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Appendix A Regionalist Parties

Est. = establishment of regionalist party, before (= 1) or after (= 0) the introductions of regional elections. Ori. = origin of regionalist party, original (= 1), splinter (= 0) or not available (= n.a.). Rad. = radicalizer, yes (= 1), no (= 0) or not available (= n.a.).

Regional elections National elections Party Region First Last First Last Est. Ori. Rad. Australia ACT Community Party Australia Capital Territory 1989 1989 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Advance Tasmania Party Tasmania 1992 1992 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Canberra First Party Australia Capital Territory 1989 1989 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Community Alliance Australia Capital Territory 2008 2008 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 North Queensland Labor Party Queensland 1950 1956 ― ― 0 1 0 Austria Burgenland-Initiative mit Matysek Burgenland 1987 1987 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Die unabhangigen Tiroler Tirol 1994 1994 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Tiroler Landesliste Tirol 1989 1989 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Front Démocratique des Francophones Bruxelles 1989 1989 1965 1991 1 1 0 Région wallone ― ― 1968 1991 Vlaams Gewest ― ― 1971 1985 Front Wallon Région wallone ― ― 1965 1965 1 1 0 Nieuw Vlaamse Alliantie Bruxelles 2009 2009 2003 2010 0 0 1 Vlaams Gewest 2009 2009 2003 2010 Pro duetschsprachige Gemeinschaft Région wallone 1999 2004 1974 1999 1 1 0 Deutsche Gemeinschaft 1974 2009 1974 1999 0 1 0 Rassemblement Wallon Bruxelles ― ― 1987 1987 1 1 0 Région wallone ― ― 1965 1991 Deutsche Gemeinschaft ― ― 1968 1987 Vlaams Gewest ― ― 1977 1977 Rassemblement Wallonie France Bruxelles 2004 2009 2003 2010 0 0 0 Région wallone 2004 2009 2003 2010

