done often construct minimal models of e.g. fric- basic phenomena of breaking, damaging research deal with e.g.: i) how defects, like to expand its horizon by to include also that is upsetting to me. Niels Bohr did not obsess over quantum tion to study earthquakes or glacier surges, deformation and nonlinear flow by doing vortices and dislocations are being nucleated the complexity of the bio-sphere under its or plasticity to model how rocks deform. fun experiments and building theoretical toy by external forces, ii) how defects cluster umbrella. mechanics because of the need to invent quantum computers, and One golden thread that unites many of our models that allow for making connections into high-level organizational structures Leonardo Da Vinci did not fiddle with conceptualizing turbulence research activities is the ultimate scope across different non-equilibrium phenomena or patterns (like subgrains boundaries in Is there any particular research, of shedding lights on how the passing of in condensed matter physics, and asking crystals) due to their long-range elastic in- publication or scientist that has to control the airflow around cars or airplanes. inspired you, in your research? time have activated different kinds of rock fundamental questions in statistical physics teractions, iii) how is yield stress related deformations and fluid transports across pertaining to the nature of non-equilibrium to dislocation density and their mobility; Talking about complexity, the first references lengthscales and timescales to shape the systems and their non-conventional states iv) how is the turbulence cascades dictat- that come to mind is Anderson’s short paper Earth’s crust and create diverse patterns of matter. ed by the interactions between clustered “More is different” and Per Bak’s classical vortices, etc. book on “How nature works”. There are few

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 20 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 21 Name and position: Name and position: Gaute Linga Fabian Barras Interview Postdoctoral fellow Postdoctoral fellow Affiliation: Affiliation: -- PoreLab, Njord Njord Fabian Barras and Been at UiO since: April 2019 Been at UiO since: September 2019 Gaute Linga Been at Njord since: April 2019 Been at Njord since: September 2019

"We are fortunate to work on a subject that sits at the interface ground fluid injection but also during natu- example, the past year we have been dis- between different research topics of Njord. For example, the past ral earthquakes that impact fluid migration cussing fluid in fracture during geology in the crust. In this context we have been field trips in Lofoten, during a workshop year we have been discussing fluid in fracture during geology field part of an initiatory field trip to observe about magmatic dyke intrusions but also trips in Lofoten, during a workshop about magmatic dyke intrusions fossil earthquakes in Lofoten, as can be seen in relation to current physics experiments but also in relation to current physics experiments investigating on the picture. More information about our investigating the fluid cavitation at the tip the fluid cavitation at the tip of dynamic cracks. We could perhaps project can be found later in the report. of dynamic cracks. We could perhaps be Gaute: We still need to write that part! viewed as a pair of shared electrons be- be viewed as a pair of shared electrons between PGP and PoreLab." Fabian: Right. Let’s then talk about our tween PGP and PoreLab. – separate projects. It is time to confess if Gaute: Yes, it is interesting to see that the you dared work with someone else over fluid intrusion problem occurs so many the past year! places – both in Njord’s core areas and Gaute: In general I work on problems where beyond. I think this project fits right in the fluid flow and geometry has some sort of middle, fluid and fracture meeting at the What has led you to the kind a place in securing a sustainable future. complex interplay. Mainly, apart from the pore scale. of research you do now at Njord? Fabian: I completed my master thesis on joint project with Fabian and others, I am Fabian: I did a master in civil engineering exchange at the University of Illinois at working on how mixing, that is, stretching, What do the two of you agree upon, and at EPFL in Switzerland. Gaute you told me Urbana-Champaign, where I worked on folding and dispersion of solutes in fluids, what do you disagree on? that you also are a civil engineer!? the simulation of dynamic fracture. Being takes place in porous media under steady Gaute: I think we agree on most things... Gaute: Well, I am what is called sivilingeniør rather clumsy, I have always been inter- and unsteady flow conditions. On the side Fabian: I disagree; look at our headgears in Norway. But explaining that would take ested and sometimes pissed off by how of that, transition to turbulence in pipe in the picture! too long … I did my Master’s in Physics and things break. Numerical models were finally flow, microfluidics and a little bit of pattern Gaute: I agree. We are usually very different Mathematics at NTNU, where I specialized a way to study fracture safely. Back in EPFL formation/active matter/infectious disease when it comes to headgear. mostly in fluid mechanics and statistical for my PhD thesis, I studied the dynamic modelling on the side of that again… with Fabian: Also, we had some tough disagre physics. Growing up in Bergen, becoming failure of frictional interfaces. I particularly collaborators at NBI, University of Rennes, ements regarding the ordering of cinnamon interested in fluid mechanics was not really enjoyed being part of a multidisciplinary University of Illinois, to name a few. I have and sugar on top of the risgrøt… between that and being, say, curiosity- aspect that I wish to explore in the future a choice. Due to the atmospheric conditions group where friction was studied with told Fabian about this, and he is OK with it. Gaute: Yes, do not get me started. But driven. We currently have a big crisis where is how to communicate and give back a you are forced to deal with every aspect different approaches and at various scales, Fabian: Well, I should also admit some scientifically [and to some extent politically?, geophysical systems and porous media bit of our research to the general public of droplets and turbulent fluid flows on from nanotribology to the earthquake infidelities over the past year. I am also I mean, we mostly end up agreeing? play a role both in the problem and in the that finances it. Gaute, I heard you wrote a daily basis. This, combined with an inter- dynamics. This experience certainly ignited working on projects about frictional Fabian: I disagree. solutions. an article for a popular media about the est in mathematics and programming, in my interest for a multidisciplinary group ruptures, which mediate how existing Fabian: Are you referring to the Swiss- spreading of covid and also received offers addition to a curiosity for how things work built around the topic of geophysics pro- faults reactivate, for example in the neigh- What do you think your research cheese model for mitigating Covid spread? for one of your artwork during PoreLab both in technology and nature has laid the cesses. Having grown up in the Alps, the borhood of fluid injection. In this context, can do beyond academia? Gaute: Well, that too! So two of our most exhibition, what is your secret for commu path clear, I think. After my MSc I worked prospect of cold and snowy winter was I am collaborating with external researchers Gaute: Tough question. On a day-to-day pressing issues – covid and climate – are nication? at SINTEF on fluid dynamics and thermo definitely the icing on the cake. from University College London and EPFL basis, I am mostly concerned with the related to porous media. So for me, this Gaute: What can I say? Great science is dynamics for carbon capture and storage. conducting frictional experiments. I am curiosity driven “intellectual thrill” of responsibility that I mentioned, implies often beautiful... I then did my PhD at NBI, Uni Copenhagen, What are your current research also part of a project about slip pulse, an solving problems, getting to the bottom directing efforts toward, but not limited to, Fabian: My dream, though, is to find a way on fluid flow in complex geometries, such projects together and separate? important type of frictional rupture, with of things and understanding how nature fundamental research on the prerequisites to distribute cinnamon more evenly on top as fractures and pores. After that, and a Gaute: Together, we are working on a Kjetil Thøgersen and François Renard, and works… and doing mostly basic science of safe and scalable CCS as well as new of the risgrøt. The way it works now is just short stop back at SINTEF, I was happy to project that combines our respective experi Einat Aharonov who visited Njord last year. means, on one hand, that we contribute and emission-free energy resources like too… bursty. You can suddenly have chunks join Njord and PoreLab. Being interest- ences: modeling the interplay between fluid piece by piece the puzzle of knowledge of geothermal, “blue energy”, etc. of cinnamon that blows up in your nose, ed in a lot of different things, I have not flow and dynamic rupture. To put it simply, How does your current project(s) the world. On the other hand, being inter- Fabian: I would be very happy if it could and that triggers sneezing. This is not good really stayed in one scientific lane, and the Fabian is responsible for the solid part, and tie in with Njord’s diverse family? ested in a lot of different things, I think we bring a tiny contribution in mitigating for our covid times. I hope to have solved environment at Njord allows me to work I am responsible for the fluid part. Fabian: We are fortunate to work on have a particular responsibility of directing the effect of induced seismicity currently this before the next pandemic. with very physically and intellectually Fabian: Such coupling is important in the a subject that sits at the interface between our interests where we think our efforts preventing the development of technologies Gaute: Have you tried putting on the cin- interesting problems, which can also have problem of seismicity induced by under- different research topics of Njord. For can do good. And there is no contradiction such as deep geothermal energy. Another namon before the sugar?

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 22 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 23 Name and position: Affiliation: Been at UiO since: August 2012 Name and position: Affiliation: Been at UiO since: 2019 (2015 as student) Marthe Grønlie Guren Njord & PGP Been at Njord since: January 2018 Joachim Falck Brodin Njord & PoreLab Been at Njord since: 2019 Interview PhD research fellow Interview PhD -- --

Marthe Grønlie Guren Joachim Falck Brodin

"My motivation is boosted after discussions, which could be dis- "Being a physicist is something of a midlife-crisis-project for me, as cussions at conferences or at work. I get most excited about my I only started to study physics after working for about fifteen years work when things are working and I get results. The results are with quite different things. I could not decide whether to choose sometimes expected or un-expected, but both outcomes increase studies or just going surfing, so I settled on doing both" my motivation." – –

What has led you to the kind PhD-student at Njord) and her co-authors. I definitely prefer solving them with others. What has led you to the kind of research 2D-systems. The first task I have dealt with Where do we usually find you? of research you do now at Njord? They hypothesized that the water film was It could be by sitting together to solve you do now at Njord? is coming up with a working model for these (In the lab, out in the field, in your My master project was with molecular squeezed out of the grain-grain boundary it, or have a discussion to come up with Being a physicist is something of a midlife- types of experiments in 3D. We chose an office, in meetings, drinking coffee dynamics simulations of melting relations when the normal stress exceeded 30 MPa. different approaches to try. During the crisis-project for me, as I only started to approach through index-matching of porous in the kitchen. Please explain what you to where you are.) in the lower mantle, and I wanted to find We used the same conditions and studied last year, I have met several challenges and study physics after working for about media and immiscible fluid phases, which a group at the University of Oslo that was the removal of water. they usually occurs when we are setting fifteen years with quite different things. in turn are scanned by dying the fluids with I am a very restless person, so I need a lot working with this type of simulations at up new simulations. The approach is often It stood between studying or just going fluorescent dyes and scanning through with of variation, both in what I am doing and geological materials. Luckily, I found Henrik The processes happening at small scale to search for similar setups of methods, surfing, so I settled on doing both. During a 2D laser-sheet. This is now up and running in where I am. I don’t much like to sit at Sveinsson, Anders Malthe-Sørenssen and are important for what we observe on the reproduce their work and the adapt it to the bachelor and master I developed a need and we are doing experiments. Currently home with the computer. I would much François Renard which have a great work- larger scale. For examples, the interactions our system. to confront the increasingly outlandish there are two main avenues I am working rather be in the lab, combining the writing ing environment on molecular dynamics between minerals and fluids could result claims made by theoretical physics, in on. The first is approaching two phase flow of papers and dealing with correspondence simulations of geological processes. in transformation from one rock type to Where do we usually find you? addition much of it was also abstract for me at its most fundamental level, reviewing and such, with tinkering with experiments another. Whether these reactions occur, I am usually found in my office in front to connect it directly with physical reality, and expanding on the findings of the last and practical challenges. I also try to get What is your current depend on the nanoscale mechanisms of my computer, often accompanied by going on in one dimension in reciprocal decades, that are mainly from 2D inves out and do “field work” at least a day a research project(s)? controlled by the fluid-rock interactions Henrik, discussing some unexpected space and such, it therefore made sense to tigations, and seeing how they hold up week, to investigate for instance skis flow My PhD-project is on nanoscale imaging since it is the fluids that control the transport behaviors in the simulations. We usually pursue experimental work. This also jives and what new can be learned in a 3D scen- through complex networks of tracks and and modeling of mineral-water interfaces, of chemical components to and from the discuss politely, but I can be slightly frus- well with me as the lab is a welcome break ario.The other is investigating the spread stacks of powder. where I use both experimental and numeri- grain surfaces where the reactions occur. trated when Henrik use a few minutes from the computer, which seems to be the of pollutants within a complex network, cal approaches to study what happen at the to solve the problems I have spent days main tool, also for an experimentalist. I was through secondary transport mechanisms, boundary layer between a solid and a liquid I have also been part of a project where trying to figure out… The discussions drawn to PoreLab in particular because of such as capillary pumping and diffusion. phase. Right now, I work on developing we collaborate with Christine Putnis at the usually starts with either a short question, the format of the lab-work, with table-top a python code that reproduce dissolution University of Münster. In this project, we a new result or a coffee break, and ends up experiments, a do-it-yourself mentality, a How does your current project(s) rates of carbonate minerals, measured in studied the interactions between calcite and in hour long discussions, but it is always very friendly working community, and a tie in with Njord’s diverse family? experiments. In addition, I work on a project chromium using atomic force microscopy. very helpful and provide a lot of ideas on vast supply of appropriately outlandish I like to think of my self as someone that where we study how cracks develops and These experiments complement previous how to proceed or interpret the results. phenomena to study. goes his own ways and is not afraid of proceeds in alpha-quartz. work by Christine and François. When working from home, we have had sticking out. Unfortunately, my research some meetings on zoom, which works fine, What are your current research still lies smack in the center of Njord’s How does your current project(s) What motivates you in your research? but it is more rewarding to meet in real life. projects? other activities. I investigate processes tie in with Njord’s diverse family? My motivation is boosted after discus- My main topic of research is two-phase flow that both are fully in the domain of solid- My most recent publication was about the sions, could be discussions at conferences in porous media, but this work also involves state physics, and that are also of great behavior of a confined water film between or at work. I get most excited about my quite a few other topics, such as optics and relevance in understanding geological periclase or brucite surfaces under con work when things are working and I get computer science. The work is in a frame- processes. However, I eagerly await the day ditions for reaction-induced fracturing. The results. The results are sometimes expected work that have been actively studied at UiO inspiration strikes, and that my rebellious motivation for these simulations was to test or un-expected, but both outcomes boost at least since the eighties, but most of the nature can bloom in a more subversive (as a hypothesis by Xiaojiao Zheng (previous my motivation. When I meet challenges, experimental work has been conducted on in actually rebellious) direction!

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 24 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 25 Cross-disciplinary education in action: training a computational physicist on how to recognize fossil earthquakes in the field. Education Nusfjord, Lofoten Archipelago, -- June 2020.

Our approach to education is research based and ‘learning by doing’. Dynamics of Complex Media The educational activities by Njord staff include teaching, supervising FYS4465/FYS9465 and contributing to teaching activities at the Department of Physics, the The course covers hydrodynamics where Department of Geosciences and in international schools. Njord’s staff capillary and viscous forces play a role. It also covers simulation methods, thermo- members participate in the education at all levels at their respective dynamics and statistical physics relevant department. to porous media.

Biological Physics FYS4715 Laboratory work is an important part of Oscillation and Waves our research based teaching, and is a subs FYS2130 This course provides an overall under- tantial part of the activities in the master standing of how the properties of biological The course introduces oscillations and level courses GEO4131 (Geomechanics), systems are determined by basic physical waves using analytical and numerical tech- GEO4190 (Hydrogeology), GEO4151 (Earth- laws. Furthermore, the course gives an in- niques. A large part of the course is devoted quake and Volcano Processes), and FYS4420 troduction to physical models for molecular to applying the theory of oscillations and (Experimental techniques in Condensed and cellular processes. waves to phenomena such as resonance, Matter Physics), as well as master-thesis sound, water waves and optics. project work. We are working in close col- Cross-Disciplinary Thematic Focus laboration with the Centre of Excellence: for Honours Students Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics Centre for Computation in Science Education, HON1000 FYS2160 led by Njord’s Anders Malthe-Sørenssen. The course gives perspectives from multiple The course introduces the student to statis disciplines on the current interdisciplinary In 2020, Njord staff is responsible tical mechanics and thermodynamics. topic. The intention is to give an intro for the following courses: Statistical mechanics is the microscopic duction to a topic known via the honours foundation of thermodynamics. programme and to inspire to further work Introduction to Physics on this topic. FYS1001 Experimental Techniques in Condensed Matter Physics The course gives an introduction to funda Mineralogy FYS4420/FYS9420 mental concepts within a wide range of GEO2110 topics in physics. There is an emphasis on The course containes four projects that This course provides an introduction to understanding, applications, good know- give students introduction to important the crystallographic, physical and optical ledge of units, physical argumentation and experimental techniques in the field of properties of the commonest minerals. the use of mathematical and numerical condensed matter physics. The course is It teaches about atomic bonds, different Geomechanics Floods and Landslides Petrography and Microstructures methods. adapted to CoE PoreLab with a special focus mineral groups and the classification of GEO3131/GEO4131 GEO4171 GEO4810 on porous media physics. minerals. Mechanics This course focuses on the mechanics of The course is split into three parts focusing The course gives a basic introduction to earth materials (e.g. rock, soil, snow and on the most common geohazards in the optical properties of crystalline matter FYS-MEK1110 Disordered Systems and Percolation Petrology and Geochemistry FYS4460 ice), in particular, how earth materials Norway: floods, landslides and avalanch- and to the polarizing microscope for optical This course gives a thorough introduction to GEO2150 deform, yield, flow and fail under applied es. The course includes 1-day field trips mineral identification. Newtonian mechanics and special relativity This course consists of four projects with This course provides an introduction to loads or external forcing (both natural and to selected sites and a 3-days excursion. and serves as the basis for further studies several aims, like to provide experience equilibria between minerals, and between man-induced). Advanced Petrology in physics and related sciences. with developing various codes relevant minerals and different fluids and melts. Hydrogeology GEO4860/GEO9860 for problems in statisitcal physics, to use Earthquake and Volcanic Processes GEO4190 The course takes you through thermo The course examines the processes leading to Electromagnetism the codes to develop intuition for some of GEO4151/GEO9151 dynamic principles behind the construc- This course teaches the physical processes the formation of magmatic and metamorphic FYS1120 the main concepts in Statistical Physics, to tion and interpretation of phase diagrams, This course focuses on the physics of that control the flow of water below the rocks, where the students are trained in: learn how to measure statistical properties The course describes basic electrical and and how these can be used to understand Earthquake and Volcanic processes, which ground, surface-water groundwater in- Phase equilibria and phase diagrams, thermo- in simulations with many particles and to magnetic phenomena, as well as laws for the formation conditions for the common are both important endogenic processes teractions, transport of solutes, and well barometry, magmatic differentiation, magma provide a deeper insight into the role of electrical circuits, both at direct current metamorphic and magmatic rocks. accommodating the deformation of the hydraulics migration, reaction kinetics, and the role of fluctuations, finite size effects, and scaling and alternating current. Earth’s crust. fluids during metamorphism. concepts used in modern statistical physics.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 26 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 27 Dissemination, outreach and media highlights --

To disseminate our research and findings is an important part of Njord’s mission. We communicate to the international academic world and to the public, both in Norway and abroad. We aim to convey our knowledge and to increase appreciation and understanding of science through our outreach projects. To achieve this goal, we collaborate with media, renowned artists and industry partners. We encourage all our researchers to communicate Is Europe prepared for a volcanic eruption? This picture shows Gunnuhver on Iceland. their work, and several of Njord’s researchers are particularly skilled at this task. This area on the peninsula Reykjanes has a high amount of geothermic activity. Iceland's airport Keflavik and the capital Reykjavik is close by. Photo: Olivier Galland

