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SOME NOTES IN CONNECTION WITH THE DUTCH SECTION OF THE OF INFERIOR (GERMANIA SECUNDA)

l At the Third International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies at Rheinfelden -Basel, held in 1957, H. von Petrikovits read a paper entitled “Der niedergermanische Limes” , and presented a map showing the military settlements along the line of this part of the frontier.1 It is now possible to present a supplementary map, whose principal aim is to give a more detailed picture of its Dutch section (Fig. 44). The lower German fronticr-system consisted of a chain of fortresses and forts dating any-. where from the reign of down to c. A.D. 260 or ,270,2 and lying along the eastern and northern boundaries of the military district that became the province of ' in the reign of .3 From the southern boundary on the Vinxtbach they extended along the and further west - on the north side of the west part of the “Insula Batavorum” 4 - they are found along the Kromme Rijn (from Wijk bij Duurstede to ) and the Oude Rijn (from Utrecht to ). With the exception of the legionary fortress at Nijmegen (Batavodorum/Noviomagus),5 south of the Rhine arm known as the Waal, the map shows no military sites in the hinterland. North of the limes two names are shown: Ermclo, on the Velu$e in the province of Gclder- land, where what may have been a marching camp or temporary camp from about A.D, 300 i was excavated in 1923;6 and Vclsen, in the province of Noord-Holland near the coast, where very important finds made in 1964 and 1966 may indicate the presence of a M military settlement, probably occupied during the reigns of Caius () and . t The site of the auxiliary forts in the village of Valkenburg, in the province of Zuid-Holkmd, is no longer designated by the name of Praetor hi in Agrippinae ? This name should rather be attached to the so-called castellum on the height called klde Wocrd'\ some 1,200 metres south- south-east of the village. This site is not shown on the map, as it was probably a government hostel or praetorium, built towards the end of the Claudian period, and culled after the Empress Agrippina (Fig. 45).9 Nor does the castellum or “naval station9’ of -Arentsburg10, well known from J.H. Holwerda’s excavations, figure on the map. This site, immediately to the west of the former Fossa Corbulonis (Figs. 44, 45), dug in A.D. 47 or a little later, is to be identified with the shown on the Tabula Pmtingeriana.8 As the capital of the civitas Cananefatum. this town was raised to the status of a municipium, perhaps in the lifetime of , but more probably under or Marcus Aurelius, and ccrtainly not later than A.D. 162. Its new official name was Miinicipiiim Aelium or Aurelium Cananefatum}1 A new legionary fortress is shown on the map, namely that situated in , apud Aram Ubiorum, in the first half of the 1st century.12 No attempt has been made to show the boundary between the provinces of Germania Inferior and . Von Petrikovits’ map followed Mommsen’s view on this point.13 In 1958 an honorary inscription, dating from the reign of Marcus Aurelius, was found at Bulla Regia, a town in the province of Proconsularis (Tunisia).14 *In this mention is made of the regiones Tungrorum et Fris(iJavonum15, which seem to be ascribed to the province

71 72 J.E, Bogaers

Fig, 44. The Limes of Germania Inferior. Scale 1. Legionary fortresses. 2. Auxiliary forts* 3. Late Roman forts. 4« Fortlets. 5. Probable forts. The Limes o f Germania !nferfor 7 3

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RELINI

Fig, 45, West-Central Holland, with limes-forts, probable coast-line and river courses in Roman times (see also Fig. 47). Scale 1 n,p.O0^05<''' of Gallia Belgica, so that the question arises where the regia or civitas Frisiavonum1** and its caput are to be placed. Fig. 46 represents an attempt to show the (probable) territories of the various tribes and peoples known to have inhabited the Netherlands and the adjoining parts of and in imperial Roman times. The chartered towns (coloniae and municipia) and civitas capitals are also shown, further a few settlements important enough to claim candidature for the position of caput of the civitas Frisiavonum. In his Naturalis Historia, IV, 101, Pliny mentions the . According to him they lived on one or more o f the between Helinium and , i.e. in the area between the broad mouth of the Meuse to the west of Rotterdam (Fig. 45), into which the Waal (the western arm of the Rhine)17 and the Striene (an important arm of the Scheldt)3* also dis­ charged, and the northern mouth of the Rhine, through which the water of the Gelderse IJsscl flowed into the sea (most probably the Vlie or the Vliestroom between the islands of Vlicland and Terschelling19; it is possible, however, that Pliny meant the mouth of a Rhine arm consisting of the Utrechtse Vccht and the IJ, situated near Castricum, north of Velsen (Fig. 47).20 Taking the words of Pliny into account, it is difficult not to regard the civitas of the Frisia­ vones as part of Germania Inferior. Among the islands between Helinium and Flevum, Pliny includes the nobilissima Batavorum insula et Cannenefatium, situated between the Waal with the lower Meuse on the one side, and the Rhine, Kromme Rijn, and Oude Rijn on the other.21 This island certainly belonged to Germania Inferior. In Pliny’s Naturalis Historia, IV, 106, the Frisiavones are mentioned a second time, together with«the , the Sunuci, and the , tribes of Gallia Belgica that lived introrsus, i.e. neither on the sea-coast nor on the Rhine. In the same in many respects perplexing passage, 74 J.E. Bogaers 1

