DOCSLIB.ORG

XALQARO MUNOSABATLAR VA DIPLOMATIYA TARIXI (Uslubiy Qo’Llanma)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
XALQARO MUNOSABATLAR VA DIPLOMATIYA TARIXI (Uslubiy Qo’Llanma) O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA`LIM VAZIRLIGI NAMANGAN DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI XALQARO MUNOSABATLAR VA DIPLOMATIYA TARIXI (uslubiy qo’llanma) NAMANGAN – 2019 Xalqaro munosabatlar va diplomatiya tarixi. O’quv qo’llanma. Madrahimov Zohid Sharofovich., Kenjayev Erkinjon Habibullayevich., Norqo’ziyev Dadaxon Raxmonjonovich Ushbu uslubiy qo`llanma O’zbekiston Respublikasining “Ta’lim to’g`risida”gi Qonuni, “Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi”, O`zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining 2001- yil 16- avgust va 2015- yil 10- yanvardagi “Oliy ta`limning Davlat ta`lim standartlarini tasdiqlash to`g`risida”gi Qarori, O`zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017- yil 20-apreldagi “Oliy ta`lim tizimini rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to`g`risida”gi PQ-2909- sonli, 2018- yil 5- iyundagi “Oliy ta`lim muassasalarida ta`lim sifatini oshirish va ularning mamlakatda amalga oshirilayotgan keng qamrovli islohotlarda faol ishtirokini ta`minlash bo`yicha qo`shimcha chora-tadbirlar to`g`risida”gi PQ-3775- sonli va boshqa me`yoriy hujjatlar asosida ishlab chiqilgan. Mazkur uslubiy qo’llanma ma`lumotlaridan 5120300 – Tarix (mamlakatlar va mintaqalar bo’yicha) bakalavriat ta`lim yo`nalishi talabalari uchun o`tiladigan “Xalqaro munosabatlar va diplomatiya tarixi” fani bo`yicha dars mashg`ulotlarida foydalanish mumkin. Mazkur uslubiy qo’llanmada Jahon tarixining eng qadimgi davrlaridan to bugungi kunga qadar bo’lgan davriy chegara oralig’ida mavjud bo’lgan davlatlar o’rtasidagi siyosiy aloqalar va diplomatik munosabatlar tarixi yoritiladi. Mas`ul muharrir: Erqo’ziyev Anvarjon Ashurovich, tarix fanlari nomzodi, dotsent Taqrizchilar: Agzamova Gulchehra Azizovna, tarix fanlari doktori, professor Xalmuratov Bahtiyor Rejavaliyevich, tarix fanlari bo’yicha falsafa doktori (PhD) 2 KIRISH “Xalqaro munosabatlar va diplomatiya tarixi” fani Jahon tarixining eng qadimgi davrlaridan to bugungi kunga qadar bo’lgan davriy chegara oralig’ida mavjud bo’lgan davlatlar o’rtasidagi siyosiy, iqtisodiy, madaniy aloqalar tarixini o’rganadi. Turli davrlarda mavjud bo’lgan davlatlar o’rtasidagi diplomatik munosabatlar va elchilik aloqalari tarixini yoritish kursning asosiy maqsadi hisoblanadi. Ma’lumki, iqtisodiy asosi qulchilik munosabatlarini o’z ichiga olgan qadimgi dunyoda diplomatiya davlatlarning tashqi siyosatga doir masalalarini hal etuvchi muhim omilga aylangan. Quldorlik tuzumi taraqqiyotdan to’xtab qolmagan. U bosqichma-bosqich bir nechta jarayonlarni boshdan kechirgan. Urug’-qabilaviy munosabatlardan butkul qutilib ulgurmagan ilk quldorlik jamiyatlari Qadimgi Misr, Ossuriya, Xett podsholigi, Qadimgi Xitoy, Qadimgi Hindiston kabi davlatlarning shakllanishiga muhim turtki berdi. Ushbu diniy- harbiy boshqaruvga asoslangan davlatlarning tashqi siyosati asosan bosqinchilik xarakteriga ega edi. Yangi yerlarni bosib olish, qullar va chorva mollarini qo’lga kiritish, boyliklarni talash maqsadida tez-tez urushlar sodir bo’lar edi. Bunday urushlar xalqaro masalalarni hal etishning yagona yo’li hisoblangan. Quldorlik tuzumining asta-sekin mustahkamlanib borishi bilan davlatlar o’rtasida diplomatik munosabatlarga ehtiyoj sezilgan. Qadimgi Sharqning yirik hukmdorlari ba’zi o’zaro masalalarni diplomatik yo’l bilan hal etishga alohida e’tibor qarata boshlaganlar. Nikoh diplomatiyasi xalqaro munosabatlarda o’z o’rniga ega bo’lib bordi. Lekin bosqinchilik urushlari Qadimgi Sharq dunyosida xalqaro masalalarga yechim topishda asosiy vosita bo’lib qolavergan. Tovar-pul