Our research is curiosity-driven and many the USA, Lithuania and South-Korea, and Top: Røyne presents to us some "We aim to convey our knowledge Porous Media Tea Time Talks with early and color. And maybe are the most intriguing of our scientific results have direct societal will be translated to 10 languages. Røyne is of the solutions for how we can meet career peers from all over the world. The Tea pieces of art also the most intriguing pieces the challenges caused by climate and to increase appreciation and impact. The research is directly relevant to a also regularly broadcasted on the national Time Talks is a bi-weekly event, sent via You- of science? change and how the solutions will understanding of science through wide range of applications, including transport radio show Ekko, she has been interviewed effect us. Bottom: Art is science, Tube, and it has been very much welcomed of water, pollutants and hydrocarbons in on several podcasts, national newspapers and science is art. PoreLab CoE our outreach projects." by the community. The pandemic has been present in all our porous and fractured rocks, carbon seques and magazines, and she has given popular invites you in the the beautiful and lives in 2020, and because of this, it has colorful world of our research. – tration and storage, avalanche dynamics, earth- science talks to students and others. In 2020 Moura also arranged a Career become visible in our work as well. In April quakes and other geohazards. This makes our Development Event at the international Inter of 2020, Kristian Stølevik Olsen and Gaute research relatable to the public. At Njord we strive towards cultivating Norway and around the globe, including Pour Pore Conference. The event was a chance Linga published an article in the Danish news curiosity. As the first interstellar object ever la Science, Aftenposten, Fox News, Popular for early career researchers from all fields paper Weekendavisen, “Vejen til Frihed” (“The Physicist Anja Røyne is one of our highly observed, the phenomenon ‘Oumuamua Science and the Norwegian magazine Fra related to porous media to listen to talks and Road to Freedom”), about possible strategies productive researchers, especially with has sparked a lot of curiosity since it was fysikkens verden. interact with established scientists who have for Denmark to handle the reopening of the outreach work and science communication. observed in 2017. Prompted by our free followed very different career paths, both in community after the first lockdown. Others Her talent as a science communicator was ranging curiosity, Njord researchers Eirik Njord’s geoscientist Olivier Galland is be- academia and industry. One of the speakers at Njord have been in the media with more confirmed when she won “Brageprisen” Grude Flekkøy and Renaud Toussaint, and coming one of Norwegian media’s favorite focused on the massive problem of gender research about or related to the pandemic. for the best popular science book in 2018. astronomer Jane Luu, developed a theory volcano-experts, and probably the one imbalance and biases in STEM fields. Moura Henrik Sveinsson and Kjetil Thøgersen The year of 2020 has been no exception for to explain how ‘Oumuamua could have a favorite. In 2020 he wrote articles for and the other organizers intend to give more developed simulations for an article in the her and in December she was awarded the porous structure that makes it so light that Aftenposten Viten and Aftenposten Junior, focus to this topic in the future. Moura was Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten about a Communication Award from Titan. The Dean even sunbeams can push it around. PoreLab and appeared in NRK News’ newsletter. In also interviewed on Brazilian television in near-fatal incident triggered partly because at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural coined the nickname “cosmic dust bunny” these media appearances Galland asks if 2020, where he shared knowledge with their of coronavirus regulations. Sciences said the following about Røyne: for this unidentified object. The studies by Europe is prepared for the effects that a possi- viewers about one of the most common sights “What you have accomplished within the Flekkøy et al. have so far been reported in ble eruption could have. We know that clouds this year – the face cover- explaining how It has become clear in 2020 that not even field of science communication is impres- around 100 popular science journals, both in of ash from volcanos on Iceland can migrate airflow through the cover really is a problem a pandemic can slow us down. In addition sive. When we add it together with what you to Europe if the wind conditions are right. It of flow in a porous medium. to all of the aforementioned activities, we contribute with in research and as a teacher has been ten years since Eyjafjallajökull in have also had several other popular science for the Physics students you have shown Iceland erupted causing ash pollution that Albert Einstein himself once said “The contributions, like Joanna Dziadkowiec’s yourself to be a multi-talented scientist.” led to tremendous challenges for air traffic in greatest scientists are artists as well”. Over ‘Crystals: From rock candy to rock(et) science’ major parts of Europe, and volcanic activity the years we have in PoreLab come across (with Haffner and Couturier) in Espurlette In 2020 Røyne published two(!) new popular on Iceland suggests that the volcano Þorbjörn a tremendous collection of striking visual and Coline Bouchayer’s talk ‘Un an en science books, “Physics simply explained” might erupt soon. Are we prepared this time? patterns, stunning compositions of matter Antarctique’ at APECS France Polar Week and “Hot planet, cool minds”. In the book and motion brought to us by nature itself. So for kids between the ages of 7 and 12 years. “Hot planet, cool minds” Røyne suggests At Njord we also find importance in sharing it was with great pleasure PoreLab in 2020 ways to meet the challenges posed by knowledge and encouraging peers within our opened a virtual exhibition with some of the In 2021 we will continue to aim to convey climate change, and what these solutions own community and spreading knowledge most beautiful moments. Even though the our knowledge and to increase appreciation would actually mean to us. Her popular to the public. Physicist Marcel Moura con- pictures carry a good amount of scientific and understanding of science through our science book from 2018 “The elements we live tributes significantly to this goal. In 2020, information, they are presented in the gallery outreach projects: exciting, new plans have by” has been sold to 11 countries, including Moura and other scientists initiated the quite simply as beautiful collages of shape already been set in motion.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 28 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 29 Left The Malinsfjall mountain, on the island of Viðoy, Faroe Islands. The mountain is composed of Fieldwork horizontal flows of basalt. Right and below: Field work in the Lofoten Archipelago to search for the origin of fossil lower crust -- earthquakes, May 2020.

A number of the projects carried out at Njord are based on geological fieldwork. This involves geological mapping and sampling programs on a wide range of scales. It both constrains and inspires experimental and modelling approaches to our studies of geological processes. The pandemic has had an impact on our activity at Njord, and especially on our fieldwork because of heavy restrictions on travelling. Luckily, we have been able to do some fieldwork while keeping safe, both in Lofoten and the Faroe Islands.

In June, Luca Menegon, François Renard, the rheology of pseudotachylytes and the Fabian Barras, Kristina Dunkel, Gaute mechanisms, inducing deep earthquakes. Linga and master student Elizabeth Scheller conducted fieldwork in western Lofoten. On this trip, the group investigated the The Lofoten archipelago has a high density extent of seismic deformation in different of lower crustal rocks that have record- lithologies by exploring additional areas ed fossil earthquakes. These rocks, called in Lofoten. Preliminary field studies were pseudotachylytes, contain frozen frictional conducted in the two most southern is- melts produced by the seismic activity in lands of the Lofoten archipelago, Værøy this region some 400 million years ago. The and Røst. Rocks from shear zones were origin of such deep earthquakes, as well collected and samples were scanned in 3D as their influence on the further develop- using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. ments of their host rocks, is currently an important topic of research as witnessed by Also in June, a field trip to the Faroe Islands the article published in Nature Communi- was carried out by Bjørn Jamtveit, master cation this year with Lucy Campbell, Luca students Marija Rosenqvist and Max Meakins, Menegon and Åke Fagereng as authors. and collaborators Sverre Planke and Hans Jørgen Kjøll. The trip was part of a project Previous studies have found both well- focused on the possibility of permanent preserved pseudotachylytes and those that storage of large quantities of CO2 in basalts are strongly deformed in different areas of along the North Atlantic margin. Although western Lofoten. One purpose of this field the long-term plan is to investigate the possi- trip was to combine the observations from bility of CO2 sequestration in subocean- two localities, Nusfjord and Reine, and to ic basalt, the Faroe Islands represent an find any potential missing link between excellent on-land analog. Marija and Max them. The questions addressed include are doing their master thesis on this project the extent to which seismic and aseismic and conducted a sampling and drone imag- deformation are connected and whether ing program in the Faroe basalt sequences both modes of deformation occurred during and interlayered sedimentary rocks. The the same seismic cycle. core shed of the Faroe geological survey was also visited. At the end of 2020, sam- The second purpose of the fieldwork invol ples were analysed for permeability and ves cyclicity in deformation: Fresh pseudo- porosity structures, and will be analysed tachylytes associated with deformed ones to test reactivity with CO2 bearing fluids. are used to investigate questions regarding

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 30 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 31 Laboratories --

Njord's researchers from both Departments of Physics and Geosciences use five laboratories facilities: the four experimental rooms of the Centre of Excellence PoreLab, the two rooms of the FrictionLab, the Oslo Analogue Lab, the three rooms of the FlowLab and the two rooms of the LaglivLab, which all are equipped with state-of-art techniques and apparatuses.

PoreLab laboratories at UiO specializes es tailored for the different applications HADES rig and KORE rig, which are instal- for the study of the dynamics and struc- (including high-speed microscopy) are led at the beamline ID19 at the European ture of flow in 2D and 3D porous media. also available. PoreLab has recently bought Synchrotron Radiation Facility. These rigs The laboratories have a full range of a Krüss DSA25 drop shape analyzer to allow imaging rocks during deformation high-resolution and high-speed imaging perform direct measurements of surface using dynamic X-ray microtomography. We techniques, including two ultrafast Photron tension, wetting properties and surface have also developed three rock core hold- Ultima (SA5 and APX) cameras. In 2020, free energy. ers that can reach up to 10 MPa confining PoreLab has acquired a Carbide Shapeoko pressure. These core holders are installed XL CNC milling machine and two Formlabs The labs are well equipped to perform on neutron sources (Institut Laue Langevin Form 3 3D printers that are based on a new homodyne correlation spectroscopy for in Grenoble and Paul Scherrer Institute in Low Force Stereolithography (LFS) technol- the measurement of particle velocity fluc Villigen near Zürich) for neutron tomo ogy. This technology allows for 3D printing tu ations in fluids, diffusion constants and graphy imaging of fluid flows in rocks. of very fine, high resolution models in a viscosities. PoreLab has developed a 3D Top: The newly renovated Oslo Analogue Lab. variety of resin types. It is used to quickly optical scanner which makes it possible to At FlowLab, we have a Surface Forces The whole system includes UV-KUB 1, Apparatus (SFA 2000) equipped with a photo resist spinner model 4000, Zepto In this picture it is set up for running stick-slip design and 3D print synthetic porous mate- measure 3D fluid structures in refraction experiments to model earthquake statistics. rials. We have also acquierd two new high- index matched porous media. Spectrometer IsoPlane SCT320 that enables from Diener plasma surface technology and speed cameras (Photron WX100) capable of directly measurements of the static and Graphtec CE 6000. The experiments can be Below left: PoreLab researcher Marcel Moura dynamic forces between surfaces. Surface imaged via different sets of microscopes shows a fractal pattern resulting from a fluid taking 4MP images at 1000fps. PoreLab has At FrictionLab, we have a white light inter- forces can also be measured using our mounted with high-resolution cameras displacement experiment in a custom-built also a high-resolution FLIR SC300 infrared ferometer microscope (Bruker ContourGT), Atomic Force Microscope (JPK Nanowizard both Andor and iDS. Olympus upright transparent porous medium. camera used for real-time measurements of which provide the highest performing 4), mounted on an inverted microscope, microscope BX 62, Olympus inverted micro heat dissipation and a wide variety of DSLR non-contact surface measurements. We Below right: Detail of the Krüss DSA25 drop used for force spectroscopy and nanoscale scope GX 71, Olympus PMG 3, Olympus cameras and accompanying optics. Micros- have a CT5000 in-situ testing stage from shape analyzer. This device is used to measure imaging in air and liquids. This is also used IX 81 and Olympus IX 83 are installed the surface tension between a liquid and the cale experiments can be imaged via far field Deben, which can be mounted on the X-ray for Magnetic Force Microscopy to image in different labs for imaging collection surrounding air. During a measurement, a tiny microscopy using a Zeiss Stemi 2000-C microtomograph at the National Science liquid drop hangs from the central needle and magnetic nanoparticles in bacteria. We have and processing. We also have a white light distortion-free stereomicroscope that cou- Museum in Oslo for imaging samples its geometry is extracted to back-calculate the a whole set of photolithographic equipment interferometer microscope, NT1100. ples to our high-speed and high-resolution during deformation. We have developed surface tension. that can fabricate microfluidic channels. cameras. Flicker-free illumination sourc- triaxial rock deformation apparatus, the

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 32 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 33 Training students on the rheology of geomaterials during the pandemy. Master An experiment demonstrating how a source of course in Geomechanics (GEO4131) at the OsloAnalogueLab, UiO, September 2020. pollution can permeate through a porous medium. This model gives a direct visualization of what happens for example when polluted water is spilled on the soil.

"In 2020 the University of Oslo The new established LagLivLab is partially edge laboratory materials of variable and to establish the main component of the received 20,3 million of NOK from in the Njord laboratories, and supported controlled rheology. infrastructure: a state-of-the-art laboratory by both the physics department and a for micro- and nanoscale studies of Earth the Research Council of Norway hybrid technology hub. The laboratory is In 2020 the University of Oslo received materials and of other solid materials of based on the 2018 call for Nati equipped to build lab-on-a-chip and study 20.3 million of NOK from the Research high research and industrial relevance. onal Research Infrastructures. cell biology. We have a clean room which Council of Norway based on the 2018 call This funding will establish the is dedicated for cell culture and contains for National Research Infrastructures. This Njord is playing a leading role in the a MARS Class II biological safety cabinet funding will establish the geochronology UiO’s participation in the H2020 INFRAIA geochronology part of the Gold- and a PHCBi CO2 incubator which is used part of the Goldschmidt Laboratory, “EXCITE” project, which has been fund- schmidt Laboratory, a national to grow cells. a national infrastructure for geochemical, ed in 2020. EXCITE aims at establishing infrastructure for geochemical, microstructural, and geochronological a European expert community in electron The OsloAnalogueLab (previously Volcano characterization of solid Earth materials. and X-ray microscopy for structural and microstructural, and geochron- Lab) has been relocated to a fully renovated The Goldschmidt Laboratory is coordi- chemical imaging techniques for Earth ological characterization of solid room thanks to a support from the Physics nated by the Department of Geosciences, materials. Earth materials." Department. This laboratory focuses on and Njord has a leadership role in it. The the quantitative simulations of various geochronology part, which is referred to – geological-scale processes, including mag- as “Goldschmidt I”, will consist in a new ma transport through, and emplacement isotope dilution thermal ionization mass within, the Earth’s crust on various scales, spectrometry laboratory (ID-TIMS) at, UiO, caldera collapse, tectonic processes, and and a new Noble gas mass spectrometer shear localization in brittle fault zones. (NGMS) at the Geological Survey of Norway An important aspect of the analogue labo- in Trondheim. In November 2020, the A close-up view of a single glass bead, the ratory is imaging through high-resolution/ Department of Geosciences has submitted building block of many of PoreLab's porous media experiments. precision monitoring tools and cutting- the “Goldschmidt II” proposal, which aims

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 34 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 35 Njord and COVID-19 --

The year of 2020 has certainly been different for us and it is im- possible to talk about 2020 without mentioning the Coronavirus. The pandemic has had a huge impact on many aspects of our lives and impacted the work of everybody in Njord. The safety measures and rules implemented both at the University, by local and national authorities and in other countries around the world has meant that we have had to do things differently.

We have had to make changes at the office, We have communicated research related "We have been denied many of and for periods of time we have had avoid to the pandemic to the public, like Moura’s the social arenas that we find the office. We have cancelled seminars, appearance on Brazilian TV about breath- trips, fieldwork and parties. We have been ing through a face cover, like Stølevik and important for meaningful col- denied many of the social arenas that we Linga’s article in the Danish newspaper laboration with colleagues. These find important for meaningful collaboration Weekendavisen about how to handle the informal arenas that contribute with colleagues. These informal arenas that spreading of the virus in Denmark and to holding our diverse group to- contribute to holding our diverse group Thøgersen and Sveinsson’s simulations together are important foundations for for a newspaper article with an incident gether are important foundations the synergy and innovation we have in related to the pandemic. for the synergy and innovation our group. we have in our group." The fact that the pandemic put such heavy To keep the wheels turning we have had to restrictions on our travelling has led to the – rethink what we do and how we do it. We acceptance of virtual attendence. Virtual have managed this reimagination with reg- meetings have limitations, but they have ular, informal morning meetings on Zoom. also opened a world of new possibilities We have successfully organized virtual for easier and cheaper communication "Virtual meetings have limita- seminars with external and international and interaction around the globe. We do tions, but they have also opened guests on Zoom, and even a 2-day hybrid not think it will or should replace physical a world of new possibilities for workshop combining physical and virtual meetings in the future, as these are still presence. Other initiatives have been in- of high value to us, but hopefully we can easier and cheaper communi- stigated within our group, including the continue with virtual events and commu- cation and interaction around Porous Media Tea Time Talks, a bi-weekly nication in addition to other interactions. the globe" digital event, an idea born under the pan- – demic.

Njord annual report 2020 36 Chapter 2 – Activity at Njord 37 03 Research Projects

Introduction

Many of the researchers at the Njord Centre focus on the dynamics of fluid migration through porous materials and geological or biological media. Some of them focus on single or multi-phase fluid dynamics in the confinement of a complex pore space where fluid-solid interactions vary along the interfaces. In other situations, the solid confinement is deformable and changes shape as a response to the forces imposed by fluid pressure gradients or to external forces. Another level of complexity, very often realized in geological systems, arises if the solid interact chemically with the pore-filling fluid. In this case, the pore space may evolve both by dissolution or precipitation of solids and by stress perturbations induced by growth processes.