Fig, 46. ■The^probable|territories of the various tribes and peoples that are known to have inhabited the Netherlands and the adjoining parts of Belgium and Germany in Roman imperial times; chartered towns and civitas capitals, and a few settlements important enough to be candidates for the position of caput of the civitas Frisiavonum (6-11), are also shown. 1. Voorburg-Arentsburg, Forum Hadriani / Municipium Aelium or AureJium Cananefatum. 2. Nijmegen, Ulpia Noviomagus / Municipium Batavorum. i i 3. , CoJonia Ulpia Traiana. 4. Cologne, Claudia Ara Agrippinensium. 8. Rockanje. Tongres, Atua(tu)ca Tungrorum. 9. Goedereede. 6. Cuijk, Ceuclum. 10» Domburg, 1. Rossum - Alem, Grinnes. 11. Aardenburg. ‘The Limes o f Germania Inferior IS

Fig. 47. The coastal area of the western and northern Netherlands in the Early Sub-Atlantic period jjowards the beginning of the Roman period. After Pons et aJii (note 20)* Scale while enumerating the various peoples along the Rhine, Pliny also refers to Nat. Hist,, IV, 101: >et quos in insulis diximus Rheni* It seems all but impossible, to reconcile Pliny’s state­ ments about the Frisiavones in Nat Hist., IV, 101 and in 106. Possibly the name Helinium refers not only to the broad mouth of the Meuse‘but also to the whole delta of the Scheldt (Fig, 47). On this assumption the Frisiavones may have lived on the islands of Zuid-Holland, and perhaps also those of Zeeland (inter Helinium ac Flevum), and further inland (introrsas) 76 J.E. Bogaers

they may have inhabited the whole northern part of the province of Noord-Brabant (south of the Meuse), and the western part of the area between Meuse and Waal.23 If, as the inscription from Bulla Regia seems to indicate, the civitas of the Frisiavones was really part of Gallia Belgica, at least in the second half of the 2nd century, then the northern boundary of this province most likely coincided with the mouth of the River Meuse (the Helinium) in the west. There are three possibilities for the course of the boundary-line further east. It seems natural to suppose that the River Meuse served as a provincial boundary also in that direction; it is even more likely, however, that it ran along the “Peel” ,24 a formerly very marshy area to the west of the Meuse, on the border of what are now the provinces of Noord-Brabant and , which has been a natural barrier for centuries. A third but less likely possibility, is that the boundary is to be sought somewhere in the basin of the rivers Aa, DommeL Beer/.e, and Run in central Noord-Brabant (Fig. 44). In this connection it should be noticed that military inscriptions have been found immediately to the west of the River Meuse, in Limburg25 and the eastern part of Noord- Brabant26, blit are quite unknown in the rest of the latter province 27 Furthermore no Roman site of sufficient importance to rank as caput of the civitas Fmiavonum is known in the interior, of Noord-Brabant. Possible candidates for this distinction are found elsewhere: at Cuijk (Fig. 4'fcfNoord-Brabant),2? possum or Alerii (Fig, 46; Gelderland or Noord-Brabant respectively),29 Rockanje (Fig. 4 6 ; ’Zuid-Holland, Island of Yoorne),30 and Goedereede 7 (Fig. 461 Zuid-Holland, Islandtof Goeree-Overflakkee).31 Less likely ale the sites at Domburg < rL (Fig. 46; Zeeland, Island of Walcheren),32 and Aardenburg (Fig. 46; Zeeland, Zeeuws

t.

Vlaanderen).33 r r f ' I f * about A.D. 260-270 the fortresses and forts of the lower German frontier were abandoned, and most of them seem to have been destroyed in the course of the Frankish invasions.34 After the reorganization of the Empire in about A.D. 300, Germania Inferior

Fig, 48. The situation of Cuijk-Ceuclum in relation to the Limes of Germania Inferior (list—3rd centuries) and the |probable|rlate Roman limes of Germania Secunda^» The Limes o f Germania Inferior 11

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(1 T*r » r 11 ' i f * r Fig. 49. Cuiik. General plan oi the excavation results (1937 — 1966). Scale.l: A. Early Roman*fort (c. 5(j—l00)r 1. (Building) trenches. 2. Post-holes. 3. Ditches (two phases). B. Middle Roman civil settlement (2nd~3rd centuries): 4. Building trenches and post-holes. 5. Walls. 6. Drains, 7. Gravel road. C. Late Roman fort (4th century): 8. Post-holes of rampart. 9. Post-trench parallel with rampart on its inner side. 10, Drains. 31. Walls, 12. Ditches.