Vlaams Belang Bruxelles 1989 2009 1978 2010 1 0 1 Vlaams Gewest 1995 2009 1954 2010 Vlaamse Concentratie Bruxelles ― ― 1949 1949 1 1 0 Vlaams Gewest ― ― 1949 1949 Volksunie Bruxelles 1989 1995 1954 1999 1 1 0 Région wallone ― ― 1954 1987 Vlaams Gewest 1995 1999 1954 1999 Wallon Région wallone 1995 2009 1981 1999 1 n.a. 0 Canada democratique Quebec 1994 2008 ― ― 0 1 0 Bloc Quebecois Quebec ― ― 1993 2008 0 1 1 Labrador New Foundland and Labrador 1971 2007 ― ― 0 1 0 Parti Acadien New Brunswick 1974 1982 ― ― 0 1 0 Parti Nationalist du Quebec Quebec ― ― 1984 1984 0 1 0 Parti Québécois Quebec 1966 2008 ― ― 0 1 1 Quebec Solidaire Quebec 2003 2008 ― ― 0 1 1 Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance National Quebec 1966 1966 ― ― 0 1 1 Union Nationale Quebec 1944 1985 ― ― 0 1 0 Western Canada Concept Alberta 1982 1986 ― ― 0 1 0 British Colombia 1983 2009 ― ― Manitoba 1986 1990 ― ― Saskatchewan 1982 1991 ― ― Denmark Fólkaflokkurin Faroe Islands 1945 2008 1945 2007 1 0 1 1979 2009 1984 2007 0 1 0 Sjálvstýrisflokkurin Faroe Islands 1945 2008 1947 2007 1 1 0 Socialist Separatist's Party Faroe Islands 1990 1990 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 The Faroese Party Faroe Islands 1994 1994 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Tjóôveldi Faroe Islands 1950 2008 1960 2007 0 1 1 Finland Ålands Framtid Åland 2003 2007 ― 0 1 1 Fria Åland Åland 1987 1987 1987 1987 0 n.a. 0 France Accolta Naziunale Corsa Corse ― ― 1993 2002 0 1 1 Alsace d'Abord Alsace 1998 2010 1997 2002 0 1 0 Corsica Libera Corse 2010 2010 ― ― 0 1 0 Corsica Nazione Corse 1998 1999 ― ― 0 1 1 Corsica Viva Corse 1998 1998 ― ― 0 0 0 Ligue Savoisienne Rhône-Alpes 1998 1998 2002 2007 0 1 0 Mouvement Corse pour le Socialism Corse 1982 1984 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Movimentu pa L'Autodeterminazione Corse 1992 1998 1993 1993 0 1 1 Parti Breton Bretagne 2010 2010 2007 2007 0 1 1 Parti Breton Pays de la Loire 2010 2010 2007 2007 0 1 1 Partit Occitan Aquitaine 1998 2010 1997 2007 0 1 0 Auvergne 2010 2010 2002 2007 Languedoc-Roussillon 2004 2004 1997 2007 Limousin ― ― 1997 2007 Poitou-Charentes ― ― 2002 2007 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 1998 2010 1997 2007 Midi-Pyrénées 1998 2010 1997 2007 Rhône-Alpes ― ― 2002 2007 Partitu Popularu Corsu Corse 1982 1982 ― ― 0 1 0 Rinnovu Naziunale Corse 1990 2004 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Terres de Bretagne Bretagne 2010 2010 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Union Democratique Bretonne Bretagne 1986 2010 1981 2007 1 1 0 Union du Peuple Alsacien Alsace 1992 1998 1993 2007 0 1 0 Unione di u Populu Corsu Corse 1982 1999 1986 1997 1 1 0 Unione Naziunale Corse 2004 2010 2002 2007 0 0 0 Unita Corse 1999 1999 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Germany Bayernpartei Bavaria 1950 2008 1949 2009 1 1 1 Christlich-Soziale Union Bavaria 1946 2008 1949 2009 1 1 0 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1990 1990 ― ― 0 1 0 Saarland 1955 1955 1957 1957 1 1 0 Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus Baden-Würtemberg ― ― 1990 2005 0 1 0 Bavaria 2008 2003 1990 2005 0 1 0 Berlin 1990 2006 1990 2005 1 1 0 Brandenburg 1990 2004 1990 2005 1 1 0 Bremen 1995 2007 1990 2005 0 1 0 Hamburg 1991 2004 1990 2005 1 1 0 Hessen 2008 2003 1990 2005 0 1 0 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1990 2006 1990 2005 1 1 0 Niedersachsen 2003 2003 1990 2005 0 1 0 Nordrhein-Westfalia 2000 2005 1990 2005 0 1 0 Rheinland-Pfalz ― ― 1990 2005 0 1 0 Saarland 1999 2005 1990 2005 0 1 0 Sachsen ― ― 1990 2005 0 1 0 Sachsen-Anhalt 1990 2004 1990 2005 1 1 0 Schleswig-Holstein 2000 2005 1990 2005 0 1 0 Thüringen 1990 2004 1990 2005 1 1 0 Saarländische Volkspartei Saarland 1960 1970 ― ― 0 1 0 Alleanza Lombarda Autonoma Lombardia 1990 1990 2006 2006 0 n.a. 0 Alleanza per il Trentino Trentino-/Süd Tirol 1993 1993 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Autonomia Integrale Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1983 1998 ― ― 0 0 0 Autonomia Tridentina Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1948 1948 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Autonomistes Démocrates Progressistes Valée d'Aosta 1988 1993 ― ― 0 1 0 Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1993 2008 2006 2008 0 0 1 Fédération Autonomiste Valée d'Aosta 1998 2008 2001 2008 0 1 0 Freiheitliche Partei Südtirols Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1988 1988 ― ― 0 0 1 Fronte Giulia Friula-Venezia Giulia 1998 1998 ― ― 0 1 1 Fronte Marco Polo Veneto 2000 2000 ― ― 0 0 0 Gente della Liguria Liguria 2005 2005 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Independentia Repubrica de Sardigna Sardegna 2004 2009 ― ― 0 0 1 Leali al Trentino Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 2003 2008 ― ― 0 1 0 Lega Alpina Lumbarda Lombardia ― ― 1992 1994 0 0 0 Lega Alpina Piemont Piemonte ― ― 1992 1992 0 1 0 Lega autonomia Friuli Friula-Venezia Giulia 1993 1998 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Lega Autonomia Veneta Veneto ― ― 1992 1994 0 1 0 Lega Autononomia Trentino Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1993 1993 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Abruzzo 1985 1990 1983 2006 0 1 0 Basilicata 1985 1990 1983 2006 Calabria 1985 1990 1983 2006 Campania 1985 1990 1983 2006 Emilia-Romagna 1980 2010 1983 2008 Friula-Venezia Giulia 1978 2008 1983 2008 Lazio 1985 1990 1983 2006 Liguria 1985 2010 1983 2008 Lombardia 1980 2010 1983 2008 Marche 1985 2005 1983 2008 Molise 1985 1990 1983 2006 Piemonte 1980 2010 1983 2008 Puglia 1985 1990 1987 2006 Sardegna ― ― 1983 2006 Sicilia ― ― 1983 2006 Toscana 1980 2005 1983 2008 Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol ― ― 1983 2008 Umbria 1985 2010 1987 2008 Valée d'Aosta 1993 1998 2006 2008 Veneto 1980 2010 1983 2008 Lega Sarda Sardegna ― ― 1946 1946 1 1 0 Libertà e Autonomia Friula-Venezia Giulia 2003 2003 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Liberta'e Autonomia Noi Sud Campania 2010 2010 ― ― 0 0 0 Liga Fronte Veneto Veneto 2005 2005 2001 2006 0 0 1 Movimento Autonomista Regionalista Piemontese Friula-Venezia Giulia ― ― 1958 1958 1 n.a. 0 Lombardia ― ― 1958 1958 Piemonte ― ― 1958 1958 Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol ― ― 1958 1958 Veneto ― ― 1958 1958 Movimento Veneto Regione Autonoma Veneto ― ― 1987 1992 0 0 0 Movimento Friuli Friula-Venezia Giulia 1968 1993 1979 1987 0 1 0 Movimento