39 © Ellen Karin Mæhlum 41 43 57 67 75

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rocesses from the Nanoscale to the Scale of Continents

F Mechano-Chemical P Fluid Flows in Complex Media P

andMaterials andCreepinRocks racture, Friction attern andDynamicalSystems Formation

-- 40 materials where emergent structures are often observed to arise as numerous processes actmaterials where emergent structures researchers senior all for denominator common the perhaps is Pattern-formation concert. in currently working at Njord. Finally, most of the systems studied at Njord evolve far from equilibrium and are often often Njord evolve far from equilibrium and are at studied systems of the most Finally, characterized by nonlinear relations between forces and fluxes and the emergence of underlying about information valuable contain may patterns Such patterns. ‘self-organized’ informationof sources only the where geoscience, in relevant particularly is This processes. for porous relevant is also in rocks. It left ancient processes are the patterns understand to Chapter 3 Chapter central is a physics of fracturing the Hence, fractures. solids through the enter Fluids often along displacement with associated is often fracturing systems, natural In activity. Njord properties of fractured surfaces are important. This the fracture surface and the frictional slip encountered in aseismic faults and volcanos and to situation applies both to the slow natural earthquakes. the high slip rates associated with

About Part 3 Part 4 Part 1 Part 2 Chapter 3 | Part 1

Fluid Flows in Complex Media

1 Advanced X-ray and neutron imaging of fractured and porous rocks 2 Two-phase flow in 3D porous media – an experimental approach 3 EarthFlows 4 Steady-state flow in 2D porous media 5 Physics of volcanic plumbing systems 6 Impact of volcanism on the petroleum system 7 Slow drainage experiments in porous media: what happens in your facemask while you sleep 8 Fluid saturation behind gravitational stabilized invasion fronts in porous media 9 Modelling and imaging flow in rocks across scales

43 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation The Research Council of Norway, Benoit Cordonnier1, Anne Pluymakers2, 1) The Njord Centre, University of Oslo, Norway The Research Council of Norway, Center Joachim Falck Brodin1, Marcel Moura1, 1) PoreLab, The Njord Centre, University of Oslo, Norway (project ARGUS) Alessandro Tengattini3, Florian Fusseis4, 2) Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft, Netherlands of Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Renaud Toussaint1,2, Knut Jørgen Måløy1, 2) Université de Strasbourg, France Anders Kaestner5, François Renard1,6 3) Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France Per Arne Rikvold1,3 3) Department of Physics, Florida State University, USA 4) University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 5) Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland 6) University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France

Advanced X-ray and neutron imaging Two-phase flow in 3D porous media of fractured and porous rocks – an experimental approach

Pollution of soil and ground water is a se- Additional measurements will be performed during the leaching of ore minerals (Fig. We are pursuing tabletop experiments on We are continuing our 3D investigations We are also studying steady-state regimes rious health threat where heavy metals next year and use all the previously gained 1). We also continued our developments of two-phase flow in 3D porous media with with the aim to derive a meaningful di- in two-phase flow in porous media in a 3D express one of the highest hazards. Cad- experience for a dedicated study on pol- X-ray imaging processes using the Hades the use of an optical laser-fluorescence mensionless Bond number to quantify the scenario, where we aim to quantify how mium (Cd) is a resilient heavy metal which lutant fluid transport in 3D and real time. rig and developed several data processing set-up, developed by us. Our starting point balance of viscous, capillary and gravita- fluid densities, viscosities, wetting condi- is among the top six pollutants worldwide. Through a collaboration with Prof. Fang Xia tools to image and predict fracturing pro- is the extensive research and accumulated tional forces. We believe that such a dimen- tions, capillary effects and flow rate affect Therefore, understanding and quantifying at the Murdoch University in Australia, we cesses in rocks. insight gained from previous, 2D experi- sionless number could figure in a function relative fluid saturations and transport. the retention and sorption mechanisms of have imaged chemical processes occurring ments [1,2]. describing geometric parameters of the cadmium in rocks is of tremendous im- flow structures [3]. portance for both risk preparedness and hazardous waste treatment. Figure 1: We use in-situ neutron imaging of Cd-doped (a): Experimental set-up. flow experiments in limestone and sand- Scanner to image in 3D by laser-induced fluorescence. stone samples. While the Fontainebleau (b): The 3D image is made up sandstone was completely washed and no of a sequence of 2D images. traces of cadmium remained in the rock, (c): Segmented 3D cut-away image the Indiana limestone has demonstrated from a flow experiment. The green a real potential in retaining cadmium due liquid has been injected into a matrix of glass beads, saturated to two different porous network sizes and in red liquid. permeabilities. At the end of the experiment about 30% of the injected cadmium remained in the rock, unevenly distributed in the rock, highlighting some areas of stagnant fluids. It provides a potential new perception of the capture of pollutants where only a fraction of the rock structure Figure 3: contributes to the sorption of heavy metals. Raw image from a 3D experiment The first year of this project investigat- showing complex fluid dynamics ed the project feasibility through fast 2D in two-phase flow in a porous radiographies. Successful results already medium. The dark patches are uniform 3 mm diameter glass provided a first publication and motivation beads, the green fluid is glycerol, for advanced techniques. Accordingly we and the red is rapeseed oil. addressed this year the development of fast 3D tomography with scattering correction Figure 1: FIB-SEM tomography data of jarosite, KFe3+3(OH)6(SO4)2, shells from (a) solvent-free experiment Figure 2: Images of the 3D configuration of a green liquid invading a less dense in order to quantitatively better image the at 500 h, showing porosity, and (b) with TCE20 solvent experiment at 218 h, showing holes and embedded and less viscous liquid in a porous medium, from the top, captured at percolation. small variations of our pollutant tracer and sulphur. The green-yellow-red and grey coloured isosurfaces represent the outer and inner surfaces of the Flow rates increase from left to right. The structures consist of a compact region, localize them in a three dimensional space. jarosite shell. The grey colour is semi-transparent to reveal the pores (a) and embedded sulphur (b) in jarosite. surrounded by thin fingers. The compact centers grow with increasing flow rates, and with time.

Products in highlight Products in highlight

McBeck, J., Mathiesen, J., Aiken, J. M., Ben-Zion, McBeck, J., Aiken, J. M., Ben-Zion, Y., & Renard, F. Kartal, M., Xia, F., Ralph, D.E., Rickard, W., Renard, F., Birovljev, A., Furuberg, L., Feder, J., Løvoll, G., Méheust, Y., Måløy, K. J., Brodin, J. F., Moura, M., Toussaint, R., Y., & Renard, F. (2020). Deformation precursors to (2020). Predicting the proximity to macroscopic failure & Li W. (2020). Enhancing chalcopyrite leaching by Jssang, T., Måløy, K. J., & Aharony, A. Aker, E., & Schmittbuhl, J. (2005). Måløy, K. J., & Rikvold, P. A. (2020). catastrophic failure in rocks, Geophysical Research using local strain populations from dynamic in situ tetrachloroethylene-assisted removal of sulphur (1991). Gravity invasion percolation in Competition of gravity, capillary and Visualization by optical fluorescence of Letters, Geophysical Research Letters, 47, X-ray tomography triaxial compression experiments passivation and the mechanism of jarosite formation, two dimensions: Experiment and viscous forces during drainage in a two-phase flow in a three-dimensional e2020GL090255. on rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Hydrometallurgy, 191, 105192. simulation. Physical Review Letters, two-dimensional porous medium, a pore porous medium. arXiv preprint 543, 116344. 67(5), 584. scale study. Energy, 30(6), 861–872. arXiv:2008.02118.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 44 Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media 45 Funding Participants Affiliation Univeristy of Oslo, Luiza Angheluta1,4 (PI), Francois Renard1,2 (PI), Bjørn Jamtveit1,2 (former PI) 1) The Njord centre, University of Oslo, Norway Strategic Research Initiative Supervisors: Anders Malthe-Sørenssen1,4, Anja Røyne1,4, Knut Jørgen Måløy1,4, Olivier Galland1,2, 2) Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway Joe LaCasce2, Andy Kääb2, Karen Mair1,2, Atle Jensen3, Kent A. Mardal3, Thomas V. Schuler2, 3) Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, Norway Andreas Carlson3, Luca Menegon1,2 4) Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Norway Post-doctorate fellow: Kjetil Thøgerson1,4 Current PhDs: Ole Rabbel1,2, Vidar Skogvoll1,4, Coline Bouchayer2, Torstein Sæter3 Graduated PhDs: Petter Vollestad3, Xiaojiao Zheng1,2

EarthFlows

Fluid flows in the hydrosphere, the atmos- ticity in complex materials are example turbulent flows. In the second phase of emergent from a more fundamental level a pair of edge dislocations with opposite predicts the nucleation location and the phere, the cryosphere, the subsurface rocks of processes that occur along interfaces, the EarthFlows (2019–2023), we focus on of description of the crystal lattice through Burgers vectors (dislocation dipole) in a type of dislocation dipole that spawns. The and even the biosphere shape the evolution grain boundaries or mediated by defects. understanding the evolution of fluid-solid a crystal density field that minimizes a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice. From incompatibility field calculated from the of the Earth’s crust and near-surface envi- Understanding these processes requires a interfaces in geosystems and the tipping suitable free energy. By a dynamical cou- the phase field density, one can derive an phase-field crystal density generalizes to ronments. Geophysical flows include water between understanding of the interfacial point phenomena related to interfacial dy- pling of the phase field crystal density to expression for the lattice incompatibility three dimensional systems and similar and air, magma, as well other complex flu- dynamics with which they couple. namics. The new concepts and theoretical an external stress field, we show that the field that quantifies the local mismatch of calculations can be extended to body-cen- ids such as hydrocarbons, CO2-water mix- developments on tipping points dynamics model is able to spontaneously nucleate the crystal structure, which accurately tered cubic and face-centered cubic lattices. tures, and fluid-solid mixtures. Even solid The EarthFlows is a strategic initiative will concern three geosystems with a highly random init. orientation rocks can behave like fluids on geological at UiO that promotes a new paradigm of complex dynamics: friction and surge of anisotropic stress field timescales. Ice is a great example of a mate- “complex Earth systems” through interdis- glaciers, low-temperature plasticity, and (10% extensional) 55 rial with solid behavior on short timescales ciplinary research and using an integrated dynamics of fluid flow during fracturing a) individual growth σ3 (MPa) (a) -10 +35 50 and fluid behavior on longer time scales. approach of linking flow, deformations of elastic solids. Albeit these are different 90° 45 The relaxation timescales differentiate systems, the crosslinks between them rely and chemical reactions across relevant 40 between solid and fluid-like matter, and on analogous statistical physics models 10% 0° length scales. The first phase of EarthFlows 35 often both states of matter coexist through and similar theoretical approaches based (2014–2020) has enabled a successful 30 40 50 60 70 270° the formation of interfaces between them, synergy and cross-disciplinary research on nonequilibrium phase transitions and crack segment angles 55 which can be highly complex and have across five interlinked themes including critical phenomena. (b) 50 punctuated dynamics. Nonlinear physical magma dynamics, glacial surges, fluid mi- b) stress interaction, growth 45 processes like friction, fracture and plas- gration in stressed rocks and multiphase 40 90° 35

10% 1% 30 40 50 60 70 Highlighted projects: 0° 55 270° (c) Fracture network in low-permeable climate crises triggered through methane Dislocation dynamics in low- 50 rocks under stress release related to magmatic intrusions. In temperature plasticity 45 Rapid generation of hydrocarbons in or- our study, we use numerical modelling The existence and mobility of dislocations c) coalescence 40 ganic-rich, low-permeable shale leads to to analyze this type of fracture network 35 are essential contributors to the strength 90° pore fluid overpressure and eventually evolution. We focus especially on how the and ductility of crystalline materials. Thus, 30 40 50 60 70 phases of fracture network evolution can be 55 fracturing of the rock. This mechanism is understanding the mechanisms behind 10% 1% 0° (d) especially relevant in shale formation ex- identified in a set of geometrical parameters their creation and motion is a fundamental 50 periencing strong heating due to magmatic (crack opening, length, growth orientation, step in modelling plastic deformation of 270° 45 intrusions, because the time required for connectivity), and how these can be related crystalline rocks. At sufficiently low tem- 40 hydrocarbon generation is reduced from to the stress state of the model and fluid 35 perature, edge dislocations move primarily d)d) finalfinal patternpattern (drained)(drained) millions of years to only a few months or expulsion behavior. We found that after an through glide motion in the slip plane. In- 30 40 50 60 70 years. The newly established fracture net- initial phase of fracture growth dominated creasing temperature activates climb mo- 90° 55 (e) works then control migration of the hy- by far-field stresses, local stress redistribu- tion cross different slip planes. We model 50 10% 1% 0° drocarbons, and therefore represent a key tion due to fracture interaction controls the low-temperature plasticity within the phase 45 factor in understanding both volcanically coalescence of fractures, allowing for fluid field crystal modelling approach in which 40 270° influenced petroleum systems and past expulsion in a pulse-like fashion. dislocation reactions and kinematics are 35 30 40 50 60 70

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Skogvoll, V., Angheluta, L., & Skaugen, A., Vollestad, P., Angheluta, L., & Jensen, A. (2020), internal fluid generation.Journal of Geophysical Figure 1: Visualization of a simulated growing fracture Figure 2: Snapshots of the simulation at increasing values of the external

Internal stress in the phase field crystal. Submitted. Experimental investigation of secondary flows Research: Solid Earth, 125(7), e2020JB019445. network under anisotropic external stress, with colors stress amplitude 0 (in units of shear modulus). a) 0=0, b) 0=0.05, c)

above rough and flat interfaces in horizontal gas-liquid representing least principal stress magnitude. Each 0=0.08, d) 0=0.081 – a dislocation dipole forms and e) 0=0.081 after the Skogvoll, V., Skaugen, A., Angheluta, L., & Viñals, pipe flow, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Senger, K., Betlem, P., Birchall, T., Buckley, S. J., image corresponds to a distinct phase of the growth. nucleation of the σdislocation dipole. Left column: phase-fieldσ σ crystal density J. (2021). Dislocation nucleation in the phase-field 125, 103235 Coakley, B., Eide, C. H., Galland, O., Mair, K., Rabbel, Individual growth controlled by far-field stresses (a), σshown as linesσ connecting adjacent peaks in the density σprofile. crystal model. Physical Review B, 103(1), 014107. O., ... & Jensen, M. (2020). Using digital outcrops to continuing growth controlled by stress interaction Right column: the incompatibility field quantifying the local mismatch Rabbel, O., Mair, K., Galland, O., Grühser, C., & make the high Arctic more accessible through the between fractures (b), coalescence phase (c) of the crystal structure. Meier, T. (2020). Numerical modeling of fracture Svalbox database. Journal of Geoscience Education, establishing the final fracture network (d). network evolution in organic-rich shale with rapid 1–15.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 46 Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media 47

Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Affiliation 1 1) 1) The Research Council of Norway, Center Fredrik Kvalheim Eriksen , Knut Jørgen Porelab, The Njord Center, University Oslo, Norway University of Oslo The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway 5) University of Iceland, Iceland 1 1 2 2) 2) of Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Måløy , Eirik Grude Flekkøy , Alex Hansen , Porelab, Institute of Physics, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway Department of Geosciences, 6) NordVulk Center, Iceland 2,4 3 3) Participants Santanu Sinha , Signe Kjelstrup , Porelab, Department of Chemistry, NTNU, University of Oslo, Norway 7) Olivier Galland1,2, Håvard Svanes Bertelsen1,2, Vrije University Brussels, Belgium 3 3) Dick Bedeaux Trondheim, Norway CONICET Mendoza, Argentina 8) Frank Bo Buster Guldstrand1,2, Karen Mair1,2, University of Le Mans, France 4) 4) Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Y-TEC, Argentina 9) José Mescua3, J. O. Palma4, Freysteinn Uppsala University, Sweden Beijing, China Sigmundsson5, Rikke Pedersen5,6, Sam Poppe7, Alain Zanella8, Steffi Burchardt9

Steady-state flow in 2D porous media Physics of volcanic plumbing systems

The simultaneous flow of immiscible flu- This project implements multi-disciplinary ids in a porous medium occurs in many research that integrates quantitative field Figure: Summary of dyke situations, but there is little fundamental observations, geological and geophysical propagation mechanisms research on the topic. Some experimental subsurface data, and laboratory modelling, and associated characteristic surface deformation (from work has focused on such flows, howev- numerical and theoretical modelling to Bertelsen et al. accepted). er mainly in horizontal Hele-Shaw cells reveal the dynamics of volcanic plumbing Top raw: surface deforma- where gravity can be neglected. During systems. tion maps associated with previous experiments, a persistent steady- tensile elastic (left) and viscous indenter (right) dyke state configuration was reached for the Selected topics propagation mechanisms. fluids and the flow could be characterized Dyke emplacement mechanism Bottom raw: characteristic statistically. This experimental project fur- Igneous dykes are the main magma trans- structural cross sections of ther explores steady-state flow in porous port channels through the crust and the tensile elastic dyke (left) and viscous indenter dyke (right). media, where we tilt the cell at various main feeder structures of volcanic erup- angles to systematically play with the influ- tions. Common models of dyke emplace- ence of gravity. By conducting experiments ment systematically assume a linear elastic at various flow rates, we investigate the host rock deformation and tensile open- fluid distribution in the medium and the ing. However, field observations show dynamics as function of gravity and flow that non-negligible plastic deformation rates. The wetting (water-glycerol) and the and shear failure of the host rock can ac- non-wetting (air) phases are injected simul- commodate the emplacement of felsic taneously from alternating inlet points into magmas. We integrated quantitative field a Hele-Shaw cell containing one layer of observations at the southwestern peninsula randomly distributed glass beads, initially of Hovedøya, Oslofjord (Poppe et al., 2020) saturated with wetting fluid. We capture and quantitative 2D laboratory modelling Implications of dyke emplacement emplacement mechanisms are different high resolution images in time-lapse series, (Guldstrand et al., in press) to infer the mechanism for volcano geodesy and the resulting surface deformation are and record the pressure at several loca- dynamics of dyke emplacement in the We study the implications of these two drastically different. Our results have sig- tions in the cell. The image and pressure Earth’s crust. Our study highlights two contrasting emplacement mechanisms on nificant implications for volcano geodesy, data yields detailed information about the drastically different modes of emplacement, dyke-induced surface deformation. We as the most established geodetic models flow dynamics, mechanical processes and which assume contrasting failure modes of performed two 3D laboratory experiments used to invert geodetic data are based on statistics. At this point we have obtained the host rock: when magma is emplaced in of dyke intrusion: in one experiment the purely elastic behaviour of the crust. Our systematic data sets with three different tough rocks, dykes are continuous sheets host material is elastic gelatine, whereas experiments show that the Coulomb prop- flow rates and four different tilting angles. that propagate by fracturing, whereas when in the other experiment the host materi- erties of crustal rocks are equally impor- Based on analysis of this initial data, we magma is emplaced into weak rocks, dykes al is cohesive Coulomb granular material tant to interpret geodetic signals at active will identify the best flow rates and tilting are discontinuous finger-shaped that prop- (Bertelsen et al., 2021). We show that even volcanoes. angles to use in the planned follow-up set of experiments, the goal of this project is to Figure 1: Photograph of the experimental setup, agate by indenting the host rock. is both experiments produce dykes, their experiments. In another part of this project, give experimental input to numerical and showing the liquid saturated porous Hele-Shaw cell we design and 3D print porous Hele-Shaw at a 45 degrees tilting angle. The fluids are injected theoretical efforts to develop of a scale-up simultaneously into the cell inlet (bottom right) at a cells for experiments that are optimized for theory for steady state two-phase flow in constant flow rate, while the outlet (top left) is open to the study of pore-scale and sample scale porous media, i.e. to provide a link between the atmosphere. This tilting angle introduces an fluctuations of pore-pressure and fluid sat- the pore-scale physics and the macro scale approx. 0.7 G gravitational component against the uration. In addition to conduct fundamental flow behavior. flow direction. Products in highlight

