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Congress-Vienna-BG.Pdf BACKGROUND GUIDE Specialized // Congress of Vienna + Table of Contents Chair Letter Historical Background The Congress of Vienna Topic 1: Formation of German Confederation Topic 2: Ownership of Poland and Saxony Notes on the Committee PAGE 1 BACKGROUND GUIDE Specialized // Congress of Vienna + CHAIR LETTER Dear Delegates, Welcome to BosMUN XVI and the Congress of Vienna. I am very excited to be a part of this special combination of history and Model UN, and I’m looking forward to seeing what each and every delegate in this committee brings to debate throughout this weekend. My name is Katherine Kahley, and I’ll be chairing this committee with the help of my lovely vice chair. I’m a sophomore here at Boston University pursuing a dual degree in Political Science and Public Relations. BosMUN is so special to me as I’ve been involved in Model UN in one way or another since grade school and I have fond memories of attending Model United Nations Conferences myself. The task of the original Congress of Vienna was a formidable one, as it attempted to negotiate a number of territorial issues following the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte. The congregation of not only the great powers of Europe but also many smaller European states brought together many different goals and ideas, and forever shaped the future of Europe. For the purposes of focusing our discussion, the two main topics of debate for this committee will be the formation of a German Confederation and the ownership of Poland and Saxony, following French losses and looking at the increased power of Prussia, Austria, and Russia in the wake of this loss. If you have any questions, please reach out to [email protected]. Best of luck to you delegates, Katherine Kahley PAGE 2 BACKGROUND GUIDE Specialized // Congress of Vienna Historical Background To the Congress of Vienna + Enlightenment and the French Revolution The 18th century marked the Age of Reason or Enlightenment1, a time of questioning authority and a time of invention, discovery and questioning of the status quo. The Enlightenment was often considered to have been inspired by thinkers like John Locke, Sir Isaac Newton and Immanuel Kant2. Enlightenment concepts coupled with frustration over high taxes and rampant oppression reached a boiling point in 1789, marking the start of the French Revolution which would continue into the late 1790’s 3 . King Louis XVI’s extravagance and French involvement in the American Revolution brought France to the edge of bankruptcy. The poor economic situation further hurt French peasantry who had already endured several decades of hunger, poor harvests, and increasing desperation. Fearing full out revolt, the King allowed a new assembly to form. Revolutionary sentiment following the assembly’s formation swept the country, and the storming of the Bastille Fortress by rioters marked what is now commemorated as the start of the French Revolution. The newly powerful Legislative Assembly found that drafting a constitution which all parties could agree upon was a difficult task. In September 1791 a constitution was adopted, establishing a constitutional monarchy that echoed the 1 History.com Staff. "Enlightenment." History.com. 2009. 2 "Famous People of the Enlightenment -." Biography Online. 3 History.com Staff. "French Revolution." History.com. 2009. PAGE 3 BACKGROUND GUIDE Specialized // Congress of Vienna sentiments of the moderates in the Assembly, but angered more radical members like Maximilien de Robespierre and Georges Danton4. In 1792, the French Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia. This move, coupled with domestic turmoil, led to a radical takeover and political crisis. Extremists arrested the king and formed the Convention Nationale, whose first move was to declare France as a republic and remove the monarchy. Maximilien Robespierre’s move into power marked a time known as the Reign of Terror, where political dissent was beaten back with an iron fist. From this political turmoil emerged the young general Napoleon Bonaparte, who gained popularity following a successful military campaign in Italy. Bonaparte seized power in 1799 in a coup d’état, creating a de facto military dictatorship in France. He then established the Consulate of France, of which he became the first Consul in 18005, marking the end of the French Revolution. + The Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815) Eager to increase his power and influence beyond France, Napoleon went on to defeat Austria in 1800. Soon after, he was also approved to rule France for his entire life and he crowned himself the Emperor of France. Meanwhile, French forces occupied the Helvetic Republic (Rome and Switzerland) and the Parthenopean (Italy)6. In 1803, Britain ended the short period of peace between themselves and France. Subsequently the Third Coalition was formed, comprising of Britain, Russia, and Austria. Napoleon as a result turned his 4 History.com Staff. "French Revolution." History.com. 2009. 5 Victoria, National Gallery of. "Napoleon: Revolution to Empire." Napoleon The Rise of Napoleon. 