Forschungen Zur Baltischen Geschichte
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Evolution of the Belarusian National Movement in The
EVOLUTION OF THE BELARUSIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE PAGES OF PERIODICALS (1914-1917) By Aliaksandr Bystryk Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Advisor: Professor Maria Kovacs Secondary advisor: Professor Alexei Miller CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2013 Abstract Belarusian national movement is usually characterised by its relative weakness delayed emergence and development. Being the weakest movement in the region, before the WWI, the activists of this movement mostly engaged in cultural and educational activities. However at the end of First World War Belarusian national elite actively engaged in political struggles happening in the territories of Western frontier of the Russian empire. Thus the aim of the thesis is to explain how the events and processes caused by WWI influenced the national movement. In order to accomplish this goal this thesis provides discourse and content analysis of three editions published by the Belarusian national activists: Nasha Niva (Our Field), Biełarus (The Belarusian) and Homan (The Clamour). The main findings of this paper suggest that the anticipation of dramatic social and political changes brought by the war urged national elite to foster national mobilisation through development of various organisations and structures directed to improve social cohesion within Belarusian population. Another important effect of the war was that a part of Belarusian national elite formulated certain ideas and narratives influenced by conditions of Ober-Ost which later became an integral part of Belarusian national ideology. CEU eTD Collection i Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Between krajowość and West-Russianism: The Development of the Belarusian National Movement Prior to WWI ..................................................................................................... -
Abstract Book HEALTH SCIENCES Rīga Stradiņš University INTERNATIONAL STUDENT CONFERENCE 2021
RĪGA STRADIŅŠ UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS CONFERENCE 2021 Abstract Book HEALTH SCIENCES Rīga Stradiņš University INTERNATIONAL STUDENT CONFERENCE 2021 March 22nd-23rd, 2021 Abstract Book HEALTH SCIENCES Rīga, Latvia Rīga Stradiņš University International Student Conference 2021 (Rīga, March 22nd-23rd, 2021): Abstract Book – Health Sciences. – Rīga: RSU, 2021, 366 p. Authors are responsible for their Abstracts. Layout: Andris Strazdīts © Rīga Stradiņš University Student Union, 2021 Rīga, Dzirciema Str. 16, LV-1007 ISBN 978-9934-8927-5-2 INTERNATIONAL STUDENT CONFERENCE 2021 3 Preface Dear students, dear professors, dear guests! On behalf of Rīga Stradiņš University, it is my great honour and pleasure to welcome you all to Rīga Stradiņš University Research Week 2021 and especially to the International Student Conference "Health and Social Sciences". We are meeting at a very stressful time for the whole world – during the COVID-19 pandemic. I am, however, satisfied that our technological capabilities ensure that we can still proceed to carry out research. RSU Research Week is one of the largest scientific events in the Baltics and it is organised every two years. Today, we welcome 420 students from 30 countries to the conference, who will be presenting their theses in both medical and social sciences across the conference’s 24 sections. In addition, 120 international jury members will participate in the conference that will also feature three special keynote speakers. This testifies to the outstanding research capabilities of RSU students. This conference is a significant event for each participant as it brings together students and experts from different fields. Rīga Stradiņš University aims to be a modern, prestigious university that is recognised in Europe and worldwide and that has the individual at its core – our students, professors, researchers and all academic and administrative stuff are all essential to our team. -
17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes. -