Galland, O., Mescua, J., Palma, O., Marín, G., & Albino, Poppe, S., Galland, O., de Winter, N., Goderis, S., Guldstrand, F.B.B., Souche, A., Bertelsen, H.S., J. (2020). A Fresh Perspective on Intricate Volcanic Claeys, P., Debaille, V., Boulvais, P., & Kervyn, M. Zanella, A., & Galland O. Emplacement of laboratory Plumbing Systems. EOS – Science News by AGU, (2020). Structural and Geochemical Interactions igneous sheets and fingers influenced by the December 16. Between Magma and Sedimentary Host Rock: The Mohr-Coulomb properties of the host. Geochemistry, Hovedøya Case, Oslo Rift, Norway. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, submitted. Products in highlight Bertelsen, H. S., Guldstrand, F., Sigmundsson, F., Geophysics, Geosystems, 21, doi: Pedersen, R., Mair, K., & Galland, O. (2021). Beyond 10.1029/2019GC008685. Mattsson, T., Petri, B., Almqvist, B., Chadima, M., Eriksen, F. K. (2019). Impact of gravity on pore-scale Eriksen, F. K. (2020). Tuning the flow rate and gravity in elasticity: Are Coulomb properties of the Earth's crust Burchardt, S., Palma, J. O., Hammer, Ø., & Galland, O. steady state flow patterns.International Workshop on steady-state flow experiments.Knut Jørgen's 60 years important for volcano geodesy? Invited research article Magnetite distribution anisotropy, mineral shape Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in Porous Media. Anniversary Conference. January 28, Courmayeur, Italy in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, fabrics, and the associated AMS, AARM and AIRM August 29, Trondheim, Norway 107153. fabrics. Journal of Geophysical Research, submitted.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 48 Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media 49 Funding Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation The University of Oslo 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway 6) DougalEarth, UK The Research Council of Norway, Center of Marcel Moura1, Knut Jørgen Måløy1 ,Eirik 1) PoreLab, The Njord Centre, University of Oslo, Norway 2) 7) Participants Department of Geosciences, CEED, University of Oslo, Norway Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Grude Flekkøy1 and Renaud Toussaint1,2 2) University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France 8) Olivier Galland1,2, Ole Rabbel1,2, Karen Mair1,2, University of Oslo, Norway GeoLab Sur, Buenos Aires, Argentina 3) 9) Jose Mescua3, J. Octavio Palma4, Alain Zanella5, CONICET Mendoza, Argentina VBPR, Oslo, Norway 4) 10) Dougal Jerram6, Lars Eivind Augland7, Héctor Y-TEC, Argentina YPF, Argentina 5) 11) J. Villar8, Sverre Planke7,9, Adrian Medialdea10, University of Le Mans, France UNIS, Longyearbyen, Svalbard Ivar Midtkandal2, Juan Spacapan10, Kim Senger11

Impact of volcanism on the petroleum system Slow drainage experiments in porous media:

Numerous sedimentary basins in the world In March 2019, Galland lead a field ex- that magmatic fractures and breccia within what happens in your facemask while you sleep host voluminous igneous sill-complexes, i.e. pedition in southern Mendoza province, the conduit serve as migration pathways. stacking of sills that are emplaced in dif- Argentina, to study the peculiar Cerro Cerro Alquitrán is an exceptional field case ferent levels of the sedimentary sequence. Alquitrán, an igneous andesitic conduit study highlighting that igneous intrusions When sills are emplaced in organic-rich at the rims of which large volumes of pe- have major impact on fluid migration in You arrive home after another day of socially and evaporation work their ways, the water on the right side of the figure. In this ex- sedimentary formations, they can consid- troleum are seeping out (Galland et al., in sedimentary basins. distanced interactions with your fellow in the mask gives room for the surrounding periment, air invaded a porous network erably affect the thermal and maturation prep.) (Figure). Field observations show colleagues. Had this been another year, air, which creeps into the mask, filling in that was initially filled with a liquid (much history of the hydrocarbon source rock you could grab some snack, open a beer the voids between the fibers of the tissue. like the process of the drying of a facemask and can be highly relevant elements of the and jump on the sofa straight away. But This process, which seems rather smooth on a string, as shown on the left of the petroleum system. We performed ambitious this is 2020, so the first thing you do is and continuous, is actually far from that. It figure). The different colors were random- research in the Neuquén basin, Argentina, remove and wash your reusable facemask, occurs as an interesting succession of fast ly placed to help us see the different air to study a world-class igneous petroleum this life-saving, COVID-blocking porous invasion events, some very small, with just invasion bursts, i.e., different portions of system, in cooperation with the Argentin- medium. After a thorough wash, you one pore getting dry, others much larger, the medium that get dry. We have found ian oil company YPF. Our study show that: decide to hang it on a string, to let it dry with air invading and drying several pores that this drying occurs in an intermittent (1) the main hydrocarbon maturation in overnight, such that tomorrow this porous at once. This interesting intermittent dy- manner, with a wide distribution of in- producing oil fields was dominantly trig- medium can go back to its heroic mission namics is not exclusive to drying facemasks. vasion events, some small and some very gered by the heat provided by the cooling of preserving life on Earth as we know it. It occurs in many natural and engineered large. It is interesting to notice how even of the igneous sills, (2) the igneous sills But what is really happening inside that settings and porous media scientists have such an apparently simple phenomenon, are fractured reservoirs for the hydro- mask while you sleep (or drink your beer)? kept a close eye on it over the years. By the drying of a piece of tissue, can present carbons, (3) contact metamorphism lead using artificially designed transparent very interesting dynamics if we look close to the deposition of iron sulphides which The drying mask is nothing but the most porous networks, we can see very well the enough. are expressed as low-resistivity zones on common 2020 realization of a porous me- evolution of the air invasion dynamics. We both contacts of the intrusions (Spacapan dium slow drainage experiment. As gravity show the result of one of those experiments et al., 2020a,b,c).

In order to capture the complex processes Figure: A drying facemask (left) is an example at work in igneous petroleum systems, we Figure summarising of a slow drainage experiment in a porous medium. carried out an extensive field mapping of field observations Although the process of drying seems very slow an exceptional field analogue of a petro- of petroleum seeps and continuous, it actually presents an interesting leum system, in the northern Neuquén around the Cerro intermittent invasion dynamics, in which portions of the wet porous medium are successively invaded Basin, Argentina (Rabbel et al., submitted). Alquitrán andesitic plug, Mendoza by the surrounding air. The invasion bursts can be There we identified the numerous types of province, Argentina well seen in our experiments, using artificial fractures and their associated processes, (Galland et al., transparent porous network. In the experiment and we discuss their implications for fluid in prep.) shown on the right, a viscous liquid is removed migration. from the right side while air enters from the left. The different invasion bursts are colored randomly, to aid visualization. We see a wide distribution of air invasion events, some very small and some very large. The circular black dots are the porous matrix, in this case a monolayer of glass beads.

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Galland, O., Mescua, J., Jerram, D., Augland, L.E., Villar, Spacapan, J.B., Ruiz, R., Manceda, R., D'Odorico, A., intrusions emplaced in organic-rich formations and their H.J., Zanella, A., Planke, S., Medialdea, A., Midtkandal, Roxha, E., Rojas Vera, E., Medialdea, A., Cattaneo, D., implications on fluid flow and petroleum systems: I., & Palma, J.O. Implications of felsic igneous intrusions Palma, O., Leanza, H.A., & Galland, O. (2020). Chapter A case study in the northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina. on fluid migration. Geology, in preparation. 20 – An Igneous Petroleum System within the Vaca Basin Research, 32, 3–24, doi: 10.1111/bre.12363. Muerta Formation. Minisini, D., Fantin, M., Lanusse, I., Rabbel, O., Palma, J.O., Mair, K., Spacapan, J.B., & Spacapan, J., D'Odorico, A., Palma, J.O., Leanza, H.A., and Leanza, H.A., eds., Integrated geology of Products in highlight Galland, O. Fracture networks in shale-hosted igneous unconventionals: The case of the Vaca Muerta play, Ruiz, R., Medialdea, A., Galland, O., & Manceda, R. intrusions: Processes, distribution and implications for Argentina: AAPG Memoir 120. (2020). Igneous petroleum systems in the Malargüe fold Moura, M., Måløy, K. J., Flekkøy, E. G., & Toussaint, igneous petroleum systems. Journal of Structural and thrust belt, Río Grande Valley area, Neuquén Basin, R. (2020). Intermittent dynamics of slow drainage Geology, submitted. Spacapan, J., D'Odorico, A., Palma, J.O., Galland, O., Argentina. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 111, experiments in porous media: characterization Senger, K., Ruiz, R., Manceda, R., & Leanza, H.A., 309–331, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpet- under different boundary conditions. (2020). Low resistivity zones at contacts of igneous geo.2019.08.038. Frontiers in Physics, 7, 217.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 50 Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media 51 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation The Research Council of Norway, Center of Monem Ayaz1,2, Marcel Moura1, Knut Jørgen Måløy1, 1) PoreLab, The Njord Centre, University of Oslo, Equinor (Akademia, project MODIFLOW), Gaute Linga1, Fabian Barras1, François Renard1, 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Renaud Toussaint1,2, Gerhard Schäfer2 Oslo, Norway Swiss National Science Foundation, The Bjørn Jamtveit1, Eirik Grude Flekkøy2, 2) PoreLab, The Njord Center, 2) University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Research Council of Norway, Center of Luiza Angheluta1, Joachim Mathiesen3,1, University of Oslo, Norway Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Tanguy Le Borgne4,1 3) Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 4) Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France

Fluid saturation behind gravitational stabilized Modelling and imaging flow in rocks across scales invasion fronts in porous media Understanding the mechanisms of how these numerical simulations with theoreti- assess the safety and integrity of under- fluids flow in porous and fractured rocks cal approaches. We have investigated how ground storage (e.g. CO2, hydrogen). We is of prime importance for many geological the flow intermittency that arises when two have designed a numerical method solving processes where fluid is naturally present phases are flowing concurrently influences the coupled dynamics of fluid flow and When a non-wetting fluid displaces a wet- (earthquakes, magmatic intrusions, aqui- how solutes are transported, and found that fracture growth. The picture below displays ting fluid in a gravitational field, the gravity fers) or artificially injected in the subsur- flow intermittency significantly enhances the sudden burst of a fluid-saturated crack. will stabilize the fluid front and pockets of face, as in the process of carbon capture and transverse spreading as well as the folding trapped fluid will be left behind the front. storage or the exploitation of geothermal and stretching of fluid filaments that is a Finally, this project also investigates fluid It is of particular interest to know how reservoirs. This project tackles the modeling hallmark of chaotic mixing. We have devel- flow at larger scales where anthropogenic the saturation behind the advancing front of flows in rocks from the pore to the fault oped a numerical framework to compute injection can reactivate existing crustal depends on the fluid properties like sur- and reservoir scales. stretching and folding of strips and sheets faults and induce detrimental seismicity. In face tension, densities and viscosities, and to reveal possibly chaotic mixing properties this context, a collaboration with research- the local geometry of the porous medium, An important goal of this project is to better of real porous rock. ers from Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de and if the trapped fluid behind the front is understand how mixing of miscible and Lausanne conducting rock friction experi- stable or if it will be drained on large time immiscible fluids occurs in complex porous Fluid flow also has an impact on the frac- ments shed new light on the fluid-induced scales. Can we understand the dependence solids. We study these questions using lat- ture network itself, as the injection of fluid reactivation of faults and the characteristics between the measured pressure in the fluid tice Boltzmann, finite element and particle can further open existing cracks. Under- of the resulting frictional rupture (slow and the fluid saturations? simulations at the pore scale and combine standing such processes is essential to events versus fast and violent ruptures).

We have experimentally and numerically studied the influence of gravity on the pressure-saturation relationship in a given porous medium during slow drainage. The effect of gravity was systematically varied 1 by tilting the system relative to the horizontal configuration. The use of a quasi two-dimensional porous media allowed 10 – 4 for direct spatial monitoring of the saturation. Exploiting the fractal nature of the Figure: The picture shows a gravity stabilized front where air (in green) invades a glycerin/water solution invasion structure, we obtained a relation- (in black). The cluster left behind invaded by film flow at large times are seen in yellow. ship between the final saturation and the strength of the gravity using percolation theory. Moreover, the saturation, pressure, difference, the gravity field, and on the flow influence of gravity for such effects. Our and gravity field were functionally related, direction. The size distribution of trapped setup allows us to directly visualize the allowing for pressure-saturation curves to defending fluid clusters is also shown to dynamics of the flow and, in particular, collapse onto a single master curve. This contain information on past fluid flow and to pinpoint which pore invasion events Fluid density Time evolution allows to upscale the pressure-saturation can be used as a marker of past flow speed are due to film flow phenomena. We have curves measured in a laboratory to large and direction. observed the formation of an active zone Figure 1: Stretching and folding of a line of tracer Figure 2: Fluid-depleted zone emerging during the rapid growth of a fluid-driven crack. behind the liquid-air interface, inside which representative elementary volumes used dye during two-phase porous media flow. in reservoir simulations. The large-scale We have further studied the effects of con- film flow drainage events are more likely behavior of these curves follows a simple nectivity enhancement due to film flow to occur. relationship, depending on the density phenomena on the drainage and the relative Products in highlight

Passelègue, F. X., Almakari, M., Dublanchet, P., Barras, F., Aghababaei, R, & Molinari, J. F. Onset of Linga, G., Mathiesen, J., Renard, F., & Le Borgne, T. Barras, F., Fortin, J., & Violay, M. (2020). Initial effective sliding across scales: How the contact topography (2020). Stretching and Folding in Intermittent stress controls the nature of earthquakes. Nature impacts frictional strength. Physical Review Materials, Two-Phase Porous Media Flows. Bulletin of the Products in highlight Communications, 11, 5132. accepted. American Physical Society, November 23.

Ayaz, M., Toussaint, R., Schäfer, G., & Måløy, K. J. Moura, M., Flekkøy, E. G., Måløy, K. J., Schäfer, G., Rezakhani, R., Barras, F., Brun, M., & Molinari, J. F. Linga, G., Møyner, O., Nilsen, H. M., Moncorgé, A., & (2020). Gravitational and Finite-Size Effects On & Toussaint, R. (2019). Connectivity enhancement due (2020). Finite element modeling of dynamic frictional Lie, K. A. (2020). An implicit local time-stepping method Pressure Saturation Curves During Drainage. Water to film flow in porous media.Physical Review Fluids, rupture with rate and state friction. Journal of the based on cell reordering for multiphase flow in porous Resources Research, 56(10), e2019WR026279. 4(9), 094102 Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 141, 103967. media. Journal of Computational Physics: X, 100051.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 52 Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media 53 Funding Participants Affiliation The Research Council of Norway, Center of L. Thorens1,2, K. J. Måløy1, M. Bourgoin2, 1) PoreLab, The Njord Centre, Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) S. Santucci2, E. G. Flekkøy1 University of Oslo, Norway 2) ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France

Tunable interactions inside deformable porous media

Interactions between grains are known based on the static observations of a ferro- to affect the shape and the behavior of a magnetic granular medium, we propose to granular assembly. We propose to use fer- look at a classical granular dynamic sys- romagnetic grains (typically steel), which tem: the discharge of a silo. Based on the acquire a magnetic momentum under the observations of [3], we study a magnetic influence of an external magnetic field, hourglass (fig. 2) where we highlight the leading to grain/grain interactions inside apparition of a stick-slip behavior during the medium. the discharge [4]. Finally, we investigate the bulldozing experiment previously discussed First, we highlighted the existence of a by [5] where a bead/liquid mixture is slowly Figure 1: novel tunable magnetic Janssen effect in sucked out of confined geometry. Based Local forces in a a static grain column (fig. 1) where we can on our results on ferromagnetic granular magnetic Janssen control the pressure exerted on the walls physics, we intend to control the apparition configuration. even for a mixture of ferromagnetic and of the bulldozing instability (fig. 3) and its non-ferromagnetic particles [1-2]. Second, resulting pattern.

Figure 2: Discharge of a 2D-silo without magnetic Figure 3: Trigger of the bulldozing instability field (a), and with a strong magnetic field normal using ferromagnetic interactions. to the plan (b).

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Thorens L., Måløy, K. J., Bourgoin, M., & Santucci, S. Lumay, G., & Vandewalle, N. (2008). Controlled flow Magnetic Janssen Effect. In review. of smart powders. Physical Review E, 78(6), 061302.

Thorens L., Måløy, K. J., Bourgoin, M., & Santucci, S. Thorens L., Viallet, M., Måløy, K. J., Bourgoin, M., Tamming the Janssen Effect. Powders and Grains, & Santucci, S. Discharge of a 2D magnetic silo. in review. Powders and Grains, in review.

Njord annual report 2020 54 Chapter 3 | Part 1 – Fluid Flows in Complex Media Chapter 3 | Part 2

Pattern Formation and Dynamical Systems

1 Transition from viscous fingers to compact invasion patterns during drainage of porous media 2 A cosmic dust-bunny: 'Oumuamua as a space fractal 3 Labyrinthine structures in seal noses 4 Active matter in disordered environments 5 Hyper-ballistic super diffusion 6 Flows in networks 7 Dislocation dynamics and plasticity in small crystals

57 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation The Research Council of Norway, Center of Fredrik Kvalheim Eriksen1, Marcel Moura1, 1) PoreLab, The Njord Center, University Oslo, Norway The Research Council of Norway, Center Eirik Grude Flekkøy1, Jane X. Luu2, 1) PoreLab, The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Mihailo Jankov1, Knut Jørgen Måløy1, 2) PoreLab, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway of Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Renaud Toussaint3 Oslo, Norway Eirik Grude Flekkøy1, Alex Hansen2, 3) University of Strasbourg, France 2) MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachutes, USA Santanu Sinha2 and Renaud Toussaint1,3 4) Beijing Computational Science Research Center, China 3) University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

Transition from viscous fingers to compact A cosmic dust-bunny: invasion patterns during drainage of porous media 'Oumuamua as a space fractal

Immiscible fluid displacement is unstable The first known interstellar object was which was formed in the inner coma of a stress, then is ejected into interstellar space when a less viscous fluid invades a more discovered in 2017 and named ’Oumua- fragmenting comet orbiting around a dis- by radiation pressure. Our model predicts viscous fluid inside a porous medium, re- mua, Polynesian for visitor from afar. tant star, and then escaped to interstellar the short dimension of ’Oumuamua, and sulting in characteristic flow patterns that Passing through our solar system it was space. Such a fractal can be light enough the object’s elongated shape (although the depend on the flow rate (or overpressure) observed to be highly elongated and about for the suns radiation pressure to explain model cannot distinguish between a cigar of the invading fluid. For low flow rates, the the size of a large ship. It displayed such the extra-gravitational acceleration. The or disk shape). The model could also ex- capillary forces dominate and the invading unusual properties that its origin remains formation of the fractal is made possible plain the discovery rate of ’Oumuamua, fluid forms an invasion percolation type of a subject of much debate. Among the most by two important factors: 1) the presence depending on the number of fragments pattern, while for higher flow rates viscous puzzling observation was its acceleration, of cometary fragments as accretion sites, produced per comet. Finally, it predicts forces dominate such that the invading fluid which could not be explained by gravity and 2) the fractal’s ability to absorb im- the existence of fractal bodies in the solar forms a dendritic viscous fingering type of alone. We proposed that ’Oumuamua’s pacts during the accretion process. After system, which may one day be identified. pattern. This cross-over from capillary to properties could be explained as those of forming, the fractal eventually separates viscous fingering depends on the viscosity a fractal dust aggregate (a “dust bunny”) from the fragment due to hydrodynamic contrast between the fluids in addition to the flow rate. In recent experiments we inject air at a constant overpressure into the center of a circular Hele-Shaw cell filled with a monolayer of glass beads, initially saturated with a viscous liquid. To explore invasion patterns in the parameter space of viscosity and overpressure, we conduct sets of experiments for different overpressures and repeat the experiment for 10 different glycerol-water solutions. For higher overpressures and lower viscosity contrasts, we have observed the emergence of more stable and dense invasion patterns. These patterns are seen in the regime where the patterns are expected to be unstable and dendritic according to the Saffman-Taylor instability. By means of experimental, numerical and theoretical approaches, this project aims to characterize and explain the processes Figure: Examples of final patterns and how they change with injection pressure leading to the cross-over from unstable (increases upwards) and liquid viscosity (increases towards right). The pattern viscous fingers to the more stable and dense clearly becomes compact for higher pressures and lower viscosity (top left), while invasion patterns, a process that is neither increasing viscosity leads to viscous fingers (top right). Also note that the capillary understood nor previously described. fingering regime is approached for low pressure and viscosity (bottom left). Figure: Dust bunny – a conceptual model of a fractal cometary aggregate.