D. Post-Rojnan features: 13. Tuff wall on the inner of the ditch (before 1132). 14. Ditch surrounding the site of the “castle” of the Lords of Cuijk, destroyed in 1132. 15. Tower of the Gothic church (end of the 15th century). 16. Gothic church, demolished in 1913 (except the tower), 17. Mediaeval and later walls. 18. Present Roman-Catholic church of St, Martin, built in 1911—1913. 7 8 J.E. Bogaers

i% f 1 *' V n “ » ***** , Fig. 50. Cuijk* Plan of the early Roman features (c. 50-100). .Scale 1. (Building) trenches of phase 1. 2. (Building) trenches of phase 2. 3. (Building) trenches of phase 3. 4. Ditches (two phases). 5. Trenches and pits. 6. Post-holes. The Limes of Germania Inferior 19 was 'henceforth called Germania Secunda«35 Although at the Fourth International Congress A of Roman Frontier Studies at Durham in 1959, H. von Petrikovits demonstrated that under Constantine I a new limes was built in Germania Secunda, on the left bank of the Rhine,36 n ' the number of 4th-century objects found in the area of the earlier iimes-forts in the Nether­ lands is in fact very small.37 It is impossible to tell whether or not any of these forts had a military occupation in late Roman times. Very probably, however, there was a late Roman fort at Nijmegen, on the Valkhof, immediately to the south of the Waal, in the north-eastern part of the present city.38 There are reasons to assume that the line of a late Roman limes in the Netherlands, if there was one, did not follow the course of the Rhine, the ICromme Rijn and the Oude Rijn, but kept to the south bank of the Waal, and reached the North Sea by way of the Helinium, the mouth of the Meuse (Figs. Jnf and 53). Besides Nijmegen important places on this limes may have been Rossum (Grinnes)39 and Herculis 40 though the exact location of the latter is still unknown, and though the Tabula Peutingeriana suggests that tills site lay on the northern road through the land of the Batavians, i.e. on the Rhine itself. Finally I would like to devote some space to a settlement which, in spite of its position in the hinterland, must have been of grea| military importance in two clearly separate periods. It is the settlement of Cuijk (Figs. 46/J$g| and Figs. 48-53), about 13 kilometres south of Nij­ megen, on the west bank of the Meuse. On the Tabula Peutingeriana^1 it is shown as Ceuclum, on the road from Atua(tu)ca (Tongres) to Noviomagi (Nijmegen), near the point where it crosses the Meuse. As a sequel to the investigations on the site by A.E. van Giffen in 1937, 1938 and 1948, the State Service for Archaeological Investigations at Amersfoort carried ^ j a out extensive excavations there in the years 1964 ~ 1966. In many respects Ceuclum resembles Grinnes (Rossum), which was situated at a point where only a very narrow strip of land separated Meuse and Waal. It lay on an inland water­ way connecting the Rhineland with the North Sea by way of the Rhine and Waal, and was further of importance not only as a place where both Meuse and Waal could be crossed, but also, it may be assumed, as a road-junction (Fig. 46,^5f). The finds indicate that there was a f military settlement, most probably an auxiliary fort, at Rossum, on the south bank of the Waal, from at least A.D. 70.43 The finds from Rossum and the results of the excavations at Cuijk show that the hinter­ land of the lower German limes — generally regarded as a single, rigid defence-line — may have had its forts as well, for the protection of important points; the stationes beneficiariorum. and the numerous late Roman burgi and larger fortifications along the roads in the hinterland fail into this class.44 So far the excavations at Cuijk (Fig. 49) have not yielded any evidence that the site was inhabited immediately before the beginning of the Roman occupation in about the middle of the 1st century A.D. At the other end of the Roman period the latest go down to A.D. 388-402. The oldest post-Roman find^ are Merovingian, and date from the 7th century. All the remains of the early Roman occupation seem to belong to a timber fort surrounded by two ditches, which lasted until the end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd century. At least three phases can be distinguished. The distance between the centres o f the outer ditches north and south of the fort is about 168 metres (Fig. 50). Among the structures belonging to the second period (2nd and 3rd centuries) are a road with a metalling of gravel, about 8 metres wide, which was built about A.D. 100,. and the J.E. Bogaers i i i i -i__ i__~j— i— i— i— i—i— i The Limes of Germania Inferior 81

4 1 f■v * ? *'1 rt 1

Fig, 52, Cuiik. Plan of the late Roman features (4th century). Scale^.^lj20Q, - •*>' I «. J y

1. Post-holes of rampart. i ' • h 2. Post-trench parallel with rampart on its inner side, r- Hx if ' 3. Walls. ' $ 4. Drains. ■* 5. Ditches. 6. 7th century Merovingian weaving-hut

■ 8 2 J. E, Bogaers

remains of two rectangular, more or less square, stone buildings, lying on each side of the road. These buildings seem to have been Romano-Celtie temples, consisting of a celia surrounded by a portico with a colonnade and a lean-to roof resting against the cella-walls (Fig. 51). They arc likely to have belonged to a virus that developed on the territory of the early Roman fort, and which later, after the departure of the military, expanded over the castdlum area. There are reasons to assume that in this period there was a static) with a beneficiarías con su laris in charge, in or near the vicus. In late Roman times there was again a castellum at Cuijk, also surrounded by two ditches (Fig. 52). The distance between the centres of the most northerly and the most southerly

50 km i i

( ROSSUM HEUMENSOORD J m QUA^BURG a s p e r d e n ) ®ALTKALKAR

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TONGERE / ljAACHEN .V I i ______

Fig. 53. General map of theiprobabl®late Homan fortifications in the area. After von Petri-

kovits, ff.fl,, 78, Fig. 25, with additions. Scale 0 ,(10«. The Limes o f Germania inferior 83 ditch was in this ease about 161 metres. On the north, south, and west sides the outer ditch was dug into the filling of one of the lst~ccntury. ditches. As in the ease of the early Roman fort, it was impossible to find any trace of the eastern boundary. Again three phases can be distinguished. The initial date of the first probably falls in the reign of Constantine I. The oldest latc-Roman structure was a big rampart, 4 to 5 metres thick, which ran parallel with the ditches on their inner side, it was built of timber, turves and earth; its main constructional feature consisted of three parallel rows of large posts, placed at intervals of 2 2.5 metres, in the second phase repairs seem to have been made to the inner side of the rampart, especially to the timber work, for on the south and west sides of the fort traces of a trench were discovered, which ran parallel with the rampart on its inner side, and which had contained a number of posts. In the third phase a stone wall was buiItK>n the outer side of the rampart. This wall had a thickness of 1.5 — 1,9 metres, and semi-circular projecting towers were placed at intervals along its length. At two points'on the south side of the fort, the mortar on the inner side of the foundation of the stone wall showed the impression of a big, round post, evidently belonging to the rampart. From north to south the stone fort had a length of about 110 metres, not including the projecting towers. Either concurrently with the building of the stone wall, or at a somewhat later date, the south rampart was partially removed, and in its stead a large, three-aisled building was erected. Its longitudinal axis ran north-south, and its outside measurements were 14,5 by 26 metres. Its south wall was part of the south wall of the fort. The aisles were separated by two rows of five piers each, placed at intervals of about 4 metres, but of only five did any traces actually survive. They indicate that at least part of the building may have had an upper i storey. Perhaps it was a granary or storehouse, but it is also possible that it served a more directly military purpose. It is most likely, especially in view of the available eoin-finds, that the stone fort dates from the reign of Valentinian I and Valens. The building of this fort is best regarded as a result of the many activities of Valentinian i in the Rhine area; he is even said to have fortified this river with a chain of large forts, extending from to the North Sea, in about A.D. 369.45 Another fort probably dating from the reign of this Emperor is the stone 4 burgus at Asperden in the “Rcichswald” , about 14.5 kilometres east of Cuijk, close to the north bank of the River Niers (Fig. 53), which was excavated by H. Hinz and Mrs. Use Homberg- Stade in 1964 and 1965,46 So far other examples of forts that can be assigned to Valentinian’s reign47 with any degree of certainty are unknown in Germania Secunda.48

NOTES

1 H. von Pctrikovits, Der Niedergermanische Limos, in Limes-Studien—Vorträge des 3. internationalen Limes-Kongresses in RheinfeJden/BaseU 7357/ 88—95 with Hg. 9 ; see also id., Das römische Rheinland (R.R.I, Köln-Opladen, I960, PI. 2. '* 2 Von Petrikovits, R.R., 35ff. 3 E. Stein, Die kaiserlichen Beamten und Truppenkörper im römischen Deutschland unter dem Prinzipat, Wien, 1932, lOf. 4 , Hist., IV, 12, 2; see also Pliny, Nat, Hist., IV, (01. r I 5 J.K. Bogaers in BROB, 10—1 1, 1960-1961, 275; id., Die Besatzimgstruppen des Legionslapors von 84 J.E. Bogaers

