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, , Edited by Christine D. Worobec For a list of books in the series, visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. From Victory to Peace Russian Diplomacy aer Napoleon • Elise Kimerling Wirtschaer Copyright © by Cornell University e text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives . International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/./. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, East State Street, Ithaca, New York . Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. First published by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wirtschaer, Elise Kimerling, author. Title: From victory to peace: Russian diplomacy aer Napoleon / by Elise Kimerling Wirtschaer. Description: Ithaca [New York]: Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, . | Series: NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identiers: LCCN (print) | LCCN (ebook) | ISBN (paperback) | ISBN (pdf) | ISBN (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Russia—Foreign relations—–. | Russia—History— Alexander I, –. | Europe—Foreign relations—–. | Russia—Foreign relations—Europe. | Europe—Foreign relations—Russia. Classication: LCC DK.W (print) | LCC DK (ebook) | DDC ./—dc LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ Cover image adapted by Valerie Wirtschaer. is book is published as part of the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. With the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Pilot uses cutting-edge publishing technology to produce open access digital editions of high-quality, peer-reviewed monographs from leading university presses. -
The Age of Napoleon & the Triumph of Romanticism Chapter 20
The Age of Napoleon & the Triumph of Romanticism Chapter 20 The Rise of Napoleon - Chief danger to the Directory came from royalists o Émigrés returned to France o Spring 1797 – royalists won elections o To preserve the Republic . Directory staged a coup d’etat (Sept. 4, 1797) Placed their supporters back in power - Napoleon o Born 1769 on the island of Corsica . Went to French schools . Pursued military career 1785 – artillery officer . favored the revolution was a fiery Jacobin . 1793- General - Early military victories o Crushed Austria and Sardinia in Italy . Made Treaty of Camp Formino in Oct 1797 on his own accord Returned to France a hero - Britain . Only remaining enemy Too risky to cross channel o Chose to attack in Egypt . Wanted to cut off English trade and communication with India Failure - Russia Alarmed . 2nd coalition formed in 1799 Russia, Ottomans, Austria, Britain o Beat French in Italy and Switzerland 1 Constitution Year VII - Economic troubles and international situation o Directory lost support o Abbe Sieyes, proposed a new constitution . Wanted a strong executive Would require another coup d’etat o October 1799 . Napoleon left army in Egypt November 10, 1799 o Successful coup Napoleon issued the Constitution in December (Year VIII) o First Consul The Consulate in France (1799-1804) - Closed the French Revolution - Achieved wealth and property opportunities o Napoleon’s constitution was voted in overwhelmingly - Napoleon made peace with French enemies o 1801 Treaty of Luneville – took Austria out of war o 1802 Treaty of Amiens – peace with Britain o Peace at home . Employed all political factions (if they were loyal) . -
Congress of Vienna
Mini Guide Congress of Vienna Boston Invitational Model United Nations XVI February 10-12, 2017 // bosmun.org MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA + Congress of Vienna Start Date: November 1st, 1814 Following Napoleon's defeat and his renouncement of the throne in September of 1814, the state of Europe has been in much disarray over the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars. In an attempt to restructure and reorganize the powers of Europe, a congress has been called in Vienna, Germany. While most European states plan on making an appearance at the congress, there seems to be a clear alliance already forming between the nations of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain by nature of the Treaty of Chaumont.1 Together these four powers have deemed themselves instrumental in the defeat of Napoleon. And while they have reached out to countries such as Sweden and Poland, the four view themselves as the strongest powers to be present at the Congress of Vienna and as such are attempting to maintain the ultimate control and decision making of the conference. As the conference delegates begin to convene, opinions over the procedures of how the congress will abide by are coming into conflict. While Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain deemed themselves the countries in control of the conference, representatives of France and other nations of weaker political position, are denying this as a possibility.2 Proceedings have been delayed as a result, but the date is now November 1st, 1814 and the 1 “Treaty of Chaumont” https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Chaumont 2 “Congress of Vienna” https://www.britannica.com/event/Congress-of-Vienna PAGE 2 MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA congress is set to convene and begin debate. -
Treaty of Chaumont Text
