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e appendix is limited to the diplomats mentioned in this book. Sources: Ocherki istorii Ministerstva inostrannykh del Rossii. –. Volume : Biograi ministrov in- ostrannykh del. – (Moscow: Olma-Press,  ); Diplomaticheskii slovar’,  vols. (Moscow: Nauka, –); Ministerstvo inostrannykh del SSSR, Vneshniaia politika Rossii XIX i nachala XX veka. Dokumenty Rossiiskogo ministerstva inostrannykh del, volumes – (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, Izda- tel’stvo “Nauka,” –); Russkii biogracheskii slovar’,  vols. (: I. N. Skorokhodov, –).

Alopeus, David Maksimovich (–) e son of a diplomat from the nobility of Finland, Alopeus was born in and educated in the Stuttgart Military School. In  Alopeus began service in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Aairs as a secretary in the Stockholm mission. In  he became chargé d’aaires (poverennyi v delakh) in the mission and in  envoy extraordinaire (chrezvychainyi poslannik) and minister plenipotentiary (polnomochnyi ministr) at the Swedish court. Alopeus’s diplomatic service was interrupted by the Russian occupation of Finland in  and by the subsequent replacement of the Swedish king with a regency in . Alopeus participated in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of  September  by which ceded Finland to and joined the Continental System. An appointment as envoy in Naples never materialized, and in  Alopeus became envoy (poslannik) in Württemberg. From  he served as envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary to the king of Prussia, an assignment delayed by the military campaigns of –. Aer ’s second defeat Alopeus became envoy in Berlin where he served from  until his death in . In   Alexander I made Alopeus a count of the Polish Kingdom, and in February   the diplomat concluded a trade agreement with Prussia, following years of discussion about trade and borders between Prussia and Poland.

Anstett, Ivan Osipovich (–) Anstett entered Russian service from French service in , served in the cavalry with the rank of lieutenant (poruchik), and saw action in the war against Sweden (–). In April  he was appointed to the College of Foreign Aairs with the rank of collegial

   Appendix. Biographies of Diplomats assessor. In  he participated in the negotiations that brought Prussia into the coali- tion against . During the Polish campaign, he served in the suite of the Prussian king and then participated in the negotiations leading to the third partition of Poland. In  Anstett served as councilor (sovetnik) in the Vienna Embassy and in – as chargé d’aaires. In – Anstett performed diplomatic duties arising from relations with , dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine, organization of the coalition against France, and the supply of allied armies. Anstett served in the suite of Alexander I in Paris and in  became envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary in Frankfurt- on-Main, attached to the Diet of the German Confederation. From  / , Anstett served simultaneously in Stuttgart and from   also in Hessen-Kassel.

Benkendor, Major-General Konstantin Khristoforovich (– ) At age thirteen, Benkendor became a junker in the College of Foreign Aairs, and from  he served at embassies in Berlin and other German cities, followed by service as secretary in Naples. In  he returned to Russia and entered military service. In  illness temporarily ended Benkendor’s military career, and in  –  he served as envoy extraordinaire at the courts of Württemberg and Baden. Benkendor returned to active military service in the war with Persia ( – ); he died in the Russian-Ottoman War that began in  .

Bulgari, Count Mark Nikolaevich (– ) From  Bulgari served as a civil servant (chinovnik) and from  as chargé d’aaires at the mission in Madrid.

Czartoryski, Adam Ezhi (–) Of Polish princely origins, Czartoryski entered Russian service in  and by  had been appointed envoy to the . From  he served as assistant min- ister of foreign aairs and in – as minister of foreign aairs. In  Czartoryski put forward a project to restore the Polish state within the borders of  by means of a dynastic union with Russia. is led in – to service in the provisional government of the Polish Kingdom and to support for incorporating Lithuania, Belarus, and Right- Bank Ukraine into the kingdom. During the rebellion of –, Czartoryski served as minister of foreign aairs in the government established by the diet. Aer Russia suppressed the rebellion, he emigrated to Paris. Appendix. Biographies of Diplomats 

Dolgorukii, Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich (end c. –) e grandson of Princess Natali’a Borisovna, Dolgorukii served in the Moscow pro- vincial administration from . Aer entering diplomatic service, he served as secre- tary at the Russian missions in Constantinople, Rome, Madrid, London, e Hague, and Naples. In e Hague and Naples, Dolgorukii also served as chargé d’aaires. In – Dolgorukii was minister plenipotentiary at the court of Persia and from  a member of the Senate.

