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University of California San Diego UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Immigrants’ Identities and Host-Country Participation: The Role of Linked Fate A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Michael Nicholson Committee in charge: Professor Kaare Strøm, Chair Professor Marisa Abrajano Professor David FitzGerald Professor Christina Schneider Professor Tom Wong 2018 Copyright Michael Nicholson, 2018 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Michael Nicholson is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California San Diego 2018 iii DEDICATION To my father, David Nicholson. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page . iii Dedication . iv Table of Contents . .v List of Figures . viii List of Tables . ix Acknowledgements . xi Vita ............................................... xv Abstract of the Dissertation . xvi Chapter 1 Immigrants’ Political Participation in Europe: The Role of Linked Fate . .1 1.1 The Importance of Studying Immigrants’ Political Participation in Europe 1 1.2 Plan of the Dissertation . .7 Chapter 2 Linked Fate and Political Participation among Immigrants . 14 2.1 Explaining Immigrant Political Participation in Europe . 16 2.2 Defining Linked Fate . 26 2.3 Linked Fate and Political Participation . 31 2.4 Prerequisites of Linked Fate . 43 2.5 Conclusion . 48 Chapter 3 Immigration to Switzerland from Italy and Turkey in Context . 49 3.1 Immigration to Switzerland . 50 3.2 Migration to Switzerland: Trends and Policies in 2016 . 54 3.2.1 Admissions Requirements as of 2016 . 55 3.2.2 Naturalization Policies as of 2016 . 56 3.2.3 Integration Policies as of 2016 . 57 3.2.4 Interim Conclusions . 59 3.3 Immigrant Political Participation in Switzerland . 60 3.4 Immigration from Turkey and Italy . 62 3.4.1 An Overview of Italian Immigration to Switzerland . 64 3.4.2 Immigration from Turkey . 69 3.4.3 Interim Conclusion . 76 3.5 Cantonal Immigration Policies . 78 3.6 Applying Theory to the Swiss Case . 85 3.7 Synthesis . 91 v Chapter 4 Surveying Italian and Turkish-born Immigrants in Switzerland . 93 4.1 The Target Population . 93 4.2 Sampling Method . 96 4.3 Survey Mode . 100 4.4 Question Order Randomization . 101 4.5 Operationalizations . 102 4.5.1 Political Participation . 102 4.5.2 Linked Fate . 105 4.6 Limits to Generalizability . 118 4.7 Appendix . 126 4.7.1 Diversity within the Turkish-Born Community . 126 4.7.2 Survey Questions . 128 4.7.3 Coding Schemes . 133 4.7.4 Appendix Tables . 134 Chapter 5 Pan-Immigrant Linked Fate and Political Participation . 138 5.1 Introduction . 138 5.1.1 Potential Covariates of Participation . 140 5.2 Descriptive Statistics: Covariates of Participation . 149 5.2.1 Descriptive Statistics: Political Participation across the Sample . 151 5.2.2 Descriptive Statistics: Pan-Immigrant Linked Fate . 154 5.2.3 Conditional Probability of Political Participation at Different Levels of Pan-Immigrant Linked Fate . 157 5.3 Results . 157 5.3.1 Pan-Immigrant Linked Fate . 157 5.3.2 Mechanisms . 175 5.3.3 Tentative Conclusions . 182 5.4 Anecdotal Evidence of Pan-Immigrant Linked Fate . 183 5.5 Robustness Checks . 186 5.6 Interim Conclusion . 195 5.7 Appendix . 198 Chapter 6 Political Participation and Ethnic and Religious Group Linked Fate . 205 6.1 Introduction . 205 6.2 Ethnic Group Linked Fate . 208 6.2.1 No Significant Correlation between Ethnic Linked Fate and Participation . 210 6.2.2 Anecdotal Evidence suggests that Ethnic Group Linked Fate is not Salient . 220 6.2.3 Interim Conclusion . 222 6.3 Religious Linked Fate . 222 6.3.1 Descriptive Statistics . 222 6.3.2 Muslim Linked Fate Correlates Positively and Significantly with Participation . 223 6.3.3 Interaction Effects . 230 vi 6.3.4 Mechanisms . 231 6.3.5 Robustness Checks . 240 6.3.6 Anecdotal Evidence . 243 6.3.7 Interim Conclusion . 245 6.4 Synthesis and Conclusion . 246 6.4.1 Linked Fate and Affect . 246 6.4.2 Conclusion . 249 6.5 Appendix Tables . 251 Chapter 7 Immigrant Political Participation and Linked Fate: Reflections and Future Directions . 257 7.1 Overview . 257 7.2 Discussion . 260 7.3 Contributions . 268 7.4 Directions for Future Work . 270 Bibliography . 272 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Non-Citizen Immigrants Participate Less Than Natives Across Europe. Source: (Pettinicchio and de Vries 2017) ........................ 17 Figure 2.2: How Linked Fate Influences Individuals’ Probability of Participation . 41 Figure 3.1: Non-Electoral Participation by Immigrant Groups, Muslim Immigrants Only Source: (Gianni, Giugni and Michel 2015) .................. 62 Figure 3.2: Map of the Three Study Cantons . 80 Figure 5.1: Political Participation (Count) by Group . 152 Figure 5.2: Interest in Swiss Politics . 153 Figure 5.3: Histogram, Pan-Immigrant Linked Fate . 155 Figure 5.4: Pan-Immigrant Linked Fate is Positively Correlated with Individuals’ Probabil- ity of Participation . 162 Figure 5.5: Self-Identified Turks Likely Do Not Drive Marginal Effects . 171 Figure 5.6: Marginal Effects of Pan-Immigrant Linked Fate Higher in Neuchâtel and Bern 173 Figure 5.7: Linked Fate Indirectly Affects Participation through Mobilization . 176 Figure 5.8: Linked Fate May Influence Participation through Internal Efficacy . 177 Figure 5.9: Italians May Drive Interaction Effects in Aargau . 198 Figure 6.1: Histogram, Ethnic Group Linked Fate . 208 Figure 6.2: Positive Correlation between Ethnic LF and Participation among Kurds . 217 Figure 6.3: Histogram, Sunni Muslim Linked Fate . 222 Figure 6.4: Sunni Muslim Linked Fate Positively and Significantly Correlated with Prob. of Participation . 226 Figure 6.5: Sunni Muslim Linked Fate May Increase Participation by Increasing Prob. of Mobilization . 233 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Summary of Hypotheses . 42 Table 3.1: Immigrants from Italy and Turkey Compared . 78 Table 3.2: Key Policy Differences across Cantons . 85 Table 4.1: Responses by Venue Type . 99 Table 4.2: Surveys Completed, by Mode . 100 Table 4.3: Surveys Completed, by Language . 101 Table 4.4: Does Participation Correlate with Venue Types? . 120 Table 4.5: Does Venue Type Correlate with Linked Fate? . 121 Table 4.6: Correlates of Political Participation in the Sample . 124 Table 4.7: Correlates of Linked Fate in the Sample . 125 Table 4.8: Paper Survey Respondents More Likely to Participate, Suggesting Low Social Desirability Bias . 135 Table 4.9: Limited Correlations between Linked Fate and Relative Deprivation, All Else Equal . 136 Table 4.9: Limited Correlations between Linked Fate and Relative Deprivation, All Else Equal, Contd. 137 Table 5.1: Summary of Hypotheses . 140 Table 5.2: Descriptive Statistics, Italian-Born Sample . 150 Table 5.3: Descriptive.
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