A Preliminary Report of Investigations at the Kline 1 Site (20SJ29), St

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Master's Theses Graduate College

8-1988

A Preliminary Report of Investigations at the Kline 1 Site (20SJ29), St. Joseph County, Michigan

Dale W. Quattrin

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Recommended Citation Quattrin, Dale W., "A Preliminary Report of Investigations at the Kline 1 Site (20SJ29), St. Joseph County, Michigan" (1988). Master's Theses. 1179. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1179

This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS AT THE KUNE 1 SITE (20SJ29), ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, MICHIGAN

by Dale W. Quattrin

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology

Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1988

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS AT THE KUNE 1 SITE (20SJ29), ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, MICHIGAN

Dale W. Quattrin, M.A.

Western Michigan University, 1988

The Kline 1 site, located in Mendon Township, St. Joseph County,

Michigan, is a multi-component site situated on the eastern shore of Portage

Lake. While the projectile points recovered during surface collecting suggest

interm ittent presence on this site from late Paleo-Indian to Late Woodland

times, the occupation offering the most substantial cultural and subsistence

data is attributed to the Late Woodland period. Radiocarbon assays received

on two features gave dates of 830 + 70 B.P. and 810 + 50 B.P. calibrated to

be A.D. 1215 and A.D. 1223 respectively. The importance of this site relates

to its spatially intermediate position between the better described Moccasin

Bluff site in southwest Michigan and the many Younge Tradition sites to the

east. While not substantial, the ceramic assemblage suggests at least limited

interaction with both cultures. The subsistence data recovered from the site

would support exploitation of aquatic and early fall nut masts. Application of

the microcomputer program Statgraphics to the problem of distribution of the

lithic debris was undertaken. Based on the resulting analysis several micro-

and macro-activity areas are proposed for the site.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AC KNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my heart-felt appreciation to all the faculty,

staff and students of the Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan

University for their support over the six years that I attended W.M.U. as an

undergraduate and graduate student. Under the Department's guidance and

tutelage, I was able to develop, both personally and professionally, in a

manner that I am quite confident will allow me to successfully pursue the

challenges of life and my profession.

I would especially like to thank Dr. William Cremin for his support,

experience, and occasional chain-yanking that initially sparked and has helped

to sustain my interest in archaeology. I am grateful for my first experience

in southern Michigan archaeology under the strict and watchful eye of Dr.

Elizabeth Garland, which was quite enlightening, and helped form a basis upon

which I could evaluate my own participation during subsequent field work. The

encouragement, support, and harassment given me by Dr. Robert Jack Smith

was appreciated and, at times, enjoyed. The comments and feedback supplied

by these three members of my thesis eommitee were extremely helpful and

greatly appreciated.

In addition, the graduate assistantship and grant monies awarded me by

Dr. Laurel Grotzinger and The Graduate College of Western Michigan

UNiversity for the academic year 87-88 greatly facilitated the analysis and

completetion of the thesis. I am extremely grateful.

The assistance supplied by Marc Custer and Conrad Kaufman during the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. analysis of the material and the preparation of this manuscript is greatly

appreciated. Brian DeRoo conducted the botanical analysis, for which I am

extremely grateful. Although assistance and advice were supplied by many, I

take sole responsibility for any errors which this document may contain.

In addition, I would like to extend both my appreciation and my love to

Carol for putting up with my emotional roller coaster, my sarcasm, and my

humor. Without her patience (yes, patience) the past four years would not

have been anywhere near as much fun.

Last, but definitely not least, I would like to thank my whole family for supplying endless support, advice, and role models. One could not ask for a

better set of footsteps in which to follow. "Quick Mom, Dad. Look, look. No

hands!"

Dale W. Quattrin

iii

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University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600

A preliminary report of investigations at the Kline 1 site (20SJ29), St. Joseph County, Michigan

Quattrin, Dale William, M.A.

Western Michigan University, 1988

UMI 300 N. Zeeb RA Ann Arbor, MI 48106

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... ii

LIST OF TABLES...... vi

LIST OF FIG U RES...... vii

CHAPTER

I...... INTRODUCTION...... 1

Background of Regional Investigations ...... 1

Goals and Objectives...... 5

II. THE S I T E ...... 6

Location and Environment...... 6

Excavation H istory...... 9

III. ANALYSIS OF UTHIC M ATERIAL...... 14

Projectile Points and Cultural Affiliations...... 14

Lithic Tools ...... 19

Lithic Debris A nalysis...... 21

Lithic Source Material Analysis...... 21

Distribution Analysis ...... 24

Lithic Raw Material Distribution...... 27

Lithic Reduction Stage Distribution...... 40

Summary ...... 46

IV. KlINE 1 CERAM ICS...... 49 General Description ...... 49

Ceramic D istrib u tio n ...... 51

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents—Continued

CHAPTER

V. CULTURAL FEATURES ...... 54

G e n e ra l...... 54

Feature Data ...... 56

S u m m ary ...... 70

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS .... 72

Conclusions ...... 72

Research Recommendations...... 75

APPENDICES

A. Kline 1 Lithic M a te ria l...... 78

B. Kline 1 Test Unit Ceramics ...... 96

C. Kline 1 Feature M a te ria l...... 98

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 112

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES

1. Counts and Percentages of Lithic Material by Source from the Kline 1 S ite...... 22

2. Quantity and Weights of Ceramics Recovered From Test Squares and Feature Contexts From the Kline 1 S ite...... 50

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES

1. Sites Mentioned in Text...... 2

2. Site L o c a tio n...... 7

3. Site Area and Limits of Cultural Debris...... 10

4. Site Excavation Map With F e a tu re...... s 11

5. Diagnostic Projectile Points Recovered During Surface Collecting...... 15

6. Diagnostic Projectile Points Recovered From Test U nits...... 18

7. Weight Distribution of Recovered Lithic Debris Over the S ite...... 28

8. Frequency Plotting of Bayport Chert Over the S ite...... 30

9. Frequency Plotting of Burlington Chert Over the Site ...... 31

10. Frequency Plotting of Heat Treated Burlington Chert Over the S ite...... 32

11. Frequency Plotting of Deer Lick Creek Chert Over the S ite...... 34

12. Frequency Plotting of Flint Ridge Chert Over the S ite...... 35

13. Frequency Plotting of Indiana Hornstone Over the S...... ite 37

14. Frequency Plotting of Purple Chert Over the S ite...... 38

15. Frequency Plotting of Quartzite Over the S ite...... 39

16. Frequency Plotting of Decortication Flakes Over the S ite...... 41

17. Frequency Plotting of Primary Flakes Over the Site ...... 42

18. Frequency Plotting of Secondary Flakes Over the Site ...... 44

19. Frequency Plotting of Tertiary Flakes Over the Site ...... 45

vii

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Figures—Continued

20. Ceramic Test Unit Distribution...... 52

21. Feature Types Surface Hearth and Fire Pit Found at Kline 1 ...... 58

22. Rim Sherds Recovered from Excavation at Kline 1 ...... 62

23. Feature Types Storage Pit and Roasting Pit Found at Kline 1 ...... 66

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of Regional Investigations

Until relatively recently, the St. Joseph river drainage has been terra

incognita in terms of archaeological resources. During the past fifteen years research in this area has increased significantly, and since the subject of this

report, the Kline 1 site (20SJ29), lies within the St. Joseph drainage system,

an initial survey of previous work conducted in this region is in order.

Bettarel and Smith's 1973 manuscript, based on their work with the

material from the Moccasin Bluff site (Figure 1) in Berrien County, Michigan,

is one of the first published site reports concerned with the prehistory of this

large southern Michigan river system. This report created a framework, based

on the ceramics, for the Late Woodland of southwest Michigan. Tentative

statements about cultural relationships with the archaeologically better known

peoples of Illinois, Indiana and Michigan provided a basis upon which

subsequent investigations could proceed.

The most comprehensive investigation in the St. Joseph drainage to date

has been the US-31 Berrien County freeway project. Initiated in 1979, this

cultural resource management project involved the initial survey of a 20 mile

corridor proposed for the northward extension into Berrien County of US-31

(Garland & Mangold 1980), resulting in the recording of 23 archaeological

sites, the Phase n testing of seven of those sites (Garland & Clark 1981), and i

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1. Mocassin Bluff 2. Walters 3. Cupp 4. Kilns 1 5. Elam 0. Schwsrdt

|25 km.| Figure 1. Sites Mentioned in Text

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. subsequent selection of five sites for mitigation (Garland 1984:1). Although

the US-31 investigations tremendously expanded our knowledge of

southwestern Michigan prehistory, especially for the Late Archaic and Early

Woodland periods, the nature of the project precluded the use of an

ecologically based comparative analysis. The research universe was influenced

not by archaeological and/or ecological concerns, but rather by political and

engineering factors. Regardless, this report can be viewed as a seminal piece

in the archaeological investigation of southern Michigan in general, and the

St. Joseph river drainage in particular.

During the early 1980s, the Middle St. Joseph river drainage also began

to receive archaeological attention. This attention was in the form of a series

of test excavation and survey programs along the Portage River and several

of its tributaries, usually in conjunction with the annual Western Michigan

University (W.M.U.) archaeological field school (e.g., Cremin & De Fant 1986;

Cremin, De Fant <5c Adams 1984; Cremin, Stout & Murphy 1982; Dorothy &

Garland, 1981). Several sites recorded during these exercises were revisited

and tested during subsequent field schools.

During 1986, with grant support from the National Park Service, Dr. o William Cremin initiated a systematic survey of a 63.5 km transect across

the Middle St. Joseph River in Leonidas and Colon townships, St. Joseph

County, Michigan (Cremin & Quattrin, 1987). This program produced a

stratified random sample of the diverse ecological conditions along the Middle

St. Joseph River and its tributaries. According to the findings of this study,

the three ecological zones of greatest prehistoric importance within the

Middle St. Joseph River drainage are the floodplain occupying the main river

trench, supporting southern floodplain forest, followed by secondary stream

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. floodplains, also with associated southern floodplain forest and, finally, inland

lakes on the tributary terrace, with associated undifferentiated wetlands

(Cremin et al., 1987:76-80). Kline 1, while lying outside the 1986 study area,

is located in a setting not unlike this last zone.

While more data from both the St. Joseph and the Kalamazoo river

valleys are required to allow for meaningful comparisons between the two

areas, Cremin et al. (1987:82-83) recognize a significant difference in site

density and occupational intensity between the two rivers. For both indices,

the St. Joseph River data indicate a substantial occupation relative to the

Kalamazoo drainage. The Portage River survey data, also used in this study,

indicate that this smaller drainage falls in between the two rivers for both

indices while tending toward the St. Joseph values. This closer similarity to

the St. Joseph River drainage data most likely results from the Portage River

being tributary to that river.