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m t/&dJd-HUu4'Jkif tmf , ) 'iMuafify ^€e/^anJ The one Idea which History exhibits as evermore developing itself into greater distinctness is the Idea of Humanity the noble e eavour to 5 u ; throw down all the barriers erected between men by prejudice and one-sided views ; and by setting aside the distinctions or Kengion, Country, and Colour, to treat th,e whole Human race as one broth.erh.ood , having one great object—the free development or our sjpmtual nature."—Humboldt's Cosmos. ^ ©on tentss. NEWS OF THE WEEK— page What is being Done by the Who Gave the " Timid Coun- Henri Heine "" 1017 A mtional Party '. ™^^—== ^^" 103* SS^B^^iSf £S p«bl.c 3S ^S^t ' " " ££ |hl S?;.iir: whiston- -:::::::::::: $2 PuE^n^AVsr::: iffi affairs- fS&SIKKfi^" 1SS1 Disfranchisement of Truehold " Norton Street," Marylebone 1038 The Newspaper Stamp Re- PORTFOLIO— Land Voters 103-i Catholics in Municipalities ... 1038 turns 1042 Underneath .. , 1052 Reinforcements for the East ... 1034 Tho Danish Struggle 103a The Working Man and his _;.,_ -„_ ,. Odd Proceedings 1034 The Sydenham Pete.... 1039 Teachers 1012 THE ARTS- Iiord Palmerston at Itomsey 1035 The Czar's own. Account ©f his Increase of the Army 1043 Drury Lane . 1053 £he Loss of the Arctic : 1035 Mission ; 1039 China Made Useful 1044 Mr. Peto and the Kins of Den- Germany and Bussia 1039 «»-«, miiu/.ii _ mark ••. .-.. 103G Another Arctic Expedition ... 1039 OPtN council- Births, Marriages, and Deaths 105 1 Mr.Bernal Osborne iti Tipperary 1036 ¦ The Public Health 1039 Babel 1014 „„.«.-.«-.. Mr. Urquhar-t at Newcastle 1037 Labour Movement in October 1040 COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS- College 1037 The LITERATURE-l lTCO . -
Titles, Seals and Coats of Arms As Symbols of Power and Importance of Lithuanian Dukes Before the Union of Lublin
ZAPISKI HISTORYCZNE — TOM LXXXII — ROK 2017 Zeszyt 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.15762/ZH.2017.06 JAKUB ROGULSKI (Jagiellonian University in Kraków) Titles, Seals and Coats of Arms as Symbols of Power and Importance of Lithuanian Dukes Before the Union of Lublin Keywords: middle ages, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, parallel branches of a ruling house, dukes, demonstration of power, titulature, sigillography, heraldry Introduction The symbols1 of power and importance of Lithuanian dukes before the Union of Lublin have not become a separate subject of historians’ studies so far. In the historiography the largest attention has been drawn to the demon stration of power of the grand dukes of Lithuania, especially from the Jagiel lonian dynasty.2 Meanwhile, the signs which served to display the power or significance of other Lithuanian dukes have been raised incidentally and se lectively. The reason could be that in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania there 1 A symbol is understood in a way proposed by Charles S. Peirce, i.e. a material object which stands for or suggests something else (another object, idea, meaning, belief, action etc.) only on the basis of social convention, in contrast to the iconic sign based on similarity, and the indexical sign based on material contact: Charles Sanders Peirce, The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, Bloomington (Indiana) 1998, p. 9. As this kind of sign will be the main subject of the following analysis, the word “symbol” will be further used interchangeably with the word “sign.” 2 See: Ryszard Kiersnowski, Godła Jagiellońskie, Wiadomości Numizmatyczne, vol. 2: 1988, pp. -
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Beginning of the 15Th
THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 15 TH CENTURY A er the death of Grand Duke Algirdas (1345–1377), his son Jogaila became the leader. In order to divert all a ention to the East, Jogaila signed a secret agreement with the Order, known as the Treaty of Dovydiškės, according to which the Order was free to a ack the lands belonging to Algirdas’ brother Kęstutis and his son, Vytautas. e Order informed Kęstutis of this agreement and in so doing initiated a civil war in Lithuania. At + rst, Kęstutis removed Jogaila from his seat of power, however, in 1382, Jogaila conquered Vilnius and imprisoned Kęstutis and Vytautas. Kęstutis was held prisoner in Krėva Castle, and was strangled by Jogaila’s servants. Vytautas managed to escape and sought protection with the Crusaders. Vytautas and Jogaila made peace in 1384, yet Jogaila once again failed to keep his promise to return Vytautas his fatherland, the Duchy of Trakai. In 1390–1392 Vytautas again appealed to the Order for assistance to go to war against Jogaila. Jogaila, who by now spent most of his time in Poland, could see that his appointed vicegerent, his brother Skirgaila, was unable to manage the internal opposition and so, once again made peace with Vytautas in 1392. at same year Vytautas became the actual leader of Lithuania, and o6 cially assumed this position in 1401. Wishing to reinforce Lithuania’s supremacy in the East – in the Ruzen and Tatars’ lands, Vytautas and the Order agreed on the Treaty of Salynas. According to this agreement, Vytautas relinquished Samogitia as far as Nevėžis and Kaunas as far as Rumšiškės to the Order. -
Number 120 the Western Borderlands of The
