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Viking-Age Sailing Routes of the Western Baltic Sea – a Matter of Safety1 by Jens Ulriksen

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Viking-Age Sailing Routes of the Western Baltic Sea – a Matter of Safety1 by Jens Ulriksen Viking-Age sailing routes of the western Baltic Sea – a matter of safety1 by Jens Ulriksen Included in the Old English Orosius, com- weather conditions, currents, shifting sand piled at the court of King Alfred the Great of bars on the sea fl oor and coastal morphol- Wessex around 890,2 are the descriptions of ogy. Being able to cope with the elements of two diff erent late 9th-century Scandinavian nature is important for a safe journey, but sailing routes. Th ese originate from Ohthere, equally important – not least when travelling who sailed from his home in Hålogaland in like Ohthere – is a guarantee of safety for northern Norway to Hedeby, and Wulfstan, ship and crew when coming ashore. Callmer probably an Englishman,3 who travelled suggests convoying as a form of self-protec- from Hedeby to Truso. Th e descriptions are tion, but at the end of the day it would be not detailed to any degree concerning way- vital to negotiate a safe passage with “supra- points or anchorages, and in spite of the fact regional or regional lords”.7 Th ey controlled that lands passed are mentioned in both ac- the landing sites that punctuate Callmer’s counts, the information provided is some- route as stepping-stones. times unclear or confusing. For example, In consequence of the latter, Callmer departing from Hålogaland, Ohthere refers focuses on settlement patterns in order to to both Ireland and England on his starboard identify political and military centres – cen- side even though he obviously has been un- tres with lords who controlled certain areas able to glimpse these lands when sailing of land (and sea) and were able to guaran- along the Norwegian coast.4 Th e same pecu- tee safety within their ‘jurisdiction’. Th is ap- liarity applies to Wulfstan, who mentions the proach is important because it introduces an present-day Swedish landscapes Blekinge, obvious question regarding Ohthere’s travel- 5 1. Th is paper is the extended Möre, Öland and Gotland on his port side. ling pattern: how many lords would he have version of a comment on It is more likely that neither of the two were had to negotiate with on his trip? Would it Johan Callmer’s contribution describing sea routes, but rather describing have been 35, 15 or just two or three? at the seminar. 2. See Bately this volume: 20. the general geography to an audience with 3. See Jesch this volume: 30. limited knowledge of this area. 4. Lund 1983: 24. Most interesting in the accounts of Oht- Denmark and Danes – 5. See Bately this volume: 15. here and Wulfstan are the description of two 6 the kingdom and people ca 890 . Anton Englert argues that very diff erent ways of travelling. While Wulf- Ohthere’s statement indicates a way of measuring the dis- stan’s ship sailed for seven days and nights Callmer states that the level of political or- tance more than a description from Hedeby to Truso, Ohthere described ganisation and control must be considered of a specifi c voyage (Englert how a voyage from Hålogaland to Skiringes low and unstable in the (early) Viking Age.8 2007: 118, 122-125 ). He may healh (Kaupang) took at least a month in fair According to Callmer, a Danish kingdom be correct, but anchoring 6 at night was apparently a wind and anchoring every evening. did exist, but not in a state comparable to the th th common sailing procedure, In his paper, Johan Callmer sketches the situation of the 11 and 12 centuries. otherwise Ohthere’s account assumed manner of sailing in the early Viking According to the Old English Orosius, would not make sense. Age, and the inspiration has obviously come Norway (Nordweg) stretched from the north 7 . See Callmer this volume: from Ohthere’s way of travelling. Callmer side of the Polar Circle to Vestfold. No Dan- 115. 8. See Callmer this volume: sets out in a relatively small sailing ship ish supremacy is mentioned. Going south 114. with an insignifi cant draught; he is aware of from Skiringssal along the west coast of Viking-Age sailing routes of the western Baltic Sea 135 contemporary Sweden, Ohthere states that land) and then Blekinge, Møre, Øland and he had Denmark (Denamearc) to port (Figs 1- Gotland belonging to the Swedes (Sweon). 