In 1987, again with support from the National Park Service, a field crew

returned to the Middle St. Joseph to test two of the sites recorded during the

1986 survey (Cremin & Quattrin 1988). Unfortunately, as is all too often the

case in southwest Michigan, intensive long term farming practices resulted in

very little data being recovered from good archaeological context. The results

were limited to an analysis of the plowzone debitage and tools and a

presentation of several hypotheses based on the ecological contexts within

which the sites were found.

In summary, despite almost a decade of investigation, the published data

from the St. Joseph River drainage are, to date, scanty at best. This

deficiency can only be rectified with time and diligence in pursuing regional

data sets and following up with timely presentation of the results of research

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. programs. To this end, the following report examines the data recovered from

the 1982 excavations conducted at the Kline 1 site (20SJ29) on Portage Lake,

St. Joseph County, Michigan.

Goals and Objectives

The goals and objectives of this site report are as follows: (a) to

determine the temporal placement of the main occupation of Kline 1; (b) to

clarify the activities in which the Kline 1 inhabitants were engaged, and (c)

to describe cultural relationships between the occupants of this site and other

known prehistoric cultures. Hopefully, this information will be of use as

investigations in the St. Joseph River drainage continue.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER H

THE SITE

Location and Environment

Kline 1 is located on the east shore of Portage Lake in the SW 1/4, SW

1/4, NE 1/4 of Section 8, Mendon Township, St. Joseph County, Michigan

(Figure 2). Portage Lake lies just below the confluence of Portage River and

Portage Creek. This 204 ha lake is fed by the Portage River entering from

the north and several smaller streams flowing into it from other directions.

The Portage River exits at the most southern point of the lake, flowing

southwest for a distance of ca. thirteen kilomet ~s where it joins the St.

Joseph River in Three Rivers, Michigan.

Kline 1 occupies a bluff rising five meters above Portage Lake. The

ground is generally level (0-6 percent slope), with slight rises to the north and

south, and to the west prior to its descent to the shore line. A dry east-west

running stream bed lies about 100 m to the north of the site. This stream was

recorded as being active in 1826 by John Mullett, the Government Land

Office surveyor who first mapped this area. The soil surrounding Portage Lake

is generally categorized by the Soil Conservation Service as belonging to the

Adrian-Granby association and described as "nearly level, very poorly drained

and poorly drained mucky and loamy” usually found "in bogs and depressions

and on outwash plains and lake plains" (Cowan 1983:General Soil Map). Spinks

soils, described as "well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7

V MCNDON

MILES

Figure 2. Site Location

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. outwash plains and moraines" (Cowan 1983:57), comprise the Kline 1 site

itself (Cowan 1983:Map 4). A reconstruction, based on GLO survey records, of the floral composition

of the land within a 3.2 km (2 mi) radius of the site shows the area to have

been quite mosaic in nature. At the northern point of entrance of Portage

River into Portage Lake a marsh almost one-half mile in width is recorded.

This substantial wetland is still present and becomes even wider as one

proceeds upstream toward the confluence of Portage River and Portage

Creek. The predominance of tamarack and black ash in the fieldnotes suggests

the presence of a tamarack swamp along these waterways. This vegetation

type is defined as one in the series of successional stages from open bog to

forest (Hodler, Brewer, Brewer, & Raup 1981), and as the surveyor progressed

along the section lines to the north of the lake, he frequently noted small

streams with associated swamps and marshes.

As one moves east from the lake, the vegetation becomes oak savanna

grading into oak forest. The former is characterized by 1 to 15 mature trees

per acre, comprised mainly of white oak and small numbers of yellow oak,

hickory, black oak, and bur oak. The latter vegetation type differs in that one

finds more than 15 mature trees per acre, with less bur oak and small

amounts of red oak (Hodler et al. 1981). To the southeast of Portage Lake a

transition to beech-sugar maple forest occurs. This type is defined as being

dominated by beech and sugar maple with smaller amounts of basswood,

iron wood, white ash, tulip-tree, and hickory.

While this reconstruction is based on early nineteenth century data, the

general occurrence of plant communities is probably accurate for the earlier

time period addressed by this report. If any corrections need be made, the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. most probable would be to expand the wetlands, since the first few centuries

of the present millennium are hypothesized to have been slightly warmer and

moister for this region (Baerreis, Bryson, & Kutzbach, 1976:51).

Excavation History

The Kline 1 site (20SJ29) has a long local history with area artifact

collectors (Dorothy et al. 1981:11). The site was originally recorded during the

Portage River Archaeological Survey conducted by Dorothy and Garland in

1980 under a grant from the Michigan History Division, Michigan Department

of State. At the time of this survey little could be said about the

archaeological potential of this site, since a significant portion of the field

was in oats. Based on the diagnostics recovered during the survey and on the

absence of ceramics, along with recollections of local collectors, an Archaic

temporal placement was suggested.

In 1982, Dr. William Cremin received permission from the land owner,

Mr. Paul Kline, which allowed the Western Michigan University archaeological

field school to conduct test excavations on the Kline 1 site. On May 5th of

that year excavation activities commenced. After sufficient rain had fallen

on the freshly plowed field, an intensive surface collection was undertaken

and, based on the spatial distribution of lithic debris, the site limits were

determined. The site extends in a northeast-southwest direction for about 300

m and back from the bluff's edge for a maximum of 140 m to the southeast

(Figure 3). In total, the Kline 1 site occupies an area of ca. 22,150 m2. Of

this total area only about 2400 m2 near the site datum appear to comprise

the locus of substantial occupation (Figure 4).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 79 •0

20 40 •o' 70

•0 70

too •253

KLINE 1 SITE 2 0 SJ 2 9 Grid coordinates •25: .— Approximate limits of surface debris -N- Contour intervals 1m Sea la (m)

Figure 3. Site Area and Limits of Cultural Debris

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 11

po f KLINE 1 SITE

f-7

f-11 a ° a f-5B

O □ O caf-9 f-12

(ON.OE)

1-2 LEGEND

□ Excavation unit • Cultural feature Datum

□ Scale(m) -N-

Figure 4. Site Excavation Map with F eatures WMC/83

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. During 12 field days, the crew excavated 65 test units totaling 153.3 O m , which resulted in a sample of less than one percent. These activities

resulted in the recording of 12 subsurface stains, all probably of prehistoric

origin. Excavation procedures employed at this site are typical of those used

in plowed field contexts. Datum was set on the edge of the bluff more than

a meter back from the field margin. Using magnetic north as the directional

reference, a metric grid was established over the site. A combination of

random and judgmental sampling was implemented for determining the

placement of test units. The plowzone for each 1 m X 1 m and 2 m X 2 m

unit was removed as a single level. The soil from this zone was passed

through 6 mm hardware mesh. All cultural material found in each unit was

placed in a bag labeled with the precise provenience information.

Upon encountering the base of the plowzone, the test unit floor was

shovel scraped and inspected for subsurface staining. Any stains observed were

carefully delineated and, in some cases, probed using a one-meter soil tester.

If no staining was observed, further scraping was conducted to ensure that the

unit floor contained only culturally sterile subsoil. If after reaching a depth

of 3-5 cm below the plowzone, staining was still absent, a 50 cm shovel test

was excavated into the floor, and the test unit backfilled.

If staining was observed and probing indicated integrity, a feature

number was assigned, a plan view drawn, and a line of cross-section

established. One half of the feature was then removed by shovel and trowel

and passed through 6 mm screen mesh. Any material recovered in this manner

was bagged separately and labeled with provenience information. After the

profile including all delineated zonation was drawn, the second half of the

feature was removed by depositional unit. Based on observations made by the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I crew supervisors during excavation activities, flotation samples ranging in size

from a few liters to the complete soil unit or zone were taken to allow for

the collection of more complete subsistence data. Feature fill not collected

for flotation was passed through either 6 or 3 mm screen, with all cultural

items being bagged.

In 1988, based in part on the information derived from laboratory

analysis of the material presented in this report, the decision was made to

return to Kline 1 with the W.M.U. field school. This report is being prepared

while excavations are under way. An attempt will be made to include some

of the more relevant data recovered during these ongoing field activities.

The following chapters will present the material recovered during the

excavation activities of the 1982 field school, with subsequent proposals of

possible interpretative value. It should be stressed that at this point all

interpretations are tentative and subject to revision as more data are

recovered and analyzed during succeeding years.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER ffl

ANALYSIS OF LITHIC MATERIAL

Projectile Points and Cultural Affiliations

The diagnostic projectile points recovered during excavation and surface

collecting activities suggest the use of this site dates from late prehistory

and extends back to the earliest period of occupation recognized for southern

Michigan — Paleo-Indian. During the 1988 field season the base of a Hi-Lo

point was recovered. Although no specific Hi-Lo sites have been **c dated,

Justice (1987:46) suggests that this late Paleo-Indian point probably

corresponds temporally with the Dalton period at 8500-8000 B.C.

Surface collecting conducted before and during excavation activities in

1982 resulted in the recovery of several diagnostic points. Among these points

were a Raddatz Side Notched point (Figure 5:A) which is suggested by Justice

(1987:68) to date between 6000 and 3000 B.C.. The distribution of this point

covers the area encompassed by eastern Pennsylvania, West Virginia,

Tennessee, Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin (Justice 1987:69).

A Bottleneck Stemmed point (Figure 5:B) was also recovered during

surface reconnaissance. The temporal placement for this type is 3770-3000

B.C., and it is considered diagnostic of the Late Archaic period (Justice

1987:126). The distribution of this point extends northeastward into southern

Michigan from the Illinois, Ohio, and lower Mississippi river valleys.

The two "bird points" found on this site (Figure 5:C,D) are not easily

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 15

Figure 5. Diagnostic Projectile Points Recovered During Surface Collecting \ (cm )

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. placed, temporally speaking. Justice suggests that this projectile style has

morphological correlations with the Late Archaic Merom Cluster, which is

primarily found in the central Wabash Valley. The dates proposed for these

Riverton culture points are between 1600 and 800 B.C. (Justice 1987:130). On

the other hand, Ozker (1976:62-63) considers the Birdpoint as representative

of Mississippian aspects of the Late Woodland. Partly based on Ozkers work,

Clark (1984b:161; 1981:40) states that this point type is indicative of the Late

Woodland with dates of post-A.D. 1200. If the former identification is

correct, then a reinterpretation of the distribution of the Merom Cluster type

would be necessary. Obviously, further clarification of the spatial and

temporal placement of the Birdpoint is in order.