Nijmegen im 2, J¡ihihundert nach Christus, in Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms, Köln -Graz, 1967, 54- 76 also id. in Numaga, 12, 1965, 10 -37). 6 J.ll. llolwerda, Komeinsclie Icgcrplaats bij Ermelo, in: OMRL. N.R, 4, (1923), 40 — 44. W.J. de Boone (De Franken van hun eerste optreden tot de dood van Chtldenk, Amsterdam, 1954, 601.) suggests a connection between this camp and a campaign of Constantins Chlorus against the I ranks;see: Panegyrici La tin i. VI (VII). 6. 2. 7 H J . Calk nen in: Wes terh e e m . 13. 1964, 9 1 f.; P. Vons, ibid., 114f.; W. Glasbergen, 42 n,C, in Jaarboek der Koninkfijke Nedoriandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1965-1966, 102—I 2 I, especially 115 — 117, on-print 14 16 (see id, in irr het voetspoor van A.E. van Giffen, Groningen 1966,2 1 18— 123 and 179); H.J, Calk (Jen, Velsen, Umuiden 1967, 19-22. s Tabu Ja Peutingeriana. Segment II, 2 according to K. Miller’s division; see his Die Peutingersche Tafel, Stuttgart 1962. 9 J.T.. Bogaers, . in: BKNOB, ser, 6. 17. (1964), 209-240. The literature bearing on the auxiliary Torts at Valkenburg village listed in column 2 09f., note 2, should be supplemented by the publications by W. Glasbergen mentioned above (note 7). The account of the twelfth season’s exca­ vation in the village-mound of Valkenhurg (1962) — from the hand of W. Glasbergen and others - is due to appear shortly in Jaarversfag van de Venniging voor Törpenonderzoek (JVT). i 10 J.H. Ilolwurda. Arenisburg — een Romeinsch militair viootstation bij Voorburg, 1923, 11 J.K. Bogaers, Civitas en stad van de Bataven en Canninefalan, in BROB, 10™ 11, (1960-1961), 263 317, especially 303IT.; id., Forum Hadriani. in: BJ, 164, (1964), 42-52. The writer hopes to deal with the arguments for identifying Forum Hadriani with Arenisburg in greater detail at some later date. It may suffice here to ruler to: J.H. Holvvcrda - M.A. Fvelein in: OMRL. 5, (191 I). 60; J.K. Bogaers in Nieus- bulletin van de Koninkfijke Nederiandse Oudheidkundige Bond (NKNOB}, (1966), ll!6 and *44f. 12 Tacitus, Ann.. I, 39; Ph. I'ilt/ingur, Zur Lokalisierung der Zweilegionsfestung “ apud aram Ubiorum”, in Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, 6, (1962/63). 23-57. See also von Petrikovits, R.R., 33. note 37jaiul 87. 13 See the maps made by H. Kiepert in 1884, nos. Ill (Gallia) and V (Germania mit dem Rhein- und Donau- Limes), in Th. Mommsen, Römischc Geschichte, V7 Berlin. 1885 (19219). 14 M. Boulouednine in Fasti Archaeologicf. 13. < 19 58), 285f,t no. 4404 and PI, 26, 78; AE , 1962, nr. 183, 15 Cf. H.-G. Pflaum in Gnomon. 37, (1965), 396; G, A If old y, Die Legionslegaten der römischen Rheinarmeen, Köln Graz 1967, 39, note 2 11. See also the following studies which will appear in due course: H. von Petrikovits. Bemerkungen zur Westgrenze der römischen Provinz Niedergermanien (in Festschrift H. Jankuhn)\ Ch. B. Rüger, Untersuchungen zur Territorial -und Verwaltungsgeschichte von Germania Inferior in der Prinzipatszeit (in one of the Beihefte der BJ). 16 Even before the discovery of the inscription from Bulla Regia the existence of a (peregrine) civitas Frisiavonum could be deduced, with a high degree of certainty, from the fact that at least one of the regiments of the Roman was called after this peop!e;cf. H. von Petrikovits in BJ, 152, (1952), 51; id. in Maimer Zeitschrift, 58, 1963, 33, und H, Kl uni bach (after H.-G. Pflaum) in Limes-Studien, 74. - Certainly from the year 105 and down to the 4th century the Cohors I Frisiavonum was part of the army of Britain. See the military diplomata CIL, XVI, 5 1, 69 and 70, of A.D, 105, 122 and 124 respectively; see further RIB, I, 279 (co(h)o(rtis) 7°Frisiavo(num)J f rom Melandra Castle, Derbyshire; 577 (coho(rtis) I Frisiav(onum)} from Manchester; 578 (coh(o)r(tis) i Frisiavo(num)) from the fort in the Castle Field in i Manchester; 579 (c(o)hor(tis) I [F}n's[jav(onuTi)]) from Manchester;Notitia Dignitatum Occidentis, XL, 36: tribunus cohortis primae Frixagorum Vtndobala, Vindovala or Rudehester, Northumberland, on Hadrian’s Wall (see also RIB, I, 1395 and 1396; K. Birley, Research on Hadrian's Wall, Kendal 1 96 1, 165); RIB, I, 1523 (c(o)ho(rtis) pfrimae) Frixiav(onum)} from Carravvburgh (Brocolitia), Northumberland, on Hadrian's Wall. — The tile stamps C*I*F (CIL, VII, 1243 a = A.W. Byvanck, Excerpta Romana—de bronnen der Romeinsche geschiedenis van Nederland, 1931—47, (ER}, II, no. 127 3) found at Caersws in Montgomeryshire, Wales, may have some connection with the Cohors I Frisiavonum as well; but see RE s.v. Cohtvrs (Cichorius), 286 and V.K. Nash-Williams, The Roman Frontier in Wales, Cardiff 1954, 54 and 107f. (7 and 7a) and PI. XL, 4. The eoh(ors) 1111 F t------of CIL VII 275 liy-vanekrExcerpta Rom^nw-de 'bronnen? der—Rom6¡nSi>he*’qesehtfirlnpi$ | f ^ p / i p r l a n U, no. 1283), from Bowes, Yorkshire, may have been the cohors 1111 £?[reucorum], as suggested by E. Birley (RIB, I, 739). 17 Cf. Tacitus, Ann., II, 6 and Hist., V, 23; W. Sprey, Tacitus over de op stand der Bataven — Hist., IV 12—37; 54—79; V, 14—26, Groningen —Djakarta, 195 3, 104—106. 18 Cf. Caesar, Bell. Gall., VI, 3 3, The Striene is to be identified with the Taboula mentioned by (Geogr., II, 9, 1 and 5); see 1).H. Stolte in BROB„ 9, 195 9, 63f., Mededelingen, van de Vereniging voor Naamkunde te Leuven en de Commissie voor Naamkunde te Amsterdam, 40, (1964), 60f., Proceedings of u- v-*i r . The Limes of Germania Inferior 85

