MINISTRY OF HEALTH CARE OF UKRAINE Kharkiv National Medical University HISTORY OF UKRAINE AND UKRAINIAN CULTURE the textbook for international students by V. Alkov Kharkiv KhNMU 2018 UDC [94:008](477)=111(075.8) A56 Approved by the Academic Council of KhNMU Protocol № 5 of 17.05.2018 Reviewers: T. V. Arzumanova, PhD, associate professor of Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture P. V. Yeremieiev, PhD, associate professor of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Alkov V. A56 History of Ukraine and Ukrainian Culture : the textbook for international students. – Kharkiv : KhNMU, 2018. – 146 p. The textbook is intended for the first-year English Medium students of higher educational institutions and a wide range of readers to get substantively acquainted with the complex and centuries-old history and culture of Ukraine. The main attention is drawn to the formation of students’ understanding of historical and cultural processes and regularities inherent for Ukraine in different historical periods. For a better understanding of that, the textbook contains maps and illustrations, as well as original creative questions and tasks aimed at thinking development. UDC [94:008](477)=111(075.8) © Kharkiv National Medical University, 2018 © Alkov V. A., 2018 Contents I Exordium. Ukrainian Lands in Ancient Times 1. General issues 5 2. Primitive society in the lands of modern Ukraine. Greek colonies 7 3. East Slavic Tribes 15 II Princely Era (9th century – 1340-s of 14th century) 1. Kievan Rus as an early feudal state 19 2. Disintegration of Kievan Rus and Galicia-Volhynia Principality 23 3. Development of culture during the Princely Era 26 III Ukrainian Lands under the Power of Poland and Lithuania 1. Political, social, and economic features of Ukrainian lands in the 32 Grand Principality of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 2. Culture of Lithuanian and Polish Period 36 IV Time of the Cossacks 1. The emergence of the Cossacks in Ukrainian lands 45 2. Liberation War under the lead of B. Khmelnytsky 48 3. The Ruin 54 4. Specific character of Cossack culture 57 V Ukrainian Lands in 18th Century 1. Hetmanate of Ivan Mazepa 59 2. Limitation of Hetmanate autonomy. Ukrainian lands in Poland 61 th 3. Ukrainian culture of 18 century 64 VI Ukrainian Lands during the “Long” 19th Century 1. Age of crisis, Modernization in the Russian Empire, and Ukrainian 75 lands 2. Western Ukrainian lands in the Habsburg Empire 79 3. Ukrainian cultural revival. Mentality 80 4. Development of literature and fine arts 82 5. Education and science 88 VII Ukrainian Lands during the Great War and Revolution 1. Ukraine during the World War I 91 2. Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921 93 3. Western Ukrainian lands in 1918-1920 99 4. Cultural development of revolutionary era 101 VIII Ukrainian Lands in Interwar Era (20-30es of 20th Century) 1. Soviet Ukraine in the 20-30-ies 104 2. Ukrainian lands as parts of Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia 107 during the 20-30-ies of the 20th century 3. Culture of the Early Soviet period 113 IX World War II and Recovery of Soviet Ukraine 1. Ukraine during the Second World War (1939-1945) 118 2. Post-War recovery 128 3. Culture in the days of despair and triumph 129 3 X Late UkrSSR and Independence 1. Khrushchev reforms and Ukraine 132 2. UkrSSR during the era of “Stagnation” 134 3. “Perestroika” and the collapse of Soviet system 137 4. Culture of the late Soviet period 138 5. Independent Ukraine: economy, politics, and culture 141 Recommended Literature 145 4 Chapter I. Exordium. Ukrainian Lands in Ancient Times 1. General issues. 2. Primitive society in the lands of modern Ukraine. Greek colonies. 3. East Slavic Tribes 1. General issues. The integrated course “History of Ukraine and Ukrainian Culture” consists of 2 components – historical and cultural. The first one, History, is the science that studies the development of human society from the appearance of the first human to nowadays basing on historical sources. Historical sources are ones that directly reflect historical process. It may be archaeological items before the appearance of writing, documentary sources, ethnographical, oral, linguistical, photo and films, phonodocuments. Historiography is the totality of scientific researches in the field of history dedicated to a particular topic, problem or historical period. These are books and articles based on historical sources. Also it is considered as a scientific discipline that studies a history of historical science. To be a science discipline needs its own object and subject. The object is the same for all the Social Sciences. This is society. But the subject is specific for separate disciplines. For History it is a historical development of human society, for History of culture it is a cultural development of human society. The subject of History of Ukraine is a historical development of human society