Evolution of the Belarusian National Movement in The

CEU eTD Collection

E M VOLUTION THE OF OVEMENTIN THE In partialIn fulfilment ofrequirements the for the degree of Secondary Professor advisor: Alexei Miller Advisor: Professor Kovacs Maria Nationalism Studies Program Central European University (1914 Aliaksandr Bystryk Budapest, Hungary Maste Submitted to P B 2013 By r Artsof AGESOF - ELARUSIAN

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ERIODICALS

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conc Chapter movement Chapter 2. Occupation, martial law and refugeedom: experiences of WWI and national the National Movement Prior WWI to Chapter 1. Between Introduction Table of Secondary sources Primary sources 3.2 3.1 2.3 Refugeedom andnationality 2.2 Failed utopia: Ober 2.1 General effects of warthe 1.3 Political development of Belarusian national movement 1.2 Societal structure of the Belar 1.1 lusion

Homan Nasha Niva

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- language periodical periodical language

either of the centres. Both of these projects influenced, interacted and competed and interacted influenced, projects these of Both centres. the of either

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ah Dolia Nasha rusian population prior toWWI.rusian population vironment, with two strong nation strong two with vironment,

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CEU eTD Collection 2 1 Zaprudnik Jan and Vakar Nicholas of works to turn often movement national Belarusian the cover who scholars Russian and Western most that fact the by illustrated be can situation The historiographies. Russian and Western re day this to character and development origins, its movement, national Belarusian the of weakness general and emergence late the to Due language. Belarusian Belarusian Ober of the administration affected military instance, strongly For and movement. policies, imperial Russian from differed greatly ofthe authorit Germanconditionscultural of occupational occupation.The politics Belarusian movement. features nationalistic more rear and and law martial of conditions more acquired centre imperial harsh the of policies the war, the of years faced the During administration. country the of part Eastern the from consciousne national a of formation the on influence considerable hadrefuge The Russia. central refugeto into go to forced were or went gubernias Western the from Belarusians common of millions with along activists of number as thefronteditionsBelarusian were of the Vilnia down shut

The current level of research of the history of Belarusian nationalism seems insufficient. seems nationalism Belarusian of history the of research of level current The in themselves found activists national remaining the frontline, the of side other the On Jan Zaprudnik,Jan Belarus:At theCrossroads History in (Westview Press, 1993). Center 21(Cambridge: Studies University Harvard Press, 1956). Nicholas The Vakar, P. MakingBelorussia: aResearch aCase Nation: Study, of Russian

- language primary education while at the same time prohibiting the us the prohibiting time same the at while education primary language

Belarus: At a Crossroads in History in Crossroads a At Belarus:

Belorussia:

hc wr as rfetd n h dvlpet f the of development the on reflected also were which the making of a nation: a case study case a nation: a of making the s mn Blrsa rfge. h Belarusians The refugees. Belarusian among ss an rltvl po eaie tpc in topic examined poor relatively a main 2

published 1993. Despite these works these Despite 1993. published - - lin Ost for the first time allowed allowed time first the for Ost e approached in1915.Alarge

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Thus the research question of this thesis is how the World War I influenced the the influenced I War World the how is thesis this of question research the Thus Unfortun it makes that movement national Belarusian of weakness the precisely is it However, (London: Routledge, 1998). Order:Political Conflict andState Mark VonHagen

ately, there is little is written in regards to this question. The most notable study study notable most The question. this to regards in written is little is there ately,

toa mvmn. o hs a, o ra suy f ae XIX late of study broad no day, this To movement. ational eerhr I ti rgr, atclry neetn i is ep rm mere from leap its is interesting particularly regard, this In researcher. - caused processes and events affected and shaped the Belarusian national Belarusian the shaped and affected events and processes caused , ―The Great of Ethnicity,‖and the Mobilization , ―The War Post in

o h polmto o te eauin epes eulc and Republic People's Belarusian the of proclamation the to - years and what transformed the national movement and movement national the transformed what and years - Building, ed. BarnettBuilding, andJackSnyder Rubin ed. R.

try to investigate what aspects of the the of aspects what investigate to try ysed. Thus there is a distinct distinct a is there Thus ysed. 3

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h Pls ad h Rsin ones Russian the and Polish the tekhnika, 1993), 10. (Mensk:[Along ofthe Outlook] Studies theEternalWorld Belarusian Navuka Way: i Ihnat Abdziralovich,Dasledziny Advechnym Shliakham: Bielaruskaha Svietahliadu and(Simon Schuster, 2007), 158. Huntington, Samuel P. The ofand Clash Civilizations theRemaking ofWorld O Pogranichya The [Belarusians: [Belarusians Formation inBelorusy: European intheof Era ofModern Nations],‖ Natsiya Siarheiv EpokhuFormirovaniia ―Belorusy Tokts, Modernyh YevropeiskikhNatsiy TheBelarusian quotesfrom and elarusian national project which was situated between two strong nation strong betweentwo situated was which project national elarusian and goes further into Balkanstates.” and goes into further influences, camps, two passesBelarus, Slavic dividing into through lands culture Aryan) rather (or European of direction two of battlefield a fact in is century 10th the from starting “Belarus, However, there were several other important factors that determined that factors important other several were there However, the of path the shaping in factors important most the of one as seen be can indeed This absent often is factor a such argues, Tokts Siarhei historian Belarusian contemporary As

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C.],‖ KamunikatC.],‖ (n.d.), http://kamunikat.or Pachatak XX [Lithuanianness, St. West BelaruskayaAliaksandr i ―Litsvinstva, Smalianchuk, Zakhodnerusizm Ideya XIX Nations Archive, (CUP 23. 1985), Analysis ofPatrioticGroups Among Social Composition ofthe European theSmaller Miroslav Hroch,Revival National inEurope: of Social Preconditions aComparative Elites and bureaucracy: identit bureaucracy: Elites and According to Aliaksandr Smalianchuk, the process of Belarusian cultural accumulation cultural Belarusian of process the Smalianchuk, Aliaksandr to According and cultures the by influenced and shaped is nationalism, including ideology, Every

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1918],‖ accessed1918],‖ 2013, http://kamunikat.org/7988.html. 13, May Movement Da PachatakZa Baratsby Nezalezhnasts. S. XIX Aliaksandr ―Belaruski Smalianchuk, Natsyyanalny Rukh Alexei Miller, The Miller, Alexei Empire Romanov Essays and Nationalism: intheMethodo Ibid., 143. Tokts, ―Belarusians theEra in ofFormation Modern European of 137. Nations,‖ nte iprat atr n h pors o Blrsa clua acmlto ws of was accumulation cultural Belarusian of progress the in factor important Another ―West and ―Lithuanian‖ Both

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CEU eTD Collection 33 32 31 oriented positions. national more to them pushed and elite local emerging the of part a among dissatisfaction Centra from bureaucrats by occupied mostly were which North the in positions administrative higher the to rejected usually were West who locals Orthodox The ideas. national Belarusian and influences Polish combat to tool a as served and Russianism, Little with along idea national Russian West of development further movement, Polish the actors: other byUkrainian movement, West influenced often were activities political later imperi that shows also fact This developed. was language Belarusian the once emerge could claims such that envisioned authorities Russian century, XIX the in activists Belarusian any by claims political of absence the despite that Uk with as trouble same the have will we stages, otherwise first its a in suppressed be should literature] national [Belarusian example, ―It stated: Rafalskiy Kiev from censor For tendencies. separatist undesirable to lead would language Belarusian the development the that afraid were authorities The case. Ukrainian the to similarity its was rejected theany developmenta possibilityBelarusian of separate of nation. course of idea This Russia. of part irreplaceable and essential an constitutes that something

Revival of Belarus],‖ inMadernayaBelarusi Belarus] [ModernHistory Historyia of JerzyIvanouski Bielaru iAdradzhennie ―Vatslau Turonek, Tokts, ―Belarusians theEra in ofFormation M of TheMiller, Empire Romanov and Nationalism, 52. Instytut(Vilnia: belarusistyki, 2008),167. - hs atos prah o vrtig once wt tee ruld ad p lands troubled these with connected everything to approach cautious This Belarusian the towards attitude cautious a formed that factor Another

usaim tog wr wloe t asmlt it Rsin utr ad society, and culture Russian into assimilate to welcomed were though Russianism,

- Russianist movement etc.Russianist -

Russianism itself. This ideology was incorporated into the All the into incorporated was ideology This itself. Russianism

l oiis oad Blrsa clua and cultural Belarusian towards politics al odern European 157. Nations,‖

Russia. l si [Vaclau Ivanouski andIvanouski the si [Vaclau rainophilism‖ 33

adhered to the idea of of idea the to adhered f ore hs created this course Of - Western gubernias, Western

- oriented activism activism oriented 31

This shows This

revented

13 of 32 -

CEU eTD Collection 36 35 34 In usuallyof Belarusians,respondent. ofa casecriteria this provided based language onnative ―sufficien as scholars by recognised are they result, census the of critique the Despite 1897. of census All first the is centuries XX early and XIX late the of society Belarusian level ofeducation etc. literacy, of level industrialisation, of level urbanisation, of level communication: intensice more for mobilisation societal of level the of measurement‖ of ―yardsticks several suggests nationalism of scholars early the of one instance, For support movement. to national ready is society a extent what to define that characteristics of set certain a are society gubernias the Belarusian of structure 1.2 Societal Belarusian national movement. t up give cultural not did the considering dynamically, develop to region‖. heterogeneitythe of able be would which Russianness cr ―The unfruitful: rather

Steven L.IdentificationStevenBelorussians: Guthier, 1897 and ―The Assimilation, National obozrenie, 2006), 252. Imperii,Zapadnye HistoriaRossica Rossiiskoi Okrainy (Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe Weissrussland Im Weissrussland 20. Jahrhundert (Saint 19.Und Lindner, Rainer in Und Historiker Herrschaft: UndGeschichtspolitik Nationsbildung 29, no.1 1970,‖ Studies Soviet n o te e relatively few the of One structureof directlyof anycorrelatestothe movement Theof national way development North in policy nationality Russian that say to possible is it Thus

that the national activists appeal to. It is generally agreed among scholars that there that scholars among agreed generally is It to. appeal activists national the that l reliable‖. tly heir sense of ethnic peculiarity. Later, they became a significant part of the the of part significant a became they Later, peculiarity. ethnic of sense heir

35 36

t s ot ntn ta te tnc fiito o a idvda was individual an of affiliation ethnic the that noting worth is It

aos f odrad oiis ol nt ugs sc a iin of vision a such suggest not could politics borderland of eators 34

Indeed, even adherents of West of Indeed, adherents even

(1977): 37 eibe ttsia sucs ht oti ifrain on information contain that sources statistical reliable – 61, doi:10.1080/09668137708411105. - Petersburg: 2005), 28. Nevskiy prostor,

- Russianism loyal to the empireloyalthe Russianism to - Imperial population Imperial - Western Western Kr Deutsch, Karl , Krai Krai

– was 14

CEU eTD Collection 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 level of theBelarusian ofmobilisation population: manufacturing, ortransport.construction population the of percentage same the Almost cities. the of population the of 10% only constituted which 000, 20 than larger populations with cities in the in lived speakers estates. peasant to Belarusianbelonged them of 92% all and countryside of 97% than More region. the of groups linguistic empire. million 5.45 around be people to calculated is which 74,6% constituted area this of population exceptions. some with gubernias Mogilev and Minsk Grodno, V Vilna, constituted districts these of Most group. linguistic largest the are speakers of set the is which area, Belarusian the outline to proposed close tothe approximation group. realethnic ofthe size