Indipendentista Siciliano Sicilia 1947 1967 1946 1946 1 1 0 Movimento per le Autonomie Abruzzo ― ― 2008 2008 0 1 0 Basilicata 2010 2010 2008 2008 Calabria ― ― 2008 2008 Campania 2010 2010 2008 2008 Lazio ― ― 2008 2008 Molise ― ― 2008 2008 Puglia ― ― 2008 2008 Sardegna 2009 2009 2008 2008 Sicilia 2006 2008 2008 2008 Nuova Italia - Autonomia Veneta Veneto 1995 1995 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Part.Sud.Tirol Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol ― ― 1983 1987 0 n.a. 0 Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1988 2008 ― ― 0 1 0 Partito del Popolo Sardo - Sardegna 2004 2004 ― ― 0 1 0 Partito Popolare Trentino Tirolese Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1948 1978 ― ― 1 1 0 Partito Sardo D'Azione Abruzzo ― ― 1987 1987 0 1 0 Basilicata ― ― 1987 1987 Calabria ― ― 1987 1987 Campania ― ― 1987 1987 Emilia-Romagna ― ― 1953 1987 Friula-Venezia Giulia ― ― 1987 1987 Lazio ― ― 1987 1987 Liguria ― ― 1953 1987 Lombardia ― ― 1953 1987 Marche ― ― 1987 1987 Molise ― ― 1987 1987 Piemonte ― ― 1953 1987 Puglia ― ― 1987 1987 Sardegna 1949 2009 1946 2008 Sicilia ― ― 1987 1987 Toscana ― ― 1987 1987 Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol ― ― 1987 1987 Umbria ― ― 1987 1987 Veneto 1990 1990 ― ― Per Il Veneto Veneto 2005 2005 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Piemont Piemonte ― ― 1987 1987 0 n.a. 0 Piemont-Aut.reg Piemonte ― ― 1987 1987 0 0 0 Progetto Nordest Friula-Venezia Giulia ― ― 2006 2006 0 1 1 Progetto Nordest Veneto 2005 2005 2006 2006 0 0 1 PS d'Az socialista Sardegna 1949 1949 ― ― 0 0 0 Raggruppamento Valdostano Valée d'Aosta 1968 1973 ― ― 0 0 0 Sardegna Natzione Sardegna 1994 2009 1996 2008 0 0 1 Südtiroler Freiheit Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 2008 2008 ― ― 0 0 1 Südtiroler Heimatbund Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1988 1988 ― ― 0 0 1 Südtiroler Volkspartei Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1948 2008 1948 2008 1 1 0 Tirol Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol ― ― 1976 1976 0 n.a. 0 Tiroler Heimatpartei Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1964 1964 ― ― 0 0 0 Trentino Autonomista Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 2003 2003 ― ― 0 1 0 Union für Südtirol Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1993 2008 1996 2008 0 0 1 Union Piemonteisa Piemonte 1990 1990 ― ― 0 1 0 Union Valdôtaine Valée d'Aosta 1949 2008 1958 2008 1 1 0 Union Valdôtaine Progressiste Valée d'Aosta 1973 1983 1976 1983 0 0 0 Union Veneto Veneto ― ― 1992 1992 0 n.a. 0 Unione Autonomista Trentino Tirolese Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1983 1983 ― ― 0 0 0 Unione Friuli Friula-Venezia Giulia 1998 1998 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Unione Nord Est Veneto 2010 2010 1996 1996 0 1 0 Unione per il Trentino Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 2008 2008 ― ― 0 1 0 Unione Social Liberale Autonomia Sicilia Sicilia 1951 1951 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Vallée d'Aoste Vive Valée d'Aosta 2008 2008 ― ― 0 0 0 Valli Unite Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 2008 2008 ― ― 0 0 0 Walverband des Heimatbundes Trentino-Alto Adige/Süd Tirol 1983 1983 ― ― 0 0 1 Netherlands Brabantse Partij Noord-Brabant 2007 2007 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 De Groningers Groningen 1999 1999 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Drents Belang Drenthe 2003 2003 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Fryske Nasjonale Partij Friesland 1966 2007 ― ― 0 1 0 Limburgs Belang Limburg 2007 2007 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Partij Nieuw Gelderland Gelderland 1995 1999 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Partij Nieuw Limburg Limburg 1987 2007 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Partij voor het Noorden Drenthe 2007 2007 ― ― 0 1 0 Friesland 2007 2007 ― ― Groningen 2002 2007 ― ― Partij voor Zeeland Zeeland 1999 2007 ― ― 0 1 0 Zeeuws Belang! Zeeland 2007 2007 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Zeeuwsch Vlaamse Partij Zeeland 1995 1995 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Norway Framtid for Finnmark Finnmark ― ― 1989 1989 0 1 0 Sunnmørslisten More og Romsdal 1983 2007 1985 1985 0 n.a. 0 Portugal Partido Democrático do Atlântico Acores 1980 2004 1980 2005 0 1 0 Madeira 1980 1996 1980 1995 Alianza Foral Navarra Navarra ― ― 1977 1977 1 1 0 Aralar Navarra 2003 2003 ― ― 0 0 0 Pais Vasco 2005 2009 2004 2008 Asamblea Canaria Canarias 1983 1987 1982 1982 0 1 0 Asamblea Majorera Canarias 1983 1991 ― ― 1 1 0 Navarra 1987 2003 ― ― 0 0 0 Bloc Nacionalista Valencià Valencia 1999 2007 2000 2008 0 1 0 Bloque Localista de Melilla Melilla ― ― 2000 2000 0 n.a. 0 Bloque Nacionalista Gallego Galicia 1981 2009 1977 2008 1 1 0 Centro Canario Canarias 2007 2007 2008 2008 0 1 0 Aragon 1987 2007 1989 2008 0 1 1 Coalició Nacionalistes d'Esquerra Cataluna 1980 1980 1982 1982 1 1 0 Coalición Agrupaciones Independientes de Canarias Canarias 1987 1991 1986 1989 0 1 0 Coalición Asamblea Canaria Nacionalista Canarias ― ― 1989 1989 0 1 0 Coalición Canaria Canarias 1995 2007 1993 2008 0 1 0 Coalición Candidatura por la Autonomía Ceuta ― ― 1986 1986 0 n.a. 0 Coalición Convergencia Nacionalista Canaria Canarias 1983 1987 ― ― 0 1 0 Coalición Electoral Pacte Democratic per Catalunya Cataluna ― ― 1977 1977 1 1 0 Coalición Electoral Entesa d'Esquerra Catalana Cataluna 1984 1984 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Coalición Electoral Nacionalistas Vascos Navarra ― ― 1979 1979 1 1 0 Coalición Electoral Navarra 2007 2007 2004 2008 0 1 0 Coalición Extremeña Extremadura 1995 1999 1996 1996 0 1 0 Coalición Nacionalistas de Navarra Navarra 1995 1995 ― ― 0 1 0 Coalición Partido de Independientes de Lanzarote (PIL) - ― ― Centro Canrio Nacionalista (CCN) Canarias 2007 2007 0 n.a. 0 Coalición por Gran Canaria Canarias 1995 1995 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Coalición por Melilla Melilla 1995 2007 ― ― 0 1 0 Coalición Unión Nacional Extremadura ― ― 1979 1979 1 n.a. 0 Convergencia de Melilla Melilla 2007 2007 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Convergencia Demócratica de Navarra Navarra 1995 2007 1996 2004 0 0 0 Convergéncia i Unió Cataluna 1980 2010 1979 2008 1 1 0 Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya Cataluna 1980 2010 1977 2008 1 1 0 Islas Baleares 1995 2003 1993 2000 0 1 0

