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Home , Burqa, Kiswah, Persian miniature

Source: Ikhwan As-Safa, 9th century Muslim philosopher, quoted in The World of .

The Ideal and morally perfect man should be of East Persian derivation, in faith, of Iraqi education, a Hebrew in astuteness, a disciple of Christ in conduct, as pious as a Greek monk, a Greek in the individual sciences, and Indian in the interpretation of all mysteries, but lastly and especially a Sufi in his whole spiritual world.

As a Muslim philosopher, Ikhwan As-Safa, naturally suggests that a morally perfect man would have Arabic faith because he himself is of that faith, hence promoting himself and his own credibility.

While acknowledging in The World of Islam, that Islam at that time incorporated and appreciated many different cultures, he would naturally promote the importance of his own faith in terms of what qualities make an ideal and morally perfect man. Unit II: 600 BCE – 600 CE

Antigonid Periodization? Ptolemaic Seleucid 275 BCE

Khushan 30-375 CE

31 BCE – 476 CE 322 BCE-185 CE, 200 – 550 CE 221 BCE-206 BCE, 206BCE – 220 CE A = 550-330 BCE P = 246BCE-224 CE S = 224-651 CE

600 CE - 1450 CE • Different Classic imperial conquests empires have • Different parts fallen: of the world are affected (Americas) Persian Roman • ISLAM Han Gupta • Older religions tend to define regions rather than politics  tremendous growth in long distance trade (Silk Road, Indian Ocean Basin, Trans-Saharan and Mediterranean Sea) Pax Mongolia

 Classical Empires have all fallen- new political units of organization will develop globally (centralized empires: Byzantine, Arab caliphates, Tang/Song dynasties) (decentralized states: Western Europe, Japan and South Asia)

 Nomadic groups will create great change (, Turks, Vikings)

 Importance of religion and trade in general will remain the same/ act as a unifying force  ISLAM  Spread of universal religions had some effect on raising the status of women but PATRIARCHY will still be dominant

 Period of great innovation: magnetic compass, Sternpost rudder, gunpowder, porcelain, water clock, Printing press with moveable type, landscape , Paper money, checks……. Oldest Islamic monument (688-691 CE by Umayyad caliph) A shrine (sacred stone)- not a Oldest surviving (niche facing ) 100 feet tall/ 60 feet in diameter Rests on 16 pillars and columns Surrounded by octagonal colonnade of 24 pillar and columns The of the Rock Jerusalem The dome commemorates the spot where ascended into heaven. Muhammad made the night journey (al-Miraj) to Jerusalem on a legendary white winged-beast, part donkey, part mule. 3rd holiest site in Islam Judaism: The locations where Abraham prepared to sacrifice Isaac.

Christianity: Biblical Temple of Solomon 10/9/15: Jewish authorities ‘forbid Muslim men under 50 yrs old to enter the Temple Mount in light of recent suicide bombings there

Only Jewish citizens, tourists, And citizens of Old City may enter ______Jews are allowed to enter the Temple Mount but must NOT pray and must wear appropriate

HOWEVER: Muslim authorities propose limiting access to Temple Mount for all Jews

Al Aqsa Mosque = where Mohammed first arrived in Jerusalem on his scared night journey from Mecca

Same God as worshipped in C 13: The Expansive Realm of Islam Christianity and Judaism Can you identify and explain the significance of the following?? • Mecca ? • Medina • Muhammad (570 CE, 622 CE, 630 CE, 632 CE) • Archangel Gabriel • Khadija • The Five Pillars of Faith Life is a test: • “Islam”/ “Muslim” everyone will be rewarded Rule of law: • Dar-al-Islam or punished principles • hijra 622 CE, 632 CE for their that govern actions in the life of a • umma the life after this one. Muslim • (and Sunna) • (“well trodden path to water”-path to Allah) • • jihad • or Ka’ba • caliph • Sunnis vs. Shias • Umayyad Dynasty • jizya • Abbasid Dynasty • and sakk C 13: The Expansive Realm of Islam

Born 570 CE Revelation 610 CE Hijra 622 CE Attacks Mecca 630 CE Hajj 632 CE Dies 632 CE Persian Miniature The “seal of the c. 1425 prophet”