Three points recovered at Kline 1 fall within the range of Berrien

Corner-notched (Figure 5:E,F,G) as defined by Clark (1984b:138-145). The

blade margin of this quite variable point type is generally triangular to

convex, with the hafting element being corner notched grading into expanding

stem. Based on a ^C dates and on associated cultural material, Clark

suggests use of this point from the Late Archaic to Middle Woodland. The

distribution of this point type is unknown due to the recency of its definition.

The Kramer point (Figure 5:H) found at the site is well known to be

diagnostic of Early Woodland, with a suggested temporal placement of ca. 500

B.C. (Justice 1987:184). This point type is found in Illinois, Indiana, southern

Wisconsin and Michigan, and western Ohio.

Surface collecting also produced a Stueben Expanded Stem point (Figure

5:1). This point is characteristic of the terminal Middle Woodland through early

Late Woodland, with *^C dates from A.D. 100 to 800 (Justice 1987:211).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Distribution of this point type extends from southwest Michigan and southeast

Wisconsin to Arkansas and Mississippi in the Mississippi River Valley.

Excavation units produced ten projectile points of which five were

diagnostic. The earliest of those identified is a Palmer Corner Notched point

(Figure 6:A) recovered from Test Square 1. Justice states that this point is

diagnostic of the Early Archaic Kirk horizon which dates from 7500 to 6900

B.C. (1987:78). This point has been found over most of eastern North America,

with its northern border being southern Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York.

A single bifurcate-based point was found in Test Square 23 (Figure 6:B).

Based on Chapman's work in the Middle South, Clark tentatively suggests an

Early Archaic temporal placement (1984b:133). The distribution of this point

type seems to coincide with the Carolinian biotic province (Chapman: Clark

1984b: 133), with a northerly extension into the Saginaw Valley in Michigan.

Test Square 7 produced a Brewerton Corner Notched point (Figure 6:C)

which is characteristic of the Late Archaic Laurentian tradition (Justice

1987:115). The distribution of this point type is southern New England

extending westward into Ohio, Indiana, southern Michigan, and northeastern

Illinois. Justice subsumes the more commonly used Feehely point designation

under the Brewerton Corner Notched classification (1987:116).

A Jacks Reef Corner Notched point (Figure 6:D) was recovered from

Test Square 41. This point is given a temporal range of A.D. 500 to 1200 by

Justice (1987:217), with the early manifestation occurring in New York and

the terminal date from Indiana and Illinois. With what seems to be a westward

movement of this point type from its point of origin in New York during the

Middle and Late Woodland periods, a late Middle or early Late Woodland

temporal placement is probably in order.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1

Figure 6. Diagnostic Projectile Points Recovered from Test Units ^ (cm) |

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Madison point (Figure 6:E) recovered from Test Square 38, along

with a second specimen recovered (Figure 5:J) during surface reconnaissance,

suggests use of this site post-A.D. 1200. The Madison is well known

throughout eastern North America as characteristic of Late Woodland and

Mississippian cultural manifestations. Justice (1987:227) suggests an initial date

of ca. A.D. 800, with continuation into historic times. Cremin (1980) dates

the Madison point between A.D. 1400 and 1600 in southwest Michigan.

As can be seen from the above discussion, the Kline 1 site was revisited

repeatedly throughout prehistory. If one were relying solely on the projectile

points for temporal determination, the Archaic placement suggested by

Dorothy and Garland (1981:11) would be plausible. While a significant

occupation during the Archaic cannot be fully discounted, material recovered

during sub-plowzone excavations suggests that the primary undisturbed feature

contexts are Late Woodland in age. The presence of Madison points on the

site surface and in test units corroborate this observation.

Lithic Tools

The types of stone tools found at 20SJ29 are quite varied, but include

nothing unexpected at a habitation site (See Appendix A). Recovered from

both the test units and surface collection were 23 retouched flakes, thirteen

utilized flakes, eight blanks or blank fragments, seven scrapers, five drill or

drill fragments, two worked blades, and one each of a biface and preform.

Also found was a local cobble exhibiting drilling scars.

Of special interest are the types of raw material from which these tools

were produced. In almost every tool class, 50% or more were made of

materials transported to the site from some distance. Blanks from the site are

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. produced on A ttica (1), Bayport (1), Burlington (1), Lambrix (1), Purple (1),

and unidentified (3) cherts. Even the throw-away tools were primarily

produced on non-local materials. The thirteen utilized flakes recovered at the

site are made of Bayport (1), Burlington (1), Deer Lick Creek (2), Flint Ridge

(1), and Purple (2) cherts, with only six being unidentified. Retouched flakes

also demonstrate a similar pattern, with only eleven of the 23 examples

representing unidentified cherts. The remaining are produced from Bayport (1),

Cordel (1), Deer Lick Creek (4), Flint Ridge (1), Indiana hornstone (1), and

Purple (4) cherts. The predominance of tools made of imported materials

clearly emphasizes the importance of imported and high quality cherts in the

tool kit of the Kline 1 inhabitants.

The distribution of tools over the site appears to be random except for

a single case, Test Square 30. From this unit, located at 10 N, 20 E, were

retrieved two end scrapers, one hafted scraper, and one drill. Since this unit

is southwest of the nearest feature cluster, one might propose the presence

of an activity area related to hide processing. Supporting this contention is

the fact that a second drill and a fourth scraper were recovered from two

nearby excavation units (34 and 27, respectively). That four of the seven

scrapers and two of the five drills found at this site were recovered from

three test squares within 5 m of each other suggests the use of these tool

types within a spatially restricted area. Also, not one of these units is in the

three areas of greatest lithic debris to be defined below. This would seem to

indicate that the application to which these tools were being put were

spatially segregated from the knapping activity areas suggested by the lithic

debitage.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 21

Lithic Debris Analysis

Lithic Source Material Analysis

The methodology employed in the analysis of the lithic material began

with the visual inspection of every piece of material recovered from the site

in 1982. Any fragments not evidencing reduction morphology were discarded.

All remaining debris was separated into the stages of lithic reduction as

defined by Clark (1984a:19-20). Any fragment evidencing utilization and/or

retouch was separated for inclusion with the tools.

Subsequent to this inspection, an attempt was made to identify the

source material of each piece of debris. This process of analysis was

facilitated by access to the substantial lithic type set in Western Michigan

University's Department of Anthropology. The W.M.U. type set contains

samples from known sources throughout the Great Lakes region, including

Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Ohio. While the samples of a few

of the chert types in the set are limited, the majority include enough material

to be representative of the variability found at each source location.

Using this type set, 19 different source materials were identified,

comprising 60.3 percent of the lithic debris found at Kline 1. The area

encompassed by the network involved in moving these materials includes most

of the upper Great Lakes region and south to southern Indiana and Ohio. As

can be seen in Table 1, the most abundant identifiable lithic material found

at Kline 1 is Burlington chert, comprising 21.8 percent of all lithic debris and

35.2 percent of identifiable material by count. This observation suggests a

substantial movement of either people or, more likely, goods from west-

central Illinois. A significant number of the Burlington pieces shows evidence

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 22

Table 1

Counts and Percentages of Lithic Material by Source from the Kline 1 Site

Lithic type Quantity % of Total % of Identified

Attica 5 .2 .3 Bayport 114 4.0 6.6 Burlington 458 16.0 26.5 H. T. Burlington 167 5.8 9.7 Cordel 19 .7 1.1 Deer Lick Creek 109 3.8 6.3 Flint Ridge 122 4.3 7.1 Green 2 .07 .1 Indiana Hornstone 175 6.1 10.0 Kaolin 1 .03 .05 Kettlepoint 2 .07 .1 Lambrix 11 .4 .6 Moline 12 .4 .7 Norwood 1 .03 .05 Onondaga 6 .2 .3 Purple 374 13.0 21.7 Quartzite 114 4.0 6.6 Upper Mercer 22 .8 1.3 Unidentified 1139 39.7 —

Total 2866 100.0 100.0

of thermal alteration (5.8% of total and 9.7% of identified). This observation, along with the near absence of decortication and primary flakes of this source

material, might suggest that Burlington was being transported via trade

networks into the region in the form of blanks, subsequently modified (i.e.

heat treatment, etc.) and finally used in tool production.

The next most abundant chert type is Purple chert. This local material

appears to have been used quite extensively during the prehistory of

southwest Michigan. Clark states that Purple chert is found in the vicinity

of Cass County, Michigan and suggests that its exploitation peaked during the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Archaic and Early Woodland, with a subsequent decline extending into the

Late Woodland (1984a:52). At Kline 1, this chert type comprises 13.0% of the

total lithics recovered and 21.7% of those subsequently identified as to

source. The abundance of Purple chert at this site might be the result of

accumulation between the Archaic and Late Woodland periods and, thus, only

partially associated with the Late Woodland features on the site.

Indiana hornstone is the third most extensively exploited material found

at Kline 1, constituting 6.1% of all lithic debris and 10.1% of the identified

materials. This chert type has been found in association with Early Woodland

components in eastern Michigan, but also found in Late Woodland context at

the Moccasin Bluff site in Berrien County, Michigan (Clark 1984a:64). As with

Purple chert, the abundance of Indiana hornstone at Kline 1 could be the

result of extended rather than intensive use.

In terms of quantities represented, the next two chert types are Bayport

(4.0 % of total and 6.6% of identified) and Deer Lick Creek (3.8% and 6.3%,

respectively). Bayport chert is found in the east-central counties of Michigan

(Clark 1984a:56). Deer Lick Creek chert is found along the Lake Michigan

shore line in Van Buren and Allegan counties (Clark 1984a:54). While this

material would not strictly be considered an imported resource, the distance

from Kline 1 to the source area (ca. 30 kilometers) would necessitate a

significant expenditure of time and/or energy to secure it. The extensive use

of Deer Lick Creek might have been the result of the constriction of trade

networks, with resultant difficulties in obtaining quality lithic materials from

other areas, during the Late Woodland as proposed by Luedtke (1976).

Other identified cherts from several areas within the Great Lakes region

are present in the Kline 1 assemblage in smaller but still relatively substantial

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. quantities. The implications that might be drawn from this statement depend

on the significance of occupations other than the Late Woodland. If the other

periods of habitation represented by the projectile points are relatively

ephemeral, it would suggest that the Late Woodland inhabitants of Kline 1

were involved in a large spatial network extending throughout the Great

Lakes region. If, on the other hand, one or more of these other occupations

were more substantial than is presently archaeologically recognized, the

diversity seen at the site could be the result of changing associations and

movements. In other words, the imported cherts being deposited over the site

could be representative of changing cultural affiliations and/or trade

networks, with contact and trade relations shifting between Indiana-Dlinois,

Ohio, and northern Michigan. Which of these two scenarios is the case cannot,

at present, be determined.