the Eighth International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, 77? e Hague Paris, I960, 5 18!. 19 B.H. Stolte in 40, < 1964j, 62f. 20 Knclostire 8 in L.J. Pons, S. Jelger.sma, A.J. Wingers, J.D. de Jong, FvoJution of the Netherlands Coastal Aren during the Holocene, in: Verhandelingen van hot Koninklijk Nederlandsch Geoiogisch-Mijnbouwkun- dig Genootschap. Geol. serie, 2ljfe , (1963), 197-208. See also J.K. de Cock. I en Rijn arm bij V eisen? in Westerheem, 3, 195 4, 10—12. 21 Cf. Tacitus, Hist., IV. 12. 2. . j n 22 Cf. B.H. Stolte ín: .37, (J96I), 7f„ note 21. r*%* 23 For the dwelling area of the Frisiavones see inter alia Stein, Beamte, 5f. f“ein vielleieht inn Kleve angesiedelter Teil der Frisiavones (...... ). Splittern der Frisiavones (...... ) uni den Xuidersoe mid auf den vorgelagerten Inseln” ). 16 and 18, note 93; AAV. Byvanck in £7?, I, 145; id., Nederland in den Romein- schen tijd, I-il, Leiden, I943,f1?(/V/C?7jj K2, 197 and I99f. (map with Frisiavoncs in the north-east corner of Noord-Brabaabant, nt and bet ween Nijmegen and C'uijk); B.H, Stolt o m Jaarpoek^vap de G hufcien Roos, 18. 195», 26 , KultSrhistorische verkenningen in de Kempen, OQsterwjk, 196 i .ihVplaces the Frisiavones in the western part of Noord-Brnhant and on the adjacent islands of Zeeland and Zuid- Holland). 24 See H. Hardenberg in Limburg's verleden - Geschiedenis van Nederlands Limburg tot 1815, I. Maastricht 1960, I25((map of Limburg in Roman times, showing two natural boundaries on the west: the Peel and hi the bottom left-hand corner — the edge of the high terrace west of the Meuse). 25 A stamp of Legio X Gemina on a tile fragment from Haelen-Melenbyrg, north-west of Roermond on the Meuse; see J,F, Bogaers in NKNOB, ( 196 5), *7 5, XI,íe base of a statue dedicated bv a centurion of Legio XX V,V., built into a wall of the church at Hom,(w£st of Roermond (CIL, XIII, 8707 - ER , II, rtf/ 72); see J,F, Bogaers in BROB, 12-13, (1962-1963). 72 85, 26 The famous fourth-century helmet from the 1*00) near _ Don me (AE , (1927), 153\ER, II, no, 94; , III, 80: B.H. Stolte in: KVK, II, 16f.; J.S, Boersma w JM P} 50, (1963), 9). A fragment of a roofing tile stamp, probably military, from Vierlingsbeek-Maashees, see J.F. Bogaers in NKNOB, (1962), *2 13 (read *161). A roofing tile stamp of the Hxorcitus Germanieus Inferior, found at Cuijk; see i.K. Bogaers j in: NKNOB, (1966), *67f. (see also *68 on a probablef fragment of a Capio(naci) stamp dating from the time of Constantine I). 27 An exception is, in a way, a tile fragment withJjrtTstamp of Legio I Minerviu AiUoniniuna (A.IF 2 I 2 222), which was re-used in the foundations of a Carolingian church at Aalburg (municipality of Wijk en Aal­ burg), in the Land van Heusden en Altena, See: ¡Opgravingsnieuws van cle Rijksdienst voor hot Oud­ heidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Jan. March, I954,|2, 28 J.F, Bogaers, Opgravingen te Cuijk, 1964 1966, in NKNOB, 1966, ,K65- *72, and 1967, *9f„ especially 1966, *67f. (cf. Numaga, 13; 1966, 1 1 3 — 1 26; ibid., 14, (1967), 1 14-116, and Brabants Heem, 18, ( 1966), 122 — 1 36). See also pp. 79 ff. below,: 29 J.I-:. Bogaers, Twee Romeinse wijmonumenten uit Alem, Noord-Brubant, in BROB, 12-13, (1962 -1963)* i ^ 39 56- The literature on finds from the urea rbund Rossum and Alem listed in this publication can be < supplemented with: VRGK (Jaarverslagen vap het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden), 75, (1953), 150; ibid., 77, (1955), 150 and 153, and ibid., 79, (1957), 147; J. Werner in BJ, 158, (1958), 379f. with Fig, 6, 3: a bronze “Stiitzurmfibel mLf gleiehbreitem Fuss” , dating from the first half of the 5th centuryj J.S. Boersma u \{Jaarboek voor Munten Penningkundj}^ {JMP}, 5 0, (1963), 5 1, nr. 39b: coins from the 1st—4th centuries and from the 7th centurv*/W.C. Braut in Bulfetin van de Vereeniging to t bevordering der kennis van de antieke beschaving te \s-Gravenhage, 39, (1964), 187f, (with J'rigs. 4 and 5): late Roman/Merovingian buckles and pins; W.A, van Fs, Wijster — A Native Village beyond the Imperial Frontier, Groningen, 1967, 143, 14S (Fig. 70, 2 and 3) and 55 2 (Fig. 2 89, 12 mid 13): bronze hairpins dating from about A.D. 400;/7)/flf., 159 (Fig, 78, I) and 162: a terra nigra-Iike cup dating from the 1st or 2 nd centuries A.I). 30 J. Bogaers, Bewoning uit de Romeinse tijd 2e helft van de 2e en !e hellt van ,!e 3e eeuw na Chr. — Rockanje (prov. Zuid-Holland), in BROB, 3, (1952), 5 — 8, 31 ER, II, no, 379 and III, 152; NKNOB, (1958), *84 and *103f.; ibid., 1959, *23f. and *99: Ouddovp; K.H, Marschulleck in: BROB, 9, (1959), 68-77, especially 69; J.A. Trimpe Burger in: BROB, 10 - 1 1 , (1960 - 1961), 2 0 If. and 204; SJ. De Laet - J.A.Trinipe Burger in: Heiinium, 1, (1961), 155, no, 38, - The Roman finds from the Municipality of Goedereede derive from three separate findspots; the “ submerged town” “De Oude Wereld” (North of the village of Goedereede), “l)e Oude Stee*’ ({Vèst of Ouddorp), and the site near Ouddorp (Municipality of Goedereede) in the Oude Oostdijkpolder/North of Goedereede I where the State Service for Archaeological Investigations, Amersfoort (J.A. Trimpe Burger), carried ouH excavations in the years 1958 and 1959/ 86 J.E. Bogaers