12th month of Islamic lunar calendar

2015: September 21-26 2014: October 1-6

Gregorian calendar = solar calendar Islamic calendar = lunar calendar shifts ~ 11 days a year

2015: 3 million 2014: 2 million participated 2015: stampede killed 769 (934 casualties) (1470 killed?) 2014: stampede killed 244 2013: stampede killed 200+ 2004: stampede killed 251

1997: tent fire killed 343

1990: stampede killed 1426 Kaaba: large granite Eastern Corner = structure, measures approx. 13 meters high, sides are 11 x 12 meters

Covered by a silk curtain (kiswah) with embroidered : replaced yearly

Muhammad settling a quarrel between Meccan clans as to which clan should set the Black Stone cornerstone in place when it was rebuilt in early 600s . His solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a cloak, and then Muhammad set the stone into its final place with his own hands. (1315: Persian Illustration) Can now accommodate up to 820,000 people Call to Prayer: Five Times a day

Always recited 1. Sunset in Arabic no 2. Night (no shadow) matter where 3. Sunrise you are in the 4. Mid day (no shadow) world 5. Afternoon

Muezzin contain a wall Qibla: Direction of Prayer Qibla Compasses: pointers are Like Jews, the earliest prayed facing in the shape of a Jerusalem. According to Islamic tradition, when Muhammad was praying in Medina, he was ordered by God to change the qibla from Jerusalem to Mecca and the Kaaba.

The Kaaba: 1880 Fajr = Begin Prayer at First light Sunrise = End first prayer Dhuhr = Mid day Asr = Afternoon (when the shadow of the object is the same length as the object itself Maghrib = Sunset (begins when the sun sets and the red light has left the sky) Isha = Night (preferably before midnight- time from between end of red light and beginning of white light) Muhammad dies 632 CE (fever) (within 100 yrs, dar-al-Islam bigger than Roman Empire at its peak)

(“rightly guided caliphs”) Hulagu Khan Caliphate established February 10, 1258 Islam spreads under leadership Sacked Bagdad of (friend) (First Caliph) Muslim control in (jihad expansion) 1261

Umayyad state Sunni and Shia division Persian inspired established in rule/ qadis and (Al-Andalus) ulama rule locally Islamic capital moved to Damascus (by 711 CE controlled 80% of Spain) is capital of Muslim Empire Umayyad leadership 661 – 750 CE is center Numerous of Abbasid Empire achievements Abbasids challenge In the arts and Umayyad leadership from 750-1258 CE sciences (DISCONTENT/ (calculus, trig, DISCRIMINATION Muslim Empire decimals, fractions, LED reaches its surgery, orthopedics, TO DOWNFALL) “Arabic” numerals) “Golden Age” 900-1200CE Ferdinand and Isabella force the Sejuik Turks challenge Muslims out of Spain in 1492 Abbasid leadership (corrupt) Byzantine and Sassanid Empires were weak Policy towards conquered people? Tolerant/ intolerant? Secret to their success= FORGED ALLEGIANCE TO ISLAM Battle of Tours 732 CE Quran:

“Change the pronoun so you can’t imagine an image of god in your head”

Persian miniature c. 16th century The Expansion of Islam: 622-733 CE dar-al-Islam

The mariner's astrolabe, also called sea astrolabe, was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the sun's noon altitude (declination) or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination.

Hemispheric trading zone: increased food supply through trade, new industries (paper by 10th C), Caravanserais, ,banking practices, sakk and loans, pooling of resources to share risk, Lateen sail (South Asia and ), astrolabe (Greek) The Post Classic Islamic world was a time of rapid economic growth in the Eastern Hemisphere. Harun al –Rashid Abbassid (786-809 CE)

Court of the Lions, the Alhambra (1300s CE) 124 slender marble columns surround an Granada, Spain open court- the walls and arches are decorated with and delicately carved designs

Great Mosque Cordoba, Spain Al- Andalus (19 doors/ 850 columns)

• 21 suburbs • 500 mosques • 300 public baths • 70 libraries 850 columns 19 aisles Mosque , Persia () Cultural Diffusion…… Built entirely of mud Covers an area equal to a city block Mud walls: 16-24 inches thick Five stories and three Each spring the people of Djenne plaster the mosque with fresh mud

Great Mosque of Djenne (1200s CE)

Mali, Africa

Madrasas?

