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Norwegian Archaeological Review Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713926118 The Small World of the Vikings: Networks in Early Medieval Communication and Exchange

To cite this Article: Sindbæk, Søren Michael , 'The Small World of the Vikings: Networks in Early Medieval Communication and Exchange', Norwegian Archaeological Review, 40:1, 59 - 74 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/00293650701327619 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293650701327619

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The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. © Taylor and Francis 2007 Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 eid are xhneoe ieareas. wide over exchange the Merovingian carried to the in sail period, Europe the of of seas introduction northern invigo- the travel, by Sea Urals. rated the of dis- east are covered brooches in Scandinavian up North turns and type Iceland, Sweden, Asian Central Central example, of in strap-end a found For are coins African scale. a continental on travelling people a and things from to supplies hinterland on from relying distances: commu- manors short and of towns or evidence long find over we nications period, archaeology the the in of turn we Wherever world. well-connected a was Scandinavia Age Viking EXCHANGE OF ARCHAEOLOGY THE AND NETWORKS S and Exchange Communication Medieval Networks Vikings: Early the in of World Small The ARTICLE [email protected] Sindbæk Michael Søren ØREN M ICHAEL nttt fAtrplg,AcaooyadLnusis ahsUiest,Dnak E-mail: Denmark. University, Aarhus Linguistics, and Archaeology Anthropology, of Institute , S INDBÆK on nmtr,rbs ewrs h oncin aeyrahdacross and to communications reached points long-distance globalisation. and medieval rarely modern collapse, early systemic between connections difference to the salient vulnerable a South it typically networks: made feature, in This another robust levels. lacked sites hierarchical mature, but hubs, Age shown in of is group Viking exchange found small outlined long-distance a Early be Age generated can Viking have of links. networks to of complex number sample of fragmentary features large a key in a how shows in It Scandinavia. types sites Anskar’s artefact and of persons description of of literary affiliations ninth-century solution. the their the charts of guide in article archae- series to the models a existing examples, new new supplies two and of subject, it Analysing a this shortcomings Moreover, to as exchange. questions down relevant and new, theory pins trade of theory network conceptions network ological history. complex how early in of shows communication of It dynamics potential and organisation the the to approach explores study This owga rhelgclRve,Vl 0 o ,2007 1, No. 40, Vol. Review, Archaeological Norwegian O:10.1080/00293650701327619 DOI: esitrainlta u own? any our world than Viking international the less Was world. modern ask the to is researchers globalisation whether leads sometimes contacts The 2006). & Hodges 2004, Barrett Pestell 2004, Gustin 2002, 2003, Ulmschneider Verhulst 2001, Na McCormick (e.g. of exchange focus ancient a in period studies Viking of the made archaeologically has medieval period early Europe, of most previous and in than perceptible more any history in Scandinavian than nounced history. with World remarkable Old most in the formations of Scandinavia world one latter Abbasid the system, the Viking and Europe Carolingian linked They hspraiecnetvt,mr pro- more connectivity, pervasive This vita # apropertyrestrictedto egahclsaeof scale geographical 07Tyo Francis & Taylor 2007 n h distribution the and , sa 2000, ¨sman tal et . Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 60 naedett ttsia hsc,aiming physics, statistical to amendment an by presentations Newman in their for (popular account Baraba to models new properties in of propose series similarity to and a basic networks, power a of architecture suggest the electric to have authors networks, Internet led the and groups, neural social systems, striking as differ- as The ent structures networks. in real observed observa- homologies in the made with correspond tions not do organi- sation network about assumptions received dynamics statistical of systems kind emerges. complex a are and which large methods from very pro- these to archaeological however, applied to Now, have applied blems. and multidimensional been available, been and even long analysis have scaling graph specific techniques of cumulative analytical of underlying mere The terms than trends. rather in pioneering inter- morphology, of complex, systems analyse series to connecting a seek to that digitalised studies led large, has of datasets availability The increasing communication. of development understanding rapid the the a in triggered especially has Internet, communication, electronic sites perfectly. than these less of subject study the fit the and sometimes to models The applied central. networks theories were very they the which are from to isolation sites in these studied however, of global Often, of structure precursor interaction. the pre-modern a commu- both in cultural nication actual to the key these and connections from a records form the The sites world. from Age sites Viking best- the archaeological among proto- are investigated these ports-of-trade, colonies, or