32 ER, II, nos. 235-265; ER. III. 154f.; Ada Hondius-Crone, The Temple o f at Domburg, Amsterdam / 1955; J.E.A. Th. Bogaers, De Galfo-Romeinse tempefs te E/st in de Over-Betuwe, ’s- Gravenhage, 1955, 11—20; J.E. Bogaers in: Nehalennia, 4, (1959), 42—44 (= BROBy 12-13, 1962-1963, 581-583); J.S. Bocrsma, The Roman Coins from the Province of Zeeland, in: BROB, 17, (1967), 65-97. 33 S J . De Laet - J.A. Trimpe Burger in: Hefinium, 1, (1961), 15 5, no. 34, ibid., 4, 1964, 61, no. 28, and ibid., 7, 1967, 83f., no. 35; J.A, Trimpe Burger in: Handelingen van het Genootschap voor geschiedenis, 103, 1966, 276, Zeeuws Tijdschrift, 6 , (1966), 73f. and 227f.; NKNOB, 1966, *74, and ibid., 1967, *91; K.H. Marschalleck in: BROB, 9, (1959), 68-77, especially 69f.; J.S. Boersma, op.cit. (note 32). ï4 De Boone, Franken, 29-49; von Petrikovits, R.R., 76f.; J.E. Bogaers in BJ, 164, (1964), 50f. 35 See inter alia Ammianus Marcellinus, XX, 10, 1 (limitem Germaniae Secundae. N.B.: the term limes Germanise Inferioris does not occur until the year 313, in Panegyrici Latm t, XII (IX), 2 i, 5 \cf. von Petrikovits, R.R., 36, note 43, and De Boone, Franken, 76);Nomina provinciarum omnium, 8 ;Polemius Silvlus, Laterculus, U; Notitia Dignitatum Occidents, III; Notitia Galdarum, VIII, See also H. Ncsselhauf, Die spätrömische Verwaltung der gallisch-germanischen Länder, Berlin, 1938, 8ff. 36 Von Petrikovits, R.R., 77—80. 37 The writer does not know of any late Roman (4th-century) finds from Katwijk Z.-H. (on the see H. Dijkstra - F.C.J. Ketelaar, Brittenburg, Bussum 1965), Valkenburg Z.-H., Leiden (Zoeterwoude) - Roomburg, Alphen Z.-H.*Zwamnierdam, Kesteren, or Herwen en Aerdt-Bijhmdse Waard. Alphen Z.-H. lias produced “penn(ingen) tot op Honorius1* (i.e. coins down to Honorius: C.J.C. Reuvens, C. Leemans and L.J.F. Janssen, Alphabetische naam/ijst etc., Leyden 1845, 2); has produced coins of Constantine II, Constans, Valens and Theodosius (ER, III, 133); V/tmten-De Meern a bronze cojn of Jylagnentius (J.H. Jongkees in: JMP, 33-34, (1946/1947), 150); Utrecht: bronze coinïdaling'fronV the reign of Constantine I (J.H. Jongkees in: Maandblad van "Qud-Utrecht'\ 25, (1952), 56), and a small number of coarse 4th-century (or Merovingian) sherds; Vechten two bronze coins, of Maximianus Herculius and (probably) Magnentius respectively, an aureus of Honorius, and a of Flavius Severus (J.H. Jongkees in JMP, 37, 1950, 12 and 21 f.); Wijk bij Duurstede: three bronze coins^Wz. one of Maximianus Herculius and two of Constantine I (see JMP, 37, 1950, 22), an aureus of Valcntinian 1, a fragment of a 4th-century “crossbow** broochf and three or four sherds dating from the 3rd or 4th centuries, or from Merovingian times;Huissen a very small number of late Roman (or Merovingian) sherds (see P. Glaze mu in: Bijdragen en Mededelingen der Vereniging "Gelre", 5 1, (1951), 40f.; BROB, 1950/22, 2f. and 195 1/3, 4; J . Wolters in: De Betuwe of 24th July, 19 53). — On Utrecht in late Roman times see A.K. van Giffen in: Nieuw Dagblad of 1 1th March, 6th May and 23rd May, 1949; id. in JVT , 29-32, (1944-1948), 2Of., 34 and 5 3; Iv. Oelmann in Congress Durham. 94; H. von Petrikovits in Niederrheinisches Jahrbuch, 3, (195 I),44, note 35; A.E. van Giffen in Quintus congressus internationalis limitis Romani studiosorum (Acta et disser- tationes archaeologicae, III), Zagreb, 1963, 141,, 11 is not at all certain that the three construction periods VI a, b and e, dating from the time of the Jvnip^ur J ulian according to van Giffen, are really late Roman; neither the finds nor the stratlgraphical evidence, at any rate, yet support such a view, 38 On late Roman Nijmegen see M. (P.M.) Daniels in: OMRL, N.R. 2, (192 1), 6 37; id. in OMRL, N.R. 31, (1950), 1-32; id.y Noviomagus Romeins Nijmegen, Nijmegen (1955), 41 43, 47ff,, 62ff. and 225ff.; H. Brunsting, 400 jaar Romeinse bezetting van Nijmegen-Noviomagus Batavorum, Nijmegen 19622, 18f. - On the late Roman cemeteries see especially BROB, 1950/21, 4; 1950/22, 3; 3, 1952, 9 - 12 (H. Brun- sting); 4, 1953/1, 10 13 (H. Brunsting); 9, 1959, I08f. (J, Ypey); NKNOB {with contributions mainly by H. Brunsting, but also by S.L. Wynia and J.I-:. Bogaers), 1956, *2 I ,* 123 and 138; 1957, *97, * 108, ’"130, * 183, *221 and *239 f.; I960, *261 \ 1961, *36, *56 and *71; 1963, *88 and *227 f.; 1966, *84; VRGK (Jaarverslagen van het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, and het Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam, Nijmegen), 69, ( 1947), 72; 71, (1949), 94f.; 72, (1950), 104F. and <35; 73, (1951), 1 16; 74, (1952), 129f. and I53f,; 75, ( 1953), 151 and 184; 77, (1955), 153; 78, (1956), 160; 79, (1957), 149f, and 202; 85, (1963), 249; (H.J.H.) v(an) B(uchem) in Numaga, 5,(1958), 12 17 and 5 1 -53; G. Klzinga in: Hefinium, 3, (1963), 8 If., no. 113 b; Th. G. Appelboom in Helinium, 6, (1966), 1681'., no. 128 C. 39 Tacitus, Hist., V, 2Of.; Tabula Peut., Segm. II, 3. See also below note 43. 40 Tabula Peut., Segm. II, 4; Ammianus Marcel I in us, XVIII, 2, 4; Libanius, Oratio, XVIII, 87. Cf. ER, I, 412, 432 and 544f.; H. von Petrikovits in Festschrift für A. Oxé, Darmstadt, 1938, 235f.; Byvanck, NRT, IJ, 654; I\ Oelmann in Congress Durham, 83 (map); P.J.R. Modderman in: OMRL, N.R. 30, (1949), 73 76; IL He item a, De Nederlandse wateren en plaatsen in de Romeinse tijd , ’s-Gravenhage, 195 I^, 84 -87; De Boone, Franken» 69, 89, 97f. and 107f.;L, Weisgerber in: Rheinische Vierteljahrs- blatter, 23, (1958), 31 (map 2 ; see also Map 8 in: J. Niessen, Geschichtlicher Handatlas der deutschen Lander am Rhein — Mittel-und Niederrhein, Köln Lörrach, (1950). The present writer hopes to express elsewhere his views on the probable situation of Castra Herculis (see Fig. 5 3).

