TABLE OF CONTENTS

MICHAEL MÜLLER-WILLE, Introduction ...... 9

I. Communication

EDITH MAROLD, – an ‘international’ trading place for , Swedes, Norwegians, Germans, Frisians and Slavonic people. The linguistic and literary evidence ...... 13

MICHAEL MÜLLER-WILLE, – Reric – Hedeby. Early urbanization in southern and the western Slavonic area ...... 21

ELSE ROESDAHL, Walrus ivory in the – and Ohthere (Ottar) ...... 33

DANIEL LÖWENBORG, Landscape and setting as a means of communication ...... 39

SØREN MICHAEL SINDBÆK, An object of exchange. Brass bars and the routinization of Viking Age long-distance exchange in the Baltic area ...... 49

ANDRES SIEGFRIED DOBAT, ‘Come together’. Three case-studies on the facilities of communication in a maritime perspective ...... 61

SEBASTIAN MESSAL, The Daugava waterway as a communication route to the East (9th–12th centuries) . . 71

KRISTIN ILVES, About the German ships on the at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries: Data from the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia ...... 81

II. Scandinavians and

HENRYK MACHAJEWSKI, The south-western part of the Baltic Sea basin at the end of Antiquity ...... 87

HANNA KÓČKA-KRENZ, The processes underlying the Piast state formation ...... 95

MONIKA MALESZKA, Viking and Slav: early medieval Baltic neighbours ...... 103

AGNIESZKA DOLATOWSKA, as a port-of-trade ...... 109

MARCUS GERDS, Worked and unworked amber from early medieval trading places in the south-western Baltic region ...... 115

KAROLINA SARGALIS, Local societies and Scandinavians in the light of grave goods in Pomerania and Great Poland...... 123

5 III. Scandinavian Settlement and Central Places

ANNE-SOFIE GRÄSLUND, between West and East ...... 129

ANNIKA LARSSON, Oriental warriors in Viking Age Scandinavia – nothing but an illusion? ...... 141

SHANNON LEWIS-SIMPSON, A survey of colonial situations in relation to the Scandinavian Viking-Age westward expansion ...... 155

IV.

GUNHILD ØEBY NIELSEN, Runestones as communication – the Danish material ...... 165

HARALD JOHANNES KRØVEL, Norwegian runestones from the 10th and 11th centuries – a social and political approach ...... 173

V. Transition to the Middle Ages

BIRGIT SAWYER, The ‘Civil wars’ revisited ...... 179

TORE IVERSEN, A main phase in the development of Norwegian Medieval law based on the concepts of land property and tenancy ...... 195

ELLEN ZIRR BROX, Sie heirateten rund um die Ostsee. Familiäre Kontakte und Bündnisse zwischen nordischen und slawischen Gebieten in der Zeit von 1000–1200 ...... 197

ARVE SLETTEN, Some reflections on the performance of foreign relations in the Middle Ages and on gifts as part of these ...... 205

TOR EINAR FAGERLAND, Warfare and politics in medieval Scandinavia ...... 209

VI. From Paganism to Christianity

HEIKI VALK, The Christianisation of Estonia and changes in burial customs ...... 215

MARGE KONSA, Different means of burying the dead. Stone graves of the 10th–13th centuries in Estonia ...... 223

ARVI HAAK, Society and change: The case of Northern Viljandimaa (South Estonia) during Europeanisation...... 229

ALEXANDRA SANMARK, The nature of pre-Christian religious custom in Scandinavia ...... 237

PHILIPP LENZ, Using pagan myths in a Christian society: The case of Snorri’s Heimskringla ...... 249

ALEKSANDRA FRĄCKOWIAK, Otto III in Gniezno – towards European unity ...... 257

EWA RUTKOWSKA, The Cistercian Order in the Polish lands and its influence on society, economy and culture in the Middle Ages (12th–16th centuries) ...... 263

6 VII. Literature and History

MATTHEW TOWNEND, Norse poets and English kings: Skaldic performance in Anglo-Saxon England . . . 269

CHRISTINA LEE, Eclectic memories: In search of Eadgyth ...... 277

TIMOTHY KNEBEL, The Anglicising of Appolonius ...... 287

SUZANNE NICOLE OSSA, An unholy alliance? Olaf Guthfrithsson and the Northumbrian church ...... 293

UNNI MYREN, King Olav Tryggvason – Hero or Heathen. Medieval perspectives in North-European literature ...... 299

EIKEN FRIEDRICHSEN, Harald Sigurdsson: A Norwegian king in the service of the Byzantine Emperor as described in Snorris Heimskringla ...... 303

SONJA SCHRAMM, The description and function of the Baltic Sea region in the Fornaldarsögur ...... 307

TRINE BUHL, Structural meaning in Hrafnkels Freysgoða ...... 313

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