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Flekkøy, E. G., Luu, J., & Toussaint, R. (2019). Luu, J. X., Flekkøy, E. G., & Toussaint, R. (2020). The interstellar object’Oumuamua as a fractal dust ’Oumuamua as a Cometary Fractal Aggregate: aggregate. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, The “Dust Bunny” Model. The Astrophysical Journal 885(2), L41. Letters, 900(2), L22.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 58 Chapter 3 | Part 2 – Pattern Formation and Dynamical Systems Chapter 3 | Part 2 – Pattern Formation and Dynamical Systems 59 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation The Research Council of Norway, Center Eirik Grude Flekkøy1, Signe Kjelstrup2, 1) PoreLab, The Njord Centre, University of Oslo, Norway The Research Council of Norway, Center Kristian Stølevik Olsen1, Luiza Angheluta1, 1) PoreLab, The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway of Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Matthew J. Mason3, Lars Folkow4, 2) PoreLab, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway of Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Eirik Grude Flekkøy1 Øivind Wilhelmsen2 3) University of Oxford, UK 4) University of Tromsø, Norway

Labyrinthine structures in seal noses Active matter in disordered environments

A defining feature of living systems is their Seals have a heat exchanging organ in their width of the nose organ, so-called max- ability to absorb free energy from the envi- noses that resemble the labyrinthine struc- illoturbinates. The analysis is based on ronment and use it to perform useful tasks, tures seen in our frictional fluids experi- the condition that the nose must act as like generating motion or self-healing. ments and simulations. an exchanger of both a heat- and water. Active matter is a class of non-equilibrium The evolution of the nose structure may systems that mimics these properties by We use images of the convoluted nose thus be understood from the seals need to allowing selfpropelled particles to convert structure of a variety of seal species, and conserve body heat and water. This theory environmental energy into directed motion argue that the observed internal structure is supported by the fact that maxillotur- (which is why they are self-propelling). in these nose turbinates, may be predicted binates are much more developed in arc- This mimics for example how bacteria or from a thermodynamic analysis. In par- tic seals than in seals that live in warmer cells use energy to move through fluids and ticular, we predict the channel length and environments. complex media. While theoretical models of active matter have had great success when applied to homogeneous or open systems, most realistic scenarios have some degree of spatial complexity. This extra level of complexity may be of a spatial or temporal Figure: Cross sectional nature and includes for example bacterial image of the internal structure motion through soil or cell migration in of a seal nose organ. tissue. Temporal disorder includes for example time-dependent swimming mechanisms that allows bacteria to effectively navigate a complex landscape.

In this project we aim to improve our understanding about such active systems in the presence of disorder or spatial confinement. Our methods rely on a microscopic description of the individual particles, which can be studied through numerical simulations. Effective models for the behavior on large spatial and temporal scales can be compared to the more detailed simulations to gain insights into the most relevant aspects of the system. Figure: Simulation of the trajectories of active particles moving through a two-dimensional random porous media. Many open questions remain regarding swimming strategies and the search for optimal paths to navigate such environments, for example in the search for nutrients.

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Olsen, K. S., Angheluta, L., & Flekkøy, E. G. (2020). Olsen, K. S. (2020) Perturbative effective diffusivity of Escape problem for active particles confined to a disk. microswimmers in the presence of oscillating torques. Physical Review Research, 2(4), 043314. arXiv (https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.05415).

Olsen, K. S., Angheluta, L., & Flekkøy, E. G. Active particles moving through disordered landscapes. Soft Matter, in press.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 60 Chapter 3 | Part 2 – Pattern Formation and Dynamical Systems Chapter 3 | Part 2 – Pattern Formation and Dynamical Systems 61 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation The Research Council of Norway, Center Eirik Grude Flekkøy1, Alex Hansen2, 1) PoreLab, The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway The Research Council of Norway, Center P. A. Rikvold1,2 and 1) PoreLab, The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway of Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory) Beatrice Baldelli1 2) PoreLab, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway of Excellence (Porous Media Laboratory), A. J. Gurfinkel2 2) Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA U.S. National Science Foundation

Hyper-ballistic super diffusion Flows in networks

Super-diffusion is a subject treated by sta- corresponding particle model. It also gives a we show that hyperballistic diffusion may The network-theoretical description of ability of flows between pairs of nodes to along geodesics survive, while with a low tistical physics, but is of general interest classical basis for hyper-ballistic diffusion, result. This is done by the exact solution many-particle systems as nodes connected follow non-optimal (non-geodesic) paths death rate, they spread over the whole to a wider community because it arises in a phenomenon, which has primarily been of the corresponding non-linear diffusion by edges has found diverse applications in or their reach: the distance away from a network like an electrical current [1]. To such different contexts as fluid dynamics, observed in quantum systems. The model equation, as well as by particle simulations. science and technology, including flow in source node that a flow can be detected. quantify reach, one chooses a single node biological physics, and geophysics. We is applicable in contexts including bacteria The connection between these levels of de- porous media. Among the most important as a current source, while all other nodes introduce a highly general model that is growth, granular media and the thermo- scription is provided by the Fokker-Planck concepts in network theory are centrali- We use a combination of absorbing random are connected to ground by resistors. If the applicable to several of these areas, and dynamics of frost heave. By means of a equation describing the particle dynamics. ties, which quantify the importance of par- walks and algebraic solutions of currents resistances to ground are high, the current it introduces exact solutions to the asso- particle model that includes interactions ticular nodes or edges. Our objective is to in electrical circuits. Grasp is quantified by persists far from the source (large reach), ciated differential equation along with a only via the local particle concentration, develop tunable node centralities based on flows between two nodes, in which ran- while small resistances limit the reach to the behavior of potential-driven flows or, dom “walkers” have a tunable probability the nearest neighbors of the source node equivalently, random walks. The flows can to “die” while traversing an edge. With a [2]. We propose several new, grasp- and be characterized either by their grasp: the high death rate, only walkers proceeding reach-parametrized centrality measures.

Figure: A candidate system for superdiffusive behavior, a simulation of a compactifying granular medium where the porosity may evolve superdiffusively.

Figures: Extremes of reach, illustrated on a social network of kangaroos. Line thickness indicates current magnitude. Dashed edges carry negligible current. (a) Large reach, corresponding to low conductances to ground, πC. (b) Small reach, corresponding to high πC. From [2].

Production in highlights Production in highlights

Hansen, A., Flekkøy, E. G., & Baldelli, B. (2020). Anomalous 1) Gurfinkel, A. J., & Rikvold, P. A. (2020). 2) Gurfinkel, A. J., & Rikvold, P. A. (2020). Diffusion in Systems with Concentration-Dependent Absorbing random walks interpolating between A Current-Flow Centrality with Adjustable Reach. Diffusivity: Exact Solutions and Particle Simulations. centrality measures on complex networks. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2005.14356. Frontiers in Physics, 8, 523. Physical Review E, 101(1), 012302.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 62 Chapter 3 | Part 2 – Pattern Formation and Dynamical Systems Chapter 3 | Part 2 – Pattern Formation and Dynamical Systems 63 Funding Participants Affiliation University of Oslo Vidar Skogvoll1, Luiza Angheluta1, 1) The Njord Centre, University of Oslo, Norway Audun Skaugen2, Jorge Viñals3, 2) Tampere University of Technology, Finland Marco Salvalaglio4 3) University of Minnesota, USA. 4) Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany

Dislocation dynamics and plasticity in small crystals

Each year, thousands of Minnesotans The Phase-Field Crystal (PFC) is a mesos- an external stress field, we have induced walks upon a frozen lake searching for cale model of plasticity that attempts to the nucleation of a dislocation dipole in an fish. “Trusting [the lake] is less like buying bridge the gap between the microscopic otherwise perfect hexagonal lattice (Fig. gold than buying stock in an insurance description of colloidal particles with that 2) and have found sensitive stress-based company” (Laughlin, A different universe, of continuum plasticity. The dynamics of diagnostics of the process [4]. In further 2008). Indeed, the rigidity of solid phases the model is given by minimizing the free research we will extend and apply the mod- are organizational, caused by the emergent energy which determines the crystal struc- el to other crystal symmetries in 2 and 3 crystalline structures of many interacting ture (Fig. 1). By coupling the evolution of the dimensions. particles. However, just as organizations PFC to a mesoscopic stress field, we have are only as strong as their weakest links, developed a model which has been shown so do solids break apart due to the motion to effectively capture the character and of crystal defects such as dislocations. motion of dislocations [1-3]. By imposing

Figure 1: Different structures of the PFC. Figure 2: Stress induced nucleation of a dislocation dipole in the hexagonal PFC. a) 2D hexagonal, a) The PFC (shown as lines connecting adjacent peaks in the density field) prior to nucleation, b) 2D square, b) the PFC at the nucleation instant, c) 3D body-centered cubic, c) moments after the nucleation of two distinct edge dislocations. d) 3D face-centered cubic,

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1) Skaugen, A., Angheluta, L., & Viñals, J. (2018). 3) Salvalaglio, M., Angheluta, L., Huang, Z.-F., Voigt, A., 4) Skogvoll, V., Skaugen, A., Angheluta, L., & Viñals, J. Dislocation dynamics and crystal plasticity in the Elder, K. R., & Viñals, J. (2020). A coarse-grained (2020). Dislocation nucleation in the phase field crystal phase-field crystal model.Phys. Rev. B, 97(5), 054113. phase-field crystal model of plastic motion.Journal model. ArXiv:2009.07524 [Cond-Mat]. Phys. Rev. B, of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 137, 103856 accepted. 2) Skaugen, A., Angheluta, L., & Viñals, J. (2018). Separation of elastic and plastic timescales in a phase field crystal model.Phys. Rev. Lett., 121(25), 255501.

Njord annual report 2020 64 Chapter 3 | Part 2 – Pattern Formation and Dynamical Systems Chapter 3 | Part 3

Fracture, Friction and Creep in Rocks and Materials

1 Growth of fracture network due to fluid generation 2 Emergent networks: Predicting strain localization and fracture network development 3 Brittle-viscous deformation cycles at the base of the seismogenic crust 4 The road to failure in rocks 5 Maturation and fracturing of organic-rich shale during primary migration 6 An origin of brittleness: a thermal point of view

67 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation University of Oslo Olivier Galland1,2, Ole Rabbel1,2, Karen Mair1,2 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway The Research Council of Norway Jessica McBeck1, François Renard1, 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway 2) Department of Geosciences, Yehuda Ben-Zion2, Xiaoyu (Bruce) Zhou2, 2) University of Southern California, USA University of Oslo, Norway John Aiken3, Joachim Mathiesen4, 3) Center for Computing in Science Education, Stig-Nicolai Foyn3, Gabriel Cabrera3, University of Oslo, Norway Chastity Aiken5 4) University of Copenhagen, Denmark 5) L'Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Brest, France

Growth of fracture network due to fluid generation Emergent networks: Predicting strain localization

When low-permeability and organic-rich and fracture network development rocks such as shale experience sufficient heating, chemical reactions including shale dehydration and maturation of organic matter lead to internal fluid gen- How can we estimate the timing of the next these precursory processes that signal the ing of earthquakes. The project will then eration. This may cause substantial pore large earthquake? The ability to estimate onset of earthquake preparation. Following use numerical models to examine how the fluid overpressure and fracturing. In the when the next large earthquake will occur the characterization of these processes processes identified at the laboratory scale vicinity of igneous intrusions emplaced at a particular location (i.e., Los Angeles) in laboratory experiments, the project with fine temporal and spatial resolution in organic-rich shales, temperatures of would provide immediate societal and eco- aims to predict the timing of laboratory may up-scale to the processes operating several hundred degrees accelerate these nomic benefits. Observations of natural, and crustal earthquakes using machine at the km-scale within natural tectonic processes and lead to intense fracturing. crustal earthquakes, and laboratory earth- learning. Following the development of systems, such as the San Andreas fault in The resulting fracture network provides quakes indicate that precursory processes successful machine learning models that California. hydraulic pathways, which allow fluid extend to accelerate in activity leading up to predict the timing of earthquakes, the pro- pulsion and affect hydrothermal fluid flow the dynamic, macroscopic, system-scale ject will examine which characteristics of This project started in September 2020, and patterns. However, the evolution of these failure of a system. This project aims to fracture networks and strain fields provide has thus far yielded four submitted papers. complex fracture networks and controls quantitatively describe and characterize the greatest predictive power of the tim- on geometry and connectivity are poorly understood. We performed a numerical modeling study based on the extended finite element method to investigate coupled hydromechanical fracture network evolution due to fast internal fluid generation. The results indicate a three-phase process including (1) individual fracture growth, (2) fracture interaction, and (3) expulsion phase. We additionally found that although the external stress field controls the overall fracture orientation distribution, local stress interactions may cause significant deviations of fracture paths and control the coalescence characteristics of fractures.

Figure: Time series and rose plots of the fracture network evolution for random initial fracture orientation and anisotropic Figure 1: Experimental data used to identify the fracture network Figure 2: Fracture network characteristics identified via machine stresses (10% extensional). The color code characteristics that best predict the proximity of catastrophic learning. These characteristics constrain which fundamental represents the smallest principal stress failure in recently accepted GRL paper. criteria of fracture mechanics (strain energy density) may indicate (from Rabbel et al., 2020). the timing of approaching earthquakes.

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McBeck, J., Mair, K., & Renard, F. Decrypting healed fault McBeck, J., Aiken, J., Mathiesen, J., Ben-Zion, Y., & Renard, F. zones: How gouge production reduces the influence of fault (2020) Deformation precursors to catastrophic failure in rocks. Production in highlights roughness. Geophysical Journal International, in press. Geophysical Research Letters, e2020GL090255.

Rabbel, O., Mair, K., Galland, O., Grühser, C., Meier, T. (2020). McBeck, J., Ben-Zion, Y., & Renard, F. How the force and McBeck, J., Zhu, W., & Renard, F. The competition between Numerical Modeling of Fracture Network Evolution in Organic-Rich fracture architectures develop within and around healed fault fracture nucleation, propagation and coalescence in the Shale With Rapid Internal Fluid Generation. Journal of Geophysical zones during biaxial loading toward macroscopic failure. crystalline continental upper crust. Solid Earth, in review. Research, 125. Journal of Structural Geology, in review.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 68 Chapter 3 | Part 3 – Fracture, Friction and Creep in Rocks and Materials Chapter 3 | Part 3 – Fracture, Friction and Creep in Rocks and Materials 69 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation Posiva Oy (Finland), University of Plymouth Luca Menegon1, Giulio Viola2, Mark Anderson3, 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway The Research Council of Norway (project François Renard1, Benoit Cordonnier1, 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway (UK), University of Bologna (Italy), University Paolo Garofalo2, Jussi Mattila4, Francesca Prando3, 2) University of Bologna, Italy HADES) Jess McBeck1, Neelima Kandula1, 2) University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France of Oslo Barbara Marchesini2, Francesco Giuntoli2, 3) University of Plymouth, UK Bjørn Jamtveit1, Jérôme Weiss2, Wenlu Zhu3, 3) University of Maryland, USA Alberto Vitale Brovarone2 4) Rock Mechanics Consulting Finland Oy, Yehuda Ben-Zion4, Paul Meakin5 4) University of Southern California, USA Vantaa, Finland 5) Temple University, Pennsylvania, USA

Brittle-viscous deformation cycles at the base The road to failure in rocks of the seismogenic crust Our main question is how to quantify the dynamics of microfractures in rocks to predict the onset of major rupture and earthquake nucleation. Most of continental earthquakes nucleate The project aims to (i) determine the me- are currently investigating the distribution at the brittle-viscous transition, where the chanical evolution of long-lived faults active and interconnection of porosity in the fault We have developed a combined experi- strength of crustal rocks is at its maximum. at the brittle-viscous transition, (ii) determine rocks using Hg-porosimetry combined with mental and numerical approach to unravel Crustal deformation near the brittle-viscous the extent of fluid pressure oscillations x-ray microtomography. Another aspect how ruptures nucleate in rock samples, transition involves the competition between during deep faulting, (iii) characterize the of the project is the study of pathways for how earthquake may damage wall rocks fracturing and viscous flow, and a prom- multi-scale fluid pathways of a fault system. radionuclide migration via trace-element in natural earthquakes, and whether pre- inent role of variations in fluid pressure mapping of deformed sulphides found in cursory signals exist that would indicate is often invoked to explain the mechanics By combining fluid-inclusion studies with the fault network in Onkalo. the propagation of an earthquake before it of fault zones at depth. This project uses electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) happens. Using dynamic X-ray tomography a network of fault zones that were active analysis of crystallographic orientations of Furthermore, a complementary case-study imaging at the European Synchrotron Facil- across the brittle-viscous transition at 10–15 minerals, we found out that: (i) transient to Onkalo has focused on the feedback ity and a home-designed rock deformation km of depth and that are now exhumed in fluid overpressure triggered a switch to between deep carbon mobilization and apparatus, the Hades rig, we imaged in 4D southwestern Finland. The study area is brittle and seismic fault behavior in the deformation in the subduction channel. the evolution of microfractures in rocks located in Onkalo, the site of a deep geologi- deep, ‘ductile’ crust, and (ii) the stress We demonstrated that fluid-mediated car- before system-size brittle failure. These cal repository for high-grade nuclear waste. history of the ductile flow of a fault can bonate reduction has a positive effect on microfractures represent precursory signals be preserved in its microstructure (for deformation localization in tremor-genic to the main rupture. We have analyzed and example, in the grain size of quartz). We portions of the subduction zone. observed in 4D how slow slips in rocks may damage the surrounding volume, leading to the formation of a damage zone. Our experiments produce large amounts of data (more than 150 TB so far) and we have developed novel data processing techniques to follow the evolution of strain in a sample during deformation. Among these techniques, we have developed several machine learning workflows to unravel which parameters control the onset of system-size Figure 1: Series of three-dimensional views of a sample of Carrara marble during failure in rocks. a creep burst that led to the formation of a fault network under a constant differential stress of 159 MPa. Blue figures show all the microfracture clusters with volumes greater than 104 voxels. At scan 142, the number of microfractures with volume above 104 voxels increases. The system-spanning fault network develops until scan 150 (e.g. creep burst), leading to the formation of an offset along the sample boundary. The time between each scan is 1.7 minutes.