2). On the starboard side were Jutland (Got- All the way he had Wendland to starboard. land, Danish Jylland) at fi rst, later Sillende Th erefore, there was an area called Den- “and many islands”, and – Ohthere adds – amearc consisting of a rather substantial this was the ancient homeland of the An- region including the west coast of contem- gles before immigrating to England.9 Sil- porary Sweden, Scania, and the islands of lende is, therefore, thought to be the south- Langeland, Lolland and Falster. To this we ern part of the Jutland peninsula, where can surely add Zealand. West of here were the present-day region of Angeln is situated Gotland and, perhaps, Sillende. Th e lands between the Flensburg and Schlei fj ords. An- are not described as an entity, and no eth- other identifi cation of Sillende is put forward nic group (but the emigrated Angles) is con- by Bent Jørgensen, who connects the name nected with these areas. It is noteworthy that with Zealand (Danish Sjælland).10 While Ohthere describes Hedeby as situated be- passing “Sillende and many islands to star- tween Saxons, Angles and Wends, but be- board”, Ohthere had “the islands belonging longing to the Danes (hyrð in on Dene),12 to Denmark” to port. not to Denmark. Positioning Funen (Dan- Wulfstan contributes to the geo-po- ish Fyn) ethno-politically and geographically litical setting mentioning that he had the is- on Ohthere’s route is not straightforward. As lands Langeland, Lolland, Falster and Scania mentioned above, he noted that he had Sil- (Swedish Skåne) to port, and they were sub- lende and many islands to starboard and at the ject to Denmark.11 Still to port he passed an same time the islands belonging to Denmark independent island of Bornholm (Burgenda to port. Of course it is diffi cult to know ex- Fig. 1. Landscapes men- tioned by Ohthere and Wulfstan. Redrawn after Crumlin-Pedersen 1983. 9. Lund 1983; Bately this volume: 15. 10. Jørgensen 1994: 249-250. 11. See Bately this volume: 15. 12. Lund 1983; Bately this volume: 15. 136 II. Th e western and central Baltic Sea region Fig. 2. Sites mentioned in the text. 1. Avnslev Overby, 2. Fyns Hoved, 3. Gundslev, 4. Hedeby, 5. Hjulby, 6. Hoby, 7. Lejre, 8. Upp- åkra, 9. Nabbe-Kildegård, 10. Nr. Alslev, 11. Næs, 12. Odense, 13. Ribe, 14. Strandby-Gammeltoft, 15. Strøby-Toftegård, 16. Tissø, 17. Vejleby, 18. Vester Egesborg, 19. Vindinge, 20. Vålse. actly what he means by “many islands”. If the land from the mid 10th century.13 Neverthe- number fi ve – or seven, including Samsø and less, contemporary written sources speak of Endelave – is “many” he could have entered “kings of the Danes” rather than a specifi c Little Belt between Jutland and Funen. Alter- Danish group or Denmark. However, both natively, his route passed through the Great Ohthere and Wulfstan refer to “Danes” and Belt separating Funen and Zealand. Conse- “Denmark”, but whether or not this indicates quently the “many islands” to starboard were the ethnic group of the Danes at this time, situated south of Funen, while “the islands having the same king is uncertain. Moreover, belonging to Denmark” must have been Zea- the people on Bornholm (the ‘Burgendan’) land and the islands to its south. However, are mentioned separately, a peculiarity un- this theory is not entirely in accordance with derlined by Wulfstan, who states that they Wulfstan’s mention of Langeland’s affi liation had their own king. Th e question is whether to Denmark. diff erentiation between ‘Danes’ and ‘Den- Several 9th-century Western European mark’ is important. In later documents, King annals and chronicles give us the impression Knud the Great calls himself “king of Eng- 13. Jacobsen & Moltke 1942: of a kingdom of Danes of some signifi cance land and Denmark and the Norwegians and 14 15 No. 217. that was strong enough to challenge Charle- a part of the Swedes”, “king of the English” 14. Danmarks Riges Breve 1. magne and his successors in the border areas. and “king of the realm of England and the rk., 1. bd., nr. 422 (1975). In the Old English Orosius we learn that there Danes”.16 He randomly uses both the ethnic 15. Danmarks Riges Breve 1. rk., 1. bd., nr. 411 (1975). were two kinds of Danes: “North Danes” and name and the name of the kingdom. Dur- 11th 16. Danmarks Riges Breve 1. “South Danes”, the latter also being men- ing the reign of the -century Danish king rk., 1. bd., nr. 448 (1975). tioned on a rune stone from Sædinge on Lol- Svend Estridsen, he is called “king of the Viking-Age sailing routes of the western Baltic Sea 137 Danes”17 and Pope Alexander II mentions discussed in any detail here, it is paramount “the realm of the Danes”.18 Th us, there is no to elaborate further on the use of the term absolute contradiction between the “areas “regional” when pointing out two or even belonging to the Danes” and “Denmark” in three “regional centres” situated very close this period, and the same might have been (5 km) to each other on the northern part of the case in Ohthere’s and Wulfstan’s time.
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