CHALLENGING the MATTHEW EFFECT International Exchange of Publications in Four Finnish Learned Societies Until the Second World War

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CHALLENGING the MATTHEW EFFECT International Exchange of Publications in Four Finnish Learned Societies Until the Second World War COMMENTATIONES SCIENTIARUM SOCIALIUM 76 Johanna Lilja CHALLENGING THE MATTHEW EFFECT International Exchange of Publications in Four Finnish Learned Societies until the Second World War THE FINNISH SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND LETTERS HELSINKI 2012 COMMENTATIONES SCIENTIARUM SOCIALIUM Editor: Leif Nordberg Copyright © 2012 by Johanna Lilja and The Finnish Society of Science and Letters Cover design: Maarit Inbar Front cover: Based on illustration from the Gospel of St. Matthew, woodcut on the New Testament (Se wsi Testamenti) 1548. Back cover: The postcard sent on February 12th 1913 by Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie to the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (National Library of Finland, the Archive of the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica). The series Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium is part of the publishing cooperation between the Finnish Society of Science and Letters and the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, established in 1996. Distributor: Bookstore Tiedekirja Kirkkokatu 14, FIN-00170 HELSINKI, Finland Tel +358-9-635 177 [email protected] www.tiedekirja.fi ISSN 0355-256X ISBN 978-951-653-391-2 Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy Sastamala 2012 ABSTR ACT Lilja, Johanna (2012). Challenging the Matthew Effect. International Exchange of Publications in Four Finnish Learned Societies until the Second World War. Com- mentationes Scientiarum Socialium 76. 352 p. ISBN 978-951-653-391-2, ISSN 0355- 256X. The Finnish Society of Science and Letters. Helsinki. The thesis addresses the international exchange of publications of Finnish learned so- cieties from the early nineteenth century until the Second World War. Exchange of publications refers to the regular and mutual delivery of books and journals between institutions. The practice was inherited from the early eighteenth century when the scientific community was called the Republic of Letters. The idea of republic -em phasised the special nature of scientific community and required certain courtesy rules, in particular reciprocity was expected in favours, letters and gift-giving. The structure of the scholarly community began to change in the nineteenth century as scientific competition intensified and success accumulated in those countries, insti- tutions and journals which had already gained a good reputation. This phenomenon of accumulation of scientific success was later described as the “Matthew effect in science” introduced by Robert Merton. The present study examines the extent to which the exchange of publications miti- gated the accumulation of scientific advantage epitomised by the Matthew effect. The main research questions include: how the Finnish societies succeeded in their efforts to distribute their publications and to link themselves into the international networks; how political upheavals affected exchange relationships; and to what ex- tent the periodicals received in exchange were used by the Finnish researchers. The Finnish learned societies provide an interesting case because they were geographically peripheral and did not enjoy an established position in the scholarly community. A special feature in Finland is that the government has supported academic publishing and thus freed learned societies from having to promote the sales of their publications. The material consists of four societies representing different branches of scholarship: the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (SFFF); the Finnish Literature Society (FLS); the Finnish Antiquarian Society (FAS); and the Finnish Dental Society (FDS). The methods used in the study derive both from information studies and history. The data on exchange relations and publishing activities were collected from the minutes, letters and library catalogues of the above societies and analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. A citation analysis was also conducted. The study demonstrated that establishing exchange relations was not a sufficient means of gaining international visibility. These four societies developed different strat- egies to promote networking. The FLS and the FDS were passive in their exchange 4 policy but created large networks of corresponding members and also aimed at selling their publications. The SFFF and the FAS actively established exchange relations. The norms and reciprocal practices inherited from the eighteenth century supported the Finnish societies in their efforts to distribute their publications internationally and to acquire foreign serials for their libraries. The ideal of neutrality on political and religious questions made it possible to sustain contacts even with institutions in countries whose politics