munosabatlariga asoslanuvchi rivojlangan quldorlik jamiyatlari – Qadimgi Yunoniston va Rimda xalqaro munosabatlar hamda diplomatiya yangi bosqichga qadam qo’ygan. O’z yerlarini kengaytirish, qullarni qo’lga kiritish, bozorlarga egalik qilish maqsadida tashqi siyosat olib boruvchi ushbu davlatlar o’z maqsadlariga erishishi yo’lida ittifoqlar tuzganlar, turli siyosiy diplomatik o’yinlarni amalga oshirganlar. Bunday diplomatik jarayonlar ayniqsa, Yunon– 3 Eron, Rim–Karfagen munosabatlarida yaqqol namoyon bo’lganligini ko’rish mumkin. Yunon–Rim jamiyatida zamonaviy elchilikning dastlabki kurtaklari shakllangan, diplomatik munosabatlarni tartibga soluvchi alohida davlat tashkilotlari vujudga kelgan, professional diplomatlar yetishib chiqqan, diplomatiga oid bilimlar takomillashib borgan. Elchilarning daxlsizligini ta’minlashga qaratilgan, ularning huquq va majburiyatlarini ifodalovchi dastlabki qonun hujjatlari yaratilgan. Yunon-Eron, Peleponess, Puni urushlari davomida nafaqat harbiy kuch-qudrat, shuningdek, diplomatiya ham urushlar taqdirini hal qiluvchi muhim kuchga aylanganligi yaqqol ko’zga tashlandi. Ayniqsa, Rim diplomatiyasiga oid bilim va tajribalar asosida o’rta asrlar so’ngida zamonaviy diplomatiya shakllangan. Xalqaro munosabatlarni tartibga soluvchi yangi me’yorlar, tamoyillar, qonun hujjatlari ishlab chiqilgan. “Bo’lib tashla va hukmronlik qil” deb nomlangan Rim tamoyili keyingi davrlarda ham eskirmagan holda dunyoga hukmronlikni da’vo qiluvchi yirik davlatlarning asosiy tamoyiliga aylangan. Yangi va eng yangi davrga kelib xalqaro munosabatlarni amalga oshirishda diplomatiya yagona yechim sifatida tan olinadigan bo’ldi. Birinchi va ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida, “sovuq urush” munosabatlari avj olgan yillarda va yadro urushi xavfi susaymagan bugungi kunda ham diplomatiyaga bo’lgan ehtiyoj o’zining eng yuqori cho’qqisiga chiqdi. Insoniyat jamiyatining saqlanib qolishi va kelgusida ham mavjud bo’lishi xalqaro munosabatlardagi muammo va kelishmovchiliklarni faqat va faqat diplomatiya yo’li bilan hal etishga bog’liq bo’lib qolganligi bugun hech kimga sir bo’lmay qoldi. Hozirgi kunda jahon siyosatida ro’y berayotgan keng qamrovli va murakkab jarayonlarni to’liq anglab etish uchun xalqaro munosabatlar va diplomatiya tarixiga oid bilimlarga ega bo’lish zarur. Shu nuqtai nazardan, taqdim etilayotgan o’quv- uslubiy qo’llanma qadimgi davrdan to hozirgi kungacha xalqaro munosabatlar va diplomatiyaga oid tarixiy jarayonlarni tahlil etishga yordam beradi. Mualliflar 4 QADIMGI SHARQDA XALQARO MUNOSABATLAR VA DIPLOMATIYA REJA: 1. Qadimgi Mesopotamiya diplomatiyasi. 2. Qadimgi Misr diplomatiyasi. 3. Qadimgi Xett diplomatiyasi. 4. Qadimgi Ossuriya diplomatiyasi. 5. Qadimgi Hindiston diplomatiyasi. 6. Qadimgi Xitoy diplomatiyasi. Tayanch so’z va iboralar: Diplomatiya. Lugal. Lagash. Gir’avn maktublar uyi. Nikoh diplomatiyasi. Garovga olish diplomatiyasi. Xazianu. Kontragent shartnoma. Aso odami. Ashshurbanipal kutubxonasi. Al-Amarna arxivi. Abarakku. Rabshakku. Marshipri. Mandala. Artxashastra. Duta. Yuyshi. Qadimgi Mesopotamiya. Diplomatiya qadimgi davrdagi xalqaro munosabatlarda davlatlarning siyosiy hamda qulchilikka asoslangan iqtisodiy manfaatlarini himoya qilishga qaratilgan. Aynan qulchilik munosabatlari qadimgi Misr, Akkad, Bobil, Ossuriya diplomatiyasi, Xett, Hindiston va Xitoy kabi davlatlarning vujudga kelishi hamda gullab-yashnashida muhim rol o’ynagan. Miloddan avvalgi IV–III ming yilliklarda diniy, harbiy xarakterga ega bo’lgan kuchli davlatlar o’z iqtisodiyotini mustahkamlash maqsadida qo’shni davlatlarga bostirib kirganlar hamda ularning boyliklarini talaganlar, aholisni esa qulga aylantirgan. Xalqaro masalalar faqatgina urush bilan hal qilingan. Miloddan avvalgi II ming yilliklarga kelib