NUMBER 120 THE WESTERN BORDERLANDS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1710-1870 Edward Thaden Colloquium Paper presented June 30, 1980, at Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies The Wilson Center THE WESTERN BORDERLANDS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1710-1870 I The Podolian cycle of Wlodzimierz Odojewski chronicles the futile efforts of two young noblemen in the extreme southeastern corner of interwar Poland to fight during 1943-44 for what they thought was the Polish cause. A P~lish trilogy on this theme, published in 1962, 1964, and 1973, reminds us of the fascination the borderlands, or kresy, have had for Poles and of the domination they and other non-native elites and rulers once exercised over a vast region stretching from the Gulf of Bothnia in the north to the Dniester River in the south and from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Dnieper in the east. Great Russians, Poles, Germans, and Swedes competed for the control of this area since the thirteenth century. In it the major religions of Europe--Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism--clashed. Its indigenous population consisted of Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Belorussian, Polish, and Ukrainian peasants, who were generally serfs or at least economically dependent on landowners alien to them in language and culture. Only in certain areas of Finland and P·oland did the peasants speak the language of the local nobility. Between 1710 and 1815 the Russian Empire annexed western borderlands that, in 1815, accounted for about one-fifth of the land area of European Russia exclusive of the Caucasus. From the very beginning Russian rulers and their officials wanted to bring this area closer to the rest of the empire, and under Catherine II and, again, under Nicholas I a concerted effort was made to introduce Russian laws, institutions, and language. -
International Reports 2/2020
KONRAD-ADENAUER-STIFTUNG 2|2020 INTERNATIONAL REPORTS Nationalism Nationalism Between Identity Formation, Marginalisation, and INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 2|2020 REPORTS INTERNATIONAL Isolation INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 2 | 2020 Editorial Dear Readers, “It is very important to us that together we find a strong response to the coronavirus. It knows no borders, it knows no nationalities.” These are the words of Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, with regard to the coronavirus crisis. The outbreak of COVID-19 and the subsequent sustained pandemic have created a new level of global emergency in early 2020. This includes the closure of borders and introduction of border controls within the European Union. Narratives of threat and crisis can play into the hands of populists, as has been the case during the coronavirus pandemic. Political actors, who assert that belonging to a nation or state is based on descent, seek to exploit such situations to rationalise their policies of exclusion and isolationism. Of course, nationalism can also come in other guises. The idea of national unity within a society can, in principle, serve as a cohesive element that creates identity in a positive sense. However, particularly for democracies, nationalists and populists who exaggerate the idea of national unity pose a real challenge. They follow a familiar pattern by looking for scapegoats and spouting supposedly simple solutions. Over recent years, many parts of Europe have also seen the rise of right-wing, populist, and Eurosceptic parties. These parties have their differences, particularly as regards their stance towards the EU, but they have been gradually gaining seats in national parliaments and the Euro- pean Parliament. -
Proquest Dissertations
LITERATURE, MODERNITY, NATION THE CASE OF ROMANIA, 1829-1890 Alexander Drace-Francis School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD June, 2001 ProQuest Number: U642911 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642911 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is the development of a literary culture among the Romanians in the period 1829-1890; the effect of this development on the Romanians’ drive towards social modernization and political independence; and the way in which the idea of literature (as both concept and concrete manifestation) and the idea of the Romanian nation shaped each other. I concentrate on developments in the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (which united in 1859, later to form the old Kingdom of Romania). I begin with an outline of general social and political change in the Principalities in the period to 1829, followed by an analysis of the image of the Romanians in European public opinion, with particular reference to the state of cultural institutions (literacy, literary activity, education, publishing, individual groups) and their evaluation for political purposes. -
TĒZES ABSTRACTS of the 62Nd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE of DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITY
DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITĀTE DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITY DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITĀTES 62. STARPTAUTISKĀS ZINĀTNISKĀS KONFERENCES TĒZES ABSTRACTS OF THE 62nd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITY DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITĀTES AKADĒMISKAIS APGĀDS „SAULE” 2020 1 Daugavpils Universitātes 62. starptautiskās zinātniskās konferences Programmas komiteja Dr. psych., prof. Irēna Kokina (Daugavpils Universitātes rektore, Latvija) - Programmas komitejas priekšsēdētāja Dr. biol., prof. Arvīds Barševskis (Daugavpils Universitātes zinātņu prorektors, Latvija) - Programmas komitejas priekšsēdētājas vietnieks Dr. habil. art., prof. Romualdas Apanavičius (Vītauta Dižā universitāte, Lietuva) Dr. habil., prof. nadzw. Jakubs Bartoševskis (Koninas Lietišķo zinātņu Valsts universitāte, Polija) Dr. philol., prof. Maija Burima (Daugavpils Universitāte, Latvija) PhD, prof. Yesudas Choondassery (Bērklijas koledža, ASV) Dr. art., prof. Ēvalds Daugulis (Daugavpils Universitāte, Latvija) Dr. paed., prof. Jeļena Davidova (Daugavpils Universitāte, Latvija) Dr. habil. philol., prof. Ina Druviete (Latvijas Universitāte, Latvija) PhD, prof. Ulla Harkonena (Joensū Universitāte, Somija) Dr. habil. philol., prof. Zaiga Ikere (Daugavpils Universitāte, Latvija) PhD, prof. Dzintra Iliško (Daugavpils Universitāte, Latvija) Dr. hist., prof. Aleksandrs Ivanovs (Daugavpils Universitāte, Latvija) Dr. hum., prof. Genovaite Kačiuškiene (Šauļu Universitāte, Lietuva) Dr. habil. art., prof. Ludmila Kazanceva (Astrahaņas konservatorijas un Volgogradas Mākslas un kultūras institūts, -
Anstett, Baron Ivan Osipovich
. e appendix is limited to the diplomats mentioned in this book. Sources: Ocherki istorii Ministerstva inostrannykh del Rossii. –. Volume : Biograi ministrov in- ostrannykh del. – (Moscow: Olma-Press, ); Diplomaticheskii slovar’, vols. (Moscow: Nauka, –); Ministerstvo inostrannykh del SSSR, Vneshniaia politika Rossii XIX i nachala XX veka. Dokumenty Rossiiskogo ministerstva inostrannykh del, volumes – (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, Izda- tel’stvo “Nauka,” –); Russkii biogracheskii slovar’, vols. (Saint Petersburg: I. N. Skorokhodov, –). Alopeus, Count David Maksimovich (–) e son of a diplomat from the nobility of Finland, Alopeus was born in Berlin and educated in the Stuttgart Military School. In Alopeus began service in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Aairs as a secretary in the Stockholm mission. In he became chargé d’aaires (poverennyi v delakh) in the mission and in envoy extraordinaire (chrezvychainyi poslannik) and minister plenipotentiary (polnomochnyi ministr) at the Swedish court. Alopeus’s diplomatic service was interrupted by the Russian occupation of Finland in and by the subsequent replacement of the Swedish king with a regency in . Alopeus participated in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of September by which Sweden ceded Finland to Russia and joined the Continental System. An appointment as envoy in Naples never materialized, and in Alopeus became envoy (poslannik) in Württemberg. From he served as envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary to the king of Prussia, an assignment delayed by the military campaigns of –. Aer Napoleon’s second defeat Alopeus became envoy in Berlin where he served from until his death in . In Alexander I made Alopeus a count of the Polish Kingdom, and in February the diplomat concluded a trade agreement with Prussia, following years of discussion about trade and borders between Prussia and Poland. -
The Reconstruction of Nations
The Reconstruction of Nations The Reconstruction of Nations Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 Timothy Snyder Yale University Press New Haven & London Published with the assistance of the Frederick W. Hilles Fund of Yale University. Copyright © by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections and of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Snyder, Timothy. The reconstruction of nations : Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, ‒ / Timothy Snyder. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN --- (alk. paper) . Europe, Eastern—History—th century. I. Title. DJK. .S .—dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. For Marianna Brown Snyder and Guy Estel Snyder and in memory of Lucile Fisher Hadley and Herbert Miller Hadley Contents Names and Sources, ix Gazetteer, xi Maps, xiii Introduction, Part I The Contested Lithuanian-Belarusian Fatherland 1 The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (–), 2 Lithuania! My Fatherland! (–), 3 The First World War and the Wilno Question (–), 4 The Second World War and the Vilnius Question (–), 5 Epilogue: