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From One Sea to Another Trading Places in the European and Mediterranean Early Middle Ages

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From One Sea to Another Trading Places in the European and Mediterranean Early Middle Ages SEMINARI DEL CENTRO INTERUNIVERSITARIO PER LA STORIA E L’ARCHEOLOGIA DELL’ALTO MEDIOEVO 3 From one sea to another Trading places in the European and Mediterranean Early Middle Ages Proceedings of the International Conference Comacchio 27th-29th March 2009 Edited byH Sauro Gelichi and Richard Hodges F © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 01_FOSTA_Lebecq 11/03/12 09.17 Pagina 11 STÉPHANE LEBECQ The new wiks or emporia and the development of a maritime economy in the Northern Seas (7 th-9 th centuries) Beginning in the 7th century, a coherent communications system had been built around the seas of northwestern and northern Europe, which Michael McCormick has nicely called the ‘Northern Arc 1’. Archaeological, numismatic and written sources show that this communication system was closely related to a new generation of ports, which flourished on the con- tinent (from the Pas de Calais to the Meuse/Rhine great delta area), in the south and east of Britain, on the Jutland fringe of Scandinavia, and finally, in the Baltic and Scandinavian areas. A brief survey of the main emporia To begin with, I should like to present a brief survey – or, as Richard Hodges would say, a ‘gazetteer’ of the main emporia 2 – beginning with those sites located on the continent. Quentovic, literally the vicus or wik of the river Cuenta (the Canche), was situated on the pagus of Ponthieu, to the south of Boulogne in the Frankish kingdom of Neustria. The first written references appear in English sources at the end of the 7th century, but some coins minted with the word ‘Quen- tovic’ on them (all of them found in Britain) suggest a history reaching back to the first half of the century. The names of several of the mint-masters who struck these coins in Quentovic may have an Anglo-Saxon origin, 1 H M. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy. Communications and commerce A.D. 300-900, Cambridge, 2001, p. 562. 2 R. Hodges, Dark Ages Economics. The origins of towns and trade A.D. 600-1000, London, 1982, p. 66-86. For a survey of the emporia, see also S. Lebecq, «The Northern Seas (Fifth to Eighth centuries)», in New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 1, Cambridge, 2005, p. 639-659; and S. Lebecq, «Aux origines du renouveau urbain sur les côtes de l’Europe du Nord-Ouest au début du Moyen Âge? Les emporia des mers du Nord», in Les Villes romaines du nord de la Gaule, Revue du Nord, Hors-série Art et Archéologie, ed. R. Hanoune, Lille, 2007, p. 485-491. From one sea to another, ed. by Sauro Gelichi and Richard Hodges, SCISAM 3 (Turnhout, 2012), pp. 11-22 © F H G DOI 10.1484/M.SCISAM-EB.1.101085 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 01_FOSTA_Lebecq 11/03/12 09.17 Pagina 12 12 The new wiks or emporia and the development of a maritime economy which underlines the link between the south of England and this port, surely the most important in Merovingian Neustria3. The site known as Walcheren in written sources, but called Domburg by archaeologists, lay on an island in the Dutch province of Zeeland, where, according to empirical archaeology, a new port began to be deve- loped at the beginning of the 7th century near an ancient sanctuary devoted to the goddess Nehalenia, which had been destroyed by a great flood at the end of the 3rd century. Numerous 7th- and 8th-century coins from all over northern Gaul and southern England have been discovered on the beach of Domburg 4. Dorestad was situated on the Rhine delta near a Roman fort at the place where the river’s main current turned north toward Frisia and Scandinavia, and where the Lek took on a westerly direction toward Zeeland and south- east England. Like that of Quentovic, the name of Dorestad only features in texts from the end of the 7th century, but the name appears on coins (the Madelinus and Rimoaldus trientes) struck from 630-640. Although the port’s origin was certainly Frisian, its greatest period of development occurred after the end of the 8th century, when the site – together with the whole of Rhenish Frisia – fell to the power of the Franks. Excavations have revealed that Dorestad benefited from a large port complex, consisting of a system of wharves or landing stages perpendicular to the bank of the Rhine, and from a row of warehouses along the port complex. As such, it was to be- come the main turn-table for trade between the Rhineland, eastern England and Scandinavia 5. Probably the first emporium appearing in Britain was Ipswich (called Gipeswic in the written sources), which, like Dorestad, has been systema - 3 S. Lebecq, «Quentovic: un état de la question», in Studien zur Sachsenforschung, 8 (1993), p. 73-82; for the coinage, V. Zedelius, «Zur Münzprägung von Quentovic», in Studien zur Sachsenforschung, 7 (1991), p. 367-378. See also S. Lebecq, L. Verslype, B. Bethouart, Quentovic. Environnement, archéologie, histoire. Actes du colloque international de Montreuil-sur-Mer, Etaples et Le Touquet, Lille, 2010. 4 P.A. HHenderikx, «Walcheren van de 6e tot de 12e eeuw. Nederzettingsgeschiedenis in fragmenten», in Archief. Koninklijk Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen, 1993, p. 113-156; and S. Lebecq, «L’emporium proto-médiéval de Walcheren-Domburg: une mise en perspective», in Peasants and Townsmen in Medieval Europe. Studia in honorem Adriaan Verhulst, ed. J.M. Duvosquel, E. Thoen, Ghent, 1995, p. 73-89. 5 W.A. van Es, W.J.H. Verwers (eds), Excavations at Dorestad, vol. 1, The Harbour. Hoogstraat 1, Amersfoort, 1980; W.A. van Es, W.A.M. Hessing (eds), Romeinen, Friezen en Franken in het hart van Nederland. Van Traiectum tot Dorestad (50 v.C.-900 n.C.), Amers- foort, 1994; and A. Willemsen, Dorestad. Een wereldstad in de Middeleeuwen, Zutphen, 2009. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 01_FOSTA_Lebecq 11/03/12 09.17 Pagina 13 Stéphane Lebecq 13 tically excavated several times. These excavations have revealed a site oc- cupied since the beginning of the 7th century, which is rich in a consider- able quantity of pottery, mainly local in origin (i.e. East Anglian), but also from the Rhineland, the Meuse basin and Flanders 6. Several ports developed in Kent around Canterbury and along the Wantsum Stour, a sea sound at the northeastern end of the Kentish peninsula; specifically in Sarre, where a set of scales have been discovered in an Anglo- Saxon cemetery; and in Sandwich, Fordwich and a suburb of Canterbury, where a vicus has been recently identified on the banks of the river Stour 7. Hamwich, in the southern part of the future city of Southampton, is men- tioned in hagiography as the key point in communications between Wessex and the Seine in around 720. Excavations have revealed the presence of a port settlement planned around 700. Hamwich was in close contact with the continent (the lower Seine valley, the Paris region and, to a lesser de- gree, the Rhineland), with its nearby hinterland, and maybe with the royal site at Winchester8. The first emporium which appeared in the Scandinavian area is Ribe, which lay at the foot of western Jutland, on a small river flowing out to the North Sea. A well-organised settlement was founded at Ribe, perhaps by an emerging Danish monarchy, in the beginning of the 8th century, not far (7 km) from the high-status site of Dankirke. However the settlement does not seem to have had long to wait for visits from western merchants and their money, as shown by the presence of the famous so-called 8th century ‘Woden/Monster sceattas’ (that I should prefer to call ‘Long-haired- king/Monster’), which were found in such an abundance that some scholars thought that they were minted onsite 9. 6 K. Wade, «Ipswich», in The Rebirth of Towns in the West (AD 700-1050). CBA Re- search Report 68, ed. R. Hodges, B. Hobley, London, 1988, p. 93-100. 7 T.T. Tatton-Brown, «The towns of Kent», in Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England, ed. J. Haslam,H Chichester, 1984, p. 1-36; T.T. Tatton-Brown, «The Anglo-Saxon towns of Kent», in Anglo-Saxon Settlements, ed. D. Hooke, Oxford, 1988, p. 213-232; T.T. Tat- ton-Brown, Canterbury. History and Guide, Stroud, 1994. 8 R. Hodges, The Hamwih Pottery: the local and imported wares from 30 years’ excavations at Middle Saxon Southampton and their European context, CBA Research Report 37, Lon- don, 1981; A.D. Morton (ed.), Excavations at Hamwic, vol. 1, CBA Research Report 84, London, 1992; P. Andrews (ed.), Excavations at Hamwic, vol. 2, CBA Research Report 109, London, 1997. 9 M. Bencard et al. (eds), Ribe Excavations 1970-76, vol. 5, Esbjerg, 1981-2004; S. Jensen, The Vikings of Ribe, Ribe. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER 01_FOSTA_Lebecq 11/03/12 09.17 Pagina 14 14 The new wiks or emporia and the development of a maritime economy Sliaswich, the wik of the Schlei, was probably the first trading post, set up in the middle of the 8th century by western merchants on the Baltic, or more exactly, at the western end of the Schlei – a fjord in Schleswig- Holstein.
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