qadimgi Sharq mamlakatlari o’rtasidagi xalqaro munosabatlarda diplomatiyaning o’rni kuchayib borgan. Miloddan avvalgi III–II ming yilliklarda Mesopotamiyada yigirmaga yaqin “en”lar, ya’ni, shahar-davlatlar mavjud bo’lib, Mesopotamiyada gegemonlikka da’vogarlik qiluvchi dastavval “Kish podshosi” unvoniga ega bo’lishi kerak 5 bo’lgan. “Kish lugali” unvoni podsho-gegemonning an’anaviy unvoni bo’lib qolgan. Mesopotamiyaning tashqi aloqalari asosan, Sharq tomonga qaratilgan edi. Miloddan avvalgi IV ming yillikda Mesopotamiya Eronning yassi tog’lik hududlari bilan jadal savdo aloqalariga ega bo’lgan. Miloddan avvalgi III ming yillikda Mesopotamiyaga keltirilgan mahsulotlarning aksariyat qismi aynan savdo karvonlari orqali ta’minlangan. Bu esa savdo karvonlarining yorkin qatnovini ta’minlovchi o’zaro kafolatlarni vujudga keltirishni talab qilgan. Kish hukmdori Menbaragessi (mil. avv. 2600-y.) ishtrokidagi bizga ma’lum bo’lgan harbiy to’qnashuvlardan eng qadimgisi Elam bilan bog’liq edi. Elam keyingi asrlar davomida eng xavfli dushmanga aylanib, Mesopotamiya davlatlari aynan shu paytda to’xtovsiz harbiy to’qnashuvlar davriga kirib borgan. Kish hukmdorlaridan tashqari Ur, Uruk, Lagash hukmdorlari ham o’zlarini “Kish podshosi” deb nomlay boshlaganlar. Akkad sulolalariga tegishli bo’lgan shohlar ham keyinchalik ushbu unvonni o’zlarining unvonlari qatoriga kiritganlar. Butun Mesopotamiya hududlarini o’z ichida qamrab olgan davlatni birinchi bor Akkad podshosi Sargon I (mil. avv. 2316–2261) Shumerni va Mesopotamiyani katta barpo etgan. Akkad deb nomlangan bu davlat o’zining tuzilishi jihatidan ham konfederatsiya, ham markazlashgan davlatni eslatgan. Yaqin Sharqda Misr va Elamning asosiy raqobatchisiga aylangan Akkad davlati uchun harbiy yurishlar an’anaviy tus olgan. O’zini “to’rt iqlim podshosi” deb e’lon qilgan Naramsin (tah. mil. avv. 2237–2200) va elamliklar hukmdori Xita (mil. avv. XXIII asr) o’rtasidagi birinchi xalqaro shartnoma hozirgi kungacha saqlanib qolgan. Shartnomaga ko’ra mag’lub tomon hisoblanuvchi Elam podshosi katta tovon to’lashdan tashqari Akkadga nisbatan samimiy va do’stona munosabatda bo’lish, uning dushmanlariga qarshi harakatlarda harbiy yordam ko’rsatish, dushmanlik kayfiyatidagi qochoqlarni tutib berish, Naramsinga dushmanlik qilganlarga panoh berishdan voz kechish kabi majburiyatlarni o’z zimmasiga
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 9781501756030 Revised Cover 3.30.21.Pdf
    , , Edited by Christine D. Worobec For a list of books in the series, visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. From Victory to Peace Russian Diplomacy aer Napoleon • Elise Kimerling Wirtschaer Copyright © by Cornell University e text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives . International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/./. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, East State Street, Ithaca, New York . Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. First published by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wirtschaer, Elise Kimerling, author. Title: From victory to peace: Russian diplomacy aer Napoleon / by Elise Kimerling Wirtschaer. Description: Ithaca [New York]: Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, . | Series: NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identiers: LCCN (print) | LCCN (ebook) | ISBN (paperback) | ISBN (pdf) | ISBN (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Russia—Foreign relations—–. | Russia—History— Alexander I, –. | Europe—Foreign relations—–. | Russia—Foreign relations—Europe. | Europe—Foreign relations—Russia. Classication: LCC DK.W (print) | LCC DK (ebook) | DDC ./—dc LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ Cover image adapted by Valerie Wirtschaer. is book is published as part of the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. With the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Pilot uses cutting-edge publishing technology to produce open access digital editions of high-quality, peer-reviewed monographs from leading university presses.