Treaty Of Chaumont Text irreversiblyIs Ozzie bungling or issued or incentive photographically when addling when someRamsey gunflints is subastral. castrated Synthetical tastily? Moravian Bear baptize Nikki malignly. rationalizing Month to pay a major concessions and of treaty parties often comes the conference by its nature of the two kinds of power of London that treaty, chaumont thus have in a number of treaties which we also helped to indicate that. Image 1 of The stars and stripes Paris France June 13. In the English text attention is necessary to maintain their expression ' internationally. The official map serves as a regulatory tool; the municipality may deny permits for the erection of any building in a proposed street or other future public area shown on the official map. Duchy of Salzburg along green line from Radstadt to the Gerlos Pass, via St. Jefferson County, except that the barn is plumb, there are no bales in sight, and the sign at the edge identifies this as a refuge for grassland birds. It might be of chaumont, they were home front is slowly so. At around same time, technology gave diplomacy the sophisticated tools needed to forge organizations channelling negotiation processes. Timeline of the Napoleonic Wars 114 Emerson Kent. If possible to chaumont did not involved in treaty law through national delegations: text in reality, it to provide transparency through. Estimate that is all major problem in? The Text Message Menu About Policies Contact Us 111-SC-6292 President Woodrow Wilson at Chaumont Haute Marne France. 200 years ago 114 The French Campaign step and step. -
The Concert of Europe and Great-Power Governance Today
BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL ORDER A RAND Project to Explore U.S. Strategy in a Changing World KYLE LASCURETTES The Concert of Europe and Great-Power Governance Today What Can the Order of 19th-Century Europe Teach Policymakers About International Order in the 21st Century? Perspective EXPERT INSIGHTS ON A TIMELY POLICY ISSUE C O R P O R A T I O N Contents What Was the Concert of Europe? .........................................................................2 What Were the Concert’s Foundational Principles? ..............................................5 Why Was the Concert Considered Desirable? ......................................................8 When and Why Did the Concert Decline? ........................................................... 14 What Can We Learn from the Concert? ...............................................................17 Appendix .............................................................................................................. 23 Notes .................................................................................................................... 26 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 30 About the Author .................................................................................................. 33 The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. -
History with an Attitude: Alaska in Modern Russian Patriotic Rhetoric
Andrei A. Znamenski, Memphis/USA History with an Attitude: Alaska in Modern Russian Patriotic Rhetoric Guys, stop your speculations and read books. One of my re cent discoveries is Kremlev. Here is a real history of Russia. One reads his books and wants to beat a head against a wall from the realization of how much we lost due to corruption, treason and the stupidity of our rulers – tsars, general secret aries and presidents. What wonderful opportunities we had in the past and how much we have lost!1 A nationalist blogger about the ultra-patriotic popular his tory “Russian America: Discovered and Sold” (2005) by Sergei Kremlev In Russian-American relations, Alaska is doomed to remain a literary-political metaphor – some sort of a stylistic figure of speech whose original meaning faded away being re placed with an imagined one.2 Writer Vladimir Rokot (2007) On the afternoon of October 18, 1867, a Siberian Line Battalion and a detachment of the US Ninth Infantry faced each other on a central plaza of New Archangel (Figure 1), the capital of Russian America, prepared for the official ceremony of lowering the Russian flag and of raising the Stars and Stripes. This act was to finalize the transfer of Alaska (Figure 2) from Russia to the United States, which bought the territory for $ 7.2 million. At 4 PM, Captain Aleksei Peshchurov gave orders to lower the Russian flag. After this, Brigadier General Lovell Rousseau, a representative of the US Government, ordered the American flag to be raised. Salutes were fired. This ceremony ended a brief seventy-year presence of the Russian Empire in northwestern North America.3 Driven by short-term strategic goals, Russian emperor Alexander II decided to get rid of his overseas posses sion, which represented 6 per cent of the Russian Empire territory. -
The Renewal of the Treaty of Chaumont. the News That Napoleon Had
