The Age of Napoleon & the Triumph of Romanticism Chapter 20
The Age of Napoleon & the Triumph of Romanticism Chapter 20 The Rise of Napoleon - Chief danger to the Directory came from royalists o Émigrés returned to France o Spring 1797 – royalists won elections o To preserve the Republic . Directory staged a coup d’etat (Sept. 4, 1797) Placed their supporters back in power - Napoleon o Born 1769 on the island of Corsica . Went to French schools . Pursued military career 1785 – artillery officer . favored the revolution was a fiery Jacobin . 1793- General - Early military victories o Crushed Austria and Sardinia in Italy . Made Treaty of Camp Formino in Oct 1797 on his own accord Returned to France a hero - Britain . Only remaining enemy Too risky to cross channel o Chose to attack in Egypt . Wanted to cut off English trade and communication with India Failure - Russia Alarmed . 2nd coalition formed in 1799 Russia, Ottomans, Austria, Britain o Beat French in Italy and Switzerland 1 Constitution Year VII - Economic troubles and international situation o Directory lost support o Abbe Sieyes, proposed a new constitution . Wanted a strong executive Would require another coup d’etat o October 1799 . Napoleon left army in Egypt November 10, 1799 o Successful coup Napoleon issued the Constitution in December (Year VIII) o First Consul The Consulate in France (1799-1804) - Closed the French Revolution - Achieved wealth and property opportunities o Napoleon’s constitution was voted in overwhelmingly - Napoleon made peace with French enemies o 1801 Treaty of Luneville – took Austria out of war o 1802 Treaty of Amiens – peace with Britain o Peace at home . Employed all political factions (if they were loyal) .
Mini Guide Congress of Vienna Boston Invitational Model United Nations XVI February 10-12, 2017 // bosmun.org MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA + Congress of Vienna Start Date: November 1st, 1814 Following Napoleon's defeat and his renouncement of the throne in September of 1814, the state of Europe has been in much disarray over the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars. In an attempt to restructure and reorganize the powers of Europe, a congress has been called in Vienna, Germany. While most European states plan on making an appearance at the congress, there seems to be a clear alliance already forming between the nations of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain by nature of the Treaty of Chaumont.1 Together these four powers have deemed themselves instrumental in the defeat of Napoleon. And while they have reached out to countries such as Sweden and Poland, the four view themselves as the strongest powers to be present at the Congress of Vienna and as such are attempting to maintain the ultimate control and decision making of the conference. As the conference delegates begin to convene, opinions over the procedures of how the congress will abide by are coming into conflict. While Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain deemed themselves the countries in control of the conference, representatives of France and other nations of weaker political position, are denying this as a possibility.2 Proceedings have been delayed as a result, but the date is now November 1st, 1814 and the 1 “Treaty of Chaumont” https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Chaumont 2 “Congress of Vienna” https://www.britannica.com/event/Congress-of-Vienna PAGE 2 MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA congress is set to convene and begin debate.
The Concert of Europe and Great-Power Governance Today
BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL ORDER A RAND Project to Explore U.S. Strategy in a Changing World KYLE LASCURETTES The Concert of Europe and Great-Power Governance Today What Can the Order of 19th-Century Europe Teach Policymakers About International Order in the 21st Century? Perspective EXPERT INSIGHTS ON A TIMELY POLICY ISSUE C O R P O R A T I O N Contents What Was the Concert of Europe? .........................................................................2 What Were the Concert’s Foundational Principles? ..............................................5 Why Was the Concert Considered Desirable? ......................................................8 When and Why Did the Concert Decline? ........................................................... 14 What Can We Learn from the Concert? ...............................................................17 Appendix .............................................................................................................. 23 Notes .................................................................................................................... 26 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 30 About the Author .................................................................................................. 33 The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous.
The Renewal of the Treaty of Chaumont. the News That Napoleon Had
The renewal of the treaty of Chaumont. The news that Napoleon had escaped from Elba first reached Vienna on the evening of the 7th March 1815. Three days later, the Congress heard he had landed on the southern coast of France. According to Wellington’s words “the first thing that was done by the ministers of the allies at Vienna was to renew and to render applicable to the circumstances of the moment, their former treaty of alliance, concluded at Chaumont in the month of March 1814.” 1 The reaction of the different powers was a determination to unite their efforts to support the system established by the peace of Paris. However, Napoleon’s return raised some questions of international law. Talleyrand was the first to appreciate that if Napoleon were to topple the Bourbons and represent himself as the de facto ruler of France and then accept the terms of the treaty of Paris, the other signatories of that treaty would, legally speaking, have no grounds for not recognizing him, and certainly no justification for hostilities against him. The only way of avoiding this was to disqualify Napoleon himself, and that is what Talleyrand promptly set out to do. 2 Accordingly, by the 13th of March, a declaration signed by Austria, France, Britain, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Portugal and Sweden, was publicly issued. Under this declaration the Eight undertook to furnish “to the King of France and the French nation” the assistance to re- establish public tranquillity. At the same time they proclaimed that “Napoleon Bonaparte had placed himself outside the pale of civil and social relations” and that “as the disturbance of world repose he had exposed himself to public indictment.” 3 Amongst the coalition there was a unanimous and irrevocable agreement to the exclusion of Napoleon.