Guthier, ―The Belorussians,‖ 45.Guthier, ―TheBelorussians,‖ Ibid., 29 Lindner, HistorikerHerrschaft thePower], 29. and Und [Historians Ibid., 41. Ibid., 40 40.Guthier, ―TheBelorussians,‖ SpaceBelarusian of Peasantryand 20th Centuries],‖inActa Albaruthenica, inthe 19th Bielaruskih XIX Sialian Volha Shatalava,―‗ZamknionyyaZhytstsiovaya Prastora Satsyyalnaya uViostsy‘: i nutil oeet s o ek ht t s o ucmo i te provincial the in uncommon not is it that week backwoods lived hislife.” manwho village meet all to inhis andold Her so Russia. is movement around industrial travelled cities, the to worldly a always almost is peasant a land [Russian] our “In T other the from significantly differed speakers Belarusian of composition social The n did Belarus As

39 he following statement made by XIX Russian scholar Giltebrandt illustrates the low low the illustrates Giltebrandt scholar Russian XIX by made statement following he 40 , while 5.89 million people listed their mother tongue as Belarusian t Belarusian as tongue mother their listed people million 5.89 while ,

– –

30. 41.

ot exist as a separate political unit prior to 1918 to prior unit political separate a as exist ot - XX

Stst. [‗LockedLiving RuralStst. and Areas‘: The Outin Social

[n h Blrsa lns the lands] Belarusian the [in e 37

41 – uyezdy

A me A ,% a eggd n industry, in engaged was 1,1% 38

re 1% of Belarusians lived Belarusians of 1% re -

(districts) were Belarusian were (districts) wise man […] went […] man wise h Belarusian The

- 1919, Steven Guthier Guthier Steven 1919, 43

hroughout the hroughout - speaking itebsk, 15

CEU eTD Collection 47 46 45 44 of side the from pressure assimilationist stronger to subjected was population national Slovak of development the othe and the hand on movements one the on urbanisation and modernisation, industrialisation between correlation positive direct of notion the that notes Tereshkovich lik groups neighbouring from different that not were Belarusians measurements‖ ―yardstick many on that notes Belarusian society, of overview his in Lindner, Reiner unfavourable, seemed movement national in the Eastern part. ratherregionthan the of parttheWestern in weresuccessful more activists nationalBelarusian only13.55%. was population Belarusianthe of Belarusians, their p of while literate gubernias constituted29.07% Grodno Vilna and predominantlyin lived who Belarusians Catholic Theregion. the across unevenly werespread l other Belarusianof 22.4% Only literacyrate. and influences ofthe Polonizing city. countryside the in remained workers industrial the of most that timber). (mainly resources natural of processing primary and extraction the with dealt and areas rural in situated be to tended

Savchenko,Belarus, 57. Białorutenistyki Uniwersytetu Warsza anded. Timoszuk Mikołaj Chaustowicz, Mikołaj vol. 12(Warszawa: Katedra Lindner, HistorikerHerrschaft thePower], 30 and Und [Historians Tereshkovich,HistoryBelarus, Ethnic of 172. 47.Guthier, ―TheBelorussians,‖ Though the conditions for the d the for conditions the Though course of is mobilisation social of level the defines that factor important Another territo Belarusian the industryin of development was there though evenHowever,

nug gop te ecnae a 51.5%. was percentage the groups anguage

i a rs oesmlfcto. o isac, h mr mobilised more the instance, For oversimplification. gross a is r

e Ukrainians or Lithuanians, for instance. for Lithuanians, or Ukrainians e 44

Such a peculiar way of industrial development ensured development industrial of way peculiar a Such

evelopment of the foundation for a popular Belarusian Belarusian popular a for foundation the of evelopment - speakers from age 10 to 49 were literate, while for the for while literate,were 49 to 10 age from speakers wskiego, 2012), 199. wskiego, 2012),

This factor was reflected later in the fact thatfact the in later reflected factor was This

oee, ieae eauin speakers Belarusian literate However,

i.e. far from the Russifying the from far i.e. – 35. 47

n diin Pavel addition, In

ercentage ries, it it ries, 16

CEU eTD Collection 49 48 overwhelmingly nature peasant of emancipation, social of ideas the with century.XIXof half last the in particularly hand in hand went question‖ ―Belarusian the it However,project. own their ethnicity Belarusianinto separate of notion the incorporate to tried milieus cultural both of Representatives centres. nation Polish and Russian between struggle the i.e. Borderland; civilizational a of the formationBelarusian beanalysed. ofthe will national movement of stages significant most the Instead, terms. political in ethnicity Belarusian of articulation regards in details into go not will I study, this of purposes the For 1910. to 1820s from range scholars, various by introduced movement, Belarusian the of emergence the of bi The topic. movement national Belarusian of development 1.3 Political their activein nationalprojects, Polish. Belarusian, involvement whether or Russian time same the at and Belarusians of Polonization) extent lesser a to (and Russification effective against both worked general in empire Russian the and region Belarusian the of R the instance for than policy cultural of instruments modern more possessed which authorities Hungarian

Tereshkovich,HistoryBelarus, Ethnic of 196. and Andrei Vashkevich (Vilnia: Instytut and Andrei(Vilnia: belarusistyki, 2008),167. Vashkevich of Belarusian inZ Emansipation],‖ Da Political Pashkevich Bielarusi, ed. Boham Alies Adam According to Aliaksandr Smalianchuk, it was the radical liberalism which spread among radicalspreadamong whichthe wasliberalism it Smalianchuk,Aliaksandr Accordingto formationAs wasearlier, the ofnational stated was within project happening debated fiercely and obscure an usually is kind any of projects national of origins The

Stankevich, ―Da Historyi Bielaruskaha Palitychnaha the History [On Vyzvalennia rth of the Belarusian national idea is not an exception. The estimates of the time the of estimates The exception. an not is idea national Belarusian the of rth ussian authorities. ussian

Thus, paradoxically enough, the low level of modernizationof level low paradoxicallythe enough,Thus, Belarusians. 49

This connection is in fact logical considering the consideringlogicalfact in connectionis This

is important to note that on both sides,both on notetothat is important

to the early the to the context

- building

against 17

CEU eTD Collection 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 of part autonomous an as Belarus envisioned Gomon of Authors thought. political Belarusian Gomon organization. the of member a also was Hrynievicki) (Ignat Hryniavitski Ihnat land Belarusian from noble Volya gr a organised territories ethnic Belarusian from students of group revolutionary from comes sense brothers, dea my ―my writing peasant with himself associates Kalinouski Gallow‖ the Beneath from ―Letter Belarusian to compared thing new Poland. with the of separation after achieve would peasants the that held and viewed, he which justice social of ideas the advocated he paper, language Belarusian the in newspaper illegal an Lithuanian of territory the in uprising 1863 the of leaders the of one was Kalinouski Kalinowski). (Konstanty Kalinouski Kastus group. ethnic Polish the

http://www.academia.edu/382068/_The_Battle_Over_Belarus_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the National Movement 1906 Per Anders and―The BattleBelarus: Rise of Rudling, Fall The Over Tereshkovich,HistoryBelarus, Ethnic of 82. Mu Stankevich, ―On Belarusian the History of PoliticalEmansipation,‖ 163. Smalianchuk, ―Belarus Sta Smalianchuk, ―Belarusian National Movement.‖ _Belarusian_National_Movement_1906 Another important example of an attempt to articulate Belarusian ethnicity in a political a in ethnicity Belarusian articulate to attempt an of example important Another ‖(People's Will/Freedom). ‖(People's

nkevich, ―On Belarusian the History of PoliticalEmansipation,‖ 169. żyk

(The Clamour) which however are very important for understanding the evolution of evolution the understanding for important very are however which Clamour) (The

- can mean both ―peasant‖ and―peasant‖ ―man‖ meancan both speaking nobility of the of nobility speaking 51 56 50

Kalinouski is Kalinouski

This circle of Belarusian of circle This h ms fmu rpeettv o ti movem this of representative famous most The r mużyki

* ‖. ian Nationalian Movement.‖ 53 -

also notable for breaking the mental estate barrier which was a was which barrier estate mental the breaking for notable also

1931‖ Alberta, 2010), (University 66 of 55

narodniki The murderer of Alexander II, the son of an impoverished an of son the II, Alexander of murderer The Krai - agae rtr o te Ltuna taiin. n his In tradition‖. ―Lithuanian the of writers language - Krai Krai of publication the organised had and land, Belarusian

narodniki that first made political appeals to Belarusians as an an as Belarusians to appeals political made first that - 1931_. from the Russian empire and joining a federation a joining and empire Russian the from circle.

Mużyckaja Praŭda Mużyckaja

pub

t s nw ta i 17s n 18s a 1880s and 1870s in that known is It lished only two numbers of newspaper of numbers two only lished n ws h revolutionary the was ent

– u wti ― within oup (Peasant Truth). In this this In Truth). (Peasant 67, the Belarusian

Narodnaya 18

CEU eTD Collection 59 58 57 ―North West oriented democratically of circle a activities academic purely West of circles the of achievements scientific the supplemented proverbial his in language Belarusian youbrothers,statementBelarusian ―Do notleave,our language, dieaway‖. notto for the of importance the stressed he Furthermore, la our where brothers, there, is ―Belarus that proclaimed book his to foreword the In Bahushevich. Frantsishak region, Vilna from nobility local the of member their in marginal political claims. still were social goals of national pure context The society. the whole within the of peasantry transformation Belarusian the of emancipation social the was and Kalinouski both of publishers the of goal primary the Moreover, center. Russian or Polish either from separate something as Belarusians of future the viewed them of neither even right its self to Ogar and Bakunin Herzen, like thinkers revolutionary Russian main the though even separatism of accusation provoke to not cautious were Gomon of publishers that like look it newspaper the of text the From that interests specific had which Russia

Vakar,Belorussia, 82. Bich,Belarusian 11. Revival, Smalianchuk, ―Belarusian National Movement.‖ Ideas of Bahushevich, who was rather a representative representative a rather was who Bahushevich, of Ideas another proposed was nation Belarusian modern the of idea The Both

- Western‖ calendars which contain which calendars Western‖ Dudka Mużyckaja Praŭda Praŭda Mużyckaja

Belaruskaja

- determination.

ev recognized the separate character of the Belarusian people and people Belarusian the of character separate the recognized ev

(Belarusian Reed) which was published in Krakow,Bahushevich in published was (Belarusianwhich Reed)

and

Gomon Gomon .

differed from both Great Russian and Polish ones. Polish and Russian Great both from differed ed among other things Belarusian poems and short short and poems Belarusian things other among ed appealed to the Belarusian ethnicity. However, However, ethnicity. Belarusian the to appealed

gae s pkn n heard‖. and spoken is nguage - f h ―ihain tradition, ―Lithuanian‖ the of Russianists. In addition to the the to Inaddition Russianists. - usait published Russianists

decade later by a a by later decade

Gomon 19 59 57

CEU eTD Collection 63 62 61 60 with primarilyworked BRH/BSH of activists society, Belarusian the in absent practicallywas proletariat industrial there As partially. only socialist be to considered is however, Hramada, culture‖. and enlightenment popular Revolutionary Belarusian the into split party the 1903 In movement. Belarusian of development future on ideas different had party of Belarusian independencewas initially pronounced. idea very the where BRP, of circle the was it Besides literature. Belarusian of popularisation specific lit Belarusian of to development as adhered such goals national BRP Belarusian of activists the circles, revolutionary Russian as well as (PPS) Party‖. Revolutionary ―Belarusian political national Belarusian first the into transformed was capital imperial the in existed that circle student Belarusian the Saint 1902, In in Iwanowski). (Waclaw organised Ivanouski one was movement national Belarusian the format the to greatly contributed which group student important most The empire. the political ideology. poi a found traditions two West of group certain and Bahushevich spirit‖. national Belarusian of ―awakening at directed stories

of Belarus],‖ 158. Turonek,Ivanouski iAdradzhennie ―Vatslau Turuk,Belarusian The Movement, 16. HistarychnayeInstytut Tavarystva, 2009), 24. belarusistyki, Latyshonak,AlehZhaunery of (Vilnia Soldiers [The BPR] BNR Ibid., 160 Despite the BRP being a student circle rather than real political party, the the party, political real than rather circle student a being BRP the Despite of universities various at formed groups student Belarusian from emerged ideologyThis