Euskadiko Ezkerra Navarra 1983 1991 1982 1989 1 1 0 Pais Vasco 1980 1990 1977 1989 Navarra 1983 2003 1989 2000 0 0 0 Pais Vasco 1986 2009 1989 2008 0 0 1 Extremadura Unida Extremadura 1987 2003 1982 2008 1 1 0 Federación Nacionalista Canaria Canarias 1999 2003 ― ― 0 1 0 Herri Navarra 1983 1999 1979 1996 1 1 0 Pais Vasco 1980 2001 1979 1996 Iniciativa Canaria Canarias 1991 1995 ― ― 0 1 0 Nueva Canarias Canarias 2007 2007 ― ― 0 0 0 Partido Andalucista Andalucia 1982 2008 1979 2008 1 1 0 Partido Aragonés Aragon 1983 2007 1979 2008 1 1 0 Partido Coalición Galega Galicia 1985 1993 1986 1989 0 1 0 Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas Pais Vasco 2005 2005 ― ― 0 1 0 Partido de Gran Canaria Canarias ― ― 1993 1993 0 n.a. 0 Partido Galegista Galicia 1981 1981 1989 1989 1 1 0 Partido Independiente de Melilla Melilla 2003 2003 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Partido Nacionalista Canario Canarias 1991 2007 1982 1982 0 1 0 Partido Nacionalista Ceutí Ceuta 1987 1987 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Partido Nacionalista de Melilla Melilla 1991 1995 1989 1996 0 n.a. 0 Partido Nacionalista Vasco Navarra 1983 1991 1982 2000 1 1 0 Pais Vasco 1980 2009 1977 2008 Partido País Canario Canarias 1983 1983 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Partido Regionalista de Cantabria Cantabria 1983 2007 1993 1993 1 1 0 Partido Regionalista del País Leonés Castille y León 1983 2007 1982 2008 0 1 0 Partido Regionalista Extremeño Extremadura 1991 1991 1993 1993 0 0 0 Partido Riojano La Rioja 1983 2007 1993 2008 0 1 0 Partit Socialista de Mallorca (-EN) Islas Baleares 1983 2007 1979 2004 1 1 0 Partit Socialista de Menorca Islas Baleares 1983 1995 ― ― 1 1 0 Partiu Asturianista Asturias 1987 2007 1989 2004 0 1 0 Plataforma Canaria Nacionalista Canarias 1995 1995 1996 1996 0 1 0 Terra Galega Galicia 2009 2009 ― ― 0 1 0 Tierra Comunera-Partido Nacionalista Castellano Castilla y León ― ― 2000 2008 0 1 0 Unidad del Pueblo Leonés Castille y León 1991 2007 1993 2008 0 1 0 Unidad Regionalista Asturias ― ― 1977 1977 1 n.a. 0 Unió Mallorquina Islas Baleares 1983 2007 1993 2004 0 1 0 Unió Valencia Valencia 1987 2007 1986 2000 1 0 0 Unión Autonomista de Baleares Islas Baleares ― ― 1977 1977 1 1 0 Unión Autonomista de Navarra Navarra ― ― 1977 1977 1 1 0 Unión del Pueblo Melillense Melilla 1987 1999 ― ― 0 1 0 Unión del Pueblo Navarro Navarra 1983 2007 1979 2008 1 1 0 Unión Renovadora Asturiana Asturias 1999 2007 2000 2000 0 1 0 Coalició Valenciana Valencia 2007 2007 ― ― 0 1 0 Unitat del Poble Valencià Valencia 1983 1995 1982 1996 1 1 0 Sweden Skånepartiet Skåne 2002 2002 ― ― 0 1 0 Skånes Väl Skåne 1998 2002 ― ― 0 1 0 Switzerland Lega dei Ticinesi Tessin 1991 2007 1991 2007 0 1 0 Mouvement Citoyens Genevois Genève 2005 2009 ― ― 0 1 0 Parti démocrate-chrétien de l'Unité jurassienne Bern 1978 1982 ― ― 0 1 0 Parti libéral jurassien Bern 1970 2006 ― ― 0 n.a. 0 Unité jurassienne Bern 1978 1978 ― ― 0 1 0 United Kingdom Democratic Unionist Party Northern Ireland 1973 2007 1974 2010 0 1 0 Wales 1999 2007 1945 2010 1 1 0 Progressive Unionist Party Northern Ireland 1998 2007 ― ― 0 1 0 Protestant Unionist Northern Ireland 1969 1969 1970 1970 0 1 0 Real Unionists Northern Ireland ― ― 1987 1987 0 n.a. 0 Scottish Scotland 1999 2007 1992 2010 1 1 0 Scotland 1999 2007 1945 2010 1 1 0 Scottish Socialist Party Scotland 1999 2007 2001 2010 1 1 0 Sinn Fein Northern Ireland 1982 2007 1950 2010 1 1 0 Social Democratic and Labour Party Northern Ireland 1973 2007 1974 2010 0 1 0 Ulster Northern Ireland 1998 1998 ― ― 0 1 0 Ulster Popular Unionist Party Northern Ireland 1982 1982 1983 1992 0 1 0 Ulster Unionist Party Northern Ireland 1945 2007 1945 2010 1 1 0 Unionist Party of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland 1975 1975 1974 1979 0 0 0 Unionists (Pro-Assembly) Northern Ireland ― ― 1974 1974 0 1 0 United Ulster Unionist Party Northern Ireland 1982 1982 1979 1979 0 0 0 Unity Northern Ireland ― ― 1966 1974 0 n.a. 0 Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party Northern Ireland 1973 1975 1974 1974 0 0 0

