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1 SKANDYNAWSKIE AMULETY Z TRUSO: OZNAKI WIERZEŃ W EMPORIUM EPOKI WIKINGÓW 1 Studia nad Truso Truso Studies • Redakcja / Edited by Mateusz Bogucki, Marek F. Jagodziński TOMTom III I SKANDYNAWSKIE AMULETY Z TRUSO: OZNAKI WIERZEŃ W EMPORIUM EPOKI WIKINGÓW 3 MIĘDZY JUTLANDIĄ A SAMBIĄ Truso w kontekście badań południowo-zachodniej strefy basenu Morza Bałtyckiego w okresie wikińskim Between Jutland and Sambia Truso in the context of research in the south-west zone of the Baltic Sea basin in the Viking age Redakcja / Edited by Marek Franciszek Jagodziński TOM III:2 VOL. III:2 Muzeum Archeologiczno-Historyczne w Elblągu Museum of Archaeology and History in Elbląg ELBLĄG 2017 4 LESZEK GARDEŁA Studia nad Truso / Truso Studies Redakcja /Edited by Mateusz Bogucki, Marek F. Jagodziński Tom III:2 Między Jutlandią a Sambią. Truso w kontekście badań południowo-zachodniej strefy basenu Morza Bałtyckiego w okresie wikińskim Vol. III:2 Between Jutland and Sambia Truso in the context of research in the south-west zone of the Baltic Sea basin in the Viking age ~ Redakcja / Edited by Marek F. Jagodziński Dofinansowano ze środków Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego Co-founded the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage Instytucja Kultury Miasta Elbląga Cultural Institution of the town of Elbląg Muzeum Archeologiczno-Historyczne w Elblągu Museum of Archaeology and History in Elbląg © Autorzy i Muzeum Archeologiczno-Historyczne w Elblągu Kierownik projektu / Project Menager: Marek F. Jagodziński Tłumaczenie / Translation: Dominika Ciechanowicz, Andrzej Estal Ilustracje / Illustrations: M. Gawryluk, L. Okoński, A. Szwemiński, Autorzy / Authors, Cyfrowe opracowanie planów, rysunków i planigrafii / Digital presentation of plans, figures and planigraphy: Stanisław Czuba Projekt graficzny i typograficzny serii: Diana Gawronkiewicz / Podpunkt Projekt okładki / Cover design: Adam Czuba Skład i łamanie: Robert Korsak Recenzenci/Reviewers: dr hab. Władysław Duczko prof. Akademii Humanistycznej im. Aleksandra Gieysztora w Pułtusku Prof. dr hab. Przemysław Urbańczyk Wydawca/Publisher: Muzeum Archeologiczno-Historyczne w Elblągu Bulwar Zygmunta Augusta 11 82-300 Elbląg Druk i oprawa: Drukarnia Dimograf Sp. z o.o. Nakład: 500 egz. Wydanie 1 ISBN: 978-83-945917-2-4 Patronat medialny: / Media patronage: SKANDYNAWSKIE AMULETY Z TRUSO: OZNAKI WIERZEŃ W EMPORIUM EPOKI WIKINGÓW 5 Spis treści Przedmowa / Preface / 5 Marek Franciszek Jagodziński JANÓW POMORSKI/TRUSO 34 LATA BADAŃ I STUDIÓW NAD WCZESNOŚREDNIOWIECZNYM EMPORIUM / 9 Janów Pomorski/Truso – 34 years of research and study of the Early Medieval emporium WIKIŃSKA GLOBALIZACJA I TRUSO / 47 Truso and Globalization accomplished by the Vikings Sebastian Brather JANÓW I WCZESNOŚREDNIOWIECZNA URBANIZACJA W BASENIE MORZA BAŁTYCKIEGO / 49 Janów and Early Medieval urbanisation around the Baltic Sea Heiko Steuer TRUSO JAKO CENTRALNY PUNKT GEOGRAFICZNY POMIĘDZY ANGLIĄ A WOŁGĄ GLOBALIZACJA GOSPODARKI OPARTEJ NA WAŻONYM SREBRZE / 73 Truso in the geographic middle between England and the River Volga The globalization of the weight-based silver economy. Mateusz Bogucki PRUSKIE, SKANDYNAWSKIE CZY SŁOWIAŃSKIE? UWAGI O PRZYNALEŻNOŚCI ETNICZNEJ MIESZKAŃCÓW EMPORIUM TRUSO / 105 Prussian, Scandinavian or Slavic? Observations on the ethnic identity of the inhabitats of Truso emporium Jakub Jagodziński WCZESNOŚREDNIOWIECZNE MIEJSCA CENTRALNE – WIKIŃSKA GLOBALIZACJA? / 137 Early Medieval ports of trade - globalization accomplished by the Vikings? Leszek Gardeła SKANDYNAWSKIE AMULETY Z TRUSO: OZNAKI WIERZEŃ W EMPORIUM EPOKI WIKINGÓW / 159 Scandinavian Amulets in Truso: Signals of Belief in a Viking Age Emporium MIĘDZY JUTLANDIĄ A SAMBIĄ /191 Between Jutland and Sambia Morten Søvsø RIBE W JUTLANDII – OD EMPORIUM NAD MORZEM PÓŁNOCNYM