    [Show full text]
  • History with an Attitude: Alaska in Modern Russian Patriotic Rhetoric
    Andrei A. Znamenski, Memphis/USA History with an Attitude: Alaska in Modern Russian Patriotic Rhetoric Guys, stop your speculations and read books. One of my re­ cent discoveries is Kremlev. Here is a real history of Russia. One reads his books and wants to beat a head against a wall from the realization of how much we lost due to corruption, treason and the stupidity of our rulers – tsars, general secret­ aries and presidents. What wonderful opportunities we had in the past and how much we have lost!1 A nationalist blogger about the ultra-patriotic popular his­ tory “Russian America: Discovered and Sold” (2005) by Sergei Kremlev In Russian-American relations, Alaska is doomed to remain a literary-political metaphor – some sort of a stylistic figure of speech whose original meaning faded away being re­ placed with an imagined one.2 Writer Vladimir Rokot (2007) On the afternoon of October 18, 1867, a Siberian Line Battalion and a detachment of the US Ninth Infantry faced each other on a central plaza of New Archangel (Figure 1), the capital of Russian America, prepared for the official ceremony of lowering the Russian flag and of raising the Stars and Stripes. This act was to finalize the transfer of Alaska (Figure 2) from Russia to the United States, which bought the territory for $ 7.2 million. At 4 PM, Captain Aleksei Peshchurov gave orders to lower the Russian flag. After this, Brigadier General Lovell Rousseau, a representative of the US Government, ordered the American flag to be raised. Salutes were fired. This ceremony ended a brief seventy-year presence of the Russian Empire in northwestern North America.3 Driven by short-term strategic goals, Russian emperor Alexander II decided to get rid of his overseas posses­ sion, which represented 6 per cent of the Russian Empire territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia's Imperial Encounter with Armenians, 1801-1894
    CLAIMING THE CAUCASUS: RUSSIA’S IMPERIAL ENCOUNTER WITH ARMENIANS, 1801-1894 Stephen B. Riegg A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Louise McReynolds Donald J. Raleigh Chad Bryant Cemil Aydin Eren Tasar © 2016 Stephen B. Riegg ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Stephen B. Riegg: Claiming the Caucasus: Russia’s Imperial Encounter with Armenians, 1801-1894 (Under the direction of Louise McReynolds) My dissertation questions the relationship between the Russian empire and the Armenian diaspora that populated Russia’s territorial fringes and navigated the tsarist state’s metropolitan centers. I argue that Russia harnessed the stateless and dispersed Armenian diaspora to build its empire in the Caucasus and beyond. Russia relied on the stature of the two most influential institutions of that diaspora, the merchantry and the clergy, to project diplomatic power from Constantinople to Copenhagen; to benefit economically from the transimperial trade networks of Armenian merchants in Russia, Persia, and Turkey; and to draw political advantage from the Armenian Church’s extensive authority within that nation. Moving away from traditional dichotomies of power and resistance, this dissertation examines how Russia relied on foreign-subject Armenian peasants and elites to colonize the South Caucasus, thereby rendering Armenians both agents and recipients of European imperialism. Religion represented a defining link in the Russo-Armenian encounter and therefore shapes the narrative of my project. Driven by a shared ecumenical identity as adherents of Orthodox Christianity, Armenians embraced Russian patronage in the early nineteenth century to escape social and political marginalization in the Persian and Ottoman empires.