– 163.

nt of contact thus facilitating the formulation of a Belarusian Belarusian a of formulation the facilitating thus contact of nt

Though cooperating closely with Polish Socialist Party Socialist Polish with closely cooperating Though - 63 Russianists show that in the last decade of XIX c. the the c. XIX of decade last the in that show Russianists

Hramada The Belarusian Revolutionary Revolutionary Belarusian The Bielarusi [Vaclau IvanouskiBielarusi [Vaclau and theRevival

(Union) and the ―Circle of Belarusian Belarusian of ―Circle the and (Union) 62

60 erary language, creation and and creation language, erary

- hs oncin between connection This Bialystok: BelaruskayeBialystok: - Petersburg by Vatslau Vatslau by Petersburg ltr Socialist) (later organisation: leader of the of leader ion of ion 20

CEU eTD Collection 68 67 66 65 64 newspapers the of pages the in created was canon literary Belarusian New agitation. popular of creators The Niva edition new a of pages the reflectedin they programwhichcultural moderate morea to radic its to due authorities Belarusian in newspaper legal population. import the of activists 1905 national throughout weak remained party the of positions political agitation. socialist for form a became ideology their of component national the Belarusian the of part mobilize to managed Belarus tothedevelopmentautonomy ofideasBelarusian Vilna. in of withlocal parliament revolutionary uncer Russian from moved BSH the of activists with The movement. were now Polish future of political activists a with for hopes ways their many movements, in connected were and estate szlachta from came resembled which peasantry the

Smalianchuk, ―Belarusian National Movement.‖ H History [On Rukhu the (Vilnia Belarusian of Movement] Lutskevichand inthe Belarusianin Da HisPlace HistoryiBelaruskaha Movement],‖ LutskevichAnatol Sidarevich, ―Anton [Anton uBielaruskim Rolia Ruhu iYaho Smalianchuk, ―Belarusian Na Turuk,Belarusian The Movement, 22. of Belarus],‖ 177. Turonek,Ivanouski iAdradzhennie ―Vatslau BielarusiIvanouski [Vaclau and theRevival

istarychnayeInstytut Tavarystva, 2010), 10. belarusistyki, (Our Field). From 1906 until 1915, until 1906 From The

Hramada 67

hs hss a spotd y h fc ta te uhrte su dw te first the down shut authorities the that fact the by supported was thesis This Nasha Niva Nasha

actively al nature. al

managed to formulate a coherent national ideology, necessary for for necessary ideology, national coherent a formulate to managed Nasha Niva Nasha

atcptd n h eet o Frt usa Rvlto and Revolution Russian First of events the in participated narodniki tional Movement.‖ ance of the spread of national identity among the wider wider the among identity national of spread the of ance –

68 ah Dolya Nasha

Instead, the activists of the Belarusian movement turned movement Belarusian the of activists Instead,the

was the centre of the Belarusian national m national Belarusian the of centre the was

ideas. peasantry and workers. However, in this period, period, this in However, workers. and peasantry 64

Or ae ws ucl su dw by down shut quickly was Fate) (Our hough most of the founders of the party the of founders the of most hough tain claims of political independence of independence political of claims tain - Bialystok: Belaruskaye

- 96 hc convinced which 1906 66

ovement. ovement. tl, the Still, Nasha 65 21

CEU eTD Collection 73 72 71 70 69 w though movement, national Belarusian the of development the to attitudes positive rather had of idea the to adhered lands of theBelarusiancatholic newspaper publication sponsored Radziwiłł Magdalena Duchess instance, For leaders. its of orientation loca several Belarusians. among values) Christian with (connected identity national of spread further a and church the in language Belarusian the more Being seminaries. dem social their Catholic in moderate in circles student around formed activists Belarusian non significant most The movement. national the within worked groups significant a development. also is which 1910, around profitable became Belarusian actually the publishing addition, language In thousand. 220 of run print gross with published were books empire. Russian the in printed were language Belarusian the in altogether pages 160 of books little 9 only 1900, to 1863 from instance, andofBelarusian virtuallyall new classics literature started ere also partly worried about the possible way of its development. Moreover, the ideology ideology the Moreover, development. its of way possible the about worried partly also ere

Adam Stankevich,Khrystsiyanski ―Bielaruski (histarychny Rukh Narys) [Belarusian Ibid., 187,192. of Belarus],‖ 167. Turonek,Ivanouski iAdradzhennie ―Vatslau BielarusiIvanouski [Vaclau and theRevival S Ibid., 483. Instytut and Andrei(Vilnia: belarusistyki, 2008),480 Vashkevich MovementChristian (his avchenko,Belarus, 66. t s lo important also is It the Besides, For growth. steady but slow of trend the showed general in movement Belarusian The

nbe wo ecmd h Blrsa rvvl u dd o acp te socialist the accept not did but revival Belarusian the welcomed who nobles l 71

ah Niva Nasha

o oe ht ot f h slct fo te Belarusian the from szlachta the of most that note to

toricalZ Essay)Bielarusi, ],‖ inBoham Da Pashkevich ed. Alies krajowość ands, Catholic Belarusian activists argued for the introduction of introduction the for argued activists Belarusian Catholic ands,

circl Biełarus e, which was mostly socialist oriented, several other other several oriented, socialist mostly was which e,

described in the first part of the chapter. Most of them of Most chapter. the of part first the in described 72 (The Belarusian).(The

70 h Ctoi atvss and upr from support gained activists Catholic The

n c In nrs, rm 96 o 95 rud 80 around 1915 to 1906 from ontrast,

publishing inthe newspaper.publishing 73

– 483.

- socialist group of of group socialist - Lithuanian 69

22 -

CEU eTD Collection 74 nation wa building, was later of stages early the at announced was though state, national independent an of idea The blurry. introduc of attempts the Belarusian national idea. to impediment significant a was loyalty and state cultural as well as religion to according population Belarusian the of Borderland divide The the factor. by caused problems encountered still movement Belarusian the century, was very ablethe idea nation. toformulate Belarusian of which elite educated of layer onlythin was there time same the At agitation. national of forms national Polish andsus not was peasantry Belarusian Russian the countryside, the in the Locked aspirations. against worked also obstacles these though agitation, century. Belarusian develop could region the of elite native the Belarus, of vision own their had each which Russia, and Poland between Situated lands. civilizational the that facto Borderland noted be should it all, of First society. Belarusian of development krajowość goals. national own their reach to tool a as it viewed often of

krajowość Smalianchuk, BetweenIdea,National Krajowość and 283. The plans of Belarusian national activists for the political future of the of future political the for activists national Belarusian of plans The turn the at ideology coherent a into turned and formulated was idea this Though socio The pre the analysisanof be canfrom made that conclusionsgeneral certainThere are

was ratherthanexception. arule an

ped mn te edn atvss f h Blrsa mvmn, huh they though movement, Belarusian the of activists leading the among spread - r is visible throughout all the developments of national ideas in Belarusian in ideas national of developments the all throughout visible is r cnmc odtos f h rgo as cetd btce fr national for obstacles created also region the of conditions economic

s substituted by plans. s substituted autonomist

- centred ideology only by the end of end the by only ideology centred 74

However, such an such However, Krai ceptible to most to ceptible ing unifying unifying ing

approach to approach were rather rather were - of the the of WWI XIX XIX 23

CEU eTD Collection war mobilizati as such population, Belarusian the involved also that processes imperial wider the examine will I chapter the of part first the In population. Belarusian wider and movement This transformationBelarusian nationalalsotheir alteractivities. societymade activists of etc. conditions economic identity, mentality, in changes deep underwent also empire the of national that Belarusian ―material‖ with. working were the activists affected course, of war, The environment. new the to adapt ever in themselves Bel the of development the influenced course of changes these of All structure. societal in changes deeper even to led and traumatic and fast usually were life of aspects various on war the of effects indirect and direct The society. whole the war of type new a indeed was War World The gubernias. central than more even war of events the by afflicted was Krai‖ particu Chapter Keg ofEurope. Bo another from nationalist young of bullet the as fulfilled be to not were visions their Still, activities. their expanded further - WWIthe and national movement time changes in economics. In the same part I discuss the specific experiences of the the of experiences specific the discuss I part same the In economics. in changes time Despite these difficulties, the national activists steadily moved towards their goals and goals their towards moved steadily activists national the difficulties, these Despite

In this chapter I chapter this In and Empire Russian the of life the in changes drastic brought War Great The larly to the Belarusian lands. Being the borderland of the empire, the ―North the empire, the of borderland the Being lands. Belarusian the to larly . cuain mril a ad euedm eprecs of experiences refugeedom: and law martial Occupation, 2.

- changing surroundings, national activists had to adjust their policies and policies their adjust to had activists national surroundings, changing

analyse the various effects of the war on both the Belarusian national Belarusian the both on war the of effects various the analyse –

a total war, which affected most if not all sphere all not if most affected which war, total a rderland country reached its goal and set fire to the Powder the to fire set and goal its reached country rderland - speaking population of the North the of population speaking

arusian national movement. Finding movement. national arusian - western provinces provinces western s of life of of life of s - Western Western on or on

CEU eTD Collection 77 76 75 up. called were teachers school primary all theempire'sexhausted workforce.In agriculturaladdition approximately andindustrial of half WWI. the arm the in served subjects Russian million 18,6 Around mobilisation. general the mentioned hereunderstandingforBelarusian ofthe better changes society that underwent. nation. Belarusian the of development question larger the fa In movement. national the for negative or positive were they whether out find to impossible is it often and effect controversial rather created events and processes these of Many nationalists. abi particularlyits and population the war of effects 2.1 General Western borderlandethnic groups includingBelarusians. natio on war the of effects significant resettlement involuntary review I section last the in Finally problems. occupation InImilitary part chapter, aboutthe of the thesecond talk rule. frontof the side Russian the on population Belarusian

Achievements and Problems] (Minsk: NANB, (Minsk: AchievementsInstytut Historyi, and Problems] 285 2010), Zdabytki theWayBelarusian iPrablemy toEstablishing [On Nation: Historiographic V. Yanouskaya,Na Stanaulennia ed., Shliakhu Ibid., 23. England: 2005), Pearson/Longman, 22. Peter a Russia‘s Gatrell, First War: Social and World ct, the contemporary Belarusian historiography has not reached a conclusion regarding conclusion a reached not has historiography Belarusian contemporary the ct,

One of the most important events that affected the peoples of the Russian empire was empire Russian the of peoples the affected that events important most the of One empire of number a are There 76 –

namely, territories of Ober of territories namely, udes f huad o tee e wr Blrsas Te conscription The Belarusians. were men these of thousands of Hundreds –

hte WI a i gnrl pstv o a eaie vn fr the for event negative a or positive a general in was WWI whether

lity to apprehend the national ideas suggested by Belarusian Belarusian by suggested ideas national the apprehend to lity

- wide processes and events that affected the Belarusian the affected that events and processes wide a mvmns n nto bidn o ms o the of most of building nation and movements nal - Ost and its controversial policies towards nationality nationality towards policies controversial its and Ost 75

oee, oe f hs poess hud be should processes these of some However, 77

h lte i o parti of is latter The

- BelaruskayNatsyi: Histaryiahrafichnyia line which experiencedmartialwhich line Economic History,ed (Harlow, 1st