•J A ^ ^ : ' « I 1 , • ’ > I •. r t - The Limes o f Germania Inferior 8 7

41 Segm. II, 4. - According to M. Schönfeld (in Tijdschrift voor Nedërlandsche Taahen Letterkunde, 36, f 1 1917, 174) the name of the settlement was *Cudiaco, according to lyi. Gysseling ( Toponymisch woorden- boek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West^Du its land (vóór 1226), I — II, Brussel 1960, s.v. Kuik) Ceucium, and according to B.H. Stolte (in plW R0, 39, 1963, 95) Ceudiaco, -cum. 42 J.E. Bogaers, op. cit. (note 28). 43 On a piece of land called “ Met Klooster*’. See C. leemans, Romeinsche oudheden te Rossem, in den Zalt-Boemelerwaard, Leyden, 1842; J.E. Bogaers, op.cit. (note 29), 39—4J. At Rossuni there may have been a military settlement down to the 4th century; among other things bronze coins of Maximinus II Daia ( 1), Constantine I (4) and Constantius II (1) have been found at this place. 44 See von Petrikovits, ft./?,, 72 76 and 83. 45 According to Ammianus Marcellmus, XXVIII, 2, 1. 46 See H. Hinz, Römischer Wachtturm an der Niers - Eine Ausgrabung am “Versunkenen Kloster” im Reichswald, in Kalender für das Klever Land, 1965, 45-47. ~ A detailed account will appear shortly in the Beihefte der BJ. 47 See W. Schleiermacher in BRGK, 33, (1943-1950), I83f.; Li.II. Stolte in p M R t!, 37, 196 1, 14 and Numaga, 13, (1966), 233-235. 48 The writer wishes to thank Professor S.S. Erere, Oxford, who kindly correcteU the translation.