    [Show full text]
  • Anstett, Baron Ivan Osipovich
    . e appendix is limited to the diplomats mentioned in this book. Sources: Ocherki istorii Ministerstva inostrannykh del Rossii. –. Volume : Biograi ministrov in- ostrannykh del. – (Moscow: Olma-Press, ); Diplomaticheskii slovar’, vols. (Moscow: Nauka, –); Ministerstvo inostrannykh del SSSR, Vneshniaia politika Rossii XIX i nachala XX veka. Dokumenty Rossiiskogo ministerstva inostrannykh del, volumes – (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, Izda- tel’stvo “Nauka,” –); Russkii biogracheskii slovar’, vols. (Saint Petersburg: I. N. Skorokhodov, –). Alopeus, Count David Maksimovich (–) e son of a diplomat from the nobility of Finland, Alopeus was born in Berlin and educated in the Stuttgart Military School. In Alopeus began service in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Aairs as a secretary in the Stockholm mission. In he became chargé d’aaires (poverennyi v delakh) in the mission and in envoy extraordinaire (chrezvychainyi poslannik) and minister plenipotentiary (polnomochnyi ministr) at the Swedish court. Alopeus’s diplomatic service was interrupted by the Russian occupation of Finland in and by the subsequent replacement of the Swedish king with a regency in . Alopeus participated in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of September by which Sweden ceded Finland to Russia and joined the Continental System. An appointment as envoy in Naples never materialized, and in Alopeus became envoy (poslannik) in Württemberg. From he served as envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary to the king of Prussia, an assignment delayed by the military campaigns of –. Aer Napoleon’s second defeat Alopeus became envoy in Berlin where he served from until his death in . In Alexander I made Alopeus a count of the Polish Kingdom, and in February the diplomat concluded a trade agreement with Prussia, following years of discussion about trade and borders between Prussia and Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Rozwój Idei Umów Społecznych W Koloniach Angielskich W Ameryce Północnej W XVII W
    Czasy Nowożytne • Tom XXI • Rok 2008 Katarzyna Maćkowska (Lublin) Rozwój idei umów społecznych w koloniach angielskich w Ameryce Północnej w XVII w. W teoretycznym aspekcie różnorodność poglądów dotyczących celu i zna- czenia umowy społecznej oscyluje – najogólniej rzecz ujmując – wokół dwóch skrajnych koncepcji. Zgodnie z pierwszą okres przed zawarciem ta- kiego układu zaliczyć należy do złotego wieku ludzkości, w którym jednak jednostka nie potrafi ła poradzić sobie z brakiem rygorów narzucanych wol- ności, w rezultacie czego – stanowiąc zagrożenie dla innych – zaczęła tym samym ściągać niebezpieczeństwo na siebie i dopiero dzięki wejściu w spo- łeczne porozumienie była w stanie uchronić się przed upadkiem. Wedle zaś drugiej ekstremalnej wizji, epoka, kiedy człowiek był swoim panem, od po- czątku charakteryzowała się nieustanną wojną wszystkich ze wszystkimi, na co skuteczne i jedyne antidotum stanowiła właśnie umowa społeczna. W literaturze amerykańskiej często akcentuje się, iż w okresie, gdy w Europie popularyzowano ideę umów społecznych, za oceanem rzeczywi- ście funkcjonowały już wspólnoty zorganizowane na jej kanwie. Źródłem tego porządku była niewątpliwie purytańska teologia umów dostosowują- ca biblijną tradycję do „nowych czasów” i w efekcie umożliwiająca prak- tyczne zakorzenienie się zasady suwerenności ludu. Mogło się tak dziać dzięki odpowiednim warunkom przejawiającymi się w znikomej wówczas jeszcze ingerencji ze strony monarchii angielskiej oraz w niewielkiej liczeb- ności grup przybywających na nowy kontynent. Kiedy natomiast u progu niepodległości sięgano do europejskiej myśli kontraktualnej to zasadniczo w poszukiwaniu uzasadnienia dla zlikwidowania więzi z metropolią, a za- tem zerwania jednego układu i ukształtowania nowej umowy społecznej. 