The Abbasid dynasty helped to bridge differences in cultural traditions and helped to spread Islamic influences throughout Dar- al Islam. Formation of Islamic Cultural Tradition

 achieved through the uniformity of Islamic law in dar-al-Islam

 establishment of

 importance of the hajj

 popularity of sufi missionaries

Rumi (1207-1273)

Sufi/ Mystic Poet Over 60,000 poems

“When we are dead, seek not our tomb in the earth, but find it in the hearts of men” Poem, Rumi (13th century)

I searched for God among the Christians and on the Cross and therein I found Him not.

I went into the ancient temples of idolatry; no trace of Him was there.

I entered the mountain cave of hira and then went as far as Qandhar but God I found not…

Then I directed my search to the Kaaba, the resort of old and young; God was not there even.

Turning to philosophy I inquired about him from Ibn Sina but found Him not within his range….

Finally, I looked into my own heart and there I saw Him; He was nowhere else.

Ibn Sina: 980-1037 Arabian Nights Islam and the Cultural Traditions of The Thousand and One Nights Persia, South Asia and Greece Poet: Rubiyan

Conquered territories brought their local traditions to Islamic faith (syncretism) (THROUGH TRANSLATION)

Abbasids: From Persia: • administrative techniques • kings as wise and benevolent • absolute leadership • literary works: Persian was principle language of literature, poetry, history From Greece: From South Asia: • classical philosophy, science • mathematics, science and medicine • tried to synthesize Islamic thought • adopted “” numbers and Greek philosophy • allowed for development of algebra, • Ibn Rushd (1126-1198)= Aristotle Trigonometry and geometry (pure rational thought) (met with some • math helped develop astronomy resistance) many Muslims placed more Value on Quran than human thought  Quran improves the status of women Gender Issues  outlawed female infanticide  brides, not husbands, claim dowries  women could inherit property, engage in business, divorce their Husbands  women are equal to men in the eyes of Allah

 BUT male dominance persisted  patrilineal descent  polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden  adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice (household restrictions/ seclusion)  lives of women become more Restrictive under Sharia law and as the Islamic empire Sharia Law? spreads and encounters more profound patrilineal traditions : refers to both the head-covering traditionally worn by Muslim women and modest Islamic styles of dress in general 1838-1897 Jamal al-Afghani (founder of the Islamic Movement) - reintroduced sharia law as the means of fighting Western colonialism 1908 Crude oil discovered in Iran 1918 Britain takes control of Iraq 1928 Formation of the Muslim Brotherhood in - duty of every Muslim to engage in jihad against the enemies of Islam 1932 British control of Iraq ends/ Ibn Saud forms the kingdom of 1932 Ibn Saud allows (US: Standard Oil) to drill for oil 1954 US- sponsored coup in Iran reinstates Rez Khan Pahlavi as shah

1968 Saddam Hussein takes power in Iraq 1970 General Assad seizes power in Syria 1978 Communists in face challenge by Islamic “mujahideen” (holy warriors) 1979 Iranian Revolution brings Islamist regime of Ayatollah Khomeini to power 1980s policies of Saudi Arabia shift: follow a very strict and intolerant form of Islam = WAHHABISM

1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War 1982 Islamists assassinate President Sadat of Egypt 1989 Khomeini issues a fatwa” (ruling) calling for death of Salman Rushdie, author of “blasphemous” Satanic verses/ Islamist state established in Sudan 1995-2001 Taleban rules Afghanistan (harbors Al-Qaeda) 1997 Osama bin Laden (Al-Qaeda) issues fatwa calling for Americans to be killed 2001 Al-Qaeda attack on USA (September 11)

2003 US-led coalition invades Iraq and topples Saddam Hussein 2007 Resurgent control most of Southern Afghanistan ….

Nabiq: Syria

Chador: Afghanistan

Burqa: Full body garment to cover women in some Islamic societies when they go out in public models: Damascus, Syria Hijab: Arab = “cover , to veil or sheltar”

Chador: most commonly worn by Sunni Muslims

Burqa Chadri: most commonly worn in Western Pakistan and Afghanistan Shown in red are German states banning the wearing of by female teachers (as of 2007) 2006