(A) Panoramic photograph of the Onkalo site in SW Finland, with an overlay (B) Positive feedback between percolation of C-bearing fluids (to form graphite, drawing of the underground infrastructure (photo courtesy of Posiva Oy). the dark grey layers) and strain localization in deformed subducted carbonate The red circle shows the depth location of the samples used in the project. rocks. Production in highlights

Renard F., Kandula, N., McBeck, J. A., & Cordonnier, B. Heap, M. J., Baud, P., McBeck, J. A., Renard, F., Renard, F., McBeck, J., & Cordonnier, B. (2020). (2020). Creep burst coincident with faulting in marble Carbillet, L., & Hall, S. A. (2020). Imaging strain Competition between slow slip and damage on and off observed in 4-D synchrotron X-ray imaging triaxial localisation in porous andesite using digital volume faults revealed in 4D synchrotron imaging experiments. Production in highlights compression experiments. Journal of Geophysical correlation. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Tectonophysics, 782–783, 228437. Research: Solid Earth, 125(9), e2020JB020354. Research, 404, 107038. Prando, F., Menegon, L., Anderson, M., Marchesini, B., Giuntoli, F., Brovarone, A. V., & Menegon, L. (2020). McBeck, J., Ben-Zion, Y., & Renard, F. (2020). Mattila, J., & Viola, G. (2020). Fluid-mediated, Feedback between high-pressure genesis of abiotic McBeck, J., Aiken, J. M., Ben-Zion, Y., & Renard, F. The mixology of precursory strain partitioning brittle-ductile deformation at seismogenic depth – Part methane and strain localization in subducted (2020). Predicting the proximity to macroscopic failure approaching brittle failure in rocks. Geophysical 2: Stress history and fluid pressure variations in a shear carbonate rocks. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1–15. using local strain populations from dynamic in situ X-ray Journal International, 221, 1856–1872. zone in a nuclear waste repository (Olkiluoto Island, tomography triaxial compression experiments on rocks. Finland). Solid Earth, 11(2), 489–511. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 543, 116344.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 70 Chapter 3 | Part 3 – Fracture, Friction and Creep in Rocks and Materials Chapter 3 | Part 3 – Fracture, Friction and Creep in Rocks and Materials 71 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation The Research Council of Norway François Renard1, Maya Kobchenko1, 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IRP Tom Vincent-Dospital 1,2, Renaud Toussaint1,2, 1) Porelab, The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway (project PROMETHEUS) Benoit Cordonnier1, Olivier Galland1, 2) Department of Geosciences, France-Norway D-FFRACT, The Research Alain Cochard2, Knut Jørgen Måløy1, 2) University of Strasbourg, France Thomas Chauve1, James Johnson1, University of Oslo, Norway Council Norway CoE-program Eirik Grude Flekkøy1, Marcel Moura1, 3) ENS de Lyon, University Claude Bernard, France Nazmul Mondol2, Luc Scholtès3, Frédéric Donzé4, 3) University of Nancy, France Stéphane Santucci3 Audrey Ougier-Simonin5 4) University Grenoble Alpes, France 5) British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK

Maturation and fracturing of organic-rich shale An origin of brittleness: a thermal point of view during primary migration When fractures propagate in a material, This also explains features such as fracto- This model also renders for a transition the mechanical energy previsously stored luminescence during fast rupture: when between brittle and ductile fracture mode, in the material deformation is dissipated. ordinary tape is peeled sufficiently fast, as observed under the brittle Earth crust, A part of this dissipation happens locally, the velocity of the crack jumps for short and explains this transition as a critical Our main question is how hydrocarbons are decomposing into lighter molecular weight (size, shape, fabric, anisotropy, volume of around the fracture tip, in the form of heat- periods to large values, higher than the point (Vincent-Dospital et al., 2020b). expelled from source rocks during burial hydrocarbons, the pore-pressure inside the total rock, etc.), and analogue modelling of ing. The associated temperature rise allows externally imposed velocity, because of control how much oil and gas could migrate shale rock increases and can drive propa- the fracturing process within an anisotropic for large microscopic fluctuations, which this instability – before the crack slows In a case where heating is negligible, we toward reservoir rocks. gation of hydraulic fractures. medium focused on understanding size, allows to pass activation energy barriers down until the tape is loaded again. This could also explain the distribution of local shape, density, and orientation of fractures and break individual molecules along the variation in speed is the cause of varying velocities (Vincent-Dospital et al. 2020c, Shales are layered sedimentary rocks, We follow three complementary approach- in relationship to the anisotropy. crack front. This leads to further fracture force in the tape, and of the noise emitted Cochard et al., 2019) and the distribution which can be almost impermeable for es, including a baseline understanding of advance, reinforcing the cause, which is when tapes are peeled fast enough. If, on of global velocities and jumps (Santucci fluids and act as seals and cap-rock, or, if the relationship between organic con- The main outcome this year is an article in a positive feedback loop. For conditions contrary, tape is peeled slowly, the front et al., 2019). a shale layer hosts a fracture network, it tent and maturation as it relates to the Journal of Geophysical Research (Chauve where this reinforcement is sufficiently is in so-called stable creep, and the front can act as a fluid reservoir and/or conduit. geomechanical components of the rock, a et al., 2020) that demonstrates how the in- strong, it can lead to a jump to so called speed corresponds to the imposed one: no The consequences of such model are nu- Organic-rich shales contain organic matter – thorough analysis of the kerogen lenses itial sedimentary layering of shale controls avalanches, where the rupture speed jumps noise is emitted in this case. Interestingly, merous : for example, we show how fol- kerogen, which can transform from solid to characterize them (size, shape, fabric, microfracturing during the maturation of to high values, and the material is thermally during fast peeling with associated instabil- lowing material creep allows to predict state to oil and gas during burial and ex- anisotropy, volume of total rock, orientation organic matter and primary migration. weakened. ity, the front emits a blue light during the under which load the material will fail in a posure to heat. When the organic matter is etc.) and how they interact with fractures fast stages: this is the so-called fractolumi- brittle way (Vincent-Dospital et al. 2020d). We developed a model coupling mechanics, nescence mechanism. Our model explains We also show that such processes can play statistical physics and chemistry based this phenomenon as being a possible ther- a role in biomaterials, heat generation and on these elements. We showed that these mal radiation emitted by a nanometric size conduction being compatible with the ex- elementary ingredients reproduce well the zone, hotter than 1000 °C, in the vicinity citation of proteins transmitters activating mechanical behavior of fracture in acrylic of the crack front. See figure. the pain information process (2020e). glass (PMMA), as well as the one of peeled tapes (i.e. the rupture of polymeric glue). (Vincent-Dospital et al., 2020a).

Figure: Blue radiation emission when a tape is peeled at a velocity above the stick-slip threshold, i.e. 15 cm/s for this standard office tape. Picture taken with a standard digital reflex camera, ISO: 25600, shutter speed: 1/2 s, focal length: 60 mm, aperture: f/4. Such fractoluminescence could the mark of a very hot crack front, locally exceeding 1000 °C, when unrolling the tape. The intensity and spectral characteristics are compatible with blackbody radiation of the material with a thermal profile explained by the thermo-mechanical model Figure: Left – Synchrotron microtomography images of a shale sample from a borehole in the Draupne formation, North Sea. A label analysis is carried out for all kerogen (Vincent-Dospital et al. 2020a). lenses and fractures, with examples two resolutions (6.63 μm – top; 0.7 μm – bottom). An analysis of size, shape, fabric, anisotropy, volume of total rock, and kerogen patch orientation is carried out for both, as well as how these parameters relate to one another. Right – Analogue modelling of primary migration in a gelatin system with five layers. The two darker layers have sugar/yeast representing organic content rich layers, while the three lighter layers do not content organic matter.

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Vincent-Dospital, T., Toussaint, R., Santucci, S., Vanel, Vincent-Dospital, T., Toussaint, R., Cochard, A., Måløy, Vincent-Dospital, T., Toussaint, R., Cochard, A., L., Bonamy, D., Hattali, L., ... & Måløy, K. J. (2020). K. J., & Flekkøy, E. G. (2020). Thermal weakening of Flekkøy, E. G., & Måløy, K. J. (2020). Is breaking How heat controls fracture: the thermodynamics of cracks and brittle-ductile transition of matter: A phase through matter a hot matter? A material failure creeping and avalanching cracks. Soft Matter, 16(41), model. Physical Review Materials, 4(2), 023604. prediction by monitoring creep. arXiv, preprint Production in highlights 9590–9602. arXiv:2007.04866. Vincent-Dospital, T., Cochard, A., Santucci, S., Måløy, Chauve, T., Scholtes, L., Donzé, F. V., Haque Mondol, Johnson, J., Kobchenko, M., Mondol, M., & Renard, F. K. J., & Toussaint, R. (2020). Thermally activated Vincent-Dospital, T., & Toussaint, R. (2020). Thermo- N., & Renard, F. (2020). Layering in shales controls (2020). Analogue modelling of an organic-rich shale intermittent dynamics of creeping crack fronts along mechanical pain: a hidden role for heat dissipation microfracturing at the onset of primary migration in utilizing a smectite-based gelatin, NGF Winter Meeting disordered interfaces. arXiv, preprint arXiv:2010.06865. in biological tissues. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2005.04991. source rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Proceedings, Oslo, Norway. Solid Earth, 125(5), e2020JB019444.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 72 Chapter 3 | Part 3 – Fracture, Friction and Creep in Rocks and Materials Chapter 3 | Part 3 – Fracture, Friction and Creep in Rocks and Materials 73 Chapter 3 | Part 4

Mechano-Chemical Processes from the Nanoscale to the Scale of Continents

1 Solid-solid interfaces as critical regions in rocks and materials: probing forces, electrochemical reactions, friction and reactivity 2 Nanoscale imaging and modelling of mineral-water interface 3 Structural and metamorphic transformation processes in the lower continental crust and upper mantle 4 History-dependent friction 5 BioZEment 2.0 – Systems analysis and fundamental control of bacterial processes in the production of bio-concrete for construction purposes

75 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation The Research Council of Norway Joanna Dziadkowiec1,2, Anja Røyne1, 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway University of Oslo Marthe G. Guren1, Henrik A. Sveinsson1, 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway Dag Kristian Dysthe1, Hsiu-Wei Cheng2, 2) Vienna University of Techonology, Vienna, Austria Christine V. Putnis2, German Montes-Hernandez3, 2) University of Münster, Germany Markus Valtiner2 Helen King4, Bjørn Jamtveit1, 3) University Grenoble Alpes and CNR, ISTerre, France Anders Malthe-Sørenssen1, François Renard1,3 4) University of Utrecht, The Netherlands

Solid-solid interfaces as critical regions in rocks Nanoscale imaging and modelling and materials: probing forces, electrochemical of mineral-water interface reactions, friction and reactivity Fluids control the transport of chemical or mineral transformation, requiring water itation of nanoparticles occurs easily on components to and from the grain surfaces can proceed or not under large stresses. the mineral surfaces. This coupled dissolu- where the reactions occur and the supply Our simulations focus on a confined wa- tion-precipitation mechanism occurs in the The overall strength of granular materials rate of these components affects the overall ter film between two periclase or brucite boundary layer, a highly saturated layer, at and porous rocks is often associated with rock transformation rate. The processes surfaces under conditions for reaction- the mineral-fluid interface. The formation processes that take place in fluid-filled con- between mineral-fluid interfaces that occur induced fracturing. The results show that of nanoparticles might contain contami- tacts between individual solid grains. To at nanoscale can be studied by both ex- when the pressure reaches a few tens of nating elements (Figure 2a), immobilizing recognize these processes and to be able to perimental approaches and by modelling. MPa, the water film collapses to one or two it from aqueous solution. Another way to modify them, we need analytical methods Within this topic, our research includes water layers. Figure 1 show the evolution immobilize the toxic elements is to let the that investigate the relevant interfaces at experimental studies of incorporation of of the thickness a water film until 3 ns. host mineral grow in the presence of this a nanoscale. In this experimental project, toxic elements into carbonate minerals When the pressure is 15 MPa the water element. The toxic oxyanions can then be we study the interfaces with the Surface and molecular dynamics simulations of the film remains stable, while at a pressure of incorporated into the crystal structure, Forces Apparatus (SFA). behavior of a confined water film between 81 MPa the water film quickly collapses to observed by irregularities from the normal mineral surfaces. one water layer. growth (Figure 2b). To study the interaction SFA measures surface forces acting at na- over time, we use atomic force microscopy noscale surface separations between two Molecular dynamics simulations provide a Experimental methods are used to study and stirred flow-through reactors, and the macroscopic surfaces (a contact radius deeper understanding of atom-scale pro- the incorporation of toxic elements into analyze of the final products we use Raman diameter is approximately 100 µm). An cesses that are not visible in experiments. a mineral, which have proven to be an spectroscopy, SEM and ICP-MS. These ex- in-situ sensing SFA modification developed By studying the behavior of a confined effective technique to remove the toxic periments are performed in collaboration at the Vienna University of Technology water film between two mineral surfaces, elements from aqueous solutions. Disso- with the Universities of Münster, Utrecht allows monitoring of the measured forc- we provide insight about whether reactions, lution of carbonate minerals and precip- and Grenoble Alpes. es in real-time, owing to the addition of strain gage-based force-measuring sensors. That expands the applications of the SFA and enables force measurements without bringing the surfaces out of contact.

In the first year of this project, we focused Figure 1: on the very composition of confined sol- Electrochemically induced transport of ions out of and into id-solid interfaces filled with electrolytes or a nanosized gap between two solid surfaces. organic solutions. We showed that the bind- ing of the soluble organic molecules could be modulated by the addition of inorganic ions, which have a different affinity to both adsorb onto the solid confining walls and to into and out of a nano-sized confined gap. number of interesting metastable charge form complexes with the functional groups With the EC-SFA, we can rapidly change regulation pathways emerging before the Figure 1: The lines represent the thickness (Lz) of the simulation Figure 2: The effect of chromium-rich fluids on a calcite surface. domain in the z-direction as a function of time at two different A) Formation of nanoparticles. B) Growth of calcite hillocks where two the surface charge of one of the confining charge equilibrium is achieved in a nano- of the organics. Using the electrochemi- pressures (15 and 81 MPa). The snapshots visualize the thickness of the sides are prevented from normal growth due to incorporation cal SFA (EC-SFA), we further studied the surfaces and visualize how the ions are sized gap between two solid surfaces. of the water film between two brucite blocks at 3 ns. of chromate ions. transport of organic and inorganic ions transported. In this work, we observed a

Production in highlights Production in highlights Guren, M.G., Putnis, C.V., Montes-Hernandez, G., Guren, M. G., Sveinsson, H. A., Hafreager, A., Dziadkowiec, J., & Røyne, A. (2020). Nanoscale Forces Cheng, H.-W., Dziadkowiec, J., Wieser, V., Imre, M., King, H., & Renard, F. (2020). Direct imaging Jamtveit, B., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., & Renard, F. between Basal Mica Surfaces in Dicarboxylic Acid Valtiner, M. Real-time Visualization of Metastable of coupled dissolution-precipitation and growth (2021). Molecular dynamics study of confined water Solutions: Implications for Clay Aggregation in the Charge Regulation Pathways in Molecularly processes on calcite exposed to chromium-rich fluids. in the periclase-brucite system under conditions Presence of Soluble Organic Acids. Langmuir, Confined Slit Geometries. Under review. Chemical Geology, 552, 119770. for reaction-induced fracturing. Geochimica et 49, 14978–14990. Cosmochimica Acta, 294, 13–27.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 Chapter 3 | Part 4 – Coupled Chemical Processes Chapter 3 | Part 4 – Coupled Chemical Processes 76 from the Nanoscale to the Scale of Continents from the Nanoscale to the Scale of Continents 77 Funding Participants Affiliation European Research Council, UK Natural Bjørn Jamtveit1, Claire Aupart1, Lucy Campbell2, Kristina Dunkel1, Sarah Incel1, 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Norway Environment Research Council (project Arianne Petley-Ragan1, Xin Zhong1, Håkon Austrheim1, Benoit Cordonnier1, Luca Menegon1, 2) University of Plymouth, UK DIME) François Renard1 and numerous international collaborators.

Structural and Metamorphic Transformation The structural transformations that the lower crust experiences during earthquake Processes in the Lower Continental Crust cycles are preserved in the geological record in the form of pristine pseudotachylytes (solidified quenched frictional melt and Upper Mantle produced during coseismic slip, Figure 1) and mylonitised pseudotachylytes, which form by solid-state viscous creep during the postsesimic and interseismic periods. When continents collide the evolution of A The generation of earthquakes (and, thus, the mountain chain that forms during the of pseudotachylytes) in the lower crust is associated Orogeny (=mountain-building an intensely debated issue, as it requires event) is to a first order affected by the mechanisms capable of developing, at least density and rheology of the lower crust. transiently, very high differential stresses. Prior to the collision, the lower crust will in most cases be characterized by dry and 2 mm Our studies of wall rock microstrutures strong rocks. However, during the progress B demonstrate that earthquakes in the lower of the collision, the properties of the lower crust form by dynamic rupture, i.e. brittle crust may change as a result of strutural deformation. This is in contrast to most and metamorphic transformation processes. models of lower crustal deformation, which Many of these are strongly affected by the assume that the lower crust is weak and presence or absence of fluids, and may lead only deforms in ductile manners. Brit- both to densification and weakening. Dry 2 mm tle deformation at lower crustal depths rocks are non-porous and generally more C D requires very high stresses and may be or less impermeable to fluids. Introduction linked to stress pulses generated by large of fluids to such rocks is often associated earthquakes at shallower levels in the Seismic slip rates on faults, however, re- Figure 2: Block diagram showing the with fracturing driven by earthquakes. crust. Our field work in Lofoten has also quire a co-seismic weakening mechanism. conceptual model for pseudotachylyte generation during lower crustal earthquakes Sometimes, earthquakes also happen with- proposed a new model for the generation Using novel Raman spectroscopic methods, by local stress amplification in volumes out the introduction of fluids. The goal of of transient high stresses. In this model, we have demonstrated that frictional melts of dry and strong lower crustal rocks this project is to understand the coupling of the source for the transient high stresses that form during lower crustal earthquakes (anorthosites, in grey) bounded by weak earthquakes, fluid migration, metamorphic is local (deep), and is the result of local- can develop very high pressure (over- ductile shear zones (in white with black reactions and structural transformation pressure) and hence reduce the frictional dashes). The model is based on field ised stress amplification in dry and strong observations from Nusfjord, Lofoten. processes in the lower crust. To do this materials generated at the contacts with strength of the earthquake faults. we carry out field-studies both in Norway weak ductile shear zones (Figure 2). An 20 µm 0.5 mm (Bergen Arcs and Lofoten) and abroad alternative proposal to brittle rupture for In a releated project, we study how earth- (Western Alps). Figure 1: Dry Pseudotachylyte in amphibole-bearing paragneiss. Optical micrographs in plane polarized (a) the generation of deep pseudotachylytes quakes may allow seawater into the man- and cross polarized (b) light showing a pseudotachylyte that juxtaposes pyroxene and amphibole-rich has been thermo-mechanical runaway, tle part of oceanic lithosphere and cause (bottom) and poor (top) host rock. There is no alteration zone around the pseudotachylyte. c) Backscatter where thermal feedback in highly localised serpentinization and major changes in its electron image of the pseudotachylyte cutting pyroxene grains that exhibit alteration rims of amphibole. ductile shear zones leads to rapid slip and petrophysical properties. This is partly The pseudotachylyte contains a fine-grained mixture of plagioclase and pyroxene, some larger, slightly melting. However, our work has highlighted based on studies of drill cores obtained strained plagioclase clasts, and dendritic garnet with euhedral overgrowths. d) Optical micrograph (plane polarized light) of a pseudotachylyte containing numerous clasts of plagioclase (white), pyroxene (pale that unambiguous microstructural evidence through the Oman Continental Drilling green) and amphibole (greenish brown). for this process is still missing. Project.