on the territory of modern Ukraine from the appearance of the first human there approximately 1 million years ago. Subject of history of culture is a complex study of big variety of spheres: history of science and technique, household activities, education and social thought, folklore and literature studies, history of arts. History of culture generalizes all these knowledge and investigates culture as a system of different branches. The development of human society includes culture, so we can use the subject of History of Ukraine as the subject for the whole course. The main particularity of History of Ukraine is the separation of lands under the rule of different countries during the part of its history. Western Ukraine was separated for a long time. In Western Ukraine there are several historical regions that have their own history. There are Eastern Galicia (or Halychyna) with the historical center of Lviv (Lvov, Lwow, Lemberg), Northern Bukovina (also Bukovyna, historical center is Chernivtsi), Volhynia (main center is Lutsk), Transcarpathia (Zakarpattia, historical center is Uzhhorod (Uzhgorod)). In the main part that was predominantly under the rule of Russian state. We also have specific regions: Sloboda Region (the center is Kharkov (Kharkiv)), The Donbas (the center is Donetsk), Novorussia (the center is Odessa), Podolia (Podillia, the center is Vynnytsia), Sivershina (the center is Chernihiv (Chernigov)), Central Ukraine (the center is Kiev (Kyiv)), Zaporizhzhia (Zaporozhye) (the center is Dnipro (Dnepropetrovsk)). The status of Crimea and some other regions are under the question. War conflict is continuing. But according to the Constitution modern Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 (233,062 sq. m.), making it the largest country 5 entirely within Europe excluding Russia. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine information on the 1st of July of 2017, the population was 42,297,400 residents, including Crimea and the Donbas. Ukraine is located in Central-Eastern Europe and borders Russia to the east, northeast and south, Belorussia to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. The capital of Ukraine is Kiev. Also Ukraine consists of two parts: Left and Right bank from Dnieper River. But it is vice versa on the map 6 because it depends on the direction of the river flow (to the south). Historically, this was an important trade route, and many of the first major settlements in Ukraine, including its capital city, Kiev, were established on the banks of the Dnieper. 2. Primitive society in the lands of modern Ukraine. Greek colonies. Primitive society is the first social and economic formation with a low level of development of productive forces and classless social organization – primitive communism. Primitive culture had its own characteristic feature – syncretism. It means that forms of consciousness, economic activities, social life, and art were not separated and opposed to each other. Any type of activity contained another one. So, it is hard and pointless to separate history and culture of that period. History of Ukraine started in Transcarpathia 1 million years ago when the first archaeoantropic human had come to this area. 40,000 years ago first people of modern type (Cro-Magnons) came to the territory of Ukraine and replaced the previous type – the Neanderthals. The period of primitive society was the most long-drawn-out in human history. It is 99 % of its history and culture. Archaic culture is the longest, the most mysterious and difficult for our understanding period of the cultural development. So, it has its own periods. Periods received its names according the main materials for making tools. The first one, Stone Age, includes Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Eneolithic periods. These periods lasted different time for different areas. Paleolithic means “Old Stone Age” and begun with the first use of stone tools. But Paleolithic humans made tools not only of stone, but of bone and wood. Due to the absence of written records from this time period, nearly all of our knowledge of Paleolithic human culture and way of life comes from archaeology and ethnographic comparisons to modern hunter-gatherer cultures that live similarly to their Paleolithic predecessors. The earliest part of the Paleolithic is called the Lower Paleolithic (during excavations, the most ancient objects were found deeper, hence the name), beginning with first arhaeantrops and with the earliest stone tools. It had lasted in the world since 3 million years BC for 10 thousand years ago. Primitive people started not only to use things but also to create it, to sharpen stick so on. These poorly adjusted people in 200-150 thousand years ago could live only in areas of Ukraine with mild climate: in the cave Kiik-Koba in Crimea, near modern villages Luka-Vrublevetska on the Dniester, Amvrosievka in the Donbas, and Koroliovo in Transcarpathia.