6 The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars." Encyclopædia Britannica. August 15, 2009. PAGE 4 BACKGROUND GUIDE Specialized // Congress of Vienna attention away from Great Britain and annexed parts of Prussia, Germany, and Italy, making him arguably the most powerful man in Europe. By 1811, Napoleon’s success began to fade. Forced to retreat in Borodino, Russia, a fourth and final coalition formed in 1813 in a last attempt to stop Napoleon’s advance. By early 1814 an invasion of France had begun and Napoleon was driven back by the Quadruple Alliance of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain, who were also assisted by Portuguese and Spanish military. + Post Napoleonic France (Bourbon Restoration) Following Napoleon’s defeat, the Bourbon Dynasty was reinstated and Louis XVIII became the new king with the help of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand7. He attempted to promote peace and support by granting amnesties to opponents and promising a constitutional monarchy. For a short time he left the throne upon the return of Napoleon 7 "France History - French Restoration." The French Restoration 1814 - 1848. PAGE 5 BACKGROUND GUIDE Specialized // Congress of Vienna during what became known as the “hundred days”8. During this time, Napoleon left exile and marched upon Paris. Trying to gain more popular support, he made a number of changes to the French Constitution. However, when Austrian, British, Prussian, and Russian forces allied against him once again, Napoleon fled for the second time, following the Battle of Waterloo. Louis XVIII returned, and a French experiment in parliamentary government began. + The Congress of Vienna The Congress: The Great Powers and Other States Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia had signed the Treaty of Chaumont9 in 1814 agreeing to defeat Napoleon. Following Napoleon’s defeat, The Treaty of Paris 1814 stipulated that a congress of the great powers of Europe were to meet in Vienna, Germany to negotiate peace and settle the future of Europe. Therefore the Congress of Vienna assembled from 1814-1815 with the overarching goal of reorganizing Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, a task that was deemed necessary after land disputes followed Napoleon’s retreat10. The European balance of power was in disarray at this time, having been greatly damaged by Napoleon’s regional domination. The countries hoped restoring a balance of power would prevent another situation where a single powerful country would be able to wield sole destructive influence. The goals of the four great powers all had something to do 8 The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Hundred Days." Encyclopædia Britannica. July 11, 2002. 9 The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Treaty of Chaumont." Encyclopædia Britannica. February 11, 2016 10 "Congress of Vienna." Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Congress-of-Vienna. PAGE 6 BACKGROUND GUIDE Specialized // Congress of Vienna with rebalancing power while simultaneously placing their country in the most advantageous position possible. Great Britain was especially interested in creating and maintaining a new balance of power. France’s defeat placed the country in a weakened position in relation to Britain. Obviously then Great Britain had a deep wish to prevent France from becoming too powerful and threatening their position. In contrast, Russia was hoping to gain a more powerful place in the balance of powers. Russia’s location made it a less centrally significant location, and until the Napoleonic Wars they were a less influential player in European politics compared to other countries such as Great Britain and France. Austria’s main concern was maintaining national security and preventing future invasion. Surrounded by potentially dangerous neighbors, Russia and Prussia, Austria hoped to guard against further attack and potentially acquire more territory to increase their power. Prussia’s goal was territorial gain, especially amongst German states, in a desire to take back the power and influence it lost to Napoleon11. Smaller powers including Spain, Portugal and Sweden also signed the Treaty of Paris and attended the Congress of Vienna. Spain and Portugal were both once powerful countries whose influence had dwindled even before the Age of Enlightenment. Being included in the Congress of Vienna offered both countries a chance to influence the future or Europe and insert themselves more forcefully as players in the balance of power. Sweden, meanwhile, had lost a significant amounts of land to Russia. Preventing Russia from gaining even more land and influence was in Sweden’s best interest. France, the defeated party, had of course signed the Treaty of Paris and was therefore included in the Congress stipulation. Originally the great powers hoped to exclude France from any serious negotiation12. However, the diplomacy of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand worked to move the French diplomatic position away from being seen as the defeated power 11 "Historical Background." Historical Background. http://1814congressofvienna.tripod.com/id12.html.
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