The renewal of the treaty of Chaumont. The news that Napoleon had escaped from Elba first reached Vienna on the evening of the 7th March 1815. Three days later, the Congress heard he had landed on the southern coast of France. According to Wellington’s words “the first thing that was done by the ministers of the allies at Vienna was to renew and to render applicable to the circumstances of the moment, their former treaty of alliance, concluded at Chaumont in the month of March 1814.” 1 The reaction of the different powers was a determination to unite their efforts to support the system established by the peace of Paris. However, Napoleon’s return raised some questions of international law. Talleyrand was the first to appreciate that if Napoleon were to topple the Bourbons and represent himself as the de facto ruler of France and then accept the terms of the treaty of Paris, the other signatories of that treaty would, legally speaking, have no grounds for not recognizing him, and certainly no justification for hostilities against him. The only way of avoiding this was to disqualify Napoleon himself, and that is what Talleyrand promptly set out to do. 2 Accordingly, by the 13th of March, a declaration signed by Austria, France, Britain, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Portugal and Sweden, was publicly issued. Under this declaration the Eight undertook to furnish “to the King of France and the French nation” the assistance to re- establish public tranquillity. At the same time they proclaimed that “Napoleon Bonaparte had placed himself outside the pale of civil and social relations” and that “as the disturbance of world repose he had exposed himself to public indictment.” 3 Amongst the coalition there was a unanimous and irrevocable agreement to the exclusion of Napoleon. -
Congress System”: the World’S First “International Security Regime”1
The “Congress System”: The World’s First “International Security Regime”1 © 2015 Mark Jarrett In his State Paper of May 5, 1820, British Foreign Secretary Lord Castlereagh argued that the post-Napoleonic alliance of great powers was never intended as a “union for the government of the world, or for the superintendence of the internal affairs of other states.”2 Notwithstanding Castlereagh’s powerful denial, was this new system, known to historians as the “Congress System,” an attempt at great-power supervision of the rest of Europe? Was it, as Professor Beatrice de Graaf has suggested, a new type of “security regime,” or as Dr. Stella Ghervas contends, a novel and innovative approach for the maintenance of peace after two decades of bloodshed? Was this new system, as Professor Brian Vick asserts, inextricably linked to constitutionalism—perhaps constitutionalism extended to Europe at large? A handful of scholars would deny that this system existed at all, or at least they would argue that its impact was negligible. Others go to the opposite extreme and see it as part of a new system of norms and self-restraint that replaced traditional balance of power rivalries.3 And still others would decry its existence as a repressive conspiracy of monarchs against their own peoples. My contention is simply that there was such a system. My focus will be on the set of concrete institutions created in Paris in November 1815, which loosely bound together the European great powers during the first decade after the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress System was indeed, despite Castlereagh’s later disavowal, an audacious attempt at multilateral world government, but it never developed a strong institutional basis and eventually foundered on differences between the powers over the question of counter- revolutionary intervention. -
Russia's Imperial Encounter with Armenians, 1801-1894
CLAIMING THE CAUCASUS: RUSSIA’S IMPERIAL ENCOUNTER WITH ARMENIANS, 1801-1894 Stephen B. Riegg A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Louise McReynolds Donald J. Raleigh Chad Bryant Cemil Aydin Eren Tasar © 2016 Stephen B. Riegg ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Stephen B. Riegg: Claiming the Caucasus: Russia’s Imperial Encounter with Armenians, 1801-1894 (Under the direction of Louise McReynolds) My dissertation questions the relationship between the Russian empire and the Armenian diaspora that populated Russia’s territorial fringes and navigated the tsarist state’s metropolitan centers. I argue that Russia harnessed the stateless and dispersed Armenian diaspora to build its empire in the Caucasus and beyond. Russia relied on the stature of the two most influential institutions of that diaspora, the merchantry and the clergy, to project diplomatic power from Constantinople to Copenhagen; to benefit economically from the transimperial trade networks of Armenian merchants in Russia, Persia, and Turkey; and to draw political advantage from the Armenian Church’s extensive authority within that nation. Moving away from traditional dichotomies of power and resistance, this dissertation examines how Russia relied on foreign-subject Armenian peasants and elites to colonize the South Caucasus, thereby rendering Armenians both agents and recipients of European imperialism. Religion represented a defining link in the Russo-Armenian encounter and therefore shapes the narrative of my project. Driven by a shared ecumenical identity as adherents of Orthodox Christianity, Armenians embraced Russian patronage in the early nineteenth century to escape social and political marginalization in the Persian and Ottoman empires. -
Anstett, Baron Ivan Osipovich