emporia, towns as Variously other locations. known took distinctive few mostly and a in exchange, place this of networks in ancient contacts long-distance ope ewr hoyhseegdas emerged has theory network Complex several that shown have results The of growth the years, few last the Within sustained which encounters, Cross-cultural øe ihe Sindbæk Michael Søren s 03 at 03 eetsummary recent 2003, Watts 2003, ´si tal et 2006). . nipratfaueo otcommunication most captures of This feature important implied. an hinterland depend- the spaced a on widely ing to less or restricted more sites, of are (1972). few aspects control Clarke that and argues distribution by theory intro- place archaeology and Central (1966) in Christaller duced of studies cal the model by place described central is model, down-the-line the of mode averaging-out distributed exchange. evenly the an geographical than and of distance, practice changing result of a effect likely is it more distributions, sometimes predicted archaeological is in the observed pattern of decrease neighbours. approximation monotonous among an nodes, randomly When particular than to between rather priori a chiefly organisa- exchange of proceed expect levels should higher we of tion, absence the (Baraba in distributions occur such ever findings the that hardly is consistent studies most between network the of of shared One evenly nodes. are ‘democratically’ links more which or in towards This network 1977:77ff). area a implies to (Renfrew source hand receivers a distant from from randomly hand pass to assumed one u ihrfrnet w well- two to models. referred reference be frequently can and with known They out field. this to pointed in archae- to research immediately basic ological been have applies that recent assumptions by studies raised criticism network the the communica- of in and Much exchange tion. is ancient make of study to contribution significant Evans 2005, Wells press). 2004, & Roach historical Ormerod (e.g. in research surface archaeological to and begun also of have matured, application they and developed the has models As network studies. historical social, cultural to and relevant equally or are ideas that social provides it biological, Yet networks. of technological features describe to h ai nqaiyo ie,inrdby ignored sites, of inequality basic The nthe In a has theory network which in area One down-the-line otdi h geographi- the in rooted , oe,tig are things model, s 036) Even 2003:63). ´si tal et .in Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 ilepc h ahbtentorandom two between path one the situation, expect this In will the etc. to neighbours, mostly link same turn link in neighbours who neighbours, clustered: to highly net- are Strogatz geographically-organised works the & Most is (Watts 1998). studies, paradox network ‘small-world’ in attention much solution. their for realisations. and models questions new net- new new propose pose complex can of from we studies, lessons track work the the of on on Drawing chance us the may put phenomena Yet ‘incomparable’ societies. comparing human the a between networks and for biological leap or a chance technological of is study new there a physics’, network ‘social eye some of who enthusiasm researchers, the of spite In NETWORKS OF DYNAMICS THE of system. that world regardless or a regional of is involved applies scale the in whether and exchange of models archaeology, of applied the of widely features most development core concerns it criticism as historical this is, Simple communications. the and and control, exchange for of possibility of thus the robustness for the con- for systems, of decisive were arrangement nections in and details development that the suggests com- theory contrast, network static, plex In a into demo- equilibrium. grown random, have a-historical to a and from basis, cratic developed have exchange to ancient assume exchange of models robust (Baraba a the large of at architecture nodes network the affecting certain and priority giving the for network, important remains the process that formation found typically have contrary, studies the converge network On will described. state network the a towards of static the origin that essentially historical assumes tacitly an model on The of principle. builds studies it recent many networks: in out basic another pointed from defect suffers but exchange and atclrpoet,wihhscaught has which property, particular A archaeological common the short, In s 2003:91). ´si oesi htteseii ofgrto fa of configuration specific the that is models Baraba & (Albert 1999). scale nodes different combines entirely of it ‘poor’ a as of called architecture, been number has scale-free This large few. very a having nodes with they very links principle: having hubs many of different fraction net- small a a small-world combine on many build nodes that works appears distant 1998). it Strogatz But & otherwise Watts 1973, (Granovetter between that ties’, ‘weak cross or invokes links, model random One 1). occasional (Fig. ways of number for. even directly account can more person or single spread any viruses than may implies objects innovations, it material but news, system, whole that the of a but fraction knows individual no be as can navigated, network easily a that warrant small not A does play. world in was formation that small-world indicates as a strongly This Western but 1987). (see Steuer available rarities e.g. regularly