Appendix B Coding criteria and sources used to classify regionalist parties

‘Before’ vs. ‘After’ party: Regionalist parties created before the establishment of regional elections and the actual holding of the first regional election were coded as ‘before’. Regionalist parties created after the establishment and holding of regional elections were coded as ‘after’. In the cases of parties created between the passage of the legislation establishing regional elections and the actual holding of the first election, we coded as ‘before’ those that first participated in a national election, whereas we coded as ‘after’ those that first participated in the regional election.

‘Original’ vs. ‘Splinter’ party: We coded as ‘splinter’ those parties that, according to the secondary sources listed below, originated from a split in an already existing regionalist party. These new parties, at least initially, draw on politicians/leaders, members and voters coming from the old parties from which they split. Examples are: Vlaamse Blok/Belang in Belgium (splinter from the Volksunie), Fólkaflokkurin in Denmark (splinter from Sjálvstýrisflokkurin), Tiroler Heimatpartei (splinter from the Südtiroler Volkspartei), Eusko Alkartasuna in Spain (splinter from the Partido Nacionalista Vasco). All other parties were coded as ‘original’.

‘Radicalizer’ party: We coded as ‘radicalizer’ every ‘splinter’ party whose self-government claims were more radical than those of the regionalist party from which it originated. We relied on the coding scheme adopted in Massetti and Schakel (2013), reported below.

4 Separationist Party is open and clear in its Radical Party challenges the unity of the state formulation 3 Ambiguous Party is ambiguous in its formulation

Party does not challenge the unity of 2 Federalist Party seeks to enhance a maximum Moderate the state level of regional self-government 1 Protectionist Party demands regional autonomy to preserve regional language/culture

Massetti and Schakel (2013: 5).

Secondary sources

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Molins (eds) Comportamiento politico: Espana en prospectiva comparada. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch. Roux, C. (2011) Radical Nationalism in Corsica, in Elias, A. and F. Tronconi (eds) From Protest to Power: Autonomist Parties and the Challenges of Representation. Vienna: Wilhelm Braumuller. Pp. 301-322. Roux, C. (2006) “The Partito Sardo d’Azione: Regionalist Mobilization in Southern Italy”, in De Winter, L, Gomez-Reino, M. and P. Lynch (eds) Autonomist Parties in Europe: Identity Politics and the Revival of the Territorial Cleavage, Vol. II, Barcelona: ICPS, pp. 189-219. Roux, C. (2006) The Ligue Savoisienne: in Savoie, in L. De Winter, M. Gomez-Reino and P. Lynch (eds.) Autonomist Parties in Europe: Identity Politics and the Revival of the Territorial Cleavage. (Vol. II). Barcelona: ICPS. Schrijver, F. (2006). Regionalism after regionalisation. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Tambini, D. (2001) Nationalism in Italian Politics: The Stories of the Northern League, 1980-2000. 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Parties' websites:

Party name Party website address Action democratique http://www.adq.qc.ca/ Alsace d'Abord http://www.alsacedabord.org/ Ålands Framtid http://www.alandsframtid.ax/ Accolta Naziunale Corsa http://www.anc-corsica.com/ Aralar http://www.aralar.net/eu Bloc Nacionalista Valencià http://bloc.compromis.ws/ Bayernpartei http://landesverband.bayernpartei.de/ Coalición Canaria http://www.coalicioncanaria.org/web_2010/index.php Centro Canario http://www.centrocanario.org/ Convergencia Demócratica de Navarra http://www.cdn.es/ Chunta Aragonesista http://www.chunta.com/ Corsica Nazione http://www.corsica-nazione.com/ Coalició Valenciana http://coaliciovalenciana.es Die Freiheitlichen http://www.die-freiheitlichen.com/ Extremadura Unida http://extremaduraunida.es/eu/ Fryske Nasjonale Partij http://www.fnp.nl/ Fédération Autonomiste http://www.federationautonomiste.org/ Fólkaflokkurin http://folkaflokkurin.fo/xa.asp Inuit Ataqatigiit http://www.ia.gl/da/ Independentia Repubrica de Sardigna IRS: http://www.irsonline.net/ Liberta' e Autonomia Noi Sud - http://www.autonomiasud.it/ Autonomia Sud Ligue Savoisienne http://notre.savoie.free.fr/ Lega dei Ticinesi http://www.legaticinesi.ch/ Mouvement Citoyens Genevois http://mcge.ch/ Movimento per le Autonomie http://www.mpa-sicilia.it/home.php Coalición Electoral Nafarroa Bai http://www.nabai2011.com/es/index.php Nueva Canarias http://www.nuevacanarias.org/ Partido Aragonés http://www.partidoaragones.es/proyectos/Autogobierno.htm Partiu Asturianista http://www.asturianista.as/ Parti Breton http://www.partibreton.org/ Partido Democrático do Atlântico http://www.anossaeuropa.com/ Progetto Nordest http://www.progettonordest.org/ Partido Nacionalista Canario http://www.pnc-canarias.eu/ Partit Occitan http://partitoccitan.org/?lang=fr Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese http://www.patt.tn.it/ Partito del Popolo Sardo - Fortza Paris http://www.fortzaparis.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1 59&Itemid=54 Partido Riojano http://www.partidoriojano.es/ Partido Regionalista de Cantabria http://www.prc.es/ Partido/Coalicion Regionalista http://prex-crex.blogspot.com/2006/09/el-hueco-regionalista-extremeo-i-los.html Extremeño/a Pro duetschsprachige Gemeinschaft http://www.prodg.be/de/aktuelles Partit Socialista de Menorca http://eleccions.psm-menorca.org/ Partit Socialista de Mallorca (-EN) http://www.pensadiferent.cat/ Progressive Unionist Party http://www.pupni.com/ Partij voor het Noorden http://www.partijvoorhetnoorden.nl/ Partij voor Zeeland http://www.partijvoorzeeland.nl/ Quebec Solidaire http://www.quebecsolidaire.net/ Rassemblement Wallonie France http://www.rwf.be/ Social Democratic and Labour Party http://www.sdlp.ie/index.php/the_issues/a_united_ireland/ Scottish Greens http://www.scottishgreens.org.uk/uploaded/Holyrood2007.pdf Sardegna Natzione http://www.sardignanatzione.it/ Skånepartiet http://www.skanepartiet.org/ Sjálvstýrisflokkurin http://www.sjalvstyri.fo/sjalvstyrisflokkurinfo/ Scottish Socialist Party http://www.scottishsocialistparty.org/ Südtiroler Freiheit http://www.suedtiroler-freiheit.com/ Tierra Comunera-Partido Nacionalista http://www.tierracomunera.org/es/portada/ Castellano Terra Galega http://www.terragalega.eu/ Tjóôveldi http://www.tjodveldi.fo/ Union Democratique Bretonne http://www.udb-bzh.net/ Unió Mallorquina http://www.uniomallorquina.info/ Unione Nord Est http://www.unionenordest.it/ Union du Peuple Alsacien http://www.unserland.org/ Unione per il Trentino http://www.unioneperiltrentino.it/ Unidad del Pueblo Leonés http://www.pal-ul.es Unione di u Populu Corsu http://www.p-n-c.eu/ Unión Renovadora Asturiana http://www.uras.es/ Unió Valencia http://www.uniovalenciana.org/ Vallée d'Aoste Vive http://www.aostaviva.it/ Western Canada Concept http://www.westcan.org/