Distribution Analysis

In attempting to elucidate further the activities engaged in by the

occupants of Kline 1, a spatial analysis of the chert material was conducted.

To this end, information on the lithic debris was entered into a Statgraphics

program using a Zenith Z-158 microcomputer. A separate variable was created

for each of the following: lithic source type; test square number designation;

east-west coordinates (with west being negative values); north-south

coordinates (with south being negative values); quantities for each of the

following stages of lithic reduction — decortication, primary, secondary,

tertiary, block, and fragment; total quantity of debris for each lithic source

from each excavation unit; and total weight for the lithic debris for each

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lithic source from each test square. The intention was to plot various debris

information over the site area using the X-Y-Z graph capabilities.

Since, as far as is known, this is the first time the Statgraphics program has been used for archaeological analysis of this kind, the validity of

employing this procedure should be addressed. Without the luxury of the Kline

1 data set containing a controlled surface collection, the test squares debris

supply the best means of developing a spatial picture of the activities

engaged in at the site. To address sufficiently the problem of spatial

distribution a method which allows a visual representation of the debris

scatter but enough flexibility to manipulate the data. At the outset of this

analysis, the statistical program Statgraphics seemed the best choice.

Several limitations became apparent as work with both the material and

the program progressed. First, since the lithic material recovered during

surface collecting lacked specific provenience, it could not be used in the

analysis. This, unfortunately, eliminates a significant proportion of the

recovered data. Second, the placement of test squares was based on a

combination of random and judgmental criteria. While providing a decent

sample from what appears to be the central area of the site, the excavation

program does not supply a complete picture of the site. Also, the use of a

mixture of the 2 X 2 m and 1 X 1 m test units placed over the site in the

plotting exercise contains the potential for erroneous results. Fortunately, this

does not seem to be the result. Overall, the variability found between test

units at different loci appears to be only tangentially related to the size of

the test unit. Depending on the data being graphed, the 1 m X 1 m test units

can, and do, contain more or less material than the 2 X 2 m squares. Since

we are mainly concerned with general frequency trends over the site, any

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vagaries resulting from the use of 4 m2 . . . . __ v**, “ “ units in these exercises have little

impact. Third, separation of the lithic debris into distinct temporal periods is

literally impossible. Despite indications that, based on negative evidence, the

earlier occupations of the site are quite ephemeral, the expanse of time the

site was occupied would tend to conceal obviously recognizable and distinct

activity areas. This exercise was undertaken with the hope that "peaks" would

emerge above the "background noise" of occupations other than the most

intensive. Fourth, and last, with only 65 test units placed over a site area of

2400 m^, and with spacing between units random and variable, possible suggestions toward interpretation of the data are all that can be proposed at

this time. Hopefully, with subsequent analysis of the material from the 156

test units excavated during the 1988 field season, interpretive assertions can

be made with more confidence.

The several problems that arose during the use of the Statgraphics

program could be overcome by restructuring the variables and files. Once the

initial data input was complete making, the necessary adjustments became

quite time consuming and frustrating. The most debilitating aspect of the

Statgraphics program was its lack of flexibility in the manipulation of the

variables. This forced the creation of several distinct files to enable the

successful plotting of the desired information. Despite the problems

encountered with the data and the computer program, this exercise proved to

be quite interesting and demonstrates that with minor modifications,

Statgraphics can be applicable to archaeological distribution analysis.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 27

Lithic Raw Material Distribution

Generally speaking, the lithic debris maintains a minimum occurrence

over the entire area of excavation activities. This can probably be attributed

to two factors. First, the reuse of the site over an extremely long period of

time resulted in a rather substantial and wide distribution of material over

the site. Second, the intensity with which this field has been plowed over the

past century has probably caused movement of the debris resulting in a

smudging of any distinct activity areas. For this plotting exercise, test units

are shown only if they contain the specified material being plotted.

As can be observed in Figure 7, the weight distribution of lithic material

over the site indicates the possibility of up to three areas of intensive

activity. The most substantial of these is found in the vicinity of 30 N, 30E.

This is not surprising considering this area also contains the highest feature

density. One can confidently propose that there is a direct relation between

the debris concentration of this locale and the presence of features. The

other two localities demonstrating increased weight concentrations occur in

close proximity to 10 S, 10 E and 60 N, 70 E. After integrating the

distribution of the identified quantities recovered with that of the weights,

the latter area is not well supported . Upon further investigation, one might

find this to be a product of the plotting and/or excavation procedures. For

the remainder of this discussion these crests will be labeled Peak Areas 'A',

'B', and 'C1, respectively.

To determine if distinct micro-activity or macro-tiabitation’ areas could

be recognized, a frequency plotting over the excavated site area was

performed for each of the identified lithic raw materials that had more than

Figure 7. Weight D istribution of Recovered L ithic Debris Debris ithic L Recovered of istribution D Weight 7. Figure Height in grama 200 240 80 40 vr he Site e th over 10 Paak Araa B Araa Paak 20 30 etEa 80 Ueat-Eaat Peak Area A Area Peak 60 Paak Araa C Araa Paak 58 -30 10 South-North 0 1 30 60 70 28 two occurences (i.e. Kaolin and Norwood were eliminated). From these, eight

plottings were selected as containing enough data for interpretation. Despite

the tremendous variation in quantities between lithic types, some interesting

observations were noted. Before proceeding, it should be emphasized that due

to the limitations of the data, any statements made should be considered

tentative.

While Bayport chert seems to be relatively abundant over the site area,

this chert source does appear to cluster in the vicinity of Peak Area A

(Figure 8). The decline in frequency to the northeast is rather dramatic, while

there seems to be more gentle sloping as one moves to the southwest. The

peaks correlate well with the cluster of features in the same general area and

thus could be considered as associated with this occupation.

Due to slightly different plotting results, Burlington chert will be

discussed as two groups, non-heat treated (Burlington) and heat treated (H.T.

Burlington). Unlike Bayport, the distribution of Burlington appears to be bi-

modal (Figure 9), with the first area of concentration corresponding with that

of Bayport and the feature cluster. The second, and somewhat smaller peak,

appears in the vicinity of Peak Area B. While one could make an argument

for a linear distribution, the very low frequencies found in the test units

between the two peaks, 10 m north and south of the baseline, do not support

such a contention. As one moves away from either peak, a relatively gentle

decrease in frequency occurs.

The frequency of H.T. Burlington chert is much more dramatic (Figure

10). While the peaks observed for this chert type correspond with those of

non-heat treated Burlington, the differences between test units within the

given peak areas are much more significant. The gentle gradation previously

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12

3«

8 18 28 38 48 68 68 38 88

, over the Site ttfc g •« BaVPOt‘ fig u re «•

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■ ' noted for Burlington does not appear to be present here. Two possible

explanations exist. First, the frequencies are the by-product of close spatial

association with active hearths. In other words, thermal alteration of the

debris occurred subsequent to the knapping activities, followed by mixture

into the surrounding soils. The validity of this hypothesis would require that

a significant number of features occur in the vicinity of Peak Area B. Second,

the H.T. Burlington debris could be the result of small knapping activity

areas. Unfortunately, neither of these proposals can be sufficiently supported

with the present data.

Deer Lick Creek chert is also bi-modal in its distribution (Figure 11).

For this material the higher concentration is in the vicinity of Peak Area B.

Admittedly, the contrasts in quantity between the test units are not

substantial, but the proportional differences do seem significant. One

interpretation of the spatial differences seen between the plotting of Deer

Lick Creek and other materials could be a temporal distinction. The

occupation that Peak Area B represents could have resulted from a use

temporally different from that indicated by feature contexts. A second

interpretation would be the presence of a distinct knapping area. This

hypothesis would seem to be supported by Kingsley and Garland's contention

that Deer Lick Creek chert is a common constituent of Late Woodland

occupations (1980:Clark 1984a:54).

Test Square 14, which evidences the highest recovered quantity for

Flint Ridge chert (Figure 12), does not correspond well with any of the three

designated peaks, although it is close to Peak Area B. While one could argue

for a bi-modal distribution, some separation between that test unit and the

frequency clustering near Peak Area A does appear to be present. In my

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © 10 £0 30 <10 £0 60 70 80

Uck Creek Chert rtf D e e r L*iCK eV plotting oi v* it prequen ^ .te pigure U - QVer tne Site

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. oerohW e^^^^'"'5"0"' — - et further reP' 0 * 10' 1 ™ ar#s® wrt9W opinion, the best interpretation for the pattern observed in this plotting is

that the clustering at Peak Area A is the result of general habitation

activity, and since several excavation units around Test Square 14 contain

little or no Flint Ridge debris, this spot should be considered a distinct

knapping area.

The Indiana hornstone distribution results in a tri-modal plotting

corresponding well with the three designated peaks (Figure 13). Peaks A and

B appear to be similar in quantity and spatial area. Peak Area C is somewhat

smaller, both spatially and quantitatively, and less distinct. Based solely on

observations from the Indiana hornstone plotting, strong evidence seems to

exist for three distinct macro-activity areas.

Purple chert debris is ubiquitous over the entire excavation area (Figure

14), with almost every test unit containing a few pieces. In spite of this, the

quantities recovered are not high. Peaks A and B are quite distinct in the

distribution of this material, with Peak Area B being somewhat farther south than normally seems to be the case for the other distribution plots. Again,

the nature of the debris distribution makes it difficult to determine if these

clusters are temporally distinct, although Clark (1984a:52) states that Purple

chert is typical of the Archaic and Early Woodland periods.

The frequency plotting of quartzite is very random. While a crest in

Peak Area A (Figure 15) seems to be present, the quantities found in the test

units around this area are too erratic to determine frequency trends

accurately. The best interpretation would be that a general scatter of

quartzite exists over the site, with occasional ’hot spots' possibly

corresponding to knapping areas.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 0 10 2 0 30 40 6 0 6 0 *?0 80

tV\e 8^® Hornstone over « •

n o.tins ttm g °{ '"a vreqnenes ?ig ure I 3*

^WPentvss.on 38

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70 60 30

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Figure 14. Frequency Plotting of Purple Chert over the Site

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 39

■30 •e»

0 10 £0 3 0 40 6 0 60 1 0 8 0

nver the Site tune °{ «uatWite 15. Ire0-ncv " * « * figure Lithie Reduction Stage Distribution

In a further attempt to determine the activities engaged in over the

site, a plotting of the debris representing the various stages of lithic

reduction as defined by Clark (1984a:19-20) was conducted. This distribution

was again plotted on an XYZ graph using the Statgraphics program. Each test

unit is plotted, regardless of whether debris from that particular reduction

stage is present. This supplies an excellent presence-absence dichotomy for

analytic purposes.