once throughout occasional were that as things found not sword- Eurasia, are Frankish or period. coins blades Arabic Viking like the Items in distances across travel remarkable did regularly things that testifies succeed to unlikely of (Dodds extremely chains is that length social confirm such on the Tests relying from Sweden. communication say, to reaching, kilometres. Rhineland before hundred connect have a would to links of travel hundreds links even or to ten Dozens to as order many neighbour as in pass from would neighbour thing exclusively or person travelling a Scandinavia, Viking-Age of degrees ‘six than are than separation’. often- earth less the paths on through people of connected all essence shorter that phrase the repeated is much This are expected. create networks features topological long many that subtle very possess Yet, a to be shown average. to on network large one a in nodes h motn on fteeadother and these of point important The a in develop can network small-world A like setting geographical and historical a In h ml ol fteVikings the of World Small The tal et 03.Yta bnatmaterial abundant an Yet 2003). . ´si 61 Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 unrbet takdrce ttehubs the at but directed failure, (Albert attack random to against vulnerable makes robust networks scale-free them of allow. structure will it The robustness and dynamics the for implications important has network complex 62 unrblt:alclycutrdntokwt cainlrno iko wa is,adascale-free a and ties’, ‘weak or link random occasional with network clustered network. locally a vulnerability: 1. Fig. tm,wihmyb sue ohave to assumed personal be may or which pottery non-local items, sites. domestic of average in terms than Imported larger in much is ‘links’, objects, number external the which in of identified be can sites of exchange. of implications system the major whole on the have port, for could trading hand, major an single other on was a occupation effect or even of farmstead sack of little The large. a loss very at network the have if the would e.g. that deserted, site, Baraba mean accidental would & system, exchange this ancient (Ravasz an into Translated through hubs mainly network the sites the of when rest bridged as the clusters, local with hierarchy, form a hubs the forms beyond net the if nVkn-g cniai,asalgroup small a Scandinavia, Viking-Age In øe ihe Sindbæk Michael Søren w ewr tutrs oho hc eeaea‘ml-ol’sse ihdfeetfrsof forms different with system ‘small-world’ a generate which of both structures, network Two tal et 02.Ti spriual true particularly is This 2002). . s 2003). ´si neatosrcre nerywitnsources written early The in unattainable. recorded is interactions scale quantita- any of detailed analysis a tive Europe, concerning medieval data early written and archaeological mere lack the a data. is complex than here coherent, of we problem more The can statement assumption? But this contacts. combines make clustering long-distance local which with in would past in ties, the situations for weak explanation obvious or an seem hubs through created indeed. sites Age vastly such Viking of had average, exchange sites the than as as scale far broadly different so defined In status. are special hubs a enjoyed number limited sites of a of that sources suggest also written period the few sites The important as trading-places. the out point are archaeologists Sindbæk which unsurprisingly, 1998; These, with Callmer (e.g. 2007). found hubs small of this are in group only exceptions foreigners, few remarkably to belonged eas ftefamnaysaeo most of state fragmentary the of Because whether phenomenon, small-world The Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 aepaeaon h aneet.Reference that events. main communications the around the place of take are fraction these that a inferred clear is only be it Still can context. that the from journeys return exclud- the even text, ing the in mentioned explicitly concerned. a region the and reveals of time the communications it hints in of so, plausible organisation Even gives large-scale past. that recent network events the a about a in than novel as regarded historical Rather be the ninth-century can 2004). in it document, part Palmer historical modest (cf. a events takes who Rimbert, otsuet fteVkn eid The period. Viking to the familiar of text students a most on builds example first The AFFILIATIONS ANSKAR’S a of imprint network. the communications as complex interpreted be the can that results proposing with in breaks however, analysis conventions, The 1994:291ff). the Faust & in (Wasserman them – between or travelling persons events things the and sites and of group actors a case of present set a between affiliations the tracing archaeological analysis, conventional network social a from written is employed other method a The data. the from and issuing source, one examples, two which of system larger part? were much they the of disor- prop- erties statistical embody exactly arbitrary, and being dered the that samples, argue we fragmentary Could in analysis, record? topology shattered of network a features still outline it to of possible might be But form complex. or simple any whether possi- of the against their bility speak in could groups This social entirety. smallest to the even suffice map rarely remains archaeological and h idi 6,wstems significant north. most the the His in was bishop missionary 865, Anskar, Carolingian