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Campbell, L. R., Menegon, L., Fagereng, Å., Menegon, L., Campbell, L.R., Mancktelow, N., Dunkel, K.G., Zhong, X., Arnestad, P.F., Valen, L.V., Dunkel, K. G., Morales, L. F. G. & Jamtveit, B. (2021). Incel, S., Renner, J., & Jamtveit, B. (2020) Fracturing & Pennacchioni, G. (2020). Earthquake nucleation Camacho, A., Wex, S., Papa, S., Toffol, G., & Jamtveit, B. (2020) Highly stressed lower crust: Pristine microstructures in pseudotachylytes formed wall rock damage and the onset of retrograde in the lower crust by local stress amplification. Pennacchioni, G., (2021) The earthquake cycle in the Evidence from dry pseudotachylyes in granulites, in dry lower crust, Lofoten, Norway. ”Understanding metamorphism in plagioclase rich rocks – Linking Nature communications, 11(1), 1–9. dry lower continental crust: Insights from two deeply Lofoten Archipelago, Norway. Geology, 49. earthquakes using the geological record”, laboratory data to natural observations. Geochemistry, exhumed terranes (Musgrave Ranges, Australia, and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Geophysics, Geosystems 21. Lofoten, Norway). Invited contribution to Philosophical special issue (Invited contribution) 379, 20190423. Transactions of The Royal Society A, in press.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 Chapter 3 | Part 4 – Coupled Chemical Processes Chapter 3 | Part 4 – Coupled Chemical Processes 78 from the Nanoscale to the Scale of Continents from the Nanoscale to the Scale of Continents 79 Funding Participants Affiliation Funding Participants Affiliation The Research Council of Norway Kjetil Thøgersen1, Even Nordhagen1, 1) The Njord Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway The Research Council of Norway, Centre Anja Røyne1, Mohammad Amin Razbani1, 1) The Njord Centre, University of Oslo, Norway Henrik Andersen Sveinsson1, 2) CNRS, Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique for Digital Life Norway Alexander Wentzel2, Emil Karlsen3, 2) SINTEF, Oslo, Norway Anders Malthe-Sørenssen1, Evangelos Korkolis1, des Systèmes, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France Eivind Almaas3, Jennifer Zehner3, 3) NTNU, Trondheim,Norway Francois Renard1, Julian Scheibert2 Pawel Sikorski3, Harald Throne-Holst4, 4) Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway Anders Myhr5, Espen Jettestuen6, Frida Røyne7, 5) Pure Logic, Lysaker, Norway Simone Balzer Le2, Dino van Dissel2 6) NORCE, Stavanger, Norway 7) RISE, Gøteborg, Sweden

History-dependent friction BioZEment 2.0 – Systems analysis and fundamental control of bacterial processes in the production of Friction is a topic of huge practical, tech- history of the frictional contact, on how processes. We have also extended a mo- nological and scientific interest that has the two surfaces stopped relative to each lecular dynamics potential for the interac- bio-concrete for construction purposes challenged mankind for thousands of years. other, changing the research focus from tion of water and silicates and developed However, it still remains poorly understood, detachment to reattachment. In this pro- a machine-learning based approach to probably due to the inherent multi-scale ject we will address how to reformulate determine the model parameters under and multi-physics nature of processes at the laws of friction to include the history various geological conditions. The model By volume, concrete is the most important the frictional interface. The empirical laws of the contact – a history-dependent law is currently used to determine good pa- material in the world – more than twice of friction where introduced by Amon- of friction. We will determine under what rameter values to address hydro-fracture as much concrete is produced every year tons and Coulomb, and later refined into circumstances history-dependent friction is processes under realistic geological con- as every other material combined. At the the rate-and-state friction law, which is important, develop a theory for history-de- ditions. Simultaneously, we have built a same time, the production of cement, which commonly used today. The rate-and-state pendent friction, test and apply this theory new high performance computing clus- is the most important component of con- friction law states that the coefficient of on atomic-, meso- and macroscopic scales ter with 1100 cores to effectively model crete, accounts for somewhere between friction that depends on the rate – on how and apply it to key problems in glaciology water-silicate systems over nano-second 5 and 10 % of global, anthropogenic CO2 fast the surfaces are moving relative to and geoscience. to micro-second time frames. We expect emissions. The goal of BioZEment 2.0 is each other – and the state – how long the these models to provide new insights into to develop the fundamental knowledge surfaces have been in contact and under In 2020, we have extended a one-dimen- fracture and friction processes in dry and that is required for being able to produce what conditions. However, we have recently sional model to address slip-pulse dynam- wet silicates in 2021. concrete materials based on biotechnolo- made a startling discovery: The coefficient ics, which opens for new insights into how gy. Biotechnology can allow us to produce of friction may also strongly depend on the slip pulses affect friction and earthquake materials with considerably lower energy

use and CO2 emissions than what we make today. In order to reach this goal, we have established a multidisciplinary consortium with expertise in microbiology, life cycle assessment, techno-economic analysis and research on consumers. Our results confirm that this type of material has the potential to make a significant difference in Norwe-

gian and global CO2-emissions, and that the attitudes of consumers in general are positive. We have established experimental based metabolic model for the bacteria. We Figure: Prototype brick produced by and numerical models for understanding have also developed a production system bacteria at SINTEF (photo: Alexander Wentzel). the biogeochemical couplings in the mate- for prototypes, that will be used to test rial on the microscale, coupled to a genetic material properties on a larger scale.

Figure: Illustration of a slip pulse in a molecular dynamics simulation shear rupture in silicate (SiO2). The top figure illustrates the displacement field and the bottom figures illustrates the propagation of the slip pulse by snap-shots of the local displacement over 4 picoseconds (Henrik Anderson Sveinsson).

Production in highlights

Zehner, J.S., Røyne, A., Wentzel, A. & Sikorski, P. Røyne A, Phua YJ, Balzer Le S, Eikjeland IG, Josefsen Myhr A, Røyne F, Brandtsegg AS, Bjerkseter C,

(2020) Calcium carbonate precipitation: KD, Markussen S, et al. (2019) Towards a low CO2 Throne-Holst H, Borch A, et al. (2019) Towards a low CO2 An experimental toolbox for in situ and real-time emission building material employing bacterial emission building material employing bacterial metabolism investigation of microscale pH evolution. RCS metabolism (1/2): The bacterial system and prototype (2/2): Prospects for global warming potential reduction in Production in highlights Advances 10(35):20485–20493 production. PLoS ONE 14 (4): e0212990. https://doi. the concrete industry. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0208643. org/10.1371/journal. pone.0212990 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208643 Thøgersen, K., Aharonov, E., Barras, F., & Renard, F. Johansson, A., Sveinsson, H., Thøgersen, K., Thøgersen, K., Andersen Sveinsson, H., Scheibert, J., Razbani, M.A., Zehner, J.S., Jettestuen, E., Røyne, A., (2020). A minimal model for the onset of slip pulses Hafreager, A., Aharonov, E., & Malthe-Sørenssen, A. Renard, F., & Malthe-Sørenssen, A. (2019). The Sikorski, P., & Malthe-Sørenssen, A. (2019) A Karlsen, E., Schulz, C., & Almaas, E. (2018). in frictional rupture. arXiv, preprint arXiv:2012.11199. (2020). Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Creep in moment duration scaling relation for slow rupture pore-scale model of microbially induced calcium Automated generation of genome-scale metabolic draft Silica-Water Systems. Bulletin of the American Physical arises from transient rupture speeds. Geophysical carbonate precipitation. InterPore2019, 6–10.10.2019. reconstructions based on KEGG. BMC bioinformatics, Society, 65. Research Letters, 46(22), 12805–12814. 19(1), 467.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 Chapter 3 | Part 4 – Coupled Chemical Processes Chapter 3 | Part 4 – Coupled Chemical Processes 80 from the Nanoscale to the Scale of Continents from the Nanoscale to the Scale of Continents 81 04 Appendices

83 List of staff -- Senior Academic Staff Doctoral Research Fellows – – Last name First name E-mail Function Last name First name E-mail Function

Angheluta-Bauer Luiza [email protected] Professor Aspaas Andreas [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Austrheim Håkon Olaf [email protected] Professor Emeritus Aupart Claire Olga Maryse [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Dysthe Dag Kristian [email protected] Professor Baldelli Beatrice [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Flekkøy Eirik Grude [email protected] Professor Bouchayer Coline Lili Mathy [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Helgesen Geir [email protected] Professor 2 Brodin Joachim Falck [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Jamtveit Bjørn [email protected] Director/Professor Guren Marthe Grønlie [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Le Borgne Tanguy [email protected] Professor 2 Johnson James Ronald [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Mair Karen [email protected] Associate Professor Kandula Neelima [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Malthe-Sørenssen Anders [email protected] Professor Michalchuk Stephen [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Mathiesen Joachim [email protected] Professor 2 Nordhagen Even [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Menegon Luca [email protected] Associate professor Olsen Kristian Stølevik [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Måløy Knut Jørgen [email protected] Leader/Professor Rabbel Ole [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Renard François Franç[email protected] Professor Razbani Mohammad Amin [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Rikvold Per Arne [email protected] Senior Researcher Rønning Jonas [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Schmid Daniel Walter [email protected] Adjunct Researcher Shafabakhsh Paiman Doctoral Research Fellow

Torsæter Ole [email protected] Professor 2 Skogvoll Vidar [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Toussaint Renaud [email protected] Professor 2 Thorens Louison [email protected] Doctoral Research Fellow

Postdoctoral Fellows and Researchers Supporting Staff – – Last name First name E-mail Function Last name First name E-mail Function Benoit Cordonnier [email protected] Researcher Hu Yi [email protected] Senior Engineer Dunkel Kristina [email protected] Postdoctoral Fellow Jankov Mihailo [email protected] Senior Engineer Dziadkowiec Joanna [email protected] Postdoctoral Fellow Molland Hedda Susanne [email protected] Adm. Coordinator Eriksen Fredrik Kvalheim [email protected] Postdoctoral Fellow Thorud Nina Mino [email protected] Adm. Coordinator Guldstrand Frank [email protected] Postdoctoral Fellow Reime Anita [email protected] Project Controller Kobchenko Maya [email protected] Researcher

Korkolos Evangelos [email protected] Postdoctoral Fellow

Linga Gaute [email protected] Postdoctoral Fellow

McBeck Jessica [email protected] Researcher

Moura Marcel [email protected] Researcher

Petley-Ragan Arianne [email protected] Researcher

Sveinsson Henrik [email protected] Postdoctoral Fellow

Thøgersen Kjetil [email protected] Postdoctoral Fellow

Wen Xia [email protected] Guest researcher

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 84 Chapter 4 – Appendices Chapter 4 – Appendices 85 Master students PhD projects – -- Last name First name E-mail Supervisor(s) PhD projects Body Nellie Sofie [email protected] Olivier Galland –

Buvik Tord Alexander [email protected] Bahman Bohloli, Halvard Smith, François Renard Candidate Title/Topic Supervisor(s) Aspaas, Andreas Starting January 2021 François Renard and Bernd Etzelmüller Nadége Langet, Valerie Marie Maupin, Volker Oye, Christiansen Vetle [email protected] François Renard Eirik Grude Flekkøy, Knut Jørgen Måløy, Baldelli, Beatrice Gravity-stabilized flow on self-affine surfaces Gaute Linga Clazton James Benedict [email protected] Pavlo Mihkenko, Anja Røyne Thomas V. Schuler, François Renard, Drobac Bojana [email protected] Jürgen Scheibz, François Renard Bouchayer, Coline Modelling transient velocity variations in glaciers Kjetil Thøgersen, Andreas Kääb Fredriksson Sofia Maria [email protected] François Renard, Gina Mikarlsen, Kim Rudolph-Lund Knut Jørgen Måløy, Eirik Grude Flekkøy, Brodin, Joachim Falck Experimental studies on flow in porous media in 3D Haugerud Ivar Svalheim [email protected] Eirik Flekkøy, Knut Jørgen Måløy Marcel Moura

Bjørn Jamtveit, Sverre Planke, John Millett, Nanoscale imaging and modelling of mineral surfaces during François Renard, Anja Røyne, Meakins Max William John [email protected] Guren, Marthe Grønlie Hans Jørgen Kjøll mechano-chemical transformations Anders Malthe-Sørenssen

Moen Emily [email protected] Luiza Angheluta Bauer Johnson, James Ronald Microfractures in organic shales and their transport properties François Renard, Nazmul Mondol

Reutz Elisabeth Hoffstad [email protected] Olivier Galland X-ray micro tomographic studies on the precursors to failure François Renard, Dag Kristian Dysthe, Kandula, Neelima in rocks at conditions relevant for earthquake nucleation Jerome Weiss Reykdal Helene [email protected] Axel Bernd Müller, Bjørn Jamtveit Microstructural Analysis of Brittle Structures Luca Menegon, François Renard, Bjørn Jamtveit, Sverre Planke, John Millett, Michalchuk, Stephen Rosenqvist Marija Plahter [email protected] in Ductile Environments Kristina Dunkel Hans Jørgen Kjøll, Daniel Schmid Anders Malthe-Sørenssen, Scheller Elizabeth [email protected] Luca Menegon, François Renard, Bjørn Jamtveit Nordhagen, Even Marius History-dependent effects in atomic-scale friction Henrik Sveinsson, Kjetil Thøgersen Seabra Maronni Natalia [email protected] Bjørn Jamtveit, Kristina Dunkel Knut Jørgen Måløy, Eirik Grude Flekkøy, Olsen, Kristian Stølevik Statistical physics for two-dimensional complex flow Marcl Moura

Thermo-michanical processes at the interface between Rabbel, Ole igneous intrusions and organic-rich host rocks: Fieldwork, Olivier Galland, Karen Mair modelling and implcations for resource exploration

Anders Malthe-Sørenssen, Anja Røyne, Razbani, Mohammad Amid Numerical modelling of mineral-microbe interactions Espen Jettestuen

Rønning, Jonas Turbulence in Bose-Einstein condensates and active matter Luiza Angheluta, Eirik Grude Flekkøy

François Renard, Gaute Linga, Shafabakhsh, Paiman Starting January 2021 Tanguy Le Borgne

Luiza Angheluta, François Renard, Skogvoll, Vidar Multiple scales modelling of crystal plasticity Luca Menegon

Knut Jørgen Måløy, Mickaël Bourgoin, Thorens, Louison Tunable interactions inside deformable porous media Eirik Grude Flekkøy, Stéphane Santucci

Finished PhDs in 2020 – Candidate Title/Topic Supervisor(s)

Bjørn Jamtveit, Aupart, Claire Olga Maryse Mechanochemical feedbacks during hydration of ultramafic rocks Håkon Austrheim, Anders Malthe-Sørenssen

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 86 Chapter 4 – Appendices Chapter 4 – Appendices 87 Postdoc projects Guest talks, workshops and seminars -- -- Fellow Title/Topic Supervisor(s)

Modelling the interplay between earthquake rupture th th th Barras, Fabian François Renard, Bjørn Jamtveit January 17 Sverre Holm, University of Oslo. June 11t –12 EarthFlows meeting 2020. "Complexitiy and fluid migration in the Earth's crust "Waves with Power-Law Attenuation" in Solid Earth and Geophysical Flows".

Eirik Grude Flekkøy, th th Organizer: Francois Renard. Campbell, James Matthew Porous Media Physics January 27 –30 PoreLab Conference in Courmayeur, Italy. Knut Jørgen Måløy Organizer: Knut Jørgen Måløy June 12th Håkon Fossen, University of Bergen. "Deformation bands: strain localization Numerical modeling of primary migration in shale February 7th Bjarne Frost Nielsen, University Chauve, Thomas Francois Renard features in granular media" using Discrete Elements Method (DEM) of Copenhagen. "How babies are made" June 12th Andrew Putnis (University of Münster), Neutron imaging of pollutant flow within February 28th Wojciech Miloch, University of Oslo. Cordonnier, Benoit Francois Renard Jo Moore, Håkon Austrheim, geological samples "4DSpace group" Andreas Beinlich. Demurtas, Matteo Granular flow and mineral anistropy Karen Mair March 11th Thomas Combriat, University of Oslo. "Metamorphic differentiation "The Song of Bubbles". and the evolution of a shear zone" Dospital, Tom-Vincent Starting January 2021 Knut Jørgen Måløy April 20th–22nd SFF Geoextremes Workshop. June 12th David Kammer, ETH Zürich. "Modelling Interplay of earthquakes and metamorphism (with a focus Dunkel, Kristina Bjørn Jamtveit Organizer: Francois Renard arrest of large-scale laboratory earthquakes" on wall rock damage caused by lower crustal seismicity) May 22nd Heidi Morstang, University of Plymouth. July 13th Solid-solid interfaces as critical regions in rocks Anja Røyne, Dag Kristian Dysthe, "The Documentary – Pseudotachylyte" – November 16th Porous Media Tea Time Talks. Biweekly event Dziadkowiec, Joanna and materials: probing forces, electrochemical Markus Valtiner with talks from early career researchers. June 11th Dan Henningson, KTH Stockholm. reactions, friction and reactivity 10 events from July 2020 to November "Large scale numerical experiments 2020. Organizer: Marcel Moura Eriksen, Fredrik Kvalheim Deformation and flow in porous media Knut Jørgen Måløy of pitching wings and the role of (University of Oslo), Maja Rücker laminar-turbulent transition" Laboratory modelling of the intrusion and emplacement (Imperial College London, UK), Guldstrand, Frank Bo Buster of viscous fluids in cohesive mohr-coulomb hosts and Olivier Galland June 11th Ira Didenkulova, Tallinn University. Kamaljit Singh (Heriot-Watt University, the associated deformation applied to magmatic processes "Extreme wave run-ups on a beach" UK), Tom Bultreys (Ghent University, Belgium), Mohammad Nooraiepour Kobchenko, Maya Primary migration in shales Francois Renard June 11th Inga Berre, University of Bergen. (University of Oslo) and Catherine Spurin "Physics-based modelling of injection- Anders Malthe-Sørenssen, François (Imperial College London, UK) Korkolis, Evangelos History-dependent friction Renard induced coupled processes and fracture deformation" September 22nd Magmatic Flows Workshop. Numerical modelling of the complexitiy of fluid flow Organizer: Olivier Galland Linga, Gaute Francois Renard, Eirik Grude Flekkøy th in deforming porous media June 11 Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, University of Oslo. "Mammamia, Corona and December 3rd EarthFlows December Meeting. Intermittent burst dynamics on porous trajectories of future glacier evolution" Organizer: Francois Renard Moura, Marcel Eirik Grude Flekkøy, Knut Jørgen Måløy media two-phase flow June 11th Christine Putnis, University of Münster. December 3rd Anne Mangeney, Institut de Physique Earthquakes and Metamorphism in the Bergen Arcs, "Mineral growth via non-classical du Globe de Paris. "Seismic waves: a unique Petley-Ragan, Arianne Bjørn Jamtveit Western Norway pathways: observations using nanoscale source of information on glaciers and imaging" landslides" Polycrystals, fracture and plasticity. Sveinsson, Henrik François Renard, Luiza Angheluta-Bauer Mineral-water-deformation phenomena June 11th Catherine Noiriel, University of Toulouse. December 3rd Emile Okal, Northwestern University. "Exploring mineral reactivity in 4D" "Tsunamis as coupling agents of eclectic Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Anders Thøgersen, Kjetil Friction controls on glacier motion Earth media" Malthe-Sørenssen, Andreas Kääb