Decortication flakes are not plentiful at Kline 1. This absence is true

even of the local gravels used by the inhabitants. One can confidently state

that most of the tools used by the occupants of Kline 1 were produced

elsewhere. Despite this fact, several observations can be made from the

plotting of this stage of lithic reduction.

As can be observed in Figure 16, decortication flakes are present in only

seven test units. Three of these units evidence a significant quantity relative

to the other four. Enough spatial separation exists between six of these units

to suggest that they are the result of knapping activity areas that began with

a fresh cobble. Test Square 51 contained the most decortication flakes of any

unit. The reason for this abundance is probably the unit's close association

with the feature cluster.

Primary flakes, although not abundant, are more common than

decortication flakes. The clustering observed for this reduction stage (Figure

17) correspond closely with Peak Areas A and B, with the highest quantity of

primary flakes found a little farther to the east of Peak Area A. While not

as dramatic as has been found with the decortication flakes, the differences

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 41

■39 soutn-^tn

9 19 29 39 49 69 69 T9 89 U.-t'E-*1

,« e » tW » rW '‘e5 „ inK ot Dec 1B srequenoV « f ' " g figure I6* Qver the S

tionpto ^ e ^ ^ ,Petmi5Si°n' .... „ ^ « < « * * * * * - Tt^POP^rl9^ Q'WP 42

Taat Unit 65

18 Teat Unit 2 Taat Unit 61

a g 12 3• IT ■ ILL aL 9 a •HE n- R 70

30 SO 40 60 60 60 Uaat-Eaat 80

Figure 17. Frequency Plotting of Primary Flakes over the Site

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission 43

between test units are significant. Several of the test units with higher

quantities of primary flakes correspond with those containing the decortication

flakes (i.e. Test Squares 2, 51, 55). The correlation between the two reduction

stages would support the contention that they are knapping activity areas.

Figure 18 shows the plotting of secondary flakes over the excavated

area of the site. The distribution observed for this stage is different from

that observed for either the decortication flakes or primary flakes. The

plotting is bi-modal in areas corresponding to Peaks A and B. Peak Area A

clearly evidences a dramatic increase in secondary flake quantities over

surrounding test units. Since Peak Area A is also within the area of feature

clustering, a strong indication exists that tool working and resharpening were

conducted here. While feature clustering is not completely delineated, the

greatest quantity of secondary debris seems to be related to, but occurs on,

the east side of the features. One might suggest that these work stations

were positioned favorably for protection from smoke or some other

unrecognized factor.

The second cluster of secondary flakes appears to be spatially larger,

while not containing the abundance of debris seen in Peak Area A. Without

the confirmation of subsurface features, no determination can be made as to

the relationship between this Peak Area B and Peak Area B. Subsequent

testing in this area might prove interesting.

The quantities of tertiary debris found in some test units show dramatic

increases over those observed for the three prior stages. The plotting shows

a significant increase in the number of tertiary flakes recovered from Test

Squares 38 and 41 (Figure 19). Most of the test units contain 30 or fewer

tertiary flakes, while these two units produced more than 100 each. While

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. without prohibited reproduction Further owner. copyright the of permission with Reproduced iue 8 Feuny otn o Scnay lks vr he Site e th over Flakes Secondary of lotting P Frequency 18. Figure Secondary Frequency 66 60 SO 40 10 10 20 Taat Unit 38 Unit Taat 30 atEa 80 Uaat-Eaat 40 66 Teat Unit 41 Unit Teat 60 60 South-North 30 50 70 44 45

Tast Unit 41

Ti i»t Unit 38

a uc B

0- 9 0 B (LW 1.3 B •H 4JL 66 * 70

50 30

30 South-North SO 30 50 40 50 UaBt-East 80

Figure 19. Frequency Plotting of Tertiary Flakes over the Site

Reproduced with permission of the copyngh, ow nerrFurther reproduction prohibited,hout permission. these two excavation units demonstrate a relative increase in quantity

corresponding to the secondary flakes, they do not coincide with the test

units that contain the highest quantities of decortication and primary flakes

(test squares 51 and 55). In other words, the graphs show that there is a small

spatial distinction between the initial reduction stages and subsequent tool

production over the site. The final stages of lithic reduction appear to be

slightly farther west and closer to the feature cluster.

Summary

While not all encompassing, the above spatial analysis allows the

delineation of several spatially discrete micro- and macro- activity areas

based on all factors plotted: weight distribution, lithic raw material

distribution, and lithic reduction stage distribution. The largest and most

obvious of these are divided into Peak Area A at 30 N, 30 E; Peak Area B

at 10 S, 10 E; and Peak Area C at 60 N, 70E and can be considered macro

activity areas probably related to habitation spots.

The first of these peaks is clearly related to the feature cluster found

in this area. Realizing the danger inherent in this conclusion due to the

'blurring' factors common in plowzone sites, it would appear that the majority

of tools and debris found in this area can be attributed to the Late Woodland

occupation(s). Further investigation into the relationship between the Late

Woodland occupation and the variety of identified lithic material might prove

informative.

Peak Area B is slightly smaller and less easily explained. While review

of the three distribution patterns (weight, debris source, and reduction stage)

appears to show that a distinct cluster occurring in this area does exist, no

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. feature contexts are present to assist in positively determining whether this

area is just spatially or also temporally separate from Peak Area A. The

placement of test units in this area could help determine which of these is

the case.

The ephemeral nature of Peak Area C makes it difficult to discuss.

While the weight distribution strongly supports presence of such a macro

activity area, the other two distribution patterns only occasionally indicate

that there is another peak. In addition, no features were found in this area.

Without discounting the presence of this peak area, the most that can be said

is that excavation units in this area of the site might have been approaching

the periphery of yet another activity area.

The presence of several micro-activity areas is proposed, but only

tentatively. Inspection of the graphs suggests the presence of separate raw

material knapping spots and two distinct lithic reduction areas. Distinct

knapping spots are proposed for Deer Lick Creek, Flint Ridge, and quartzite.

H.T. Burlington distribution may also demonstrate knapping areas but more

closely associated with features. The lithic reduction stages evidence an area

of reduction activity within the features. The two initial reduction stages

occur on the eastern edge of the feature cluster, while the secondary and

tertiary stages show peaks nearer the features.

While, at present, the micro-activity areas cannot be definitely

delineated because of the small sample upon which this analysis is based, the

1988 field excavations will hopefully supply enough material to build upon

these data. Only the systematic placement of more test units will supply data

sufficient to confirm or dispute these observations. The application of the

Statgraphics program should prove to be extremely interesting and informative

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 48

with the input of data from 156 additional test squares from the 1988

excavations.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER IV

KLINE 1 CERAMICS

General Description

The prehistoric ceramic assemblage from Kline 1 is quite small, but

nonetheless interesting. Recovered during excavation activities were a total

of 307 sherds representing a minimum of seven vessels. Of this number only

five pieces are rim and/or lip fragments. The majority of the sherds are of

little diagnostic value, i.e. smaller than a dime in size. This includes three

of the five rim/lip pieces. Table 2 clearly demonstrates the observed

difference for ceramic recovery between test squares and feature contexts at

Kline 1. A probable reason for the relatively small number of sherds in test

squares (89 or 29% of recovered sherds) is the prolonged and intensive plowing

of the site. The few ceramics that were recovered from the plowzone

presumably represent only a portion of those present prior to modern

agricultural practices. The greater number and larger size as measured by

weight of the sherds found in feature context (Table 2) also supports the

contention that severe attrition did occur at the site.

The predominant surface treatm ent found on the Kline 1 body sherds is

smoothed over cord-marking, comprising 66% (206 sherds) of the total ceramic

count. This figure should be viewed cautiously inasmuch as 174 sherds come

from two features (F-9 and F-10) and most likely represent the remains of

just two vessels. Other other surface treatments make up significantly smaller

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 50

Table 2

Ceramics Recovered from Plowzone and Feature Contexts from the Kline 1 Site

Quantity Weight Avg. Wt/sherd Percentage Test Squares 89 103.9 g 1-1 g 29 (plowzone)

Features 218 582.9 g 2.6 g 71

Total 307 686.8 100

percentages. Of the total ceramic count, cord-marked body sherds comprise 3.6% (11); plain fragments constitute 2.6% (8); and fabric impressing was

observed on only 2.0% (6). Finally, exterior incised decoration appears on

0.3% (1) cord-marked sherd. Surface treatment could not be determined for

24.5% (75) sherds recovered at Kline 1.

The percentages noted above for surface treatments do not correspond

well with those presented for three of the defined Late Woodland wares of

southern Michigan: Allegan, Spring Creek, and Wayne. Brashler (1981:353-354)

states that cord-marking should be represented by between 80.0 and 94.5% for

a given assemblage, with smoothed over cord-marking occurring on between

4.5 and 13.0% of the body sherds, depending on the ware involved. The large

discrepancy between these figures and that found at Kline 1 is probably a

reflection of the small sample size in conjunction with the high number of

smoothed over cord-marked fragments from Features 9 and 10.

Since the total number of sherds is so low and the rim/lip sherd count

almost negligible, the ceramics should more appropriately be discussed in

relation to their feature contexts. This topic will be addressed in the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. following chapter. Prior to so doing, however, a discussion of the distribution

of ceramics over the site might prove interesting.

Ceramic Distribution

Since the quantity of ceramic fragments is low and the number of test

units involved are small, the plotting of ceramics need not be as complex as

that used for the lithics. A simple presence-absence plotting of the ceramics

recovered from test units on the site excavation map will suffice. The

ceramics from feature contexts are not used because the features themselves

appear to be clustered and would skew the plotting results.

Figure 20 shows the results of the distribution plotting for the site. As

can be seen, the areas in which ceramics occur coincide with at least two of

the locales (Peak Areas A and B) defined by the lithic distribution analysis

and discussed above. The ceramics found in Test Sqaure 46 might correspond

to Peak Area C but, like the lithic debris, the ceramic distribution in this

area is somewhat ephemeral. Again, further excavation in the northeastern

area should assist in determining the validity of identifying Peak Area C.