Appendix C Descriptive statistics

Variables National elections Regional elections Mean Std.dev. Min Max Mean Std.dev. Min Max Total vote share for all parties 1.71 8.18 0 93.29 3.16 10.92 0 89.99 Logged 0.22 0.77 0 4.55 0.39 1.01 0 4.51 Lagged 0.21 0.75 0 4.55 0.37 0.99 0 4.51 Previous regional/national election 1.89 8.69 0 89.99 2.41 9.78 0 93.29 Logged 0.23 0.80 0 4.51 0.29 0.89 0 4.55 Total vote share for ‘before’ parties 1.18 6.55 0 92.01 1.75 7.88 0 64.64 Logged 0.15 0.66 0 4.53 0.20 0.79 0 4.18 Lagged 0.14 0.65 0 4.53 0.21 0.79 0 4.18 Previous regional/national election 1.08 6.20 0 64.64 1.66 8.06 0 92.01 Logged 0.13 0.63 0 4.18 0.19 0.75 0 4.53 Total vote share for ‘after’ parties 0.53 3.48 0 51.21 1.41 6.06 0 62.82 Logged 0.10 0.48 0 3.96 0.24 0.75 0 4.16 Lagged 0.08 0.45 0 3.96 0.21 0.70 0 4.16 Previous regional/national election 0.81 4.72 0 62.82 0.75 4.05 0 51.21 Logged 0.13 0.58 0 4.16 0.14 0.57 0 3.96 Cumulative change in RAI scores 2.05 4.29 -8.5 21 0.88 2.30 -8.5 16 Maj. electoral system dummy 0.31 0.46 0 1 0.14 0.34 0 1 Mixed electoral system dummy 0.25 0.43 0 1 0.16 0.37 0 1 Regional language dummy 0.13 0.34 0 1 0.13 0.34 0 1 Regional history dummy 0.20 0.40 0 1 0.17 0.37 0 1

Notes: total number of observations is 5389 for national elections and 2765 for regional elections. ‘Before’ are regionalist parties which are established before the introduction of regional elections whereas ‘after’ parties are established after the introduction of regional elections. RAI is the regional authority index (Hooghe et al. 2010). Appendix D Robustness analyses

Table D1: determinants of total regionalist vote share in national elections. Fixed effects models. Total Before regional elections After regional elections Total Original Splinter Total Original Splinter Regional reform 0.0039** -0.0029** -0.0058** 0.0018** 0.0077** 0.0044** 0.0034** (0.0014) (0.0009) (0.0010) (0.0004) (0.0012) (0.0012) (0.0005) Vote share previous regional election 0.1695** 0.0978** 0.0766** 0.1312** 0.2576** 0.2902** 0.3913** (0.0114) (0.0109) (0.0122) (0.0138) (0.0116) (0.0115) (0.0118) Lagged dependent variable 0.5566** 0.4981** 0.5346** 0.6931** 0.5656** 0.5311** 0.3645** (0.0121) (0.0119) (0.0124) (0.0117) (0.0122) (0.0122) (0.0144) Constant 0.0554** 0.0665** 0.0658** 0.0004 -0.0007 0.0019 -0.0053** (0.0049) (0.0033) (0.0036) (0.0014) (0.0042) (0.0039) (0.0016) R2 within 0.44 0.31 0.32 0.60 0.55 0.55 0.45 R2 between 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.94 0.93 0.92 R2 overall 0.86 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.73 0.73 0.59 Rho 0.411 0.737 0.684 0.152 0.158 0.143 0.101 F 1326** 761** 790** 2486** 2057** 2086** 1399** Notes: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 (two-tailed). The table shows the results of a fixed effects model whereby national elections are clustered in regions. The dependent variable is total regionalist party vote share in the region (logged). The regional language and history and the electoral system dummies are excluded because these do not or hardly vary over time. The models include 5389 election vote shares for 329 regions within 18 countries.

Table D2: determinants of total regionalist vote share in regional elections. Fixed effects models. Total Before regional elections After regional elections Total Original Splinter Total Original Splinter Regional reform 0.0326** 0.0035 0.0032 -0.0004 0.0259** 0.0239** 0.0089** (0.0051) (0.0026) (0.0026) (0.0011) (0.0054) (0.0053) (0.0025) Vote share previous national election 0.1486** 0.2003** 0.3171** 0.0670** 0.1725** 0.1941** 0.5737** (0.0173) (0.0201) (0.0159) (0.0123) (0.0172) (0.0171) (0.0255) Lagged dependent variable 0.5178** 0.1963** 0.1876** 0.0855** 0.572** 0.5726** 0.1228** (0.0193) (0.0249) (0.0211) (0.0164) (0.0178) (0.0180) (0.0210) Constant 0.0734** 0.1181** 0.0865** 0.0276** 0.0346* 0.0278* -0.0057 (0.0138) (0.0097) (0.0081) (0.0029) (0.0141) (0.0138) (0.0067) R2 within 0.37 0.08 0.18 0.02 0.48 0.48 0.30 R2 between 0.94 0.97 0.95 0.99 0.91 0.91 0.79 R2 overall 0.89 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.80 0.80 0.57 Rho 0.628 0.928 0.889 0.940 0.433 0.396 0.438 F 473** 71** 184** 18** 746** 742** 357** Notes: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 (two-tailed). The table shows the results of a fixed effects model whereby regional elections are clustered in regions. The dependent variable is total regionalist party vote share in the region (logged). The regional language and history and the electoral system dummies are excluded because these do not or hardly vary over time. The models include 2768 election vote shares for 320 regions within 18 countries.