Belarusian lands under GermanBelarusian under lands ua iprac t the to importance cular –

n o te most the of one – 286. ythroughout

- law and and law

CEU eTD Collection 81 80 79 78 non and commissioned mostly were who teachers Romani South in but region, native their in not service their served recruits Belarusian the of most addition, In outbreak. its after significantly increased war, the before well present yearsfrom tomonths. decreased assimilation planned of length the instead but disappear only not did assimilation non assimilate to was aims army's multi a of idea the to adhered Russian by them of many Though viewed nation. Russian modern a creating for was tool the as intellectuals military army the Sanborn Joshua to According reservists. and recruits agitation one. thenational including political to amenable more thus and politicallyactive more and more became who society, the mas of effect side The curtailed. was agitation war. the before activists national Belarusian of number large a up made teachers school primaryas movement national

Mikh 1905 Mass Politics, A.Sanborn, DraftingMilitaryJoshua and War, Nation: theRussian Conscription, Total Gatrell, 73 Russia‘s First War, World InTavarystva, ed.Movement], Anatol Sidarevich (Vilnia Lutskevich,Anton HistoryBelaruskahaDa [On Belarusian Historyi ofthe Rukhu Polish qu Polish Revolutsionnaya 1917goda [Revolutionary vopros of1917 Rossiya and ipolskij Russia of 1917inRussia[Revolution and Belarusian Movement]‖(presented National at the

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Another essential issue was that according to according that was issue essential Another Uladzimir Liakhouski, Uladzimir ShkolnayaBelarusi AdukatsyiaNiametskay u Padchas Liulevicius, theEasternFront,Land 117. on War Turonek, PadNiametskay ―Belarus Akupatsiyay Under [Belarus German Liulevicius, theEasternLand on War - 1918)] (Vilnia 1918)] -

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to national activism was combined with the cruel and arbitrary actions of local local of actions arbitrary and cruel the with combined was activism national to -

occupied parts of the country and destruction of all valuable property which propertywhich all destructionvaluable and of country ofthe occupied parts rne Armée Grande

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Verkehrspolitik - - Ost. German policies of arbitrary and unfair unfair and arbitrary of policies German Ost. Ost is also rather ambiguous. Relatively lenient lenient Relatively ambiguous. rather also is Ost 105

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or Ibid., 142 Gatrell, Walking, Empire AWhole 72. Miranowicz, ―Uvodziny[Introduction],‖ 7. Peter Empire AWhole During Gatrell, I, Walking:inRussia Refugees War World Miranowicz, ―UvodzinyJauhien [Intr - es ucsfl fe al te os fas f oenet fiil o pgos and pogroms of officials government of fears worst the all: after successful less

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108

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Ib Valentina Utgof, War BelarusianWorld Search ―In ofNational Support: Refugees in - retd oiiain r oig f eues o ra cnrs o living or centres, urban to refugees of moving or mobilisation oriented id., 60 d the People‘s Republic ofBelarus,‖ and Republic Population War, d thePeople‘s inHomelands:

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Da eif f a Victims. War of Relief

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ion to express mutual express to ion

praca ( 120 narod mutual fgtn against fighting ,

)

o is own its for

assistance mong the the mong

122

The 39

CEU eTD Collection 128 127 126 125 future. u but brighter a for prepare to order in activism national strengthen to argument an ideas as were ischange‖ used These ―War as ideas. attitude can ―War or describedishope‖ be ( peoples the among awakened was future better a for hope the war the ―With general: in Empire Russian the reform and cause Belarusian the towards authorities Tsarist the of attitude the change The weather. good by followed of editors the often, Quite optimism. emerge‖. others and die countries d every when foundation, its from shifted has world whole the when time, a in live we ―Now everything: not if things many change would 1914 through well valid remained and war the of beginning of pages the in found Earthforever orgroup. be an and oppressed subjugated reader their warned activists the case, ( community village the awaken will […] war terrible this that hope is ―There creative): political, (economic, people b and mobilisation required that something as readers the community. a such of creation a on depended Moreover, nation. a

However, the ―War is a threat‖ was not the only interpretation of the WWI that can be be can that WWI the of interpretation only the not was threat‖ a is ―War the However,

Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha nar ody

1915 1915 1914 1915 ) of Russia. Everyone stirred […] hoping for changes in their life‖.their hopingin changes for […] Everyonestirred Russia. of )

Nasha Niva Niva Nasha hramada Nasha Niva. Niva. Nasha № № № № 8 Napradve 1 Klichda pratsy 48 Staraya prauda 25 Zhytstsio duzhey smerts za

Belarusian activists hoped the War would awaken the people, people, the awaken would War the hoped activists Belarusian 127 ), village people. War is a school for them‖. for school a is War people. village ),

activists argued that the mere survival of the people people the of survival mere the that argued activists Such a reasonable assumption was a ground for cautious for ground a was assumption reasonable a Such s, that the people will be either wiped out the face of the the of face the out wiped either be will people the that s, ah Niva Nasha sni n o te da th ideas the of One

ay the borders of states are shifting, when some some when shifting, are states of borders the ay 125

The War was viewed and was presented to presented was and viewed was War The

compared the war to a storm which was was which storm a to war the compared

ign tgte al ocs f the of forces all together ringing - at emerged immediately at the the at immediately emerged at 1916, was the idea, that this war war this that idea, the was 1916, 126

In another In nknown nknown 128

This 40

CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 130 129 activists toargue thattheydeserved better: something action. common of merits the of example an as used again was side by side group, a in together, fighting Belarusians w Belarusians of image the addition, In victory. the of to life and health their sacrificing and war the fightingin thousands with along intelligentsia Belarusian young the that well. as activists national killed for obituaries several were nationa well of photos the placed editors the issues, several In itself. army the developmentactivism. of national nat Belarusian the of recognition the for fight to have will

This particular quote also brings another peculiar characteristic of characteristic peculiar another brings also quote particular This of argument more one Yet they future, the in expected they changes the during that envisioned activists Belarusian Another can important perception befollowingfrom seen the quote:

something better, and a lot of it […]” […]” something better,it of andalot land, native our Let nothing. for shed everyone be not blood our Let blood?! their shed show that ourpeoples that (narod)show something” isworth will We life. to right their wh only right prove this prove to try will (natsyia) nation every judgement, atvss wies pes pitr wo ee rfe i te usa army. Russian the in drafted were who painters poets, writers, activists, l Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha

this On coming. is (narody) peoples of judgement great of day “The “Every soldier fights for his Fatherland. Were there few Belarusians, who Belarusians, few there Were Fatherland. his for fights soldier “Every

lk oe a sy ht e ogt o or ahrad n w need we and Fatherland our for fought we that say man one like ,

1915 1914 1914 1914 1915

№ № № № № 132 1 Znovym hodam 47 Dzelia buduchyny 40 p.2,1915 37 p.1 1 Znovym hodam

The participation of Belarusi of participation The

en we come to this judgement not empty not judgement this to come we en Nasha Niva Nasha

№ 7 p.1 133

activists for enhancing national work came from came work national enhancing for activists

129 ans in the war also allowed nationalallowed also war the in ans ion, thus they further argued for the for argued further they thus ion, 131

This was done in order to show to order in done was This - handed […] but […] handed Nasha Niva Nasha

- nw Belarusian known

130 war time time war r also ere

There 41

CEU eTD Collection 137 136 135 134 ideas totheirreaders,genera behind hiding the future.‖ better us for door opens ―The movement: national Belarusian of growth the in obstacles biggest nation. Belarusian the for primarily development positive a as seen was 1914 July in vodka of prohibition the Even time. same idea propagatenational to and stands ―unpatriotic‖forRight Russian the ofattacks and spe by followed then only definition of desired receiver ofthe message is Belarus and Russia both mean could which brothers own our Belarusian, native, everything traditions.‖ love own our song, own our language, to them upon call village, our of corners says: tothe darkest Niva, spread―Every enlightenment every Belarusian, reader Nasha conscious of he text the in later Only are. ―brothers‖ his who and means author the ―Fatherland‖ the to use bring everyone o let honeycomb everybody, for work enough is ―Faster, There first work! at says to author brothers, the ―Spring‖ article the in instance For patriotism. Russian all ofthese wereactual calls However, solidarity. expressing and together working war, the of victims helping Fatherland, the for fighting about talk authors the position: patriotic Russian general the from written glanc first at cases, other many and this In publications.

In this way, the national activists tried to avoid censorship, accusations of separatism separatism of accusations censorship, avoid to tried activists national the way, this In

Nasha Niva Nasha Nas Niva Nasha Niva Nasha ha Niva or Fatherland‖ our f 137

Thus, the national activists found yet one more way of conveying national conveying of way more one yet found activists national the Thus, –

1914 1914 1915 1915 to the world and wealth, to the general revival of the people ( people the of revival general the to wealth, and world the to

№ № № № 43 Vyzvalenne ad p'yanstva 33 Udobrychas 12 12 ly cause directedat Belarusian ofthe the strengthening rather than

- - 13 Z viasnoy 13 Z viasnoy 134 Fo te etne t s mosbe o nesad what understand to impossible is it sentence the From . 136

h pbihr of publishers The

- 135

―conscious Belarusian‖.―conscious lly patrioticlly headlines.

General appeal to unspecified Fatherland andFatherland unspecified to appeal General e it would appear, that the article was was article the that appear, would it e

Nasha Niva Niva Nasha

a i a oe f the of one as it saw prohibition of vodka of prohibition narod s at the at s ), to a to ), cific cific 42

CEU eTD Collection 140 139 138 self a created ofa image positive such assimilators, and chauvinists as nationalists Polish and Russian - prea not does Niva ―Nasha movement: non and peaceful the underlined often themselves development. cultural Belarusian complimented who Gorky nation. Belarusian the recognise not expressed suppor who Poles, and Russians those praise they Instead Belarusians. towards attitude negative the for nation whole the blamed never and movement Belarusian the towards hostile were of editors the However, culture. Polish or Russian either into Belarusians of assimilation for argued and/or people and language culture, Belarusian separate of existence the denied who figures ―chauvinists‖. Russian) (West Russian and Polish with confrontation periodical a is them of One war. the before

D nt iao yu on n lan rm h others»‖. the from learn and own your disavow not «Do

The other general trait that was present before the war was the regular publication of of publication regular the was war the before present was that trait general other The democratsof Polish will rise.” We forces that (natsyia) believe […] andnation theirfaith peopleignorant despite bri hungry, the help to is duty their that citizens, (tuteishyia) local are they that forget not do culture, Polish defending when who people, are there land of issues the in noticeable traits general other Several

Another example is in the article directed against ―local‖ Poles and Russians who did did who Russians and Poles ―local‖ against directed article the in is example Another Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha Nasha Niva Nasha “Thank God […] beside the “serfdom devotees” (pryhonshchyki) in our our in (pryhonshchyki) devotees” “serfdom the beside […] God “Thank t for the Belarusiant for the movement:

1914 1915 1915

carefully Nasha Niva Nasha № № №

of the Belarusian the cause. of 45 Zhyla, zhyts! budze zhyvets i izdalioka 14 Zbliska 12

- 13 Ikh13 adkaz

singled out certain groups in Russian and Polish societies whosocieties and Polish Russian groupsin certain out singled

authors used this this used authors 138 hr, ah Nv atos sd h wrs f Maxim of words the used authors Niva Nasha There, ch blind chauvinistic nationalism, but has only one rule rule one only has but nationalism, chauvinistic blind ch

- grsie hrce o te Belarusian the of character aggressive term to label those politicians or public or politicians those label to term