The locality corresponding to Peak Area A produced the majority of the

sherds for the site. The ceramics from the test units were primarily body

sherds and not large enough to be temporally diagnostic. This is also true of

the relatively fewer sherds recovered from Peak Area B. While Test Square

17, the only excavation unit within Peak Area B producing a feature, did

contain ceramics in the plowzone, no pottery was found within the feature,

thus limiting the value of a assay. If subsequent excavations produce

features with in situ diagnostic ceramic associations, it would be of interest

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 52

^ORTAGE^AK^^/

□ □ • □ □ □ □ q ° □

0 D a □ □ • □ a □ □ □ □ □n o • a • □ □ □ l □ • • □ □ □ □

□ □ □

• □ □ □ □ A □ • LEGEND □ • □ TEST UNIT □ • □ • T.U. W / CERAMICS □ ) k DATUM 1

• -N □ meters 1 Figure 20. Ceramic Test Unit I— 4 — 4 1 0 10 20 Distribution

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. to attempt to determine the temporal relationship between Peak Areas A and

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER V

Cultural Features

General

During the 1982 field operations, twelve presumably prehistoric sub-

plowzone soil stains were observed and recorded (Figure 4:11). Unfortunately,

it is reasonable to conclude that each feature suffered contextual loss due to

continuous and intensive plowing of the site. Despite this fact, the feature

remnants supply enough data to indicate who the occupants of Kline 1 were

and in what sorts of activities they engaged.

Since the recovery of ceramic and subsistence data was minimal and the

most productive locations were in the features themselves, it was decided

that both these data sets should be discussed in the context of their

discovery. A more precise consideration of the temporal placement of the

features would then be possible. This, in turn, would better illuminate changes

in both the ceramics and floral and faunal exploitation over time.

The question of why so few subsistence data were found within feature

context should be addressed. The first selective condition impacting the

subsistence data recovered from archaeological contexts is the type of

resource being exploited. While animal remains usually result in the deposition

of bone material, plant remains are less consistent. Depending on the plant

food being processed and, of course, how that processing is achieved, the

resulting residues vary. Nuts, where the edible portion is the meaty interior

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. and the rest is discarded, can produce a significant amount of preservable

remains. Seeds or tubers, on the other hand, must themselves be incorporated

into the feature context. This does not result in a representative sample of

these types of resources.

A second factor, the conditions under which the subsistence residues

become incorporated in feature fill, is of importance to the preservation of

this type of data. Both plant and bone remnants must first become carbonized

before preservation for any length of time is possible. Carbonization must be

complete or distintigration of the remains will result. It would seem that

deposited seeds and small fragile bones would be most tenuous in staying

within the physiologial brackets (not carbonized enough-too carbonized)

required for long term preservation.

Lastly, Higgins (1984:92) suggests that natural processes—soil moisture,

water percolation, and soil acidity—have a significant impact on preservation

of organic residues. During 1988 excavation activities, two soil samples were

collected and submitted for pH determination. Both samples were from feature

contexts (Features 16 and 17), thus providing a reliable indication of the

stress to which the organic material deposited in feature fill was subjected.

The results reveal the soil to be very slightly to moderately acidic. This

acidity level would not have caused the disintegration of subsistence remains.

Based on the rapid draining and good percolation described for Spinks

soils (Cowan 1983:57), the moisture and percolation found at Kline 1 could not

be considered more than moderately destructive. Leaving the unknown

quantity of the cultural factors aside, neither the acidity levels, soil drainage,

nor a combination of both is sufficient to explain the low frequency of

subsistence data. An assertion made by Higgins (1984:93) might be a key to

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. this question. He states that density is a major factor in either the cultural

or natural attrition process of bone. The same could also be proposed for

botanical remains. If bone density is the primary factor affecting preservation

at Kline 1, it would follow that the resources exploited by the residents were

already, by nature, fragile. The nature of the preservable parts of aquatic

resources would correspond with this contention. Based on the above

discussion, a combination of cultural selection, depositional differentiation,

and natural destruction of already fragile remains are probably responsible for

the scant remains recovered from feature contexts at Kline 1.

Wood charcoal specimens from several features were identified by Brian

DeRoo. According to DeRoo (personal communication), oak (Quercus sp.)

predominated in all samples, with smaller quantities of hickory (Carya sp.),

hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), chestnut (Castanea sp.), and ash (Fraxinus sp.).

Considering that Kline 1 lies within the oak savanna-oak forest transition, the

use of oak as the primary fuel material is not unexpected.

Feature Data

The twelve features can be divided into four distinct functional

categories: hearth, fire-pit, storage pit, roasting pit. These classes have been

determined primarily on the basis of over-all morphology. One should keep in

mind that the morphology of each feature as observed during excavation has

been altered, often dramatically, since the time of its initial use, and also

with the advent of plowing. That portion of the feature lying within the

plowzone has been thoroughly obliterated. Thus, the designation assigned for

each feature is to be considered tentative pending further feature recovery

upon which more precise class characteristics can be distiquished. Until such

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. time, the Kline 1 features will be discussed and classified based on observed

morphology and contents. Each of the four classes will be described in more

detail below.

The first category to be addressed is the hearth (Figure 21:A). Only a

single stain, Feature 4, belongs to this category. Bettarel and Smith (1973:27)

assign three attributes to this type: 1) relative shallow depth of the pit; 2)

an area of oxidized sand or soil associated with the feature; and 3) a

concentration of fire-cracked rock. While they are not stringent in the

application of these criteria to the designation of a Moccasin Bluff feature

as a hearth (1973:28), it is noteworthy that all three criteria are satisfied by

Feature 4 at Kline 1. Feature 4 extends 23 cm below the plowzone, and the

profile shows fill soil, charcoal fragments, and oxidized sand interspersed

throughout, with a low-moderate amount of FCR.

The subsistence material recovered from this feature was almost

negligible. A single carbonized seed of Galium sp. (bedstraw) and six

unidentifiable bone fragments were recovered from the 30 liter flotation

sample collected. Bedstraw is said to have been used for medicinal purposes

and for coffee (Asch, Ford, & Asch 1972:17). Since the seed can attach itself

to clothing or fur (Asch et al. 1972:18), one could easily make the argument

for intrusion subsequent to the primary use of this feature. The lack of a

substantial quantity of subsistence residues from this feature may also be

viewed as support for its placement in the category of surface hearth. No

ceramics or diagnostic lithic items were found in this feature, prohibiting

assignment of the hearth to a precise temporal placement.

Six features belong to the category of fire pit (Figure 21:B), Features

1, 2, 6, 8, 10, and 11. The fire pit is defined by Bettarel and Smith (1973:20)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. B

ORANGE/OXIDIZED E3 ZONE CHARCOAL ZONE

BROWN FILL ZONE Figure 21. Feature Types Surface Hearth (A) and Fire Pit BLACK MOTTLED (B) Found at Kline 1 ZONE

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. as basin-shaped, with the presence of reddish oxidized soil around the

perimeter of the feature suggesting a substantial firing episode. While quite

variable in size and morphology, each of the features in this class contains

a relatively substantial charcoal zone and a reddish zone of oxidized soil.

Generally speaking, the use of these facilities is probably quite variable,

depending on the activities associated with each feature at a particular site.

At the Kline 1 Site some indication exists that fire pits were being used

in general food processing. Feature 1 produced 156 carbonized fragments of

Corylus sp. (hazelnut), weighing a total of 0.9 gram, and six unidentified

carbonized seeds. Also recovered from the float samples from Feature 1 were

11 probable fish vertebrae, 15 fragments of turtle carapace, an unidentifiable

small mammal rib, and 23 unidentifiable bone fragments.

Feature 6 flotation samples also produced a relatively abundant quantity of subsistence data. In addition to two unidentified seeds, also recovered were

three probable fish vertebrae, two turtle carapace fragments, one portion of

the auditory meatus of a small mammal (Robert I. Sundick, personal

communication), one piece of mussel shell, and 55 unidentified bones

specimens.

Despite collecting 120 1 of feature fill for flotation from Feature 11,

only a small amount of information was derived. The faunal data include eight

fragments of deer antler and 3 unidentifiable bones. Only two carbonized

weedy annual seeds were found in this feature, one each of Amaranthus sp.

and Galium sp..

In contrast, Feature 10 has yielded, by far, the most abundant

subsistence information of any feature from the 1982 field season. The

botanical material recovered consists of one carbonized Galium sp. seed, one

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. aquatic tuber identified by Brian DeRoo (personal communication) as Nelumbo

lutea (American lotus), and 4 carbonized unidentified seeds. The faunal material taken from the flotation samples were 15 probable fish vertebrae,

45 fragments of mussel shell, five fragments of turtle carapace, one proximal

portion of unidentified humerus, and 157 unidentifiable bone fragments. Also

found in the flotation sample from Zone C is an almost complete specimen

of a Western Pond turtle (Clemmys marmorta). The depth at which this zone

occurs and the appearance of the Feature 10 profile, in general, suggest that

these data constitute especially good information on use of this facility in

food processing.

The last two features included within the category of fire pit, Features

2 and 8, contained very little subsistence data. No botanical remains were

observed, and only 12 small unidentifiable bone fragments weighing less than

0.15 g were recovered.

The ceramics retrieved from the features in this class are predominantly

Late Woodland. While Features 2 and 8 failed to produce any ceramics, the

other four fire pits contained a sufficient quantity for discussion. The

ceramics recovered from Feature 1 include four grit-tempered sherdlets, three

fabric impressed grit-tempered body sherds, and three fragments of a

cordmarked temperless "mini'' pot. Little can be said concerning temporal

placement of these sherds aside from noting they fall within the ranges of

Allegan and Moccasin Bluff wares as defined for southwest Michigan (Bettarel

& Smith 1973; Brashler 1981; Rogers 1971). The "mini" pot is of interest in

that it suggests instruction in ceramic production was being conducted and/or

the presence of children on the site. In terms of the former, one might

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. propose the presence of a ceramic production activity area on the site. If this

is the case, further excavation might delineate such an area.

The Feature 10 ceramics are quite different from the above pottery.

These 104 sherds are all tempered with large crushed granitic rock and

exterior treatment is smoothed over cordmarking. The exterior color is

yellowish red with the interior being a light tan. They are quite thick (x ® 1.0

cm) and friable, with pieces being easily broken off by hand. A possible neck

section suggests an everted rim with the cordmarking exhibiting a vertical

orientation. These sherds could possibly be related to Moccasin Bluff

cordmarked variety la (Bettarel & Smith 1973:52), but without a comparative

sample, positive identification cannot be made.

The ceramics from Feature 6 are quite interesting. The two sherds that

are large enough to identify are quite different from one another. The first

is a small body sherd tempered with large crushed granitic material. The

exterior color is reddish brown and is quite friable. This fragment is similar

to the sherds recovered from Feature 10 except that it lacks the smoothed

over cordmarking. Instead, this example appears to be plain, but the absence

of decoration may be a factor that results from its small size.

