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In the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaï S Nin

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In the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaï S Nin DISSERTATIONES LITTERARUM ET CONTEMPLATIONIS COMPARATIVAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 6 DISSERTATIONES LITTERARUM ET CONTEMPLATIONIS COMPARATIVAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 6 EMBODIED SUBJECTIVITY IN THE DIARIES OF VIRGINIA WOOLF, AINO KALLAS AND ANAÏ S NIN LEENA KURVET-KÄOSAAR TARTU UNIVERSITY PRESS Department of Literature and Folklore, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Tartu, Estonia The Council of the Department of Literature and Folklore has, on 10 November 2006, accepted this dissertation to be defended for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature Supervisors: Professor Jüri Talvet, University of Tartu Professor Tiina Kirss, University of Tartu Reviewer: Professor Lea Rojola, University of Turku The thesis will be defended in the Council Hall of the University of Tartu on 15 December 2006. The publication of the dissertation was funded by the Department of Literature and Folklore, University of Tartu. ISSN 1406–913X ISBN 9949–11–489–6 (trükis) ISBN 9949–11–490–X (PDF) Copyright Leena Kurvet-Käosaar, 2006 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee Tellimus nr. 618 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................ 6 LIST OF ARTICLES INCLUDED IN THE DISSERTATION..................... 7 I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 8 1.1. Structure and objectives of the study.................................................. 8 1.2. Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas, Anaïs Nin and the cultural climate of Europe at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century ............................................................................... 14 1.2.1. Modernism and modernity: a feminist reconceptualization .... 14 1.2.2. 19th century origins: the family background of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin.......................................... 17 1.2.3. Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas, Anaïs Nin and the shifting terrain of gender relations in the early 20th century................. 26 1.3. Theoretical perspectives on the body ................................................. 40 1.3.1. Michel Foucault and the tradition of the ‘inscribed body’ ...... 41 1.3.2. Appropriations of Foucault by feminist theory ....................... 45 1.3.3. Foucauldian approach to the diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin............................................................... 48 1.3.4. Simone de Beauvoir and the ‘lived body’; Julia Kristeva and Hélène Cixous and psychoanalytically informed feminist perspectives on the body ......................................................... 61 1.4. Conclusions......................................................................................... 65 References....................................................................................................... 72 II. ARTICLES............................................................................................... 81 1. ‘Teemandid tolmuhunnikus’ ehk kuidas vaadelda naiste päevikuid. ‘The Diamonds of the dustheap’: the Diary as a Genre of ‘Feminine’ Identity’. (2003) 2. Representations of Woman Writer’s Identity in A Writer’s Diary of Virginia Woolf and the Diaries of Aino Kallas. (2001) 3. Anaïs With(in) Henry and June: in Search of a Self in The Diary of Anaïs Nin, Volume I and Henry and June. (2003) 4. Claiming and Disclaiming the Body in the Early Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Anaïs Nin and Aino Kallas. (2004) 5. Tracing Desire in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin. (2006) 6. Maternal Spaces in the Diaries of Aino Kallas, Virginia Woolf and Anaïs Nin. (2005) BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................... 211 KOKKUVÕTE ............................................................................................... 223 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I started my work on the diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin I had just discovered life writing as an exciting and challenging area of scholarly investigation. During the journey toward the completion of the thesis my interest in and fascination with the field of women’s life writing has increased many times. The journey was made possible and realized in a parti- cularly gratifying and fulfilling manner for me thanks to the support and assistance of many different people and institutions. First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Prof. Jüri Talvet (Department of Literature and Folklore, University of Tartu) and Prof. Tiina Kirss (Department of Literature and Folklore, University of Tartu). Their ongoing support and competent assistance with my research has been extremely valuable and helpful. I would especially like to express my gratitude to Prof. Tiina Kirss for her