Golovkin (Golowkin), Count Iurii Aleksandrovich (–) In – Golovkin headed an embassy (posol’stvo) to China that failed to gain entry into Beijing. In – he served as envoy in Stuttgart; in – he performed a special mission in Vienna and then became envoy to Austria.

Italinskii, Andrei Iakovlevich (– ) Born into the lesser (nebogatyi) Ukrainian nobility, Italinskii graduated from the Kiev eological Academy (Kievskaia dukhovnaia akademiia) and went on to study med- icine in Saint Petersburg, Edinburgh, and London. His diplomatic career began in  as secretary at the mission in Naples, where he also served as chargé d’aaires and envoy. In  – and  –, Italinskii was envoy in Constantinople, and in – , envoy in Rome.

Kapodistrias, Count Ioannis Antonovich (–) Born into the Greek aristocracy of Corfu, Kapodistrias studied medicine, political sci- ence, and philosophy at the University of Padua. In  he was appointed state secre- tary for foreign aairs in the Republic of the Seven United Islands, then under Russian protection. By the Treaty of Tilsit (), the republic became a French protectorate and Kapodistrias entered Russian service. In  he became state secretary of foreign aairs and from  co-headed the Ministry of Foreign Aairs with Count Karl Nesselrode. Kapodistrias repeatedly accompanied Alexander I on trips in Russia and abroad, includ- ing the Congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, and Laibach. During the revolutions of  –  Kapodistrias preferred moral action over armed intervention, but he continued to look to Russia to support full independence for Greece, including the possibility of military support independently of the European alliance. In May  Kapodistrias le Russian service on indenite leave, and in July   he retired. In April   the national assembly of Greece meeting in Trizin elected him president, and on  September  he was assassinated.  Appendix. Biographies of Diplomats

Khanykov (Canico), Vasilii Vasil’evich (– ) From  to  , Khanykov served as envoy in Saxony, Dresden, Hanover, Hessen-Kassel, Weimar, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, and Saxony-Weimar.

Kozlovskii, Prince Petr Borisovich (–) In  – Kozlovskii served as envoy to the Kingdom of Sardinia and in –  in Württemberg and Baden. From   he was assigned to the Ministry of Foreign Aairs and from   he was in retirement.

Liven (Lieven), Prince Khristofor (Christoph) Andreeevich (–) Lieven began service in the Ministry of Foreign Aairs in , and in – served as envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary in Berlin. In  Lieven repre- sented Russia as a plenipotentiary at the , and in  – he served as ambassador (posol) in London. From  he served as guardian (popechitel’) to the future Alexander II.

Mochenigo (Mocenigo), Count Georgii Dmitrievich (–) In January , Mochenigo was appointed envoy in Turin, but he travelled only as far as Vienna, where he remained in – . In September  , he was appointed envoy in Naples, arriving there only in June . In – , Mochenigo served as envoy in Naples, from  simultaneously in Turin, and from   simultaneously in Parma, Plaisance, and Guastalla. He retired in  .

Nesselrode, Count Karl (Karl Robert) Vasil’evich (– ) Born in where his father served as Russian envoy, Nesselrode was the son of a Lutheran mother from a rich merchant family and a Catholic father from an old family of German . He himself was baptized in the Anglican Church and completed gymnasium in Berlin. In  Nesselrode’s father enrolled him in Russian naval service from which he retired in . Aer beginning diplomatic service in , Nesselrode worked at the missions in Berlin and Paris. In  – he was attached to the army where he performed diplomatic tasks such as service in the entourage of Alexander I during the campaigns of –. In  Nesselrode became a civil servant (dokladchik) in the Department of Foreign Aairs, and from  August  until  April , he directed the Ministry of Foreign Aairs. Nesselrode participated in the Vienna, Aix-la-Chapelle, Appendix. Biographies of Diplomats 

Troppau, Laibach, and Verona congresses. He retired soon aer the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty of  March  that ended the .