The second sherd from Feature 6 is one of the most interesting from the

site. This collared rim sherd can not be placed in any of the known ware

groupings defined for southern Michigan (Elizabeth Garland, personal

communication). The paste is of relatively good quality and is uniformly

reddish brown in color. Tempering is moderate, with medium to large crushed

rock and sand. The profile (Figure 22:A) exhibits a sharp out-flaring,

commencing at the point where the collar begins and terminating in a squared

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 22. Rim Sherds Recovered From Excavation at Kline 1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lip. Surface treatment is fabric impressed over the entire exterior, and ending

abruptly at the interior edge of the lip.

The general morphology of this rim sherd suggests affinities to Moccasin

Bluff Ware, but the collaring and the surface treatment do not lend

themselves to any known variety within that ware group. A review of the

literature suggests that this rim sherd shares a few morphological

characteristics with Springwells Net-impressed of southeastern Michigan, as

described by Fitting (1965:156). This type, a member of the Riviere Ware, is

defined as having a strong "type A" collar and exhibiting a coarse or loose

woven fabric-like decoration (Fitting 1965:157). Fitting describes a "type A"

rim as including all collared rims from the Riviere au Vase site. He divides

these rims into four variants depending on the lip shape (Fitting 1965:14-15).

The Feature 6 rim sherd would be considered variant Al, since its lip is

squared.

A sample from Feature 6 was submitted for assay to Beta

Analytical Inc. of Florida with a resulting date of 830 + 70 B.P. (Beta-25665).

After correction, using the Stuiver and Reimer dendro-correction computer

program (1986), a calibrated date of A.D. 1215 (735 B.P.) was obtained. This

date places the feature and, presumably, its contents within the Moccasin

Bluff phase (Bettarel & Smith 1973:153) of southwest Michigan and at the

beginning of the Springwells phase (Fitting 1965:149) in southeast Michigan.

While one rim sherd does not an interaction make, the possibility of more

intensive contact than has been previously suggested between the Middle St.

Joseph River valley and southeast Michigan during the Late Woodland period

would be interesting to pursue.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Feature 11 contained the only shell-tempered sherd found at Kline 1.

Since the fragment is a body sherd, very little can be said concerning cultural

and/or temporal placement, although it is presumably of Upper Mississippian

affiliation. The color and paste of this sherd is uniform throughout. Surface

treatment consists exclusively of deep, angularly placed cordmarking.

In order to date the northeastward expansion of Mississippian influences

into Michigan better, a second sample was submitted for temporal

determination. The resulting date was gratifying. Feature 11 (and the shell-

tempered sherd) is dated at 810 + 50 B.P. (Beta-25666), with a calibrated age

of A.D. 1223 (727 B.P.) (Stuiver & Reimer 1986). This date coincides very

well with the date obtained for Feature 6 and the grit-tempered pottery.

Based on radiocarbon age, one might propose placement of this sherd within

Berrien Ware (Bettarel and Smith 1973:66-69). Given the fact, however, that

the only definite similarity with vessel types in this grouping is the use of

shell for tempering, it would seem prudent not to proceed to this extent on

the basis of a single ceramic specimen.

The aforementioned dates allow for the tentative placement of

these features and, possibly, the main occupation of this site in the latter

sub-phase of the Moccasin Bluff Phase. Bettarel and Smith (Bettarel & Smith

1973:153) describe a minor change in ceramic frequency within the Moccasin

Bluff Phase, noting that ca. A.D. 1200 shell-tempering begins to decline in

use while grit-tempering pottery increases. Both corrected determinations

postdate A.D. 1200 and, in addition, there is almost a total absence of shell-

tempered pottery at Kline 1, further supporting the early 13th century

temporal placement of the Late Woodland occupation of this site.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The third feature type is the storage-pit (Figure 23:B). This category is

almost identical to the fire pit except the storage-pit lacks the tell-tale fuel

and oxidized zones (Bettarel & Smith 1973:20). The archaeologically

recognized use of these facilities probably differs from the initial function.

Bettarel and Smith state that after the primary use ceased, the storage-pits

were re-used as trash pits or refilled (1973:20). Two features belong to this

class, Features 7 and 12.

In profile, Feature 7 exhibits a homogeneous brownish-black fill

containing a considerable amount of FCR. This profile is quite different from

what was expected given that initial inspection of the plan view revealed

sharp color differentiation. The predominant zone seen in plan view is a

greasy black charcoal stain. As cross-sectioning proceeded to the maximum

feature depth of 23 cm, the anticipated zonation failed to materialize. And

despite collecting and analyzing 29 1 of feature fill processed by flotation, no

cultural or subsistence material was recovered.

Feature 12 is placed in this category despite the presence of a black

charcoal lens. The morphology of this feature suggests secondary re-use

corresponding to Zone A, with the other zones attributable to an earlier

function and subsequent refilling of the pit. Flotation samples totaling 38 1

were collected and analyzed, with cultural and subsistence material being

found only in Zone A. Twelve fragments of hazelnut (Corylus sp.) weighing 0.1

gram were recovered, along with one grit-tempered body sherd.

The overall appearance of this sherd is similar to the single body sherd

from Feature 6 and the smoothed over cordmarked ceramics in Feature 10.

While the following proposal is inherently weakened by the small size of the

ceramic assemblage, it is not unreasonable to suggest that Feature 12 is

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 66

- * „

o 20 ► cm

ORANGE/OXIDIZED □ ZONE

CHARCOAL ZONE Figure 23. Feature Types Roasting Pit (A) and Storage Pit BROWN FILL ZONE (B) Found at Kline 1 BLACK MOTTLED ZONE

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. contemporaneous with Features 6 and 10. This, in turn, would also suggest

that Feature 12 and Feature 11 are contemporaries, based on the

aforementioned ceramic similarities and the exceedingly tight radiocarbon ages

assigned to Features 6 and 11.

The final category of features recognized at Kline 1 is the roasting pit

(Figure 23:A). This type of cultural feature has been recorded at both the

Schwerdt site (Cremin 1980) and the Elam site (Barr 1979). The most

diagnostic attributes assigned to this category are their relatively large size

and the presence of a distinct fuel zone at the base of the feature. Parachini

suggests tuber roasting as a possible function for the Elam roasting pits

(personal communication; Barr 1979:19). Unfortunately, the subsistence

residues from the two features of this type, Features 3 and 9, neither support

nor refute this contention. The morphology of Feature 3 is simple, consisting of only two very

distinct zones. Zone A is a sandy loam fill. Zone B is described as the fuel

zone with associated burnt sand. Flotation samples, 46 and 33 1, respectively,

were collected for subsequent analysis. From Zone A only two unidentifiable

seeds and six pebble-sized potsherds were recovered. Zone B contained two

sherds, 57 unidentified bone fragments (0.15 gram), and an unidentified small

mammal long bone (0.10 gram).

One sherd is a small grit-tempered lip fragment with diagonal cord

impressions on a rounded exterior lip. Due to the lack of an associated rim,

little can be said about temporal placement except that it could possibly be

included in the definition of Moccasin Bluff Impressed Exterior Lip Group 1

(Bettarel & Smith 1973:61), for which a variation identical to this fragment

has been described. The second ceramic piece is a body sherd identical to the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. fabric impressed sherds described in Feature 1. As is the case with those

sherds, little can definitively be said concerning temporal placement of this

sherd aside from noting that it falls within the range of Allegan and Moccasin

Bluff wares.

Feature 9 has a dark black greasy charcoal lens, Zone C, extending the

full length of the pit. Below this zone is a small zone of red oxidized sand

probably related to fuel Zone C. Zone B appears to be a fill that developed

during or subsequent to the initial use of the feature. Zone A is a shallow

mottled orange-black lens occupying a portion of the south half of the feature

at the plane of origin (i.e. base of plowzone).

The subsistence remains are varied and occur in every zone. The

botanical remains include one Galium sp. seed, one Chenopodium sp. seed, two

fragments of nutshell (Carya or Juglans), and one Amaranthus sp. seed. The

faunal remains, which are all small and fragmentary, include three mussel

shell fragments, two probable fish vertebrae, and 140 unidentifiable bones (0.5

gram). The material recovered from this feature corresponds well with the

subsistence residues in Feature 10. The ceramics from Feature 9 include one plain collared rim sherd with

dentates (Figure 22:B), one fabric impressed body sherd, and 86 large grit-

tempered smoothed over cordmarked body sherds. A typological correlate

could not be found for the rim sherd. The paste and color are homogeneous

with a moderate amount of large grit-tempering. The collaring is slight, only

1.6 cm wide, terminating with a squared but widened lip slanted to the

exterior. Just below the lip edge and collar are a series of small tool

dentates. The impressions are irregularly shaped and appear to be made from

a grass-like stem.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The fabric impressed body sherd is identical to those in Features 1 and

3 which are generally assignable to the first three centuries of the second

millennium A.D.. The smoothed over cordmarked body sherds are identical in

paste and grit-tempering to those recovered from Features 6, 10, and 12. Like

the sherds from the other features, these are also quite friable and can easily

be broken. Many of the sherds evidence carbon build-up on the exterior, while

the interior is consistently light tan to reddish brown. Based on these ceramic

similarities, an early 13th century date is also proposed for Feature 9.

The placement of Feature 5 as to category remains a problem. Upon

cross-sectioning this stain the workers discovered that two overlapping

features are represented. From the profile morphology, 5A appears to be

intrusive into 5B and thus can be considered temporally later. The category

(or categories) into which these two stains should be placed is not clear.

Based on their size and the presence of distinct fuel zones in both features,

the two will tentatively be placed in the class of roasting pit.

The botanical remains from the feature as a whole are few but

interesting. Recovered from Feature 5A, Zone A were a single grape seed

(Vitis sp.) and three carbonized seeds that were unidentifiable. While analyzing

the 14c sample collected from the feature, three fragments of Carya sp.

(hickory) nutshell weighing 0.15 gram were discovered. While the botanical

remains seem to occur only in 5A, all the faunal remains appear to be in 5B.

This might not reflect reality since one-half of both features were excavated

together. Be that as it may, the fauna recovered from this context are

comprised of 91 small fragmentary pieces of unidentifiable bone and a possible

fragment of soft shell turtle (Amyda ferox). The subsistence data, though

scanty, seem consistent with those observations for the other features.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Including the eleven pebble-sized grit-tempered sherdlets, the 19 ceramic

pieces recovered from Feature 5 (A and B) appear to be virtually identical

to those recovered from Features 6, 9, 10, and 12. They are quite friable,

with large grit-tempering and a reddish brown color. Six sherds have plain

exteriors while two are smoothed over cordmarked. Again, based on

similarities with sherds from ^C-dated Feature 6, these pottery fragments

can be tentatively placed in the first half of the 13th century.