in Scandinavia. died Age who Viking on texts Anskarii ols hn3 psdso rvlare travel of episodes 35 than less No hsqeto sepoe ntefollowing the in explored is question This vita soeo h ieis contemporary liveliest the of one is a rte yhssuccessor, his by written was Vita mre fw atwt h tutr fthe by The sites of of persons. structure association the the chart with and narrative part we the if emerges one-sided very within a relations. the leaves place of picture the This in detail. described take same rarely numerous is realm the that Carolingian with 2). connection (Fig. events are field in described missionary Travel travels the the into journeys of majority The messengers. vast anonymous trading by to passed and passing news assemblies great to to pirates, emporia, and vessels and people who ports foreign slaves the to and sailors occasions to numerous merchants, on made is hywudfr lse r‘sad ftheir of ‘island’ or but cluster included, a be form would could they they narrative logic persons the the not By of historical dreams. does in This encountered and sites the 1). and biblical note in the (see charted 3 include Fig. relations, at 116 graph in groups, or individuals resulting named 55 by visited as 0ocsos sepaie nextra-bold. trunk in emphasised the is while occasions, than more 10 line, on travelled bold Birka, to Dorestad in from route shown more are travelled twice Sections than guess. educated represent vita 2. Fig. ihradmr ntutv picture instructive more and richer A h xc otssonbtentesites the between shown routes exact The . a fte3 oresdsrbdi Anskar’s in described journeys 35 the of Map h ml ol fteVikings the of World Small The vita eest oa f2 sites 22 of total a to refers 63 Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 fteCrlninepr bak,the (black), empire Carolingian the to of more core coloured the to are belonging or sites between nodes distinguish ‘popular’ The other sites. whether peripheral from but receives, come site links a links of the number their only not of reflects calculation This ‘popularity’. a relative to of according dimensions graph two the the in distributed sites The are the six. sites two to one that from to ranging common, groups in corresponds have or The persons lines them. of visit the number who of groups thickness or number persons the say, of to is that number receive, they total links the of to size corresponds The nodes sites. the both of at occurs group or person by diagram only. the Anskar of of rest travels the the to bridged own, dispersed geographically the network. unites the communications of of frontier centre missionary structure the the The (black), in (grey). empire emporia beyond Carolingian the world of the core or the (white) to belonging sites between distinguish to 3. Fig. 64 ntegah w ie r ikdi one if linked are sites two graph, the In øe ihe Sindbæk Michael Søren rp faflain f2 ie y5 ruso niiul nAnskar’s in individuals or groups 55 by sites 22 of affiliations of Graph oiia ete,mre u yanme of ecclesiastical number a of by out orbit marked bridge separate centres, a political as mostly the cluster, acts a this Pious of the to of hero Louis side of the court one grand the by On a linked by Anskar. up story, sites taken of The is mission periphery. graph cluster left the Carolingian and of lower centre the the in sprawl heathen beyond the in of sites half world few the left while lower middle, Anskar’s the the in empire. fills Carolingian field imperial missionary the or find of church we graph the court the with of associated half sites right nature. upper in the geographical In than that social narrative more Rimbert’s are in associations the world the or (grey). (white) beyond frontier missionary h ie r tutrdit he oe by zones three into structured are sites The vita h oe r coloured are nodes The . Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 raie ic hyrpael n nthe hierarchically in end sites. highly few repeatedly same been they since have of organised to deeds the seem also in communications counted Long-distance as Anskar. be counted have to not would remarkable they commu- else that were or distances rare, hints such find over stretching also nications step we one only But were apart. Rome as or distant Cologne as Birka, hubs have when reduced will greatly clustering, been local and common geographi- dispersion most namely cal the distance, that social of see limited source can such we of Yet sample links a size. is in 19 was prove world with to this difficult ‘small’ hubs or as ‘large’ How out Louis each. of stand court Pious, the to and the one Birka is sites, site a two for four, be links although of can hubs: number typical contained the there it that text, doubt little Rimbert’s in presented sites. other of a number surprising as a acts to it and groups persons world, numerous by the linked events of of end hub far the is Birka etyi h ieayprpcieo the of perspective literary evi- the and striking. in location particularly dently geographical a is in group of Although this of inclusion in The Birka hubs. deeds as communications the world Viking its of the the of centres four this trading largest places of that missionary find Carolingian account we the ‘Denmark’, literary to Ribe of and the Hedeby position of restore periphery we the If in graph. up turn now which emporia of both Ribe, the sometimes in or occurred (Hedeby), Schleswig have to the context from assumed the be can ‘Denmark’, in to text the in also ‘Denmark’, net. the and of periphery orbit, perhaps: in site surprising the distant locations. most more the other are geographically Birka, two to last route The repeatedly en ‘road-stations’ encountered geogra- two central are Dorestad, Corvey; phically and monastery, Cologne is others, One home sites. we popular network Anskar’s particularly the of five core meet the In sees. bishop’s fw rce ocaatrs h network the characterise to proceed we If ag ato h cin hc sreferred is which action, the of part large A vita A A Trelleborg, Ystad, ezi) oeeiersdne (Ja residences Slo elite some Menzlin), ieadHdb,aslcino htare (Vikho what markets of selection smaller a probably Hedeby, and Ribe Anskar’s of reading this If WEB MATERIAL second A the is to hubs, data. turn archaeological as on built we sites example, particular when the as the confirmed well of as connections, status of structure the The levels. but vita hierarchical hubs, across few with by connections hierarchy vulnerable together a a as held created structured Age world Viking the ‘small’ in exchange then, sgnrlylw oeststaecontinuity trace sites Some low. generally is village undistinguished of sites. group large a and h w moi etoe nAnskar’s include and in a mentioned They emporia Frisian two form areas. the Slavic, cultural sites the Scandinavian The from comprising 2). assemblage, settlements mixed (for note settlements deliberately see 71 in details, excavations in 72 depicted from area the of part Anskar’s commu- in of for nications basis investigation a archaeological provide an to remain includes enough scanty and finds, this features indistinct though with sites many Even subject been excavations. have to sites southern 500 par- than in In more Germany ticular sites. northern and in settlement Scandinavia place Age taken have Viking excavations of number data. archaeological to approach turn to must order we or these, In this sources. in written mentioned this other ever of hardly periphery is the network formed sites have of a must number of that large core The the network. in complex place take communications ˚ hs rs Stro Gross rhus, ig,Toftega ¨inge, h hoooia eouino h material the of resolution chronological The h rsn nlssicue evidence includes analysis present The large a decades, few past the During ugn yteacuto Anskar’s of account the by Judging saraysi,i itrclnvl but novel, historical a is said, already as , h ml ol fteVikings the of World Small The vita . r,Starigard/Oldenburg), ˚rd, medr,Rlwe,and Ralswiek, ¨mkendorf, ˚ u,Vse Egesborg, Vester hus, vita scorrect, is ¨gsva ¨rrestad, ¨gen, vita vita 65 , , Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 66 ihohr ihwihi ee a direct had site never it a which affiliate with inevitably others a than will with because less type third, More, and shared communications. a more graph, both the actual from of show lines possibly therefore, The very location. unknown in – imported and site another least one be in may at produced type to artefact locally same connected The within site. was group other one a site of every existence which the rather indicates sites, it between communication various actual 3). with note see associated details (for as refuse crafts well and as beads, tools and investi- vessels coins, site of glass the types ceramics, in various comprise present They were gated. they some of if assemblage be an size can in up they turn that to expected common so types are the of of considered conditions Most retrieval. different and to preservation and robust provenance are restricted items which or identifiable specific clearly a with are links indicate fieldwork. develop- archaeological modern hence of and is scarcity ment regions a exca- to inland due of some largely lack in settlements The vated evidence. inland toponymic confirmed as by settled, Yet also probably surely preference. were very regions locational sites predomi- near-coastal reflects in The of 6). differences (Fig. nance of traditions and rate research the development in variation settlement modern partly in and trends density, original reflects partly comprise Age. Viking early which the of of of characteristic range types most the selected, by reduced artefacts chronological further The is first century. variance the ninth i.e. the Age, of Viking half early of the evidence in have activity institutional however, selected, of All the sites 2004). the Theuws in (cf. exchange of stages history successive repre- essentially of may sent years and history, 50 long some their for or coexisted Ribe only like Hedeby sites Important the Age. into Viking or late period Merovingian late the from hrdatfc yede o show not does type artefact shared A to selected artefacts of types 31 The sites the of distribution geographical The øe ihe Sindbæk Michael Søren h oests hssol anu that us warn should This even among sites. up markedly, core turns site also the increased 1968 the Okholm this of though seen, detecting centrality be metal the can and As sieving during conducted. was Only respectively. latter 1996 the and craftsmen conducted 1968 Okholm, in two Ribe in illustrates wintering excavations the network separate a The of 2001). as some (Feveile is served for which have quarter is Okholm, and to Ribe site outside suggested kilometres the few in a is and located member markets group interesting local this An the residences. of elite most two by Anskar’s