Nasha Niva Nasha 140 139

oprd o h iae of image the to Compared

n eea, h activists the general, In

were present already already present were ng light to light ng - presentation 43 -

CEU eTD Collection 143 142 141 successful nations: ofother examples the suggested also activists Belarusian only wear could they es who Ukrainian in teach they where Galicia universities in Ukrainians at ―Look following: the states author the culture, high Belarusian creation of impossibility of claims nationalist Galicia. in movement Ukrainian the of advances Particular one. Belarusian the for example an as movements who were own developing national their cultures. activist Belarusian that showed Niva general.‖ in colours these of use the and […] paper yellow auth Galician […] Orthodoxy to priests Catholic Greek six Yevlogiyreunited request their to ―According church. Uniate against campaign aggressive his for famous was who Yevlogii metropolitan of activity the particularly and aga directed Galicia occupied in politics Russian covered repressive covered they time, newspaper the instance For groups. ethnic these towards government Russian same the of measures the At etc. pro Finns national Estonians, of Latvians, Ukrainians, development the about news various The welcomed empire. Russian the of nations‖ ―small other concerning news

Often, the Belarusian activists of activists Belarusian the Often, i nt rtcz Rsin oiis pny te ey at f ulcto o sc news, such of publication of fact very the openly, politics Russian criticize not did

Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha “Latvians, oppressed by wealthy barons of foreign nation, Czechs who lost who Czechs nation, foreign of barons wealthy by oppressed “Latvians,

1915 1914 1914

armyak № № № 9 p.2 46 Kh 40 p.4

(Russian national dress) or dress) national (Russian s showed solidarity with other national groups of the empire empire the of groups national other with solidarity showed s - aurusnaya pratsa 3 Dziakuy shchyrasts za

Nasha Niva Nasha ways of developing a national movement based on on based movement national a developing of ways –

and was it long ago when ago long it was and

rte poiie pitn pses n blue on posters printing prohibited orities

would use achievements of other national national other of achievements use would 142

n h atce ofotn Russian confronting article the In alse ter ynsus their gymnasiums, their tablished czamara

inst Ukrainian national movement national Ukrainian inst 141

ly they were impressed by the the by impressed were they ly Although the editors of editors the Although

(Polish national dress)‖. national (Polish et o Lithuanians, of jects Nasha Niva Niva Nasha khakhly

thought that thought authors Nasha 143 44 - -

CEU eTD Collection 146 145 144 useful compareanother to to newspaper Belarusian publications its to urge successfulexperiences ofother tofollowthe nations. people the behind lagging nations. was aforementioned movement Belarusian the that readers their reminded regularly revolutions.Russian Ober of occupation German the during later, important particularly became Uk the of development of way the follow to desired themselves activists Belarusian that shows experience Ukrainian all of first peoples, similar of movements national Mukhayedy‖. village the in established was partnership loan A […] revival. Belarusian […] for work to ( ―National cooperativ of support their from visible is which nations pratsy

This edition was founded by a circle of nationally of circle a by founded was edition This Al movements, national other of achievements the about talking When other of experiences the of use making were nationalists Belarusian that shows This united, common, all English by a disgrace […] in landlords kept were who Irish glory, former and civilization their

Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha Niva Nasha though

usenarodny

145 ah Niva Nasha

ah Niva Nasha

1915 1914 1915

) call reached the remote villages […] There are people who are ready ready are who people are There […] villages remote the reached call ) l hs paat mzysia pols o t ter ucs by success their to got peoples (muzhytskiya) peasant these ll rainian national movement. This feature of Belarusian national thought national Belarusian offeature This movement. national rainian 146 № № - № national (usenarodnaya)national work”

The notion of falling behind was used other people was also used also was people other used was behind falling of notion The 8 Khaurusny banchok 46 p.1Haurusnaya praca

21 Da hramadzian Belarusi, hramadzian Da 21 a ide a ete f eauin ainl ciim i i very is it activism, national Belarusian of centre a indeed was

uhr were authors atclry tetv t dvlpet f the of development to attentive particularly

–

Ukrainians. The particular interest in the in interest particular The Ukrainians. - conscious Belarusian catholic priests catholic Belarusian conscious Nasha Niva Nasha 144 atvte i Blrsa villages: Belarusian in activities e

–

Biełarus.

1915 Nasha Niva Niva Nasha №

7 Da kulturnay kulturnay Da 7

- s ad the and Ost ed itors 45

CEU eTD Collection 147 The lastpage newspaper ofthe " titled section special a placed newspaper the 1914, of August the from Starting correspondents. and readers to " riddles, and jokes proverbs, facts, " Empire), Russian " were general. in Church Catholic Roman the and Archdiocese office; editorial the to " letters as well as correspondents, of reports the contained which " were newspaper the of sections Regular well. as published were stories short and Poetry parables. sermons, hagiographies, faith: of stories calendar, Catholic Belarusian the to understandable choice logical a was font main the as script whom had high of many movement, Christian Belarusian the of elite the and activists religious Belarusian Radziwiłł Magdalena princess namely movement scripts). Latin and Niva Nasha implement was idea this but circle, priest Catholic Belarusian of agenda the on was newspaper Catholic Belarusian truly a of creation the that stated, Poland, interwar in 1 in aconj wedamaści Kaściolnyja

913. Adam Stankevich, a prominent figure of the Belarusian Christian Belarusian the of figure prominent a Stankevich, Adam 913. In addition to publishing the newspaper itself, the editorial office made it a goal to to goal a it made office editorial the itself, newspaper the publishing to addition In Latin Polish the of use The publication. specialized fairly a was itself newspaper The

zo czuvać Szto Stankevich, ―Belaru

switched to Cyrillic script in 1912 (previously it was published both in Cyrillic in both published was it (previously 1912 in script Cyrillic to switched - lev ?" ("What's the News?") in the form of news feeds (mainly from the the from (mainly feeds news of form the in News?") the ("What's ?" el positions andgraduateel degrees. positions Usiaczyna

Biełarus Biełarus Wajna (Cuc Nw", hc rpre te aet es f Mogilev of news latest the reported which News"), "("Church sian Christian Movement,‖Christian 483. sian " ("The War"), which published the latest news from the front. front. the from news latest the published which War"), ("The "

" ("Odds and Ends") which published a variety of interesting interesting of variety a published which Ends") and ("Odds " was was left for advertisements. left was for

Swaja Posz Swaja upre b svrl ersnaie o the of representatives several by supported s. Much of the space was taken up by the Catholic Catholic the by up taken was space the of Much s. ta – " ("Our Mail") which published the answers the published which Mail") ("Our "

in fact, this type was more familiar and and familiar more was type this fact, in . 147

of range wide a united edition The

Following sections of the newspaper newspaper the of sections Following

Piszuć da nas da Piszuć - " ("We Receive") ("We " Democratic party party Democratic d ny after only ed krajowcy krajowcy 46

CEU eTD Collection 149 148 not spoke ( ―lordly‖ he for story, life Jesus in found activists Belarusian Catholic language simple a of support of example the Moreover, tongue‖. native their speak to / forever folk wanted ―The articles: the of one in epigraph an as used was Ziaziulia Andrei of poem a from stanza following the example For vein. similar in conducted religion:nationalism to of tradition socialist ethno the from differed that idea national Belarusian the of variation interesting rather a presented it Still topics. Christian general on more concentrated often is cultural and political economic, to dedicated articles less considerably published Biełaruski madliteunik Roman of review " temptation"), about words " published: were language Belarusian in books several of existence the During books. Catholic Belarusian the of library small a create Histarychny 22. Ahliad,2006), [Princess Radziwill andthe revivalchurch (Belaruski inBelarus] Uniate of the

The agitation for the support and development of the Belarusian language was was language Belarusian the of development and support the for agitation The be […] God will” God's of deed this erase to tries who One […] God of will the from comes people of character natural the […] it. harm to right the has differentiate that features main the of One

Bie sprava i Aliaksandr Radzivil Nadsan, adradzhennia Kniahinia Unii uBelarusi panskaya ł arus nobody and God by us to given thing, sacred a is (narodnasts) “Nationality

1914 149 - ahlc ie) " rites), Catholic ) Latin or sacred sacred or Latin )

№ " ("God prayer with us.Belarusian book"). Nasha Niva. Niva. Nasha

50 Narodna Karotkaje wyjasnennie abradau R. Katalickaha Kasciola Katalickaha R. abradau wyjasnennie Karotkaje

rdaa zahonu rodnaha Z ść Hebrew, but simple ( simple but Hebrew, o isac, ht s h is that instance, For i

wo jny

Biełarus Biełarus God who once / set the peoples apart,/ apart,/ peoples the set / once who God (Fo ntv pla native ("From " Niekalki sloŭ ab spakuse ab sloŭ Niekalki prostaya and w uhr of authors ow

Nasha Niva Niva Nasha 148 ) tongue of common folk common of tongue )

comes opponent of opponent comes - linguistic and partially partially and linguistic ce")," is that the former the that is Biełarus o z nami. z Boh " ("Several " sues but but sues Biełarus "(Short linked 47 –

CEU eTD Collection 154 153 152 151 150 of activist the of one 1914, of winter in front the at killed was who Radziwiłł prince to eulogy a In authorities. imperial for typical rhetoric Panslavist time same the rathersp loyalista Vilna in writtento wasTsar's aboutvisit article their Forinstance, cause. Ger blamed of activists than patriotism There others. several and drunkenness against fight the peasantry, the of emancipation economic churches, schools, into language Belarusian of introduction movement: Belarusian the of Wa the provoked that of authors The rule one only has but nationalism, in found be can people‖ Belarusian now till benighted to lightgive to but it, near is what burn to not up flares it because neighbours, our to harmful be not will culture), Belarusian agitation. Forinstance national of forma as chauvinism contemporaries Bahushevich Aramaic.

is o al te ulses of publishers the all, of First

153 were however severalwere intheirworld however significant differences Bie Bie Nasha Bie Bie

150 The editors of editors The ł ł ł ł arus arus arus arus

many and the the and many Thus the Catholic activists were closer to the conservative ideas of Frantsishak of ideas conservative the to closer were activists Catholic the Thus

– Niva

ah Niva Nasha Biełarus Biełarus

– 1914 1914 1914 1915 n o te ones f h Blrsa ntoa ie, ahr hn o their to than rather idea, national Belarusian the of founders the of one

Nasha

Nasha Niva Niva Nasha 1914

r. № № № № Nasha Niva Nasha 40 30 52 8 Biełarus even claimed that forced assimilation and chauvinism were the sins sins the were chauvinism and assimilation forced that claimed even № Niva Hutarka Nasha Niva Nasha

Car Wajna Rodnaja 45 Kaiser i nt oe te ii a al Smtms te ciit ue the used activists the Sometimes, all. at visit the cover not did

Zhyla

ciit. tl, oh f h gop are o te eeto of rejection the on agreed groups the of both Still, activists. u

ae: ― pages: Wilni in general showed more acceptance of Russian authorities. Russian of acceptance more showed general in

- ab

himself for starting the war and supported the Russian Russian the supported and war the starting for himself

«Do not disavow you own and learn from the others»‖.the from learn and youown disavow «Donot and iskra ,

zhyvets naszaj Biełarus . Unlike the latter, Belarusian Catholic activists openly activists Catholic Belarusian latter, the Unlike .

Biełarus

ah Niva Nasha

prostaj

budze hwd oe upr fr All for support more showed activists also agreed upon the primary goals primary the upon agreed also activists

mowie

zhyts

Biełarus os o pec bid chauvinistic blind preach not does

Biełarus - writes: ―This fire (our native native (ourfire ―This writes: views.