Table D3: determinants of total regionalist vote share in national elections. Vote shares not logged. Total Before regional elections After regional elections Total Original Splinter Total Original Splinter Regional reform -0.0224* -0.0540** -0.0497** 0.0034 0.0306** 0.0145* 0.0118** (0.0104) (0.0076) (0.0071) (0.0026) (0.0070) (0.0065) (0.0020) Vote share previous regional election 0.2016** 0.2070** 0.2054** 0.3111** 0.2111** 0.2251** 0.3035** (0.0090) (0.0096) (0.0095) (0.0137) (0.0082) (0.0083) (0.0110) Lagged dependent variable 0.7374** 0.7638** 0.7757** 0.5723** 0.6737** 0.6520** 0.4976** (0.0097) (0.0091) (0.0089) (0.0128) (0.0108) (0.0109) (0.0182) Majoritarian electoral system -0.4724 -0.1930 -0.1169 0.0086 -0.0322 -0.0345 -0.0032 (0.2690) (0.1770) (0.1539) (0.0256) (0.1279) (0.1187) (0.0444) Mixed electoral system -0.6855** -0.1164 -0.0670 0.0016 -0.2740* -0.2331* -0.0154 (0.2591) (0.1787) (0.1578) (0.0292) (0.1324) (0.1226) (0.0454) Regional language dummy 0.1314 0.2240* 0.2468** 0.1248** -0.1631 -0.1714 -0.0154 (0.1517) (0.0891) (0.0826) (0.0351) (0.0983) (0.0968) (0.0235) Regional history dummy 0.3303* 0.1062 0.0891 -0.0563 0.1533 0.1496 -0.0113 (0.1359) (0.0810) (0.0759) (0.0309) (0.0886) (0.0875) (0.0215) Constant 0.5273* 0.3333* 0.2581* -0.0016 0.0669 0.0716 0.0094 (0.2374) (0.1517) (0.1234) (0.0178) (0.0887) (0.0821) (0.0260) Variance country 0.7177* 0.2910* 0.1755** 0.0000 0.0573 0.0453* 0.0152* (0.3129) (0.1187) (0.0777) (0.0000) (0.0358) (0.0230) (0.0063) Variance region 0.2570* 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0968** 0.1175** 0.0000 (0.1093) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0299) (0.0290) (0.000) Variance elections 5.8317** 3.5149** 3.0887** 0.6368** 2.9175** 2.5257** 0.2507** (0.1284) (0.0679) (0.0596) (0.0123) (0.0592) (0.0511) (0.0048) Log restricted likelihood -12510 -11060 -10708 -6431 -10614 -10245 -3943 Wald chi2 27110** 48521** 50920** 19546** 12414** 12165** 4633** Notes: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 (two-tailed). The table shows the results of a multilevel mixed effect linear regression model whereby national elections are clustered in regions and regions clustered in countries. The dependent variable is total regionalist party vote share in the region. The models include 5389 election vote shares for 329 regions within 18 countries. Table D4: determinants of total regionalist vote share in regional elections. Vote shares not logged. Total Before regional elections After regional elections Total Original Splinter Total Original Splinter Regional reform 0.0439** 0.0166* 0.0193* 0.0009 0.0349** 0.0195* 0.0205** (0.0107) (0.0082) (0.0097) (0.0016) (0.0094) (0.0088) (0.0066) Vote share previous national election 0.1131** 0.1302** 0.1846** 0.2163** 0.1540** 0.1889** 1.129** (0.0113) (0.0129) (0.0127) (0.0066) (0.0147) (0.0142) (0.0303) Lagged dependent variable 0.8956** 0.8277** 0.7754** 0.7193** 0.8980** 0.8904** -0.1831** (0.0107) (0.0133) (0.0132) (0.0069) (0.0108) (0.0103) (0.0194) Majoritarian electoral system -0.0015 -0.0475 -0.0275 -0.0072 -0.0443 -0.0039 -0.1006 (0.1436) (0.1092) (0.1445) (0.0223) (0.1263) (0.1213) (0.1406) Mixed electoral system -0.3470* -0.0366 -0.0537 -0.0105 -0.3197* -0.1820 -0.2667** (0.1406) (0.1071) (0.1242) (0.0219) (0.1239) (0.1166) (0.0932) Regional language dummy 0.5240** 0.0644 0.0837 0.0316 0.5602** 0.4569** 0.2583* (0.1607) (0.1175) (0.1124) (0.0242) (0.1393) (0.1268) (0.1135) Regional history dummy 0.1056 0.1960 0.1713 0.0043 0.1734 0.1048 0.2804** (0.1436) (0.1104) (0.1135) (0.0221) (0.1247) (0.1155) (0.0984) Constant 0.0589 -0.0119 -0.0389 0.0001 0.0675 0.0731 -0.0216 (0.0641) (0.0489) (0.709) (0.0100) (0.0565) (0.0558) (0.0512) Variance country 0.0000 0.0000 0.0217 0.0000 0.0000 0.0028 0.0000 (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0278) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0167) (0.0000) Variance region 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3698** (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0397) Variance elections 6.3064** 3.6688** 3.3225** 0.1533** 4.8886** 4.0474** 0.4342** (0.1696) (0.0987) (0.0902) (0.0041) (0.1315) (0.1098) (0.0127) Log restricted likelihood -6469 -5720 -5589 -1331 -6117 -5857 -3089 Wald chi2 49579** 44108** 39798** 66459** 17977** 20115** 1726** Notes: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 (two-tailed). The table shows the results of a multilevel mixed effect linear regression model whereby regional elections are clustered in regions and regions clustered in countries. The dependent variable is total regionalist party vote share in the region. The models include 2765 election vote shares for 320 regions within 18 countries. Table D5: determinants