the flanked in exactly met intensively – already Ribe of sites Hedeby, by is group followed hub closely largest small The sites. a connecting by formed shows more or graph three by items. the sustained are that network, links only dense very of structure this the 100,000 clarify to To (Mossby) (Ralswiek). of shards shards numbers 224 the shards from but range shards, con- thousand of sites few a Most number tain as retrieved. assemblage, pottery the recorded domestic the by of corresponds measured size node the the of illustrating to size the other one while with sites, affinity the and popularity as relative its way generated is same Anskar’s network the The 4. in Fig. in shown network. of complex reflection a condensed within a communications as links regarded zones the be such, can As reveal from a contact. of equally goods boundaries or and They receiving region. production of another of it represents pattern tradition things perspective regional of regional group this a a if reflect In less may matters com- trends. picture are cumulative authentic a groups the when independent pared, But of affiliation. standing number individual long account any to possible for intimate, be rarely will of It relations. the trace be may link laconic single a because less, contact; neaan h eteo h rp is graph the of centre the again, Once is links 491 of network resulting The vita h oiino iereflects site a of position The . vita hyare They . Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 ti motn ont htteei no nodes. is the the of there of centrality that size the and the note assemblages between to correlation from important general retrieved is It settlements. are peripheral so doubtlessly they and do small often because they the network, on exactly fall the many to of seen periphery Though be can assemblages structures. small robust contain true their communications Age than network. Viking peripheral the sites in these more location caused seem have to or to Menzlin likely at are more those Ystad, while like position, excavations, central crude too have may a sites, Egesborg, received Vester sieved or and Strandby e.g. detected intensively other of group colouring small different a core, is the 4. Beyond and network 3 grey. the note dark of see in core Data: out The clusters. marked sites. geographical are highlights between connections movement exclusive actual whose emporia, not types, artefact shared 4. Fig. ngnrl oee,tedt perto appear data the however, general, In rp faflain f7 rhelgclstsb 1tpso reat.Tecnetosindicate connections The artefacts. of types 31 by sites archaeological 72 of affiliations of Graph ryi i.5 hycmrs ceramics comprise They 5. dark Fig. in in marked links, and grey exclusive small rich a of share their number sites these Within assemblages, emporia. varied of group links. their external few confirm with sites Raden, only rural as Trabjerg Gross status or in Vorbasse conducted excavations (Jo al. though investigations recent, published, et more fully by yet confirmed not is as hub position Its a Annals. Royal Frankish mentioned the in Reric hubs. predecessor of Hedeby’s group with the Stro with Gross site to suffices this still Stro associate extent, limited Gross very its in despite investigation The h oeo h ewr stesmall the is network the of core The 97.Cnesl,tevr large very the Conversely, 1997). h ml ol fteVikings the of World Small The medr scmol identified commonly is ¨mkendorf ¨mkendorf, ¨ns 67 Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 eihr hr r e rn connections, the appearance. no star-shaped more in a or network the sites few many giving are the region and there Between each periphery centres sites. as few periphery peripheral a the to contains core from reaching the ‘pies’, elongated The form grey). clusters (dark Jutland South and North (cross- hatched) Jutland and Western East (hatched), grey), Denmark different (light of Sweden nodes South (white), by Mecklenburg-Vorpommern graph colour: the in high- clustering, lighted geographical of degree high commu- long-distance of these stations of nication. role materials. as the to raw sites related directly imported are with Both refuse crafts and from travellers foreign with associated combination in links of distribution scale-free topology. a clustered and shows hierarchical network a resulting with The sites. neighbouring nearest 5. Fig. 68 eodtecr,tentokdsly a displays network the core, the Beyond øe ihe Sindbæk Michael Søren emdligo h rvosntok oncigec fiito ru ylnstruhthe through links by group affiliation each connecting network, previous the of re-modelling A cla e ik ece ewe different between core. reached the outside links the clusters few hierarch- Moreover, as strongly ical was core. relations of the closely structure each sites with as some associated world’, had very region ‘small network geographical a The formed links. fewer probably links or five 24 have hubs: and site, following 29 of A closest have the number while Ribe respectively, small and southern a Hedeby with scale-free in a region network as Baltic communicated have western to settlements appear the and Age Scandinavia Viking rmtecnetosi Anskar’s in connections can the appeared we as from structure network, basic same the complex observe underlying an ˚ u,hs1.Mr hnhl ftesites the of half than More 18. has hus, nepeigtegaha nipeso of impression an as graph the Interpreting vita . Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 rvsoa tep a su rmthe from archaeological issue the may attempt information. which provisional definite A contains for rarely record direction links to the necessary of about is assumptions it introduce sites, between movement commu- fewer shown. far than a represents nications may within sites type we of artefact cases, group shared many in a that site In surmise every occur. link they equally affilia- which the will centre, network single tion all a were from quernstones items it distributed basalt imported Rhenish relations of as group the such a if of a Even gives vision presents. graph distorted previous the highly respect some In MOVEMENT OF TEXTURE routes. by THE sailing united and coastal significant regions principal the settlement the defined embodies along within convincingly emporia confined but are the communications clusters to of Local links network. chart the actual in an observed represent trends not does map The 6. Fig. oitrrttedt ntrso actual of terms in data the interpret To h aentoka nFg eitiue codn ogorpia oaino ie namap. a on sites of location geographical to according redistributed 5 Fig. in as network same The ots iigpirt osatae where travel travel sea to estimated priority but giving routes, geo- distances, consider not metrical shortest does The group shown sites. the each construction neighbouring nearest over linking the by through group distances: will entire that possible the links of join number the possible by It type, smallest artefact of particular departure. group a or sharing of sites group, affiliation point each this connects relevant from a network indeed is it like tools assumption. objects and domestic many pottery for down-the-line but a con- fact system; too in certainly supposing is imported servative, assumption For this neighbours. items between trans- mitted were affiliations most that assumption h rp nFg eoesteprevious the remodels 5 Fig. in graph The h ml ol fteVikings the of World Small The 69 Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 70 omdasalwrd tdds eas it which because hubs, of so group did small a It Europe on focused world. was northern small in a formed exchange that indicate Age above Viking analysed examples The WORLD SMALL A IN DYNAMICS links CONCLUSION: by bridged clusters. the Only they between directly sailing-routes. are along coastal occasionally emporia major principal the the to united links within are strong They confined by regions. are settlement observed clusters defined trends Local the above. embody of convincingly part a only recorded. as is network position, their marginal receive too in area a investigated sites the that of periphery is the misrepresentation sites. local only further other in as A present be included, will types items large some artefact the con- by of though, local number mediated, neighbour’ towards is This bias ‘nearest tacts. a creates The principle the of settlement. fraction a as past represent communications, analysed map repre- of sites not chart the a does actual map an on resulting sent The location 6). their (Fig. to geographical according actual nodes the and redistributing hierarchical a with topology. clustered out combination links stand of in distribution above scale-free a out clearer: of even pointed properties network In basic receive. the the they links representation, of this number corresponds total nodes the the two of to is between size links the lines while of the the sites, number in of the as to size relative index The popularity examples. same previous the to ing easy over to journey has long 54), a (no. by it land. connected Ribe is which to it which than to access, that maritime 59), (no. instance, Hedeby for implies, A This possible. ˚ hs(ien.4)i osdrdcoe to closer considered is 46) no. (site rhus eeteestemprvaspten that patterns reveals map the Nevertheless by step final one analysis the take may We accord- distributed are 5 Fig. in nodes The øe ihe Sindbæk Michael Søren h ubro ag uswsextremely was hubs large of ties. number weak and The hubs of through combination spindly achieved a were Communications distances long gauge. across an narrow on which moved extremely links, connections, the global One sustained investigation: globalisation? present the from of apparent becomes world difference important present the Tuscany. in shepherd in max- a milkmaid Anskar. from a a Uppland separating find links would eight with of we imum trail, acquainted and this Birka Following someone to travelled had met least who at person knew there one farmer every that to reasonable assume is it found be, we to Scandinavia as southern connected tightly as through Central was If Pious Sweden separation. of the degrees five Louis than of less empire in who vast everyone the to affiliated hierarchy bishop Anskar this make priest, would a every knew that assume Christian can every we appointed If priest. every appointed turn pope who in The archbishop, Christianity. every western appointed all personally of one. hub pope, the modern a met he the Rome, to as went Anskar ‘small’ When as a almost was Europe world medieval early that is study this needed. be further will of data To amounts vast be models. however, net- abstract this, realise with trading might than other rather networks works with directly trading compared as individual the patterns of also interpretation would our This Better enhance