151 ahr Astramovich Father

Very similar ideas similar Very - Russian war war Russian irit. 154

152 At 48

CEU eTD Collection 157 156 155 con their by explained also be can Russia towards priests Catholic Belarusian Mother of sons the remaining tongue, native our in pray and study will we and cause native our on eyes people's and Government's the open to similar idea hope‖ is ―War the contain only differentscale. its in Thi subjects. empire's the of rest the with equality legal achieving for argument an and loyalty of proof a as war the in participation stated inoneof thearticles: the authorities right the mainly rights, some in restricted still though were authorities Tsarist Belarusians, by family Russian Catholic the to belonging population. as considered Belarusian the of part specific a represented the of perception different a by explained Slavdom‖. all of defence in martyr a as hero, a as life his down laid […] Slavs of freedom for Slav, true a like Bulgaria, in ―fought prince the that mentioned

n diin o h ptitc n lyls drcin of direction loyalist and patriotic the to addition In their of fact the use to tried activists Catholic Belarusian the that notable is It

as Catholics [Belarusian they that hope can We […] else. everyone as just burden the carry and together stand war, the to went power in those by loved not are who Catholics the also but A.B.] Great means here state the of [natives state the of (karennyia) natives B Bie Bie

the other thestate”. citizens of ie ł ł ł arus arus the to close themselves considered who Belarus, of sons those only “Not arus Biełarus

1914 1915

1914 1914

№ № № 34 3 activists tried to improve position of their flock. It is specifically specifically is It flock. their of position improve to tried activists

56 Pawinno Skutki

Mova to purchase of land. Thus by expressing loyalty to the Tsarist the to loyalty expressing by Thus land. of purchase to –

wajny

A.B.] can achieve the same attention, care, respect care, attention, same the achieve can A.B.]

156

s approach is similar to the one used in used one the to similar is approach s

Nasha Niva Nasha a b te ahlc eauin ciit who activists Belarusian Catholic the by war - . For example: ―God grant, the war the grant, ―God example: For . Russia‖. Biełarus 157

155 mr lyl tiue of attitude loyal more A

Such a position can be can position a Such publications, they also also they publications, Russians Russians Nasha Niva Nasha servative –

will 49 ,

CEU eTD Collection 162 161 160 159 158 was war the as necessary, indeed was it that realised they Moreover, movement. national the of mobilisation them. gave war the that opportunities the of use make to tried activists the However, movement. national the t realised activists Belarusian of groups both self and language. education of issue the to paid was attention of lot ( book prayer Belarusian first the publish to managed and war the through paper the of pages the in extensively topic the covered They Church. Catholic the in language Belarusian the of introduction the in active nation strong the have they do neither and work united and common to call which articles fewer nation for advance building an as interpreted not was vodka of prohibition the instance, For one. of cities and towns. general in socialists the 1905 of Revolution Russian First the and 1863 of uprising the criticise They orientation. Nasha Niva Nasha

From the analysis of the two periodicals several conclusions can be made. First of all, of First made. be can conclusions several periodicals two the of analysis the From of rhetoric the general In

- retd mhss of emphasis oriented Bie Bie Bie Bie Bie but rather a generally good thing which makes people sin less. sin people makes which thing good generally a rather but

ł ł ł ł ł arus arus arus arus arus . Often, the Christian values and ideas are put forward, rather than the national the than rather forward, put are ideas and values Christian the Often, .

Nasha Niva Nasha 1915 1914 1915 1915 №15 1915 №4 160

population and creation of social structures, that could preserve the the preserve could that structures, social of creation and population № № № 159 23 47 2 , and express negative attitude towards migration of peasants to the to peasants of migration towards attitude negative express and , p Wajujmo - - Wialikaje . 6

24 16 creators used several aspects of the war as arguments for national for arguments as war the of aspects several used creators Boh z nami. Biełaruski madliteunik Biełaruski nami. z Boh

ah Niva Nasha

U Zalaty Biełarus

rodnaj

most pastana

kanca

mowie tends to be less nation less be to tends Hwvr te ulses of publishers the However, .

for created war the that difficulties numerous he ŭ lennie

- oriented compared to rhetoric rhetoric to compared oriented - dcto i te Belarusian the in education ) in th in ) e spring of 1915. of spring e 161 Biełarus

Also, there are far are there Also, ee mo were 162 158

50 re A ,

CEU eTD Collection 163 newspaper the of editor The authorities. German the from newspaper a publish to permission army.Russian Ober w person and general in movement national things thearticle states thefollowing: Niva German the by divided being as Belarus occupation under developments new 3.2 Homan: the Spring in defeats suffered armies Russian the when particularly censored, sections war mostly had Niva Nasha t of both to applied was that censorship of level the by proved also be can authorities central the to periodical two the loyaltyof of levels different The state. tri turn, In life. social and economic political, to changes unexpected bringing ed to improve the position of the social group they represented by expressing loyalty to the the to loyalty expressing by represented they group social the of position the improve to ed

- contained the article named ― named article the contained Despite the initial confusion, the remaining Belarusian activists activists Belarusian remaining the confusion, initial the Despite Lutskevich Anton by written was article This o reality future the envisioned activists Belarusian 1915, of midsummer in Already Ost, as he was among the few national activists who did not evacuate together with the with together evacuate not did who activists national few the among was he as Ost,

la vie o gt ue hr ad hr. e te primo the Let there. haspadar) notleave land tonewlords.” ofthis it and here quiet get not voice land, clear the of depth the Belarusian into the Let […] line. bloody the moves of sides both the on line again start life frozen red the as But […] stops. work cultural Nasha o otiue t te asn o te Blrsa cer oc‖ n German in voice‖ clear ―Belarusian the of raising the to contributed ho - Summer of 1915. ofSummer 1915. “There, where the bullets are swish are bullets the where “There,

were censored partially or quite often completely, especially in 1915, in especially completely, often quite or partially censored were

Niva

1914

№ 31

Kryvaya Kryvavaya miazha Kryvavaya ah Niva Nasha

miazha - Russian front Russian

ing and the bombs are exploding, any any exploding, are bombs the and ing n atclr H hpee t b te very the be to happened He particular. in – ‖ (―The Bloody Border‖). Among other other Among Border‖). Bloody (―The ‖

163 one of the founders of the Belarusian the of founders the of one - line. The very last edition of edition last very The line.

hem. While editorial articles of of articles editorial While hem. da mse (advechny master rdial managed to get a a get to managed Biełarus - occupied occupied Biełarus authors Nasha 51 f

CEU eTD Collection 167 166 165 164 work “ national goals: Niva traditionallyadvertisements. announcementand various contained ― Russia: to dedicated section news was there page fourth ― neighbourhood‖), the in and Vilnia (―In ― sections: news the find could one page third the On pages. third and plac usually were articles editorial The authorities. German the from news official contained page first wereLutskevich.written by Anton 1910. in Belarus‖ of history ―Short first the publishing the of ―alumni‖ generation first a Lastouski, Vatslau was eauin ad ( land Belarusian

”. Homan noti can one As of publication the of circumstances The

eauin ryr Blrsa sro [] eauin ms tik about think must Belarusians economic cooperatives,worker professional associations, unions.” […] sermon organis should Belarusians […] emancipation. economic Belarusian prayer, Belarusian needs religious Belarusian newspaper, Belarusian […], clu Belarusian theatre, book Belarusian […] tongue. native 166 Homan Homan Homan Yanyshkev Homan Homan

The notion of ―War is a threat‖ was also present in the pages of the paper. the of pages the in present also was threat‖ a is ―War of notion The “At the first place we have a need to bring up new generations […] using […] generations new up bring to need a have we place first the “At

ed on the second page. The literature section occupied the bottom of the second the of bottom the occupied section literature The page. second the on ed

lo hrd h ―a i hp‖ tiue hrceitc for characteristic attitude hope‖ is ―War the shared also

1916 1916 1916 was published by the same people who participated in publishing publishing in participated who people same the by published was ich e otniy ewe te w eiin. oh f hm use te same the pursued them of Both editions. two the between continuity ce Kraj

№ № №

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ee s h cue f eauin od f o i te Church, the in God of word Belarusian of cause the is here . Vatslau Lastouski// Belaruskaya Lastouski// entsyclapedyiaVatslau 9 T. b

–

all of it every Belarusian must have. […] There are are There […] have. must Belarusian every it of all

Z Usiaho kraju Usiaho Z Homan

164 were reflected on its appearance. The The appearance. its on reflected were ‖ (―From around the land‖). O land‖). the around (―From ‖

How isk z Rasei z Wiestki ah Niva Nasha ever, most of editorial articles editorial of most ever, ed and establish various establish and ed

U Wilni i wakolicach i Wilni U

165

circle famous for for famous circle

‖. The last page page last The ‖. (Minsk ah Niva Nasha 1999 Nasha Nasha 167 n the the n

As 52 )

‖ r

CEU eTD Collection 169 168 ( immemorial‖ time the from ―Russian was it that violence with people our persuaded and cost, any at Belarusians of development cultural allow to want not did of state poor the was protest‖ any repulse, one any of afraid each being not and and separately together everyone oppressing wished, it as country the ruled government] abou ―cared‖ they which people the years:yokefor thanhundredall ―Tsar'souraffairs, more of were sole and masters bureaucrats its under suffered who people, Belarusian the of oppressor an as pictured wasEmpire Russian worldvie particular a developing for important also was it However, aims. propaganda German with line in went course of This issues. of number large a in attacked and criticised was rule thu Russian the and Now, audience. reader borders the to transmitted Russian within published periodical legal of pages as publication Belarusian early such in present was evil something as rule Tsarist of view the Although Empire. Russian the towards attitude Belarusiansituation. make outofthe circletriedthemost to Vilna the year, previous the in like Just propaganda. German of transmitters mere activists conside to mistake a be would it However, politics. its and occupation Ober in movement Belarusian whole attentionto newaltered wouldbe and givenin significantly traits Insteadanalysedhere.the Nashanot they Niva,are in found one the to arerather similar traits

h ms ntcal nvly n eauin ainl icus ws h oel hos openly the was discourse national Belarusian in novelty noticeable most The the of directions new the shaping factor main The

Homan Homan

1916 1916

№ № the Belarusian national movement: ―Muscovite ( ―Muscovite movement: national Belarusian the 7 Dziali i panuj i 7 Dziali Lichaja spadczyna6

t did not have a right to decide anything‖ decide to right a have not did t

- s ws f ore h vr ntr o te German the of nature very the course of was Ost

Gomon

of 1884, it could never appear on the the on appear never could it 1884, of Homan Homan w of Belarusian nationalism. The The nationalism. Belarusian of w

169

The result of this oppression this of result The rhetoric of publications as well as the the as well as publications maskouskaya r Belarusian national Belarusian r iskoni ruskiy iskoni s could never be be never could s Homan 168 ; ―[Russian ; .

) politics politics )

) and it it and ) tile tile 53

CEU eTD Collection 172 171 170 of pages the in formed was imagination. soldier and official bureaucrat, Russian (Great) common the among widely more used was term The ( ―Muscovite‖ term the often ( ―Russian‖ us language in even reflected was authorities new Tsarist the The of perception movement. Belarusian the of misfortunes for blamed be or could ―renegades‖ that vague ―apostates‖ some not body distinct some was there Now, identity. Belarusian destroy( individuality the ( ―N Muscovite nation: Belarusian of enemies now are liberals life‖ new establishing years, work creative of of only start and then hundreds oldregime,first destroy for to the built ( peoples ―The state: democratic and free a become to revolution needs just Russia that argued they hand, one the ofenemy wasBelarusian tsarismas Russian anclearly of an nation constru ideological image whole the justification, factual have may language literary Belarusian of development g should

As the Russian tsarist rule was ascribed the role of enemy, a new historical narrative narrative historical new a enemy, of role the ascribed was rule tsarist Russian the As t useful a was enemy an as rule autocratic Russian of image The the whole, a as Russia to regard In

Homan Homan Homan t usfe ( Russified et raseyets maskouskaye

1916 1916 1916

for a person, a for narody

№ № № 171 abmaskovitstsa 13 Z 13 bury Zapaviedz 8 6 Pryczyny zaniapad

scey wih ntd ih srs oenet n hi dsr to desire their in government Tsar's with united which society, ) samabytnasts n h ohr ad dtr of editors hand other the On

) of Russia had a great and difficult goal to goal difficult and great a had Russia of ) Homan - za miazy za maskovets

raseyski . The main creator of this narrative was Vatslau Lastouski. Vatslau was narrative this of creator main The .