10 Katarzyna Maćkowska Wyraźne bądź dorozumiane odwołanie się do idei umów społecznych dostrzegamy w większości dokumentów ustrojowych pochodzących z okre- su kolonialnego.
    [Show full text]
  • Sprawa Polska Na Kongresie Wiedeńskim
    Czasy Nowożytne • Tom XXI • Rok 2008 Władysław Zajewski (Gdańsk) Sprawa polska na Kongresie Wiedeńskim Ostateczne pokonanie „tyrana korsykańskiego” zwieńczone miało być kon- gresem pokojowym zwołanym przez zwycięskie mocarstwa koalicji anty- napoleońskiej do Wiednia, jesienią 1814 roku. Jednakże już sam termin „kongresu wiedeńskiego” budzi kontrowersje w historiografi i europejskiej. Przyjmuję w tym wypadku defi nicję historyka amerykańskiego Gordona A. Craiga, iż pod terminem kongresu wiedeńskiego należy rozumieć ca- łokształt negocjacji pokojowych, jakie odbyły się w stolicy Austrii przez osiem miesięcy od października 1814 r. Znawca kongresu wiedeńskiego brytyjski historyk sir Harold Nicolson twierdził, że był to jeden z najpracowitszych kongresów pokojowych Euro- py. Komitet Czterech zwycięskich mocarstw (Anglii, Rosji, Austrii i Prus) od stycznia 1815 przekształcił się za zgodą Anglii w Komitet Pięciu mo- carstw (doszła bowiem Francja Ludwika XVIII) i zgromadził się aż 41 razy. Obrady tego właśnie Komitetu Pięciu mocarstw można określić mianem rzeczywistego kongresu wiedeńskiego. Obradujące bowiem szersze ciało tzw. Komitet Ośmiu (tutaj uczestniczyła także Hiszpania, Portugalia Szwe- cja) zebrał się tylko 10 razy i w zasadzie aprobował, to co postanowił już Komitet Pięciu mocarstw. Ministrowie spraw zagranicznych spotykali się najczęściej na deba- tach w rezydencji austriackiego ministra spraw zagranicznych Klemensa Lothara Metternicha (1773–1859). Sprawozdania ministrów podsumowu- jące poufne ustalenia wędrowały po południu do monarchów (z wyjąt- kiem króla angielskiego Jerzego III), którzy czynili odręcznie swoje uwa- gi i spostrzeżenia. Liczby poufnych narad nikt nie ustalił i chyba już nie ustali. 34 Władysław Zajewski Ministrowie Komitetu Ośmiu wyłonili tzw. Commission Generale, która ze swej strony powołała 10 komisji szczegółowych do rozwiązywania konkretnych spraw i problemów związanych z upadkiem imperium napo- leońskiego.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48'L06 USA St
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You willa find good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the mBteriaj being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at thu upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Civilization and Corruption: Europe in the Philosophical History of the French Enlightenment
    Civilization and Corruption: Europe in the Philosophical History of the French Enlightenment Céline Spector Abstract Over some thirty years, much research in the field of postcolonial studies has de- bunked the very idea of a history of Europe as a civilization. With civilization and colonization as two sides of the same coin, it has seemed only right and proper to demystify the concept of which the West claimed paternity. Europe has been called upon to “provincialize” itself, in Dipesh Chakrabarty’s provocative formulation. In tune with a more general critique of the Enlightenment, in which the advance of Reason always threatens to become the reign of domination, this postcolonial critique has had a certain raison