of total regionalist vote share in national elections. Models with RAI-scores as level and not as change variable. Total Before regional elections After regional elections Total Original Splinter Total Original Splinter Regional authority 0.0008 -0.0051** -0.0068** 0.0008* 0.0048** 0.0025* 0.0017** (0.0013) (0.0009) (0.0009) (0.0003) (0.0011) (0.0010) (0.0004) Vote share previous regional election 0.1800** 0.1630** 0.1686** 0.1981** 0.2061** 0.2465** 0.3554** (0.0095) (0.0099) (0.0101) (0.0110) (0.0089) (0.0091) (0.0100) Lagged dependent variable 0.6926** 0.6428** 0.7350** 0.7485** 0.6856** 0.6315** 0.4474** (0.0104) (0.0103) (0.0100) (0.0112) (0.0108) (0.0113) (0.0136) Majoritarian electoral system -0.0301 0.0379 0.0261 0.00034 -0.0328 -0.0195 0.0005 (0.0344) (0.0260) (0.0237) (0.0079) (0.0240) (0.0218) (0.0092) Mixed electoral system -0.0580 0.0412 0.0347 0.0005 -0.0706** -0.0532* 0.0017 (0.0325) (0.0237) (0.0226) (0.0078) (0.0241) (0.0219) (0.0093) Regional language dummy 0.0685** 0.1088** 0.0584** 0.0041 -0.0134 -0.0215 -0.0047 (0.01901) (0.0229) (0.0135) (0.0038) (0.0130) (0.0125) (0.0045) Regional history dummy 0.3245 0.0834* 0.0241* -0.0020 0.0103 0.0111 0.0004 (0.0169) (0.0207) (0.0123) (0.0034) (0.0115) (0.0112) (0.0041) Constant 0.0586 0.0835* 0.0894** -0.0048 -0.0129 0.0006 -0.0120 (0.0375) (0.0360) (0.0253) (0.0073) (0.0218) (0.0193) (0.0088) Variance country 0.0178** 0.0178* 0.0078* 0.0005* 0.0044* 0.0031* 0.0008** (0.0070) (0.0074) (0.0032) (0.0002) (0.0020) (0.0013) (0.0003) Variance region 0.0048** 0.1288** 0.0026* 0.0000 0.0008 0.0009 0.0000 (0.0012) (0.0025) (0.0011) (0.0000) (0.0005) (0.0005) (0.0000) Variance elections 0.0761** 0.0322** 0.0389** 0.0064** 0.0594** 0.0531** 0.0092** (0.0016) (0.0007) (0.0009) (0.0001) (0.0012) (0.0011) (0.0002) Log restricted likelihood -850 1266 956 5932 -96 202 4953 Wald chi2 13340** 8601** 18308** 39400** 11724** 11539** 7534** Notes: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 (two-tailed). The table shows the results of a multilevel mixed effect linear regression model whereby national elections are clustered in regions and regions clustered in countries. The dependent variable is total regionalist party vote share in the region (logged). The models include 5389 election vote shares for 329 regions within 18 countries. Table D6: determinants of total regionalist vote share in regional elections. Models with RAI-scores as level and not as change variable. Total Before regional elections After regional elections Total Original Splinter Total Original Splinter Regional authority 0.0062* -0.0002 0.0009 0.0002 0.0106** 0.0068** 0.0031* (0.0026) (0.0007) (0.0021) (0.0003) (0.0028) (0.0026) (0.0013) Vote share previous national election 0.1313** 0.1365** 0.3553** 0.3245** 0.1344** 0.1942** 0.6167** (0.0136) (0.00134) (0.0139) (0.0115) (0.0149) (0.0152) (0.0236) Lagged dependent variable 0.8378** 0.8457** 0.5855** 0.6581** 0.8353** 0.8211** 0.2540** (0.0127) (0.0129) (0.0140) (0.0112) (0.0126) (0.0127) (0.0197) Majoritarian electoral system -0.0834* -0.0023 -0.0131 0.0010 -0.1195** -0.0902* -0.0380 (0.0377) (0.0101) (0.0439) (0.0045) (0.0426) (0.0378) (0.0227) Mixed electoral system -0.0311 -0.0076 -0.0063 -0.0021 -0.0444 -0.0235 -0.0305 (0.0250) (0.0089) (0.0285) (0.0040) (0.0273) (0.0253) (0.0160) Regional language dummy 0.0900** 0.0049 0.0211 0.0057 0.1881** 0.1047** 0.0544** (0.0195) (0.0099) (0.0195) (0.0044) (0.0200) (0.0191) (0.0155) Regional history dummy -0.0091 -0.0013 0.0097 0.0013 0.0013 -0.0041 0.0375** (0.0185) (0.0092) (0.0181) (0.0041) (0.0193) (0.0186) (0.0143) Constant -0.0265 0.0063 -0.0068 -0.0017 -0.0693 -0.0363 -0.0311 (0.0377) (0.0093) (0.0334) (0.0042) (0.0431) (0.0380) (0.0184) Variance country 0.0039 0.0000 0.0041 0.0000 0.0064* 0.0039 0.0003 (0.0019) (0.0000) (0.0022) (0.0000) (0.0030) (0.020) (0.0003) Variance region 0.0000 0.0000 0.0073** 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0049* (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0015) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0008) Variance elections 0.0818** 0.0255** 0.0234** 0.0052** 0.0894** 0.0842** 0.0184** (0.0022) (0.0007) (0.0007) (0.0001) (0.0024) (0.0023) (0.0005) Log restricted likelihood -479 1147 1058 3344 -606 -518 1418 Wald chi2 21594** 63495** 11725** 42238** 11286** 11759** 2505** Notes: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 (two-tailed). The table shows the results of a multilevel mixed effect linear regression model whereby regional elections are clustered in regions and regions clustered in countries. The dependent variable is total regionalist party vote share in the region (logged). The models include 2765 election vote shares for 320 regions within 18 countries.