)‖. ) of the Belarusian Land‖Belarusian) of the

170 Homan

maskal for the adjective) publishers of of publishers adjective) the for

u Belaruskaha Adradzenniau st. XIX huh oe f h cam, ie meig the impeding like claims, the of some Though

publishers ' for a person, person, a for ' –

o te ot iebe iue i popular in figures likeable most the not

ationalistic rage reached the liberal liberal the reached rage ationalistic Belarusian population usually meant meant usually population Belarusian Homan

did not have defined position. On position. defined have not did 172 maskouski

lie ta ee Russian even that claimed

accomplish: they need need they accomplish: e. Instead of the term term the of Instead e. Homan

for the adjective). adjective). the for o i shaping in ool

used more more used ct.

CEU eTD Collection 175 174 173 territorial very the Moreover, narrative. historical Belarusian specific of development ( L at history their of part this presented Belarusians how is That nation. Belarusian Belarusian the of age the Golden a in as myth, national role important an played also which Lithuania of Duchy Grand the of in later reality into put interwar Poland. to try will he which Belarus in Church Uniate of revival of idea of pages the in advertised in articles extensive three Kuncevich to dedicated Pachobka there. persecuted actually was Church Uniate the as Empire Russian the in hero a be not could figure This population. Orthodox the with conflict his of result KuncevichJosaphat of editor former by suggested was personality Empir Homan. of issue first the in already Kalinowski (Kastuś) Konstanty of figure the pantheon national the into introduce to one first the was He inorodtsy

hs t s osbe o a, ht Ober that say, to possible is it Thus general In

well as state chronicles asstate well inBelarusian were written language” as Duchy the of laws and acts state documents, legal and administrative All GDL. la Belarusian Lithuania. of Duchy Grand the as history in known structure, state strong created together, e was considered a rebel and a criminal could be not praised there. Another historical historical Another there. praised not be could criminal a and rebel a considered was e Homan Homan Homan ) of Russia: united Lithuanian, and Belarusians century XVI late to and XIII “From

1916 1916 1916 Homan

–

№ № №

a Belarusian (Ruthenian) Uniate martyr who was killed inVitsebsUniateBelarusian martyrwhowasa (Ruthenian) killed 52 Reljacyja ab zjezdzi uLozanne52 Reljacyjaab zjezdzi 19 Spraviadliwaha1 Pamiaci often published articles published often - 21 Homan

uan cneecs f h Lau o Non of League the of conferences ausanne gae a bt no ai o sae diitain of administration state of basis into but was nguage

as well. This activity of Paczobka also indicated emerging indicated also Paczobka of activity This well. as Homan - s regime Ost 174

173 dedicated to history, particularly the history history the particularly history, to dedicated

Biełarus Naturally, this figure who in the Russian the in who figure this Naturally, n ltr ulse a b a published later and

provided Baliaslaŭ Paczobka. That was was That Paczobka. Baliaslaŭ 175 utbe odtos for conditions suitable

- Russian peoples peoples Russian o wih was which ook k as a k as a 55

CEU eTD Collection 177 176 ( peoples Non of League the of conferences Lausanne and Stockholm in par activists Belarusian the through arena international the on cause their present to chance first opportunity Empire. Russian whichin incultural was work present not cultural a liberated oppression:Piedmont, Russian from as territory this see activists national made one) Belarusian the (including Ost usage any without obstacles‖. for allowed is one Russian the from distinct as language Belarusian ―The words Hindenburg's issue in published first was Language‖ Belarusian the of ―Rights notice The unit. territorial this of as languageBelarusian the of recognition the was administration national wouldproduceofhistorical activists version narrative. different with united were territories Belarusian If Belarusians. Ober of arrangement

№ In addition to the opportunities inside Ober inside opportunities the to addition In activists national Belarusian the as demagogy, empty an not was This authoritie German of attitude lenient Generally Ober the of action important most the activists Belarusian the for However,

tank forfree Belarusian idea”. think a establish should we culture, our building for foundation a lay should and bo Russian Homan Homan 6 and then was published several times in row in the next issues. next the in row in times several published was then and 6 inorodtsy beyond be to happened Belarus of part the when moment, present the “[…]

1916 1916 rders, has a particular importance for our people (narod): importancerders, hasaparticular people forour we herecan o Rsi. h cac t sek bu te eauin as a the at cause Belarusian the about speak to chance The Russia. of )

№ № - s md ta priua oto o hsoia nraie peln to appealing narrative historical of option particular that made Ost 11 Rase 6, № 7,

№ jskaja palityka uBelarusijskaja 12, 177 № 14,

№ 30

- Ost the national activists got probably the the probably got activists national the Ost s towards national movement of Ober of movement national towards s

the Ukrainian ones, perhaps, the the perhaps, ones, Ukrainian the one of the official languages official the of one

176

The notice quotednotice The

did see the real the see did iiain of ticipation - Russian Russian - Ost Ost 56 -

CEU eTD Collection 179 178 to adherence that argue authors the of Both Sidarevich. Anatol and Smalianchuk Aliaksandr Lithuania,Belarusian Homan rare to compared evident particularly is which all, of First traits. notable several Belarus completely from was separated Russia non of idea the revolution, Bolshevik to prior frontline the of side Russian the on and occupation i particularly awas That to Russia. backhandedbe to territories German occupied the want not actuallydid ( land t of provinces Western the occupied Germany since that claimed activists Belarusian Moreover, conferences. the to dedicated in times several underlined was course of This Power. Great one least at by Belarus that proved again once conferences these in Participation rights. their in equal were peoples these of all that meant etc., Lithuanians,Poles ideas national precisely. the formulate activists the made tribune international

h ise of issue The speak who those to and Lithuanian or Polish Yiddish” a and Belarusian a to dear equally (Kraj), libera of heart the become will and become should a of idea the general In

Kraj t , Homan Homan 178 e ertr o Ober of territory he cae t b itra Rsin affair. Russian internal be to ceased ) “Vilna

prat hne n h Blrsa ntoa dsore a pir o h German the to prior as discourse, national Belarusian the in change mportant n diin te ey hne o pa aog ih kanas Fns Latvians Finns, Ukrainians, with along speak to chance very the addition, In

1916 1916 – kra

№ № - h acet aia o idpnet rn Dcy f Lithuania of Duchy Grand independent of capital ancient the Lithuanian land ( 35 Unutrannaja sprawa 37, jowość jowość

№ 46 Perszyia46 wystuplenni

- political future of Belarus was rather vague, but there were were there but vague, rather was Belarus of future political ouaiy mn Ober among popularity Ost was regularly referred to as former Grand Duchy of of Duchy Grand former as to referred regularly was Ost Homan he Russian Empire, the fate of the Belarusian the of fate the Empire, Russian he Kraj was a strong proponent of the idea of idea the of proponent strong a was ) or Kraj: simply

krajowość krajowość - 179 existent. existent. ians were recognised as a separate nation separate a as recognised were ians

t s vdn ta Blrsa activists Belarusian that evident is It ted Belarusian ted - Ost Belarusians was discussed by by discussed was Belarusians Ost oriented articles in articles oriented

- Lithuanian land Lithuanian

and claims more more claims and Nasha Niva Nasha Homan - krajowość, krajowość, Lithuanian Lithuanian articles . In . 57

CEU eTD Collection 182 181 180 independence,not full autonomy but and self writes thefollowing: Belarus in uprising 1863 of heroes C Roger nationalist and insurgent Irish compares author the freedom‖ for ―Martyrs articles the In activists. Vilnia for goal a not was state national Belarusian a of independence the that proves which Lutskevich, better are nations which in states multinational Austria and Switzerland of examples the brings He ones. other with cooperation onlyin but reasons, economic mainlyfor own their on exist cannot nations certain that claims agains argues actually Lutskevich Anton Sea‖ the ―To article the In Duchy. Grand new of idea romantic seemingly the of support the for reasons other be might realindependence. to preparation the for time more win to move, tactical a claimed that foralso would have development.They chance better movement national Belarusian the claim, authors the Ukraine) even and Latvia also (possibly of lack the and movement national Belarusian the of weakness objective the by explained be can idea this

Finally the growing Polish political power was another reason for the support of of support the for reason another was power political Polish growing the Finally the imagined Lutskevich that see can one quote this In his and Casement of autonomy” with comradesIreland provided blood the fulfilled: be will […] wish This (volia). freedom recent

Homan Homan Smalianchuk, ―Belarusian National Movement.‖ the […] nothing. for shed not was freedom for fighters the of blood “The

uprising was aimed at fulfilling the last wish of the people: gain political political gain people: the of wish last the fulfilling at aimed was uprising

1916 1917

t raiainladpltclrsucs I ofdrto ih Lithuania with confederation a In resources. political and organisational its

№ №

52 Muczeniki za voliu za 52 Muczeniki mora 10 Da smn wo a snecd o et b te rts atoiis to authorities British the by death to sentenced was who asement

- Lithuania Kalinowski and Sierakowski. Then Lutskevich Then Sierakowski. and Kalinowski Lithuania -

governance.

182 f together. off

―last wish of the people‖ to be be to people‖ the of wish ―last 181

hr i aohr ril by article another is There krajowość krajowość te ain tt and state nation the t 180

could

However, thereHowever, - Hungary as as Hungary

have

been been 58

CEU eTD Collection 185 184 183 final word Duchy inGrand idea national Polish of ideas the towards gravitated Poles local the while activists, Belarusian the among popular most be to seemed however idea The Belarus. autonomous the of development the fostered territories ethnic Ober the or Finally theatres. schools or churches in it be work: national of development for opportunity provided also policies deriv notion this From nation. Belarusian of enemy an as form)autocratic its in least (at Russia of idea the isit all of First occupationregime. the and War influencedbythat wasthe movement national of city capital the lost it WWI, after independence to Vilnia/Wilno/Vilnius Poland. get to managed Lithuania threat. Polish against security ec the despite Latvians, and Lithuanians Belarusians, of state were articles several and united the that arguesLutskevich articles, the of Inone statement. this opposed that published circle, Belarusian the of reaction harsh a Poland provoked to statement drawn are which territories Russia from liberated of direction the to border our of expansion demands which mission historic our understand ―We following: the stated Niemojewski Waclaw Poland of Kingdom established newly of Marshall Crown the Ober of territories the for hope expressed time same the at and 1916 of November in authorities German by Poland krajowość.

hs i te ae of pages the in Thus,

Homan Homan Homan Although es the will to be separated from Russia by all means. The Ober The means. all by Russia from separated be to will the es

1917 1917 1916

№ № № - Homan Ost getting autonomous status as well. as status autonomous getting Ost 10 Da mora 10 Da 5 Skanda 78 - 79