d’être, insofar as it was necessary to flatten the shaky edifice of a universalism that was nothing other than Eurocentric. But the assaults of “subaltern studies” have also had the effect of denying the reality that Europe was conceived as a civilization at the very time when the critique of its colonization process was beginning to take shape. In this paper, I will offer a defence of the Enlightenment’s anti-colonialism. Some will consider provocative the underlying thesis that eighteenth-century Europe century did not necessarily commit a “theft of history” by taking away the dignity of historical agents from colonized peoples or those left on the margins of ‘civilized’ spaces. But the truth is that several great philosophers of the French, Scot- tish, and Dutch Enlightenment paved the way for a new theory of world history Chicago_20000361.indd 1 01/10/14 10:25 PM 2 Author Name Goes Here capable of accommodating other civilizations as well as that of Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • NUMBER 71 the United States, Russia, and Russian-America
    ' ' ,· NUMBER 71 The United States, Russia, and Russian-America Howard I. Kushner Concordia University, Montreal Conference on Russian America sponsored by the American Historical Association and the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies The Wilson Center THE UNITED STATES, RUSSIA~ AND RUSSIAN-AMERICA* By Hot.rard I. Kushner Concordia University, Montreal * This paper was prepared for presentation at the CONFERENCE ON RUSSIAN­ AMERICA sponsored by the American Historical Association and the Kennan Institute for Advance Russian Studies tobeheld in Sitka, Alaska, August 21-25, 1979. This paper should not be reproduced without the consent of the author. THE UNITED STATES, RUSSIA, ili~D RUSSIAN-M1ERICA By Howard I. Kushner Since 1970 I have argued that the purchase of Alaska by the United States was the direct result of seventy years of expansionist pressure on the Russian colony by the American Government and special business and commercial concerns. Thus, I suggested, that Russia parted with Russian­ America only reluctantly, for as Edward de Stoeckl, the Russian Minister who negotiated the sale to the United States explained: "It vms a question of our selling them or of our seeing them [the U.S.] seize it." Horeover, if we view American Russian relations in the period 1790 to 1867 from the perspective of the Northwest Coast, rather than the amicable relations 1 alleged by most historians, we uncover a story of conflict and rivalry. My interest and the direction of my research aimed at discovering hmv, or even if, American attitudes and actions toward Russian-America fit into the history of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Congress of Vienna
    STRUCTURE OF THE COMMITTEE Committee Positions THE FOUR GREAT POWERS OF THE protect is multinational identity, and, along SIXTH COALITION with the emperor, developed his support for the idea of a balance of power in Europe. Prince Klemens von Metternich Metternich then shifted his eye to (Austria) Napoleon’s war against Russia in 1812. He Klemens von advocated for the independence of Austrian Metternich was troops under Prince Karl Schwarzenberg a conservative who were fighting alongside the French. Austrian Though he had the chance to switch his Prince Klemens von statesman Metternich allegiance to Russia in January of 1813, instrumental in Metternich proclaimed Austria’s neutrality restoring Austria to importance in the period to the world. This, however, was simply a before and during the Congress of Vienna. diplomatic ploy to avert attention from the Metternich began his involvement in the Austrian military while it rearmed. Despite contentiousness of the European map in the caveat that