. e appendix is limited to the diplomats mentioned in this book. Sources: Ocherki istorii Ministerstva inostrannykh del Rossii. –. Volume : Biograi ministrov in- ostrannykh del. – (Moscow: Olma-Press, ); Diplomaticheskii slovar’, vols. (Moscow: Nauka, –); Ministerstvo inostrannykh del SSSR, Vneshniaia politika Rossii XIX i nachala XX veka. Dokumenty Rossiiskogo ministerstva inostrannykh del, volumes – (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, Izda- tel’stvo “Nauka,” –); Russkii biogracheskii slovar’, vols. (Saint Petersburg: I. N. Skorokhodov, –). Alopeus, Count David Maksimovich (–) e son of a diplomat from the nobility of Finland, Alopeus was born in Berlin and educated in the Stuttgart Military School. In Alopeus began service in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Aairs as a secretary in the Stockholm mission. In he became chargé d’aaires (poverennyi v delakh) in the mission and in envoy extraordinaire (chrezvychainyi poslannik) and minister plenipotentiary (polnomochnyi ministr) at the Swedish court. Alopeus’s diplomatic service was interrupted by the Russian occupation of Finland in and by the subsequent replacement of the Swedish king with a regency in . Alopeus participated in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of September by which Sweden ceded Finland to Russia and joined the Continental System. An appointment as envoy in Naples never materialized, and in Alopeus became envoy (poslannik) in Württemberg. From he served as envoy extraordinaire and minister plenipotentiary to the king of Prussia, an assignment delayed by the military campaigns of –. Aer Napoleon’s second defeat Alopeus became envoy in Berlin where he served from until his death in . In Alexander I made Alopeus a count of the Polish Kingdom, and in February the diplomat concluded a trade agreement with Prussia, following years of discussion about trade and borders between Prussia and Poland. -
The Congress of Vienna November 1, 1814 Greetings All, This Message
The Congress of Vienna November 1, 1814 Greetings all, This message has been sent to you from Vienna, Austria as an invitation to take part in a meeting that involves all members of European society with the purpose of discussing the conflicts that have been enveloping our continent for the last twenty years. As a form of reference and appreciation to Prince Metternich for hosting this meeting, it shall be called the Congress of Vienna. This meeting will be held on the first of November of this year, 1814. All representatives invited to this committee are aware of the atrocities committed by Napoleon that altered the geopolitical face of Europe. The purpose of this congress is to counteract said actions by working in concert, with the ultimate goal of together restoring Europe’s past glory. This meeting shall serve as a contrast to Napoleon’s belligerent tactics, being as diplomatic as possible, in order for the old European order to be restored. Historical Background: This congress would mean nothing without the events that led up to it. These events, although broad, are essential to review in order to be properly prepared for what will be discussed in this meeting. The following events are those all representatives should know perfectly well when entering the congress: The Enlightenment The Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason, took place in eighteenth century Europe. Living up to its name, the Enlightenment became the time when the use of reason became the key to solving the issues of the time period. As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread to the masses, people began to question their current governments and noticed there were better ways to be ruled. -
Rozwój Idei Umów Społecznych W Koloniach Angielskich W Ameryce Północnej W XVII W
Czasy Nowożytne • Tom XXI • Rok 2008 Katarzyna Maćkowska (Lublin) Rozwój idei umów społecznych w koloniach angielskich w Ameryce Północnej w XVII w. W teoretycznym aspekcie różnorodność poglądów dotyczących celu i zna- czenia umowy społecznej oscyluje – najogólniej rzecz ujmując – wokół dwóch skrajnych koncepcji. Zgodnie z pierwszą okres przed zawarciem ta- kiego układu zaliczyć należy do złotego wieku ludzkości, w którym jednak jednostka nie potrafi ła poradzić sobie z brakiem rygorów narzucanych wol- ności, w rezultacie czego – stanowiąc zagrożenie dla innych – zaczęła tym samym ściągać niebezpieczeństwo na siebie i dopiero dzięki wejściu w spo- łeczne porozumienie była w stanie uchronić się przed upadkiem. Wedle zaś drugiej ekstremalnej wizji, epoka, kiedy człowiek był swoim panem, od po- czątku charakteryzowała się nieustanną wojną wszystkich ze wszystkimi, na co skuteczne i jedyne antidotum stanowiła właśnie umowa społeczna. W literaturze amerykańskiej często akcentuje się, iż w okresie, gdy w Europie popularyzowano ideę umów społecznych, za oceanem rzeczywi- ście funkcjonowały już wspólnoty zorganizowane na jej kanwie. Źródłem tego porządku była niewątpliwie purytańska teologia umów dostosowują- ca biblijną tradycję do „nowych czasów” i w efekcie umożliwiająca prak- tyczne zakorzenienie się zasady suwerenności ludu. Mogło się tak dziać dzięki odpowiednim warunkom przejawiającymi się w znikomej wówczas jeszcze ingerencji ze strony monarchii angielskiej oraz w niewielkiej liczeb- ności grup przybywających na nowy kontynent. Kiedy natomiast u progu niepodległości sięgano do europejskiej myśli kontraktualnej to zasadniczo w poszukiwaniu uzasadnienia dla zlikwidowania więzi z metropolią, a za- tem zerwania jednego układu i ukształtowania nowej umowy społecznej. 10 Katarzyna Maćkowska Wyraźne bądź dorozumiane odwołanie się do idei umów społecznych dostrzegamy w większości dokumentów ustrojowych pochodzących z okre- su kolonialnego.