Homan

ecmd h polmto o a atnmu Kndm of Kingdom autonomous an of proclamation the welcomed 185 would be said by the Germanwould beauthorities in1917. saidby

l naadkrycci dziarzaunaj rady

atal h ws ih i hs ann, s vn though even as warning, his in right was he Partially o - e a tae eea pten o dvlpet f the of development of patterns several trace can ne s eitneo eauin Ltuna n Latvia and Lithuanian Belarusian, on existence Ost krajowość krajowość idea, and with that the idea of an an of idea the that with and idea, onomic benefits would provide would benefits onomic

183

However, in January 191 January in However, - - democrats. The The democrats. Ost occupation occupation Ost

‖. 184

This 59 7, n

CEU eTD Collection later. even or Russia in Revolution February the until least at activists the among popular not was state nation unitary independent an of idea the that probable most is it However, situation. th as events war by shaped was idea This Belarus. of national idea. Ober of nature o politics Germaneithernationality influenceof the under developed ideasThe rule. Russian under not was territory ethnic Belarusian the of large when nationalism Belarusian pa was This nationallearn experiences. movements andfrom their successful most of path the follow to tried nationalists Belarusian Therefore, will. political th express to right the earn would movements national organised well and the strong only and nations‖ of ―judgement the by followed be indeed would war the of end the finding movement, the of opponents with debating consciousness, national spreading structures, civic extent the meet to ready be should pre from different very be would situation the ended, war the way whatever that belief, shared a was there hand other the On movement. them of All by made. caused suffering and grief the be recognised should periodicals three the between comparison the movement

However, at the beginning of the war there were only hints of a desired political future future political desired a of hints only were there war the of beginning the at However, idea. national Belarusian of development the to significantly contributed itself war The Belarusian the in groups various of reactions of patterns general some find To

Biełarus

possible allies and gathering international support. Most of the activists realised that realised activists the of Most support. international gathering and allies possible tclry iil i Ober in visible rticularly

- used possibilities that they had for advancing national activism, establishing activism, national advancing for had they that possibilities used Ost –

its geography, economy, population became significant part of the the of part significant became population economy, geography, its

challenges. Thus, both Thus, challenges. - Ost area, as it was the first time in the history of of history the in time first the was it as area, Ost - war situation, and that the national movement movement national the that and situation, war the war and agreed that it impeded the national the impeded it that agreed and war the Nasha Niva Nasha

e activists reacted to the ever the to reacted activists e

and Homan and to a lesser a to and - r the verythe r changing changing i own eir 60

CEU eTD Collection significance of the nationality question in all the warring states, made common Belarusian common made states, warring the all in question nationality the of significance agitation national for platforms new provided to many activists national of drafting The emerged. other while disappeared, opportunities Some movement. national Belarusian the of advance the for environment different new whole created upheaval Ma activists. national of plans movement national showedgrowth steady inthe period of 1906 the resources, limited rather having despite why, is That population. Belar the of part some for enough attractive and coherent was that ideology an create to among mainlycommon population: schools,was the church and sofierce. cons national the spread could that institutions few of control over struggle the why is That Belarusian. and Polish Russian, land: this in dominance the for struggled that centres mo of level low socio the was Belarus asUkraineLithuania. and well aspartially Russian in manifested which factor, Borderland Civilizational the by influenced particularly was idea national Belarusian the of development Conclusion

Though Belarusian nationalists were the outsiders in this power struggle, they managed managed they struggle, power this in outsiders the were nationalists Belarusian Though century XX early in lands Belarusian of history shaped that factor important Another Belarusia h wr ruh daai cags o h lf o cmo Blrsas n fie the foiled and Belarusians common of life the to changes dramatic brought war The - economical structure of the territory. The relative economic backwardness and backwardness economic relative The territory. the of structure economical

n national idea developed in peculiar and even unique way. The formation and formation The way. unique even and peculiar in developed idea national n iiy f h Blrsa pplto cetd rbes o al he national three all for problems created population Belarusian the of bility

the army weakened the centres of national movement, at the same time same the at movement, national of centres the weakened army the s oiiain te odtos f ata lw n general and law martial of conditions the mobilisation, ss - 1914. - – Polish ideological struggle over terri over struggle ideological Polish

o a te rnln. h gnrl ie in rise general The frontline. the at now

ciousness ciousness tories of of tories usian 61 -

CEU eTD Collection course limited by time period and methodology. For more comprehensive picture the study of of study of the picture comprehensive more For methodology. and period is time by limited course topic the of study The ways. various in ethnicity of mobilisation caused indeed and ideal nation state new of formation in role significant a played and frontline the of side other the to brought was and survived one former the fail, would idea later the While pre a as states) other possibly (and Lithuania with union federative one another Russia, from separation of idea the was them of One ideologies. Ober of Conditions changes. significant ide national the but continued, mobilisation national rapid for trait general the military or establishment and army German by territory Belarusian the equalculturalwell. rights(particularly ones) as require thus and nations other all as bad as war this in suffering are Belarusians that reminded authorities. tsarist to loyalty expressing through represented (religious movement the of Part institutions. cooperation economic or organisations relief like structures various they Thus movements. national the strengthen to opportunity every use must Belarusian they that precisely, felt nationalists be would change the what envisioned nobody Though everything. Na opportunity. an and threat a both as activists the by seen was itself War The politics. their and rhetoric speak ers decide, who they were, and to what nation theywho theyanders towhat decide,were, nation belonged.

Yet their adjust to had periodicals existing few on centred groups nationalist Belarusian Thus, in this thesis I showed th showed I thesis this in Thus, - state.

even more groundbreaking event of the war, was the occupation of Western part of part Western of occupation the was war, the of event groundbreaking more even used motives of common misfortune and grief to unite Belarusian population via population Belarusian unite to grief and misfortune common of motives used

inl ciit fl the felt activists tional - patriotic direction) decided to achieve improvements of the g the of improvements achieve to decided direction) patriotic at WWI served as a catalysed for national development national for catalysed a as served WWI at Zeitgeist - s dfnd eea nvlis n h national the in novelties several defined Ost

n ke ta te a wl change will War the that knew and Nasha Niva Nasha

eal pltcl future. political ferable - ruled Ober ruled

group also regularly also group – – underwent a independent independent

- Ost. There, Ost. the idea of idea the roup they they roup 62

CEU eTD Collection well as other primary sources. as memoirs and documents, archival periodicals, Lithuanian and Ukrainian German, Russian, of period the include to framework time proclamationBelarusian of People's Belarusian Republic. Republic and Socialist Soviet the expand also should research future The Belaru of development

n re t get to order In fl pcue te eerh n h sbet hud lo un o Polish, to turn also should subject the on research the picture, full a in ainl oeet n usa hl triois hud e made. be should territories held Russian in movement national sian

CEU eTD Collection Lohr, Eric. Eric. Lohr, G. Vejas Liulevicius, Rainer. Lindner, Uladzimir. Liakhouski, Aleh. Latyshonak, P. Samuel Huntington, Miroslav. Hroch, Ass and Identification National Belorussians: ―The L. Steven Guthier, of Reign ―The William. Daniel Graf, ——— Peter. Gatrell, Bich,Mikhas. Ihnat. Abdziralovich, sources Secondary Pierszaja Niwa: Nasza Часопись Виленская Белорусская Гоман: = Czasopis Wilenskaja Bielaruskaja Homan: Bi Primary sources Bibliography łrs Tdiwj Ktlcaa Hazeta Katalickaja Tydniowaja ełarus:

Soviet Studies http://search.proquest.com/docview/288265373/citation?accountid=15607. 1914 Pearson/Longman, 2005. . Indiana Ind: Bloomington, Studies. University 2000. Press, European East and Russian in Series Michigan - Outl World Belarusian the tekhnika, 1993. of Studies Way: Eternal the with pictures] Clamour:[The Belarusian Vilnia Magazine] 1913. Wilnia, University 2003. Press, War World Warfare Cambridge2000. University 9.Cambridge: Press, I War World in Occupation Weissrussland Im 19. belarusistyki, 2010. 1918)] (1915 HistarychnayeInstytu Tavarystva, and Schuster, 2007. Nations Europe Smaller the Among Groups Patriotic of Composition Social the of Analysis

Russia’s First World War: a Social and Economic History Economic and Social a War: World First Russia’s Early XX C] Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign Against Enemy Aliens During Aliens Enemy Against Campaign The Empire: Russian the Nationalizing - - Nebraska of University The Ph.D., 1915.‖ 98 [col dcto i Blrs uig h Gra Ocpto (1915 Occupation German the During Belarus in Aducation [School 1918) . Belaruskaye Adradzhennie u XIX XIX u Adradzhennie Belaruskaye A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia During World War I War World During Russia in Refugees Walking: Empire Whole A . CUP Archive,. CUP 1985.

Vilnia itrkr n Hrshf: ainblug n Gshctpltk in Geschichtspolitik Und Nationsbildung Herrschaft: Und Historiker oil rcniin o Ntoa Rvvl n uoe a Comparative a Europe: in Revival National of Preconditions Social huey N [h Slir o BPR] of Soldiers [The BNR Zhaunery

. Navuka Minsk: itekhnika, 1993. . Russian Research Center Studies 94. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Harvard Mass: Cambridge, 94. Studies Center Research Russian . Wilnia, 1906. War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, Nation Culture, Front: Eastern the on Land War 29, no. 1 (1977): 37 29, no.1(1977): dehy Slahm Dsezn Beaukh Sithid [Along Svietahliadu Bielaruskaha Dasledziny Shliakham: Advechnym

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order World of Remaking the and Civilizations of Clash The Rysunkami z Hazeta Biełarus. - ilso: eauky Hsayhae aayta Instytut Tavarystva, Histarychnaye Belaruskaye Bialystok: hony Auasi u eaui aca Naesa Akypatsyi Niametskay Padchas Belarusi u Adukatsyia Shkolnaya

Und 20.JahrhundertUnd

. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Modern of History Cultural and Social the in Studies .

the Generals: Military Government in Western Russia, Western in Government Military Generals: the t belarusistyki, 2009. t belarusistyki, – 61. doi:10.1080/09668137708411105. . Te eauin Wel Ctoi Newspaper] Catholic Weekly Belarusian: [The -

Pachatku XX St. [Belarusian Revival in XIX XIX Revivalin [Belarusian St. XX Pachatku . Saint

Wilnia, 1916.

[Our Field: First Belarusian newspaper newspaper Belarusian First Field: [Our

- Petersburg: 2005. Nevskiy prostor, Vilnia .

. 1st ed. Harlow, England: England: Harlow, ed. 1st . ook] - ilso: Belaruskaye Bialystok: al Identity and German German and Identity al imilation, 1897 imilation, -

Mnk Nvk i Navuka Mensk: . icl, 1972. Lincoln,

. In . . Simon Simon . – 1970.‖ diana an an 64

- - .

CEU eTD Collection Stankevich, Adam. ―Bielaruski Khrystsiyanski Rukh (histarychny Narys) [Belarusian [Belarusian ——— Narys) (histarychny Rukh Khrystsiyanski ―Bielaruski Adam. Stankevich, Darius. Staliūnas, ——— ——— Rukh Natsyyanalny ―Belaruski Aliaksandr. Smalianchuk, Lutskevich [Anton Ruhu Bielaruskim u Rolia Yaho i Lutskevich ―Anton Anatol. Sidarevich, Prastora Zhytstsiovaya i Satsyyalnaya Viostsy‘: u ―‗Zamknionyya Volha. Shatalava, Andrew. Savchenko, A. Joshua Sanborn, National Belarusian the of Fall and Rise The Belarus: Over Battle ―The Anders. Per Rudling, V. Alexander Prusin, Aliaksandr. Nadsan, In [Introduction].‖ ―Uvodziny Jauhien. Miranowicz, Alexei. Miller, Dvizheniye Natsionalnoye Belorusskoye i Rossii v Goda 1917 ―Revolutsiia Mikhaliuk. Anton. Lutskevich,

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