DO SIEDZIBY BISKUPSTWA / 193 Ribe in Jutland – from North Sea Emporium to Bishop Town 6 LESZEK GARDEŁA Fred Ruchhöft ARKONA – ŚWIĘTE MIEJSCE W CENTRUM ZACHODNIEGO BAŁTYKU / 231 Arkona – The Holy Place at the Centre of the Western Baltic Sea Hauke Jöns, Martina Karle, Anna Kowalska, Sebastian Messal NAJNOWSZE BADANIA WCZESNOŚREDNIOWIECZNYCH MIEJSC HANDLOWYCH W REGIONIE ZACHODNIEGO BAŁTYKU. BADANIA W GROS STRÖMKENDORF, ROSTOCK-DIERKOW, RALSWIEKU I BARDACH / 249 Recent research on Early Medieval trading centres in the western Baltic Region. The case studies of Groß Strömkendorf, Rostock-Dierkow, Ralswiek and Bardy Vladimir I. Kulakov FENOMEN ZACHODNICH BAŁTÓW W OKRESIE WIKIŃSKIM / 285 The phenomenon of the Western Balts in the Viking Age JAKIM SPOSOBEM TAK LICZNE PRZEDMIOTY RZYMSKIE Z I-III WIEKU TRAFIŁY DO ŚWIATA WIKINGÓW Z VIII-X WIEKU ? 7 PRZEDMOWA PREFACE Tom III:2 Studiów nad Truso otwiera nową pod Volume III: 2 Studia nad Truso opens up a new domain względem zakresu opracowań domenę, gdzie prezen- in terms of range of studies, where the issues of settlement towana będzie problematyka osadnictwa południowo- in the south-west zone of the Baltic Sea basin in the Viking -zachodniej strefy basenu Morza Bałtyckiego w okresie Age (8th – early 11th century) will be presented. The areas wikińskim (VIII - początek XI wieku). Tereny położone situated between Jutland and Sambia were culturally and między Jutlandią a Sambią, były w tym czasie bardzo ethnically diversified at the time. The main topic of this zróżnicowane pod względem kulturowym i etnicznym. Zachodzące na tym obszarze procesy, związane z po- publication will revolve around processes which took place wstaniem nadbałtyckiej strefy gospodarczej oraz udział in this area: they were connected with the creation of the poszczególnych regionów w jej funkcjonowaniu, będzie Baltic economic zone and the participation of separate re- głównym tematem tego nurtu publikacji. Szczególne gions in its functioning. We will pay special attention to the miejsce będzie tu zajmować problematyka związana z appearance of crafts-and-trade settlements and harbour pojawieniem się osad rzemieślniczo-handlowych i por- settlements (Port of Trade; Seehandelsplatze). They were towych (Port of Trade; Seehandelsplatze). Powstawały established in Jutland, Mecklenburg, Hither Pomerania, one zarówno w Jutlandii, Meklemburgii, na Pomorzu Western Pomerania and Pomeralia, as well as Sambia. The Przednim, Pomorzu Zachodnim i Nadwiślańskim, a significance of these centres in social and economic de- także na Sambii. Znaczenie tych ośrodków w rozwoju velopment of the Early Medieval communities will make społeczno-gospodarczym wczesnośredniowiecznych społeczności, umożliwi pokazanie w nowym świetle it possible for us to present in a new light the history of historii Europy Środkowej, w okresie poprzedzającym Central Europe in the period before the early-feudal states powstanie państw wczesnofeudalnych. W takim ujęciu were established. Research papers on Truso will also be prezentowane też będą opracowania dotyczące Truso presented from such angle (see: articles in this volume). As (por. artykuły w tym tomie). Tym samym, wyniki ba- a result, the results of research in the Truso settlement will dań osady Truso, jako istotne zagadnienie, wprowa- be fully introduced to the European scientific discussion dzone zostaną w pełniejszym zakresie, do europejskiej on the Viking Age. dyskusji naukowej o okresie wikińskim. Truso is currently one of the archaeologically better Truso jest obecnie jednym z lepiej rozpoznanych examined early-Medieval crafts-and-trade centres. On the archeologicznie wczesnośredniowiecznych ośrodków basis of the accomplished research results, we can address rzemieślniczo-handlowych. Na podstawie osiągniętych rezultatów badań, można odnieść się do niemal wszyst- almost every aspect of