utter dedication to my work at the final stage of the completion of my thesis. I would like to thank the following institutions for funding my various research visits: the Ants and Maria Silvere and Siegfried Pant Foundation, the British Council, CIMO, the Open Estonian Foundation, Christina Institute for Women’s Studies at Helsinki University, the John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies at Freie Universitet Berlin, University of Konstanz. I would also like to thank Prof. Rosi Braidotti (Faculty of Arts, University of Utrecht), Prof. Aili Nenola (formerly Christina Institute for Women’s Studies, University of Helsinki), Prof. Laura Castor (Department of Culture and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, University of Tromsø) and Prof. Dr. Sabine Sielke (formerly the John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies at Freie Universitet Berlin) for commenting on my thesis during different stages of my research. Of great assistance to me have also been many inspiring discussions of my research with my good colleagues and friends Mirjam Hinrikus, Rutt Hinrikus, Liina Lukas and Sirje Olesk as well as Effie Botonaki, Maarit Leskelä-Kärki, Kukku Melkas and Nora Sellei. My deepest gratitude to Eve Annuk, Raili Põldsaar and Eva Piirimäe who helped me with the editing of the thesis as well as to our department’s coordi- nator Hille Roots for keeping up my spirit. Finally, I would like to thank my family for the unwavering loving support over the long years when I was working on my thesis, in particular my husband who stood by me every moment and whom I would like to dedicate my thesis to. 6 LIST OF ARTICLES INCLUDED IN THE DISSERTATION I. Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena. ““Teemandid tolmuhunnikus” ehk kuidas vaadelda naiste päevikuid.” (“‘The Diamonds of the Dustheap’: or How to Define Women’s Diaries”). Keel ja Kirjandus 3 (2003): 178–191. (Translation into English provided). II. Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena. “Representations of Woman Writer’s Identity in A Writer’s Diary of Virginia Woolf and the Diaries of Aino Kallas.” Interlitteraria 6, (2001): 284–300. III. Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena. “Anaïs With(in) Henry and June: in Search of a Self in The Diary of Anaïs Nin Volume I and Henry and June.” Points of Convergence: Selected Papers of the 5th International Tartu Conference on North-American Studies. Ed. Raili Põldsaar and Krista Vogelberg. Tartu: Tartu University Press, 2003. 64–78. IV. Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena. “Claiming and Disclaiming the Body in the Early Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Anaïs Nin and Aino Kallas.” Feminismo/s 4 (2004): 69–84. V. Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena. “Tracing Desire in the Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Aino Kallas and Anaïs Nin.” Fiction and Autobiography: Modes and Models of Interaction. Ed. Sabine Coelsch-Foisner and Wolfgang Görtschacher. Salzburg Studies in English Literature and Culture (SEL&C). Vol. 3. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2006. 27–40. VI. Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena. “Maternal Spaces in the Diaries of Aino Kallas, Virginia Woolf and Anaïs Nin.” Interlitteraria 10 (2005): 260–279. 7 I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Structure and objectives of the study Autobiography studies emerged as a field in the 1960s and 1970s. Yet only recently scholars have begun to ask the questions pertaining to the role of the body in the textual formation of the autobiographical self. Originally, it was taken for granted that the self is a unified, coherent and individuated entity. There was no recognition that such an entity was created by repressing or transcending the corporeal. Only when the notion of the autobiographical self gave way to the more flexible notion of subjectivity, one produced by dynamic networks of power situated at the axes of social, historical, cultural and linguistic discourses, it became possible to perceive the subject as embodied and gendered. Grounded in poststructuralist thought, such a notion of subjec- tivity has opened up possibilities for reading women’s autobiographies as palimpsests where the body emerges as an important locus of meaning and a shaper of female subjectivity. Taking as my starting point the notion of subjectivity rather than the autobiographical self, my dissertation focuses on the representation of the female body in the diaries of three women writers of the first half of the twentieth century – Virginia Woolf (1882–1941), Aino Kallas (1878–1956), and Anaïs Nin (1903–1977). Grounding my research on the centrality of sexuality and corporeality in the socio-cultural, artistic and intellectual frames of reference of Europe and America at the end of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the more specific objective of my dissertation is to explore the role of the textual presence and absence of the body in the diaries of the three authors. First of all, I
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