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 88 Chapter 4 – Appendices Chapter 4 – Appendices 89

27. Incel, S., Renner, J., & Jamtveit, B. (2020). 36. Malvoisin, B., Austrheim, H., Hetényi, G., 46. Montes-Hernandez, G., Renard, F., Auzende, Evolution of brittle structures in plagi- Reynes, J., Hermann, J., Baumgartner, L. A. L., & Findling, N. (2020). Amorphous Production list 2020 oclase-rich rocks at high-pressure and P., & Podladchikov, Y. Y. (2020). Sustain- Calcium–Magnesium Carbonate (ACMC) Ac- high-temperature conditions—Linking labo- able densification of the deep crust. Geology, celerates Dolomitization at Room Temperature -- ratory results to field observations.Geochem - 48 (7): 673–677. under Abiotic Conditions. Crystal Growth istry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 21(8), & Design, 20(3), 1434–1441. 10. Chauve, T., Scholtes, L., Donzé, F. V., 18. Giuntoli, F., Brovarone, A. V., & Menegon, L. 37. Marchesini, B., Garofalo, P. S., Menegon, Publications e2020GC009028. Haque Mondol, N., & Renard, F. (2020). (2020). Feedback between high-pressure L., Mattila, J., & Viola, G. (2019). 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32. Vincent-Dospital, T. & Toussaint, R. (2020). Invited talks 12. Rabbel, O. Fracturing of igneous intrusions 6. Brodin, J. F. Måløy K. J. & Moura M. Rikvold 19. McBeck, J., Aiken, J., Mathiesen, J., Ben-Zion, 30. Skogvoll, V. Phase field crystal modelling of Thermo-mechanical pain : the signaling role emplaced in shale: processes, distribution P. A. An experimental study of the interplay Y., Renard, F. Predicting the proximity to dislocation nucleation. EarthFlow Seminar, of heat dissipation in biological tissues. – and implications for igneous petroleum sys- between viscous, capillary and gravitational system-scale rupture using fracture networks. Oslo, June 11. ArXiv preprint arXiv:2005.04991 tems. Uppsala University, June. forces in two-phase flow in a three-dimensional EGU General Assembly, April 21. 1. Dunkel, K.G., Microstructural records of earth- 31. Sveinsson, H.A., Thøgersen, K., & porous medium. Interpore 2020, online 33. 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Moura, M., Måløy, K. J., Flekkøy, E. G., conference, August 31–September 3. Networks. International Webinar in Sta- 36. Zehner, J., Røyne, A., & Sikorski, P. Calcite ous fingers – Implications for sill emplacement vations and background. Magmatic Flows Schäfer, G., & Toussaint, R. Thin film flow: tistical Physics, Department of Physics, seed-assisted microbial induced carbonate in sedimentary basins. Keynote, Nordic Geo workshop, Oslo, Norway, September 22. fluid transport via thin liquid films in slow Presidency University, Kolkata, India, precipitation (MICP) and its potential in biological Winter Meeting, Oslo, January 9. porous media flows.Interpore 2020 Online August 23. 11. Galland, O. Numerical modelling of plastic Posters cementation. PLOS One, in review. conference, August 31–September 4. 5. Jamtveit, B. Earthquakes, fluids and the deformation accommodating magma em- 18. Thorens L. (Ferromagnetic) Frictional Fluids. – 37. Zehner, J., Røyne, A., & Sikorski, P. metamorphic transformation of the lower placement. Magmatic Flows workshop, 24. Måløy, K. J. Drainage in porous media under Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics Experimental study of microbial induced continental crust. Johannes Gutenberg Oslo, Norway, September 22. influence of a gravitational field.EarthFlows 1. Betlem, P., Rabbel, O., Lecomte, I., & Sen- Laboratory Seminar, Novosibirsk, Russia, carbonate precipitation (MICP) in the University Mainz, December 8. Seminar, Oslo, June 11. ger, K. Seismic Modelling of Virtual Outcrops: November 13. 12. Galland, O. To blow or not to blow? What presence of CaCO3 seeds. Sustainable Application of Rock Physics Beyond the Bore- 6. Jamtveit, B. Earthquakes, fluids and the controls whether a volcano erupts or not. 25. Petley-Ragan, A., Ben-Zion, Y., Austrheim, Chemistry & Engineering, in review. hole. In Fifth EAGE Workshop on Rock metamorphic transformation of the lower GeoExtreme Seminar, Oslo, April 21. H., Ildefonse, B., & Renard, F. Direct obser- Physics (Vol. 2020, No. 1, pp. 1–5). Euro- 38. Zhong, X., Dabrowski, M., & Jamtveit, B. continental crust. Lawrence Berkeley Lab- vations of a dynamic earthquake rupture in Other talks 13. Kobchenko, M., Pluymakers, A., Cordonni- pean Association of Geoscientists & En- (2021) The effect of thermo-elastic ani- oratory, November 20. the lower crust. EGU General Assembly, er, B., & Renard, F. Time-lapse X-ray imaging gineers, February. Poster sotropy on quartz-in-garnet barometry. – April 21. 7. Jamtveit, B. Earthquakes, fluids and the of deformation modes in organic-rich Green American Mineralogist, in press. 2. Bouchayer, C., Schuler, T. V., Thørgersen, metamorphic transformation of the low- 1. Aupart, C., Morales, L., Godard, M., Jamt- River Shale heated under confinement.EGU 26. Petley-Ragan, A., Ben-Zion, Y., Austrheim, K., Renard, F., & Kääb, A. Modeling tran- 39. Zhong, X., Dabrowski, M., & Jamtveit, B. er continental crust. Univ. College London, veit, B., and the Oman DP science team. General Assembly, April 21. H., Ildefonse, B., & Renard, F. Direct obser- sient velocity variations in glaciers. Analytical solution for residual stress June 12. Early faulting and cataclasis in the Samail vations of a dynamic earthquake rupture in 14. Le Borgne, T. Irreversible signatures of CHESS Annual Seminar, October 28. and strain preserved in anisotropic peridotites. International Conference on Ophi- the lower crust. EGU General Assembly, 8. Korkolis, E. Are earthquakes predictable? chaotic mixing. EarthFlows Seminar, Oslo, Poster. inclusion entrapped in isotropic host. olites and the Oceanic Lithosphere, in Mus- April. A laboratory perspective. ISTerre, June 18. June 11. Solid Earth, in review. cat, Sultanate of Oman, January 14. 3. Dunkel, K. G., Zhong, X., Morales, L. F., 27. Rabbel, O., Spacapan, J. B., & Betlem, P. 9. McBeck, J. A. Predicting the proximity 15. Linga, G. Stretching and mixing in two-phase & Jamtveit, B. Highly stressed lower crust: 40. Zhong, X., Petley-Ragan, A., Incel, S., An- 2. Barras, F. Fluid-induced reactivation of faults: Integrated Rock Physics and Seismic Modeling of failure using fracture networks. EGU Gen- flow in porous media. EarthFlows seminar, Evidence from dry pseudotachylytes in gran- derson, N.H., & Jamtveit, B. Deep crustal a tale of pressure and rupture. EarthFlow of Igneous Reservoirs. Fifth EAGE Workshop eral Assembly, April 21. Oslo, June 11. ulites, Lofoten, Norway. EGU General As- earthquakes facilitated by high pressure Seminar, Oslo, June 12. on Rock Physics. Vol. 2020. No. 1. European sembly Conference Abstracts (p. 2890), frictional melts. Nature Geoscience, in re- 10. McBeck, J.A. Decrypting healed fault zones: 16. Linga, G., & Barras, F. Near-tip dynamics Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 3. Barras, F. On the energy balance behind May. Poster. view. How gouge production weakens the impact of a fluid-driven fracture.Magmatic Flows February 11. frictional ruptures. EGU General Assembly, of fault roughness. Fall meeting American workshop, September 22. 4. Dziadkowiec, J., Cheng, H.-W., Røyne, A., May 4–8. 28. Rikvold, P. A., Brodin, J. F., Moura, M., & Geophysical Union, December 15. Valtiner, M. Interfacial processes at dissim- 17. Linga, G., Mathiesen, J., Renard, F., & Le Måløy, K. J. Visualization of Two-phase Flow 4. Barras, F. There is a crack in everything, ilarly charged mineral surfaces in contact 11. Menegon, L., Brittle-viscous deformation Borgne, T. Stretching and Folding in Inter- in a Threedimensional Porous Medium. Talk that's how the light gets in; But what about – a surface forces apparatus study. EGU2020: cycles and earthquake nucleation in the low- mittent Two-Phase Porous Media Flows. at 33th Workshop on New Developemnts fluid? PoreLab Lecture Series, May 13. European Geosciences Union General er crust. Royal Society Discussion Meeting American Physical Society conference, in Condensed Matter Physics, University Assembly 2020, April 21. Poster. “Understanding Earthquakes from the 5. Bouchayer, C. Why do glaciers surge? November. of Georgia, Athens, GA. February 18. Geological Record”, London, February Understanding the controlling parameters 5. Dziadkowiec, J., Zareeipolgardani, B., 18. McBeck, J. Predicting the proximity to sys- 29. Skogvoll, V. A minimal model for crystal 17–18. using machine learning and simulations. Dysthe, D. K., Røyne, A. Confined Nuclea- tem-scale rupture using fracture networks. plasticity. EarthFlows December meeting, EarthFlows December meeting, Oslo, tion of Calcium Carbonate Studied in the EarthFlow Seminar, Oslo, June 12. Oslo, December 3. December 3. Surface Forces Apparatus. Goldschmidt 2020 Virtual Conference, June. Poster.

Njord annual report 2020 Njord annual report 2020 94 Chapter 4 – Appendices Chapter 4 – Appendices 95 6. Kobchenko, M., Pluymakers, A., Cordon- In media 8. Olsen, K. S., Brodin, J., Dop, A., Eriksen, 16. Røyne, A. Om løsninger på klimakrisen – med 5. Haffner, F., Couturier, M., & Dziadkowiec, 13. Røyne, A. Menneskets og økosystemets nier, B., & Renard, F. Time-lapse X-ray im- F. K., Flekkøy, E. G., Thorens, L., Xu, L., Anja Røyne – #33. Vett og Vitenskap, J. Crystals: From rock candy to rock(et) science. grunnstoffer i et evig kretsløp? Den beboe- aging of deformation modes in organic-rich – Moura, M., Vincent-Dospital, T., Cochard, December 27. [Podcast] Espurlette, June. [Magazine article] lige planeten (NMBU), February 11. [Talk] Green River Shale heated under confinement. A., & Toussaint, R. Se skjønnheten i fysikernes 1. Brodin, J., & Måløy, K. J. Splitter ny 3D- 17. Røyne, A. Ryddesjau på kloden. Dag og tid, 6. Moura, M. Career Development Event. Inter 14. Røyne, A. Presentation of the book "Varm EGU General Assembly, April. eksperimenter. Titan [News], September skanner følger væsker fra hulrom til hulrom. November 6. [News paper] Pore 2020 Annual Meeting, September. klode, kaldt hode" for Fremtiden i våre hender. 25. 7. Sveinsson, H.A., Thøgersen, K., Teknisk Ukeblad, May 14. [Magazine] [Initiative and Event Organization] November 24. 18. Røyne, A., Seehusen, J. Lager betong med Malthe-Sørenssen, A. Poster. Grain bound- 9. Røyne, A. – Vi må ta oss råd til karbon 2. Brodin, J., & Måløy, K. J. Splitter ny 3D- bakterier – gir store reduksjoner i CO-utslipp. 7. Moura, M. Porous Media Tea Time Talks. 15. Røyne, A. Varm klode, kaldt hode. Løsninger ary behavior of hydrate–hydrate and ice–ice lagring. Å la være, blir dyrere på sikt. skanner følger væsker fra hulrom til hulrom. Teknisk Ukeblad, March 19. [Magazine] Zoom/YouTube, happening forthnightly på klimakrisen. Kagge Forlag AS 2020 bicrystals: Molecular dynamics insights. Morgenbladet, October 28. [News paper] Titan, May 8. [News] from June 30. [Webinar series] (ISBN 9788248926344) 231 s. UiO. [Book] Gordon Research Seminar on Natural 10. Røyne, A. Bokanmeldelse: Liste over ting å Gas Hydrate Systems; February 22–23. 3. Galland, O. Supervulkaner. NRK, June 8. Nielsen, B. F., Linga, G., Olsen, K. S., 16. Røyne, A., Samset, B. H., Sundal, A., gjøre for å redde verden. NRK, December 24. [News] Outreach Simonsen, L. Vejen til frihed. Weekend Storelvmo, T., Joner, E. Boklansering: Varm 8. Teuling, F., Guren, M. G., Renard, F., Dru- 8. [News] avisen, May 7. [Newspaper article] klode, kaldt hode. Løsninger på klimakrisen. ry, M. R., Hangx, S. J. T., King, H. E., 4. Galland, O., Mescua, J., Palma, O., Marín, – 11. Røyne, A. Ekko. Løsninger på klimakrisen. Realfagsbiblioteket, October 8. [Event] Plümper, O., & Sveinsson, H. A. Molecular G., & Albino, J. A Fresh Perspective on Intri- 9. Røyne, A. Blir det tomt? Ressurser, forbruk NRK P2, October 12. [Radio] 1. Bouchayer, C. Un an en Antarctique. APECS dynamics simulations of diffusive properties cate Volcanic Plumbing Systems. EOS, og fremtiden. Fagdag for 10. klasse, 17. Sveinsson, H. A. Gasshydrater: fra labora- France Polar Week for targetted audience: of stressed water films in quartz and clay December 16. [Magazine] 12. Røyne, A. Ekko: Abels Tårn. NRK P2, January 24. [Talk] toriekuriositet til klimatrussel. Naturen, classes from 7 to 12 years old, November grain contacts. EGU General Assembly, May 29. [Radio] 144(01–02), 38–43. [Magazine article] 5. Jamtveit, B. – En ny generasjon forskere som 13. [Talk] 10. Røyne, A. Fysikk – enkelt forklart. Univer- April. Poster. kan forandre verden. Titan, June 24. [News] 13. Røyne, A. Ekko: Abels tårn. NRK P2, sitetsforlaget 2020 (ISBN 9788215034454) 18. Sveinsson, H. A., & Thøgersen, K. Simu- 2. Dunkel, K. G. The Grid – A serpentine pseu- September 25. [Radio] 159 s. UiO. [Book] lations for article: https://www.aftenposten. 6. Moura, M. Especial Caruaru 163 anos. AO domorph after carbonate. EGU Blogs, June no/amagasinet/i/QmlX9Q/minuttene- VIVO, May 18. [TV] 14. Røyne, A. Kan en CO2-støvsuger redde 1. [Blog post] 11. Røyne, A. Menneskets grunnstoffer. Febru- foer-katastrofen. Based on this dataset: Sveins- verden? D2, October 22. [News magazine] ary 6, June 6, September 21, September 7. Moura, M. Ta en kopp te og tenk på jord 3. Galland, O. En vulkan våkner på Island. Er son, H. A., Thøgersen, K. (2020). Simulering 23. [Talk] skjelv. Titan, April 23. [News] 15. Røyne, A. Lahlum og Lysbakken koker vi beredt? Aftenposten Viten, April 28. av karbonmonoksid under grottefesten i kloden. Lahlum og Lysbakken, November [Magazine article] 12. Røyne, A. Menneskets grunnstoffer. St.Hanshaugen august 2020 [Data set]. 22. [Podcast] School visits with "Den Kulturelle Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zeno- 4. Galland, O. Slik kan Island passe på vul- Skolesekken" in Hedmark, in total 14 do.4045683, September 25. [News article] kanen. Aftenposten Junior, July. [News talks. October 18–December 14. [Talk] article]

96 97 Project portfolio -- Project leader Project title Host Source Account- Project Project Total ing in Start End Date External 2020 Date Financing (NOK (NOK in in 1000) 1000)

Angheluta, Luiza; EarthFlows 2 The Njord Centre UiO 34 01.01.2019 31.12.2023 Renard, Francois

Solid-solid interfaces as critical To advance our under- Dziadkowiec, regions in rocks and materilas: The Njord Centre RCN 829 01.04.2019 31.03.2022 3 234 Joanna probing forces, electrochemical reactions, friction and reactivity. standing of complex Earth- Disequilibirum metamorphism Dept. of Jamtveit, Bjørn ERC 3 132 01.09.2015 31.08.2021 21 200 of stressed litosphere (DIME) Geosciences

Malthe-Sørenssen, History-dependent friction The Njord Centre RCN 3 031 01.07.2019 31.06.2023 9 229 like systems we build on our Anders

Emergent networks: Predicting McBeck, Jessica strain localization and fracture The Njord Centre RCN 425 01.09.2020 28.02.2025 6 852 Ann diversity and a high level network Måløy, Knut Jørgen Porous Media Laboratory Dept. of Physics RCN 7 192 01.07.2017 30.06.2027 66 400 of technical skills. Advanced X-ray and neutron Dept. of Renard, Francois imaging of fractures and porous RCN 1 379 01.01.2018 31.12.2020 3 093 Geosciences rocks (ARGUS) – Microfractures in black shales Dept. of Renard, Francois nd their transport properties RCN 2 108 01.04.2017 30.09.2021 11 201 Geosciences (PROMETHEUS)

Unravelling the spatio-temporal Dept. of Renard, Francois nature of rock deformation using RCN 701 01.05.2016 30.09.2020 8 989 Geosciences 4D X-ray tomography (HADES)

COLOSSAL: Collaboration on Renard, Francois Flow Across Scales (Norway, The Njord Centre RCN n/a 01.12.2020 31.05.2025 4 499 Brazil, France, USA)

PoreFlow: Visualizing multiphase Renard, Francois flow in porous media with neutron NTNU RCN n/a 01.12.2020 30.06.2024 900 imaging

Renard, Francois; MODIFLOW: The Njord Centre Equinor 1 439 01.01.2019 31.12.2023 9 048 Jamtveit, Bjørn Modelling Flow Across Scales

Systems analysis & fundemental control of bacterial processes in the Røyne, Anja Dept. of Physics RCN 1 970 01.05.2017 30.09.2020 4 726 production of bio-concrete for construction purposes

Njord annual report 2020 98 Chapter 4 – Appendices Visiting Address Visiting west wing, Physics Building 3rd floor, Sem Sælands vei 24 Blindern, University of Oslo, Norway

Norway Postal Address Postal Njord 1048 Blindern P.O. 0316 Oslo, [email protected] – www.mn.uio.no/njord/ english Contact

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