this emporium’s activity and sig- kich aspektów działalności i znaczenia tego emporium nificance in the Viking Age Europe. Still, we can notice a w Europie okresu wikińskiego. Wciąż jednak, wyraźnie certain marginalization of the Vistula river estuary region odczuwalna jest pewna marginalizacja rejonu ujścia and the Truso port of trade that functioned here. Presenta- Wisły i funkcjonującego tu portu handlowego Truso. tion of the results of the research in the Janόw Pomorski/ Prezentacja wyników badań osady w Janowie Pomor- Truso settlement in a broader context will also enable em- skim/Truso na szerszym tle, umożliwi właściwe poka- phasizing its supra-regional character. It will also explain zanie jej ponadregionalnego znaczenia. Przybliży też the Scandinavian presence in the Vistula river estuary and wyjaśnienie kwestii obecności skandynawskiej w rejo- demonstrate the character and significance of the hinter- nie ujścia Wisły, pokaże ponadto charakter oraz znacze- land of this settlement, which was established on the Bal- nie zaplecza tego ośrodka, który powstał na pograniczu osadnictwa bałtyjskiego i słowiańskiego. tic-Slavic borderline. Marek F. Jagodziński Marek F. Jagodziński 8 MAREK FRANCISZEK JAGODZIŃSKI 190 LESZEK GARDEŁA SKANDYNAWSKIE AMULETY Z TRUSO: OZNAKI WIERZEŃ W EMPORIUM EPOKI WIKINGÓW 191 Między Jutlandią a Sambią Between Jutland and Sambia RIBE W JUTLANDII – OD EMPORIUM NAD MORZEM PÓŁNOCNYM DO SIEDZIBY BISKUPSTWA 193 Morten Søvsø, Sydvestjyske Museer Ribe w Jutlandii – od emporium nad Morzem Północnym do siedziby biskupstwa Ribe in Jutland – from North Sea Emporium to Bishop Town MIĘDZY JUTLANDIĄ A SAMBIĄ TRUSO W KONTEKSCIE BADAŃ POŁUDNIOWO-ZACHODNIEJ STREFY BASENU MORZA BAŁTYCKIEGO W OKRESIE WIKIŃSKIM TOM III:2 S. 193-230 RED. MAREK FRANCISZEK JAGODZIŃSKI 194 MORTEN SØVSØ, SYDVESTJYSKE MUSEER STRESZCZENIE ABSTRACT Początki miasta Ribe sięgają ok. 700 r. n.e., kiedy na The town
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    NÁMOŘNÍ OBCHOD PODÉL ATLANTICKÉHO POBŘEŽÍ A VE VNITROZEMÍ EVROPY Petra Maříková Vlčková AEB_37 Dálkový obchod raně středověké Evropy 29.11.2015 ADMINISTRATIVA Dnes: náhrada 2. hodiny, tato učebna, po standardní výuce Doplňky k předchozí přednášce – historické dálkové trasy: IS, tento předmět Historické reálie pro dnešní přednášku: tamtéž DÁLKOVÝ OBCHOD PODÉL ATLANTICKÉHO POBŘEŽÍ EVROPY Za Gibraltar: od 5. až do počátku 8. st. poměrně často Alexandrijská loď plující do Anglie a navrátivší se s nákladem cínu – možná reálný základ Trasa: podél galicijského a kantabrijského pobřeží Během cest – návštěva hrobu sv. Martina z Tour Z pobřeží Evropy – od počátku 7. st.: rapidní změna politických a ekonomických poměrů – Merovejci ovládající Neustrii a Austrasii – zakládají na pobřeží emporia: Neustrie (Bretaň – řeka Šelda): Quentovic Austrie (Porýní): Dorestad. SPECIFIKA ATLANTICKÉHO OBCHODU Lodě bez dostatečně pevných stožárů s plachtovím = lidská síla a vesla Početnější posádky – až 250 osob Obchodníci: převážně Frísové – napojení na tzv. severní oblouk Výraznější propojení námořního obchodu a vnitrozemského pohybu zboží a lidí: stratifikace obchodních středisek Fríský obchod směrem na S: kolem Jutského poloostrova (zkrácení přes Jutskou šíji a řeku Treene) – od 9. stol. - Hedeby EMPORIA Anglie, 5.-6.st: hierarchizovaná sídliště; domácí produkce; omezený okruh směny Konec 6.-7.st: EMPORIA TYP A: obchodní místa periodicky využívána, paláce, kostely, stratifikovaná pohřebiště = doklady vzniku nového společenského uspořádání. Změna v řemeslnické produkci a jejím pohybu – včetně luxusních předmětů. Ipswich Konec 7.st: EMPORIA TYP B: proměna v centrum městského charakteru. Pravidelná uliční síť (jedna hlavní). Domy orientované delší stranou do ulice, přístřešky pro zemědělskou produkci Hamwic R. Hodges 1982: Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Town and Trade.