Austria would re-enter the 1803, when he became the Austrian minister war if Napoleon refused to acknowledge his in Berlin. Though he was unable to form a terms of peace, he negotiated an armistice military alliance against France with between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, Frederick William III as he had hoped, buying his army even more time. When Metternich spent his ambassadorship Metternich finally did declare war on observing Prussia’s inner conflict, leading France, he promised the Southern German him to predict the nation’s downfall well in states that, if they joined the Allies, they advance. would not forfeit the gains they had made with Napoleon.
    [Show full text]
  • Murder, Massacre, and Mayhem on the California Coast, 1814 –1815: Newly Translated Russian American Company Documents Reveal Company Concern Over Violent Clashes
    Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol. 34, No. 1 (2014) | pp. 81–100 Murder, Massacre, and Mayhem on the California Coast, 1814 –1815: Newly Translated Russian American Company Documents Reveal Company Concern Over Violent Clashes SUSAN L. MORRIS Susan L. Morris Consulting, 155 Rincon Street, Ventura, CA 93001 GLENN J. FARRIS Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2425 Elendil Lane, Davis, CA 95616 STEVEN J. SCHWARTZ Range Sustainability Office, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Point Mugu, CA 93042-5049 IRINA VLADI L. WENDER Department of English, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3170 BORIS DRALYUK Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1502 The Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island, whose solitary 18‑year stay on an island off the coast of southern California was commemorated in Scott O’Dell’s novel, Island of the Blue Dolphins, has been of considerable interest since she was abandoned on the island in 1835 and brought to Santa Barbara in 1853. We examine one of the factors that may have contributed to the Lone Woman’s abandonment and discuss several newly‑translated Russian American Company (RAC) documents, one of which gives details of a long‑rumored deadly conflict between a Russian‑led crew of Alaskan native otter hunters and the San Nicolas Island natives (Nicoleño). All three documents contain important new information about the nature of the sometimes violent interactions between the Spanish, Russians, Americans, California Indians, and Alaskan natives in the early nineteenth century. ore than 160 years have passed since Santa Barbara is certainly compelling, the deeper Mthe last native representative of the Nicoleño lived historic context is complex and equally fascinating.
    [Show full text]
  • Friedrich Von Holstein and the Attempt at an Alliance Between Great Britain and Germany in 1901
    University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 8-1-1964 Friedrich von Holstein and the attempt at an alliance between Great Britain and Germany in 1901 Larry Dean Klein University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Klein, Larry Dean, "Friedrich von Holstein and the attempt at an alliance between Great Britain and Germany in 1901" (1964). Student Work. 406. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/406 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FRIEDRICH VON HOLSTEIN AND THE ATTEMPT AT AN ALLIANCE BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND GERMANY IN 1901 A Thesis Presented to the Department of History «tnd the Faculty of the College of Graduate Studies University of Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Larry Dean Klein August I96I4. UMI Number: EP73044 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publish,ng UMI EP73044 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]