was not accepted, such as the Soviet Union. The exchange of publications raised the profile of Finnish science and scholarship and encouraged the Finnish societies to develop and internationalise their periodicals. On the other hand, a large share of exchange initiatives taken by the Finnish societies came to noth- ing, particularly in the field of biology, where the most important research findings were published in German commercial journals. It was easier to acquire exchange partners in small countries and countries with short scientific traditions, such as the United States. Small countries and peripheral areas, such as those populated with Finno-Ugrian peoples, often provided relevant publications, which made exchange a well-functioning system. In light of the material of this study, the strengthening of the Matthew effect at the turn of the century is apparent. It was, however, mitigated by the traditions of the Re- public, which made it possible for young and peripheral societies to find partners inter- ested in the same topics and find their place in the international scholarly community. KEYWORDS: exchange of publications, academic publishing, learned societies, sci- entific communication, networks, history of learning and science, Finland Address for correspondence: Johanna Lilja, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies, Mariankatu 5, FI-00170, Helsinki, Finland E-mail: [email protected] ABSTR ACT IN FINNISH Väitöskirja käsittelee suomalaisten tieteellisten seurojen julkaisuvaihtoa 1800-luvun alusta toiseen maailmansotaan. Julkaisuvaihdolla tarkoitetaan instituutioiden välis- tä säännöllistä ja molemminpuolista kirjojen ja lehtien lahjoittamista vaihtokump- panille. Käytäntö periytyi varhaiselta 1700-luvulta, jolloin tiedeyhteisöä kutsuttiin ”Tiedon tasavallaksi”. Tasavallan käsitteellä painotettiin tiedeyhteisön erityistä luonnetta ja poikkeavuutta ympäröivästä sääty-yhteiskunnasta. Yhteisön jäseniltä edellytettiin tiettyjä kohteliaisuussääntöjä. Erityisesti odotettiin vastavuoroisuutta kirjeisiin vastaamisessa, palveluksissa ja lahjoituksissa. Tiedeyhteisön rakenne alkoi muuttua 1800-luvulla, kun tieteellinen kilpailu voimistui ja menestys kasautui nii- hin maihin, laitoksiin ja lehtiin, joilla jo ennestään oli hyvä maine. Tätä tieteellisen menestyksen kasautumista käsitteli myöhemmin Robert Merton, joka nimesi sen Matteus-vaikutukseksi. Keskeinen tutkimuskysymys on, missä määrin julkaisuvaihto lievensi tieteellisten menestyksen kasautumista, jota Matteus-vaikutus ennustaa. Työssä tarkastellaan, kuinka suomalaiset seurat onnistuivat pyrkimyksissään linkittyä kansainvälisiin ver- kostoihin jakamalla julkaisujaan, kuinka poliittiset mullistukset vaikuttivat vaihto- suhteisiin ja missä määrin vaihdon kautta saatuja sarjajulkaisuja käytettiin suomalai- sessa tutkimuksessa. Suomalaiset tieteelliset seurat ovat mielenkiintoinen tutkimus- kohde, koska ne olivat maantieteellisesti perifeerisiä eikä niillä ollut vakiintunutta asemaa tiedeyhteisössä. Erityinen piirre Suomessa on ollut hallituksen voimakas tuki tieteelliselle julkaisutoiminnalle. Sen ansiosta seurojen ei ole tarvinnut panostaa jul- kaisujen myyntiin. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu neljästä seurasta, jotka edustavat eri tutkimusaloja: So- cietas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (SFFF), Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura (SKS), Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistys (SMY) ja Suomen Hammaslääkäriseura (SHLS). Tutkimus on toteutettu sekä informaatiotutkimuksen että historiantutkimuksen menetelmin. Julkaisutoimintaa ja vaihtosuhteita koskevat tiedot on koottu seurojen pöytäkirjoista, kirjeistä ja kirjastoluetteloista. Dataa on analysoitu sekä kvantitatiivi- sesti että kvalitatiivisesti ja lisäksi on tehty viittausanalyysi. Tutkimus osoitti, että vaihtosuhteiden perustaminen ei ollut riittävä keino hankkia kansainvälistä näkyvyyttä. Kohteena olevat neljä seuraa kehittivät erilaisia strate- gioita verkostoituakseen kansainvälisesti. SKS ja SHLS olivat passiivisia vaihtotoi- minnassaan mutta loivat laajat kirjeenvaihtajien verkostot ja pyrkivät myös myy- mään julkaisujaan. SFFF ja SMY hankkivat lukuisia vaihtokumppaneita. Tulokset osoittavat, että 1700-luvulta perityt normit ja käytännöt tukivat suomalaisia seuroja näiden tavoitteissa jakaa julkaisujaan kansainvälisesti ja hankkia omiin kirjastoihinsa ulkomaisia julkaisuja. Pyrkimys puolueettomuuteen uskonnollisissa ja poliittisssa ky- 6 symyksissä mahdollisti vaihtosuhteiden ylläpidon sellaistenkin maiden kanssa, joiden politiikkaa ei hyväksytty. Esimerkiksi Neuvostoliittoon solmittiin lukuisia vaihtosuh- teita. Julkaisuvaihtotoiminta kohotti suomalaisen tieteen profiilia ja kannusti seuroja kehittämään ja kansainvälistämään julkaisujaan. Toisaalta suuri osa suomalaisten tekemistä vaihtoaloitteista ei johtanut vaihtosuhteeseen. Erityisesti biologian alalla keskeiset tutkimustulokset julkaistiin saksalaisissa kaupallisissa lehdissä, jotka eivät olleet halukkaita vaihtosuhteisiin.
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