  • Truso in the Old English Orosius and Tczew, Poland

    Truso in the Old English Orosius and Tczew, Poland

    Truso in the Old English Orosius and Tczew, Poland Andrew Breeze University of Navarre Wulfstan’s description of his voyage to the Baltic is an addition to the Old English Orosius. It contains a notorious crux, as follows. Wulfstan (otherwise unknown) sailed to Truso, a trading-place near the mouth of the Vistula. Anglo-Saxonists and others have long identified Truso as somewhere on Lake Drużno, near Elbląg, Poland. But in 1985 the Polish philologist Stanisław Rospond disproved that. He regarded Truso as Tczew on the lower Vistula. Tczew (in German, Dirschau) is attested in early documents with forms (Trsow, Trssew, Treseu) that are compatible with Truso. Those for Drausensee or Lake Drużno (recorded in 1233 as Drusin) are not compatible with Truso. They start with the wrong letter and have an internal <n> absent from spellings of Tczew. His conclusions have nevertheless been ignored, despite their implications for English history and Polish or Viking archaeology. Let us set the out the story in detail. In the year 891 or so, a mariner called Wulfstan made a journey to the Baltic. Wulfstan’s account of his travels (surviving as an addition to the Old English Orosius) has had an unusual history. It was printed as early as 1598, when Richard Hakluyt included a translation of it in one edition of his Voyages. It is still read in Old English courses at conservative universities. Yet problems remain. Before we consider those, readers might obtain a map of the Gdańsk region. Failing that, they should keep in their mind’s eye this image.
  • Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery

    Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery

    Creating Holy People and People Places Holy on theCreating Periphery Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery A Study of the Emergence of Cults of Native Saints in the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Lund and Uppsala from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries During the medieval period, the introduction of a new belief system brought profound societal change to Scandinavia. One of the elements of this new religion was the cult of saints. This thesis examines the emergence of new cults of saints native to the region that became the ecclesiastical provinces of Lund and Uppsala in the twelfth century. The study examines theearliest, extant evidence for these cults, in particular that found in liturgical fragments. By analyzing and then comparing the relationship that each native saint’s cult had to the Christianization, the study reveals a mutually beneficial bond between these cults and a newly emerging Christian society. Sara E. EllisSara Nilsson Sara E. Ellis Nilsson Dissertation from the Department of Historical Studies ISBN 978-91-628-9274-6 Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery Dissertation from the Department of Historical Studies Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery A Study of the Emergence of Cults of Native Saints in the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Lund and Uppsala from the Eleventh to the Th irteenth Centuries Sara E. Ellis Nilsson med en svensk sammanfattning Avhandling för fi losofi e doktorsexamen i historia Göteborgs universitet, den 20 februari 2015 Institutionen för historiska studier (Department of Historical Studies) ISBN: 978-91-628-9274-6 ISBN: 978-91-628-9275-3 (e-publikation) Distribution: Sara Ellis Nilsson, [email protected] © Sara E.
  • SOCIAL NORMS in MEDIEVAL SCANDINAVIA Ii

    SOCIAL NORMS in MEDIEVAL SCANDINAVIA Ii

    i SOCIAL NORMS IN MEDIEVAL SCANDINAVIA ii BEYOND MEDIEVAL EUROPE Beyond Medieval Europe publishes monographs and edited volumes that evoke medieval Europe’s geographic, cultural, and religious diversity, while highlighting the interconnectivity of the entire region, understood in the broadest sense— from Dublin to Constantinople, Novgorod to Toledo. The individuals who inhabited this expansive territory built cities, cultures, kingdoms, and religions that impacted their locality and the world around them in manifold ways. Series Editor Christian Alexander Raffensperger, Wittenberg University , Ohio Editorial Board K urt Villads Jensen, Stockholms Universitet Bal á zs Nagy, Central European University, Budapest Leonora Neville, University of Wisconsin , Madison iii SOCIAL NORMS IN MEDIEVAL SCANDINAVIA Edited by JAKUB MORAWIEC, ALEKSANDRA JOCHYMEK, AND GRZEGORZ BARTUSIK iv British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © 2019, Arc Humanities Press, Leeds The authors assert their moral right to be identiied as the authors of their part of this work. Permission to use brief excerpts from this work in scholarly and educational works is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is an exception or limitation covered by Article 5 of the European Union’s Copyright Directive (2001/ 29/ EC) or would be determined to be “fair use” under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act September 2010 page 2 or that satisies the conditions speciied in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17 USC §108, as revised by P.L. 94– 553) does not require the Publisher’s permission.