phases. successive analyse relations. of could series we a if exchange obtained be of might succes- results two stages to and belong sive Ribe ultimately early the men- may sites, in 800s, active already largest very both was the though Hedeby, As of at. two tioned, hinted involved only dynamics is the are phase that single a means only analysed that fact network The of analysis. potential the realise fully not does scale- a network. to free similar properties dynamic it gave htte eaae h iigAefrom Age Viking the separates then What of conclusion absorbing most the Perhaps investigation present the points, some On Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 iie:w idtesm e ie nthe in sites few same Anskar’s the of narrative find we limited: alot eea psdsi Anskar’s in episodes to Several network out. the of fall sections whole single the for a than sometimes person, node, more single a no of extremely took defection it also Often was vulnerable. it effective, sometimes travellers, remarkably of was network of number this smaller core While locations. even tiny an a between passing by were together then, Europe, held Viking and Carolingian clusters. local any outside if reaching few were links there was them, Within Birka beyond to But society. Rome swift. from of road the mass somehow group, this the travellers from specialised separate were missionaries, most or Whether merchants the envoys, 2001:270ff). were they of (McCormick record total they spite travellers in in of early number sources other impressive countless written is of this medieval what but lesson Anskar, is the of least, equally tale at the from This, recurrently appears sites. travelled these who between people of groups century. ninth the period. in all Europe linked like Rome of the hubs or dozen Dorestad few Hedeby, from a Birka, than more sources few no Perhaps the written in same, mentioned other the are which assemblages; moreover, archaeological of xesv omnctosadexchange and communications conduct extensive to sometimes and far- contacts, remarkably reaching generate to the able of was world Vikings small The pervasiveness, robustness. hence their and but the connections not of was scale worlds modern the and medieval a than from long. more steps never path if few was collapse The years to 2006:52). structure few (Palmer Feveile a reconfigured 2003:50, or within failed deserted connections is emporia be it successful could routes, apparently and how ports the evident on of even But level died. institutional actor key dra- a if deteriorated matically connections how describe h f-eertdgoa oncin of connections global oft-celebrated The few same the mostly was it Moreover, h rtcldfeec ewe h early the between difference critical The vita n nteanalysis the in and vita 3 2 1 NOTES or time crisis. of of periods face long in able over rarely them was sustain it to But circuits. these through 0( 5) .Ga 5. 150); (M 70 Tankba Ja 2. 156); (M is here tests. illustrated repeated the and by observed confirmed to features robustness sensitive the the but of nodes, are the of position calculations starting The 2005). 3) .Telbr nScania/Gro in Trelleborg 7. 135); A 1. found. Sindbæk are: – analysed S be sites 2000; Jacobsson The M – by 2005. J can marked 1994; are Meier catalogues – references the to References further where in catalogues, identified the published which are in exceeds sites numbers references by article, of possible this list of full scope list a the in As where specified same is below. the cases here concerned in one In place the site, taken sites. con- have individual excavations excavations other 71 72 in from ducted issues analysis The Nooy (see the using algorithm computed is nodes Kamada-Kawai the of position http://vlado. were The website: article the package fmf.unilj.si/pub/networks/pajek/defaults.htm. from this software available the in freely using illustrated generated graphs The 6) .O 8. 167); ejr S5) 9 agagVlu S5) 40. 59); (S Langvang/Voldum 39. 53); (S Jebjerg 34. Fa 41); 35. (S 42); Dalga Nederby (S 21); 33. Ager (S 40); Smede Aggersborg (S 31. 159); Sebbersund 17); (S 32. (S kloster 1986 Vrejlev 3); Ejstrup 29. (S 30. 1); Søby (S 27. Endebjerg 5), 28. Høier (S Gammeltoft & 2006); Strandby (Ulriksen 26. (Hansen 1997 22. Egesborg Næs Vester 25. 2000); 24. 95); 1999); (Tornbjerg 2000: Toftega (AUD Gevninge-Nødager A & (Lundquist Slo 17. Lo 14. Ha 109); (M Bja Bja 11. 108); (J Fjelie 10. drvigriDanmark (Arkæologiske i Hyllinge Udgravninger Kr. 20. 1998); (Ulriksen knop( 0) 6 asop(ekr1999); (Becker Dagstorp 16. 106); (M ˚kantorp re 02(ekr20) 3 Vikho 13. 2003); (Becker 2002 ¨rred r 968 S3) 7 ærn S3) 38. 33), (S Tæbring 37. 30); (S 1986–88 ˚rd tn( 4) .Stockholmsga 4. 146); (M ˚ten r Trbeg19) 3 Bøgelund 23. 1998); (Tornbjerg ˚rd h ml ol fteVikings the of World Small The ig Lnqit20) 8 Varla 18. 2003); (Lundquist ¨inge ¨ saa( 1) .Krtr M118); (M Karstorp 9. 119); (M nsvala retd(So ¨rrestad ˚ reg19) 9 etyMark Vestby 19. 1997); hrberg ˚rdlo ¨ddeko s M17;6 osy(J Mossby 6. 157); (M 3 ¨sa re 969 J10;12. 110); (J 1966–99 ¨rred pne19 J8) 15. 82); (J ¨pinge/1990 dreg20) .Ystad/ 3. 2003); ¨derberg 5 rp17 S3) 36. 30); (S 1975 ˚rup U 98 1) 21. 111); 1998: AUD ¨ningen ˚ hus/Transval re 1965– ˚rden ¨gsva tal. et Pajek tal et ¨gen 71 (J . , Downloaded By: [State Library of the University of Aarhus] At: 12:32 25 June 2007 4 72 let .&Baraba & R. 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