Nikolai (Nicolay), Baron Pavel Andreevich (–) Nikolai’s father was president of the Academy of Sciences and at age eight he was sent to study at Eton. Subsequently, he completed studies at Erlangen University and in  began service in the chancery of the Ministry of Foreign Aairs. Appointed in January  to the Russian mission in London, Nikolai served there as a civil servant (chi- novnik), secretary, chargé d’aaires, and councilor. In  he returned to the Ministry of Foreign Aairs, and from February  worked on the survey of the Russian-Swedish border as a commissar plenipotentiary. In  Nikolai became councilor at the embassy in Stockholm, and from August  he served as councilor and then chargé d’aaires at the embassy in London. From May  until April , Nikolai served as minister plenipotentiary in Copenhagen. In   he became a baron of the Grand Duchy of Fin- land, where he spent his retirement on a family estate.

Novosil’tsev, Nikolai Nikolaevich (–) One of Alexander I’s “young friends” and member of the Unocial Committee, No- vosil’tsev served as vice president of the Supreme Provisional Council for the Admin- istration of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in –, Russian commissar attached to the Governing Council of the Kingdom of Poland in –, and chairman (predsedatel’) of the State Council and Committee of Ministers in  –.

Obreskov (Obresco), Aleksandr Mikhailovich (–) Obreskov began service in  as a junker in the College of Foreign Aairs. He served at the Stuttgart mission from , followed by service in Constantinople from . In  Obreskov became secretary of the mission in Tuscany, which in  merged with the mission in Rome. In – Obreskov served as secretary at the mission in Rome, and in  he was sent to Vienna. In  –  he served as councilor (sovetnik) at the mission in Vienna, an assignment that included service as chargé d’aaires at the Austrian court in September–November  . In   Obreskov served in Meck- lenberg-Schwerin and Anhalt-Zerbst, followed from   by work on Ottoman aairs in Saint Petersburg. In   he became a diplomatic agent attached to troops ghting against Persia, and in  , as second plenipotentiary (upolnomochennyi), he participated in peace negotiations with Persia culminating in the Treaty of Turkmanchai. is led to appointment as envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary in Stuttgart in  –, followed by appointment to the same position in Turin from December   Appendix. Biographies of Diplomats to April . Obreskov ended his service career as a senator in – and lived for many years in retirement.

Palen (Pahlen), Count Fedor Petrovich (–) Palen received a home education and at age fourteen entered service in the Cavalry Guards Regiment. Soon aer, he began to prepare for a diplomatic career in Sweden, Paris, and London. In – Palen served as envoy in Washington, in  – as envoy at the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro, and in – as envoy in Munich. He also served as governor-general of New Russia and helped to negotiate the Peace of Adriano- ple. From  until his death, Palen was a member of the State Council, where he played an active role in preparing the  emancipation of the serfs.

Pini, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (–?) In  – Pini served as general consul in Jassy and in – as general consul in Bucharest. From  he was in retirement.

Poletika, Petr Ivanovich (–) Born in Kiev province, Poletika was the son of a Ukrainian nobleman and a Turkish mother captured in the siege of Ochakov. From age four Poletika attended the Noble Land Cadet Corps and in November  joined the suite of Emperor Paul with the rank of lieutenant. In February  Poletika became a translator in the College of Foreign Aairs, and from  he worked as a chancery ocial under vice chancellor Count V. P. Kochu- bei. In November  Poletika began service in the chancery of the Stockholm mission and in  returned to Saint Petersburg, where he conducted diplomatic correspondence under A. R. Vorontsov. Poletika continued these duties under D. P. Tatishchev in Saint Petersburg and Naples, and then in – under various military commanders in the eld. He returned to Russia in , an assignment followed by service as councilor at the embassy in Finland (from April ), Rio de Janeiro (from June ), and Madrid (from February  ). In  Poletika returned to the work of diplomatic correspondence under Field Marshal Barclay de Tolly. From January  he served as councilor at the embassy in London and from November  as envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary in Philadelphia. In  he returned to Saint Petersburg, and in  –  he participated in trade negotiations with the and Britain. From  , as privy councilor and senator, Poletika carried out a range of diplomatic and administrative assignments, retiring in  . Appendix. Biographies of Diplomats 