The Congress of Vienna November 1, 1814 Greetings All, This Message
The Congress of Vienna November 1, 1814 Greetings all, This message has been sent to you from Vienna, Austria as an invitation to take part in a meeting that involves all members of European society with the purpose of discussing the conflicts that have been enveloping our continent for the last twenty years. As a form of reference and appreciation to Prince Metternich for hosting this meeting, it shall be called the Congress of Vienna. This meeting will be held on the first of November of this year, 1814. All representatives invited to this committee are aware of the atrocities committed by Napoleon that altered the geopolitical face of Europe. The purpose of this congress is to counteract said actions by working in concert, with the ultimate goal of together restoring Europe’s past glory. This meeting shall serve as a contrast to Napoleon’s belligerent tactics, being as diplomatic as possible, in order for the old European order to be restored. Historical Background: This congress would mean nothing without the events that led up to it. These events, although broad, are essential to review in order to be properly prepared for what will be discussed in this meeting. The following events are those all representatives should know perfectly well when entering the congress: The Enlightenment The Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason, took place in eighteenth century Europe. Living up to its name, the Enlightenment became the time when the use of reason became the key to solving the issues of the time period. As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread to the masses, people began to question their current governments and noticed there were better ways to be ruled.
Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna: Maintaining the Peace, Political Realism
1 “Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna: Maintaining the Peace, Political Realism, and the Encirclement of France.” by Nathan D. Curtis A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History at Liberty University May 2014 2 Table of Contents Introduction: Castlereagh and the Congress of Vienna 3 Chapter One The Historiography of the Congress of Vienna 13 Chapter Two Castlereagh before the Congress 36 Chapter Three The Congress of Vienna 54 Chapter Four Castlereagh, the Holy Alliance, and Congressional Legacy 85 Works Consulted 90 3 Introduction: Castlereagh and the Congress of Vienna In the early morning of September 21, 1809, Robert Stewart Castlereagh and George Canning traveled their separate ways to Lord Yarmouth’s cottage on Putney Heath in England. They scheduled their rendezvous for 6 a.m. that morning; as such, they were up before the dawn and on their way, pistols and shot in tow. While thoroughly macabre, the fact that their shared mentor William Pitt had died within sight of the cottage in January of 1806 made it a fitting location for their duel that morning. Stewart’s cousin Yarmouth went with him, humming snippets from a contemporary piece of music, Madame Angelica Catalani’s latest performance. They met with Canning and his second, Charles Ellis, at the cottage. Stepping aside from their principals, Yarmouth and Ellis made one final attempt at mediation between the two statesmen. Ellis stated that the matter that Canning concealed had been on the command of the King and that Canning himself had disliked the necessary deceit of Stewart; however, this equivocation did not placate Stewarts wounded pride.1 While Castlereagh had fought a duel before in his youth in Ireland, Canning had never fired a shot in his life.
BACKGROUND GUIDE Specialized // Congress of Vienna + Table of Contents Chair Letter Historical Background The Congress of Vienna Topic 1: Formation of German Confederation Topic 2: Ownership of Poland and Saxony Notes on the Committee PAGE 1 BACKGROUND GUIDE Specialized // Congress of Vienna + CHAIR LETTER Dear Delegates, Welcome to BosMUN XVI and the Congress of Vienna. I am very excited to be a part of this special combination of history and Model UN, and I’m looking forward to seeing what each and every delegate in this committee brings to debate throughout this weekend. My name is Katherine Kahley, and I’ll be chairing this committee with the help of my lovely vice chair. I’m a sophomore here at Boston University pursuing a dual degree in Political Science and Public Relations. BosMUN is so special to me as I’ve been involved in Model UN in one way or another since grade school and I have fond memories of attending Model United Nations Conferences myself. The task of the original Congress of Vienna was a formidable one, as it attempted to negotiate a number of territorial issues following the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte. The congregation of not only the great powers of Europe but also many smaller European states brought together many different goals and ideas, and forever shaped the future of Europe. For the purposes of focusing our discussion, the two main topics of debate for this committee will be the formation of a German Confederation and the ownership of Poland and Saxony, following French losses and looking at the increased power of Prussia, Austria, and Russia in the wake of this loss.
Making the French Pay: the Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics White, Eugene Working Paper Making the French Pay: The Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations Working Paper, No. 1999-24 Provided in Cooperation with: Department of Economics, Rutgers University Suggested Citation: White, Eugene (1999) : Making the French Pay: The Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations, Working Paper, No. 1999-24, Rutgers University, Department of Economics, New Brunswick, NJ This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/94257 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Making the French Pay: The Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations Eugene N. White Department of Economics Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901 white@fas-econ.rutgers.edu November 1999 I wish to thank the many useful comments from the participants of the 1997 All-UC Conference at U.C.
Completion of the General Alliance (–) members of the Quadruple Alliance convened the Con- gress of Aix-la-Chapelle, they had agreed upon the basic legal principles of I European order. e diplomatic accords signed at the congress completed the settlement begun in Vienna and Paris by restoring France to its natural posi- tion as a great power in Europe. Since , much had been accomplished, and hopes ran high. Yet even as the French monarchy returned to full membership in European society, political uncertainty persisted in France and the German Confederation. Other un nished business that demanded the attention of the allies included mechanisms to retire the French debt and settle private claims against the French government, French claims against the supply o cers (com- missaires) of foreign governments, and claims of French citizens against foreign governments. Territorial and nancial arrangements between German rulers, particularly the dispute between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Baden, also needed resolution, as did disagreements between Sweden and Denmark arising from the Treaty of Kiel (). e prisoner status of Napoleon Bonaparte, still considered a potential military danger, continued to arouse gen- eral concern, while the rights of Jews and reform of Jewish life largely a ected Britain and Germany. Finally, the slave trade, both legal and illegal, and threats to European peace and commerce from the Barbary states, technically under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Porte but regarded as pirates by the Europeans, remained on the allied agenda. In the protocols of the conferences held in Aix- la-Chapelle in the fall of ( September– November), the allies addressed all of these issues.