Pozzo di Borgo, Count Karl (Charles André) Osipovich (– ) In – Pozzo di Borgo served as Corsican representative to the French Constituent Assembly, and in  he (and other royalists) emigrated from France. In  Pozzo di Borgo entered Russian service and performed diplomatic tasks in Vienna, Naples, and Constantinople. Aer the Peace of Tilsit, he retired and le Russia. In  Pozzo di Borgo returned to Russian service, and in  became minister plenipotentiary and then from   ambassador in Paris. Pozzo di Borgo also served as a Russian plenipoten- tiary at the Congresses of Vienna, Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, Laibach, and Verona. In – he served as Russia’s ambassador in Britain, retiring in .

Razumovskii, Prince Andrei Kirillovich ( –) In  Razumovskii began diplomatic service as envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary in Venice, followed in – by service in Naples. From  he served in Denmark and from  in Sweden. Recalled to Russia in , Razumovskii became ambassador to Austria in . In  Razumovskii retired but continued to undertake diplomatic missions for Alexander I. For example, Razumovskii participated in the , and as Russia’s rst plenipotentiary, he signed the Paris peace treaties of  and .

Stackelberg (Shtakel’berg), Count Gustav Ottonovich (–) In – (with an interruption in  –), Stackelberg served as envoy in Vienna. In –  and  –, he served as envoy in Naples, retiring in .

Stroganov, Baron Grigorii Aleksandrovich (–) A count from  , Stroganov was born into an aristocratic Orthodox family of enno- bled merchants from the Urals. He received a liberal education at home and on tour in Europe (). Stroganov began diplomatic service in November , and from April  until February , he served as minister plenipotentiary in Spain. In September  he was appointed envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary in Sweden, and from  he held the same position in the Ottoman Empire. He remained in Constan- tinople until the break in diplomatic relations in July  . In October   Stroganov became a member of the State Council.  Appendix. Biographies of Diplomats

Struve, Genrikh Antonovich (–) From  Struve served as chargé d’aaires in Hamburg and from   as resident min- ister in Hamburg. From   he simultaneously served as resident minister in Lübeck and Bremen; from  , as resident minister in Oldenburg; and from , as envoy in Oldenburg.

Sturdza (Stourdza), Aleksandr Skarlatovich (–) Known for his romantic nationalist and proto-Slavophile ideas, Sturdza served as a civil servant (chinovnik) in the Ministry of Foreign Aairs from . He participated in the Congresses of Vienna and Aix-la-Chapelle and in  became a civil servant in the Min- istry of Spiritual Aairs and Popular Enlightenment. He retired from service in .

Tatishchev, Dmitrii Pavlovich (–) Tatishchev began service in  in the Preobrazhenskii Guards Regiment. In June  he transferred to civil service in the College of Foreign Aairs. In  – and –, Tatishchev served as minister plenipotentiary in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; in – he helped to negotiate and then signed the anti-French coalition agreement be- tween Russia and Austria ( ird Coalition). From September  Tatishchev served as a senator, and in  he was appointed envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipoten- tiary in Spain, arriving in Madrid in . From  until   (de facto ) he served as envoy in Madrid. From July   he served as envoy extraordinaire and minister pleni- potentiary in the Netherlands, including envoy in e Hague in  – . In February and May  Tatishchev undertook special missions in Vienna; he participated in the Congress of Verona ( ) as Russia’s third plenipotentiary; and from August   he returned to special mission at the court of Austria. From August   until September , he served as ambassador extraordinaire and plenipotentiary in Austria.