Summary

From these features a sufficient, if not quantitatively substantial, sample

of data is available to permit some meaningful statements about subsistence

activities engaged in by the Late Woodland inhabitants of Kline 1. Based on

the frequency in which the residues occur, the most abundant resource type

that appears to have been exploited are aquatic species including fish and

turtle. Although the quantity of bone is not profuse, this absence may be a

result of the natural or cultural attrition of very fragile bone. While larger

animals do not seem to have been an extremely important resource, the

presence of deer antler indicates utilization of at least this large mammal.

The botanical remains that were recovered suggest exploitation of nuts,

primarily hazelnut, but also hickory and walnut. Other plant foods possibly

used by the Kline 1 inhabitants include grape (Vitis sp.), bedstraw (Galium

sp.), pigweed (Amaranthus sp.), and goosefoot (Chenopodium sp.). Since the

quantities of seeds for these are quite small, accidental inclusion cannot be

ruled out. This is especially true of Galium, Amaranthus, and Chenopodium,

since they are known "camp followers".

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The ceramic material recovered from good feature contexts allows for

a proposal of contemporaneity for most, if not all, of the features. Based on

the presence of an unidentified but similar type of pottery, Features 1, 3, 5,

6, 9, 10, and 12 can be regarded as representing the same occupation. Given

the early 13th century radiocarbon date, Feature 11 can also be considered

coetaneous with the above group of features. Thus, of the total of 12

prehistoric features excavated during the 1982 field season, eight can

confidently be assigned to the early 13th century. Moreover, based on spatial

proximity to what is perceived to be the main occupation area, three of the

remaining four features can also tentatively be placed within this time period.

The last, Feature 2, occurs in the vicinity of Peak Area B as defined on the

basis of the lithic scatter and cannot be considered contemporaneaous with

the main occupation until the relationship between these two areas is better

understood.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER VI

Conclusions and Research Recommendations

Conclusions

As is typically the case in archaeological research, analysis of the

material from 20SJ29 raises just as many questions as it answers. To reiterate

the goals presented at the outset of this report, this analysis was intended to

determine: the temporal placement of the main occupation of the site, the

cultural and subsistence activities pursued at this locale, and the local and

regional cultural relationships of the Kline 1 inhabitants. The hope of

achieving these goals has been only partially fulfilled.

Both corrected radiocarbon dates of A.D. 1215 and A.D. 1223 from

Features 6 and 11, along with the nature and distribution of ceramics,

confidently support placement of the feature cluster in the early 13th

century. At this point in the investigation of this site, we must consider the

area about grid coordinates 25 N, 30 E (Peak Area A) as the main occupation.

Further excavation to the southwest and northeast, corresponding to Peak

Areas B and C, might result in reevaluation of this conclusion, but for the

present the intensity of occupation in these areas is problematic.

The faunal resources pursued by the Kline 1 inhabitants appear to be

almost exclusively aquatic and riparian in nature. While it would seem that

the diet consisted primarily of fish and turtle, the presence of several bone

fragments of small mammals and deer remains from Feature 11 suggest some

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. reliance on upland game. The size of the bone fragments indicates

exploitation of small lake and river fish, possibly blue gill, bass, and perch.

The botanical remains are confined to plant foods derived from a

gathering strategy. No indications of cultigens were found at this site. The

presence of pigweed, goosefoot, and bedstraw in such low numbers is

problematic. These seeds may represent accidental inclusion in pit fills, but

they are known to have been exploited prehistorically in the Midwest.

The American lotus (Nelumbo lutea) tuber found in Feature 10 (and

Features 19 and 33/36 during the 1988 excavations) would appear to

corroborate the aquatic economic emphasis of the Kline 1 occupants.

According to Yarnell (1964:50), these tubers are found in ponds, quiet streams,

and estuaries and were harvested in the spring and autumn. The extensive

wetlands in the vicinity of 20SJ29 would have provided an excellent

opportunity to harvest this resource.

The single Vitis sp. seed recovered from Feature 5A suggests an early

autumn occupation (Yarnell 1964:65). Use of this facility in autumn is

supported by the co-occurrence of several fragments of hickory nutshell.

According to Yarnell (1964:68-69), hickory nuts are maximally available for

exploitation in October, but given the small quantities of nut residues

recovered, it is reasonable to suggest that the site was abandoned prior to

the peak season of hickory nut availability. The presence of hazelnut in

Features 1 and 12 further attests to occupation between August-September

(Yarnell 1964:63). In general, a late summer-early fall (possibly extending into

October) occupation would seem to be supported by the scant botanical

residues.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Due to the lack of published excavation data from the Portage River

(and Middle St. Joseph River valley, in general) very little can be said

concerning cultural relations within the local area. The multi-component

nature of most southwest Michigan sites even makes comparison with survey

data inappropriate. Only after several sites within the Middle St. Joseph

drainage are excavated and reported will meaningful statements about local

cultural relationships be possible.

The regional relationships evidenced in the ceramics are one of the more

intriguing aspects of the Kline 1 data set. Somewhat centrally located in

southwest Michigan and positioned on a major tributary of a large navigable

river extending across much of southern Michigan, Kline 1 and other sites in

the surrounding area offer an excellent opportunity to clarify late prehistoric

interaction between the southeastern and southwestern areas of the state. The

limited ceramic assemblage from Kline 1 certainly hints at the possibility of

some interaction between groups in these areas. At present, much of the

archaeological research of southern Michigan prehistory is regionally divided,

with only suggestions of possible interaction. Southwest Michigan research

concentrates on interaction with the Mississippian cultures, while southeast

Michigan research looks toward influences from Ontario and New York.

Research in the Middle St. Joseph River drainage, in particular, and

southcentral Michigan, in general, might clarify the cultural and subsistence

influences of the strongly agricultural-based Mississippian and Iriquoian

societies on southern Michigan inhabitants.

Based primarily on the 14C dates and secondarily on the ceramics, we

can place the main Kline 1 occupation areas as contemporary with the later

sub-phase of the Moccasin Bluff Phase to the west. How the people of the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. two locales interacted is presently unknown. The single collared sherd with

morphological affinities to Younge Tradition ceramics suggests some type of

connection with Southeast Michigan. The more recent discovery during 1988

field activities at Kline 1 of a Younge Tradition type burial as described by

Cleland and Clute (1969:84) and Halsey (1981) containing a ceramic elbow

pipe, a smoothed slate gorget, and a Levanna point further emphasizes this

possibility. Certainly, the combination of cultural characteristics previously

noted to both the east and west provides an interesting research problem for

those interested in the 13th century occupation of the Kline 1 site.

Research Recommendations

My research recommendations for additional work at Kline 1 are twofold,

intra-site and inter-site. In order to clarify better the three possible macro-

and several micro- activity areas suggested by the lithic debris scatter,

intra-site investigations must include a more intensive placement of

excavation units across the entire site. By placing test units at close

intervals, the micro-activity areas, if they actually exist, should become more

clearly delineated. This placement will also further facilitate the delineation

of the macro-activity areas, allowing for more precise determination of the

integrity of Peak Areas A, B, and C and possibily clarifying the temporal

relationships among all three.

Intra-site research would also facilitate further investigation into the

subsistence activities of the Late Woodland inhabitants. While the fragmentary

nature of the remains from 1982 preclude extensive discussion, greater feature

recovery and the increased use of flotation as a data collection method should

permit more definitive statements concerning the precise nature of seasonal

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. plant and animal exploition within the resource rich environment that Kline

1 occupies.

Many of the inter-site concerns could be addressed by excavation of

contemporaneous sites located elsewhere along the Portage River and in the

Middle St. Joseph River Valley in general. To ensure an accurate

reconstruction of the local adaptations, a multi-site excavation strategy which

includes ecologically diversified zones should be employed. The adaptive

strategy employed by the inhabitants of the Portage and Middle St. Joseph

rivers needs to be more fully elucidated.

The relationship between the Younge Tradition and the Allegan and

Moccasin Bluff peoples of southwest Michigan demands further examination,

and the area of the Middle and Upper St. Joseph Valley is an excellent place

to begin this investigation. There are hints of some interaction between

southeast and southwest Michigan groups at Kline 1 but, at this point, the

material is not of sufficient quality or quantity to supply the needed

information. The 1988 data set, when analyzed, might provide more diagnostic

artifacts, thus facilitating research in this direction.

In conclusion, Kline 1 is, at this time, both unique and typical of

southwest Michigan archaeology. The site is unique in that there is currently

no other excavated and published site offering the potential for explicating

the cultural and economic lifeways of Late Woodland populations in the Middle

St. Joseph River drainage. Kline 1, as a site under intensive cultivation for

a century or more, is also typical of southwest Michigan sites in their ability

to provide intriguing data for cautious evaluation and interpretation, but not

enough information for making bold statements. It is the frustration borne of

this ever-present dichotomy that continues to fan the flame of hope for the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. prehistoric archaeologist interested in researching this area of the "Great

Lakes State".

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX A

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. KUNE 1 UTHIC DEBRIS

Surface Collection

East Knoll Uthic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

Burlington 2 2 7.5 Deer Uck Creek 2 1 3 42.9 Flint Ridge 1 1 2.2 Indiana Hornstone 1 2 3 8.5 Moline 1 1 2 58.1 Purple chert 1 2 1 4 6.4 Quartzite 2 1 3 96.2 Upper Mercer 1 1 7.5 Unidentified 1 1 3 1 6 93.3

General Bag #1

Bayport 9 1 10 6.1 Burlington 6 31 1 1 39 83.7 H.T. Burlington 1 4 5 8.5 Deer Uck Creek 4 3 2 9 62.7 Flint Ridge 4 2 6 21.2 Indiana Hornstone 2 19 2 23 35.1 Purple 4 11 1 16 22.7 Quartzite 1 1 3 2 3 10 677.6 Upper Mercer 1 1 2.5 Unidentified 6 26 82 12 8 134 424.3

General Bag #2

Bayport 2 2 4 15.5 Burlington 5 5 1 11 50.1 H.T. Burlington 1 2 3 6.5 Deer Uck Creek 1 1 1.2 Flint Ridge 1 2 3 7.6 Purple 4 4 11.0 Quartzite 1 1 2 30.6 Unidentified 5 4 4 5 18 163.8

General Bag #3

Bayport 1 3 2 6 4.3 Burlington 1 3 4 3.9 H.T. Burlington 1 1 .7 Deer Uck Creek 4 4 7.0 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 2 7.1 Purple 1 1 1.2 Unidentified 2 8 1 4 15 35.9

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Uthic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

General Bag #4

Bayport 1 3 4 4.5 Burlington 7 18 2 27 49.4 H.T. Burlington 5 1 6 3.9 Deer Uck Creek 1 3 3 7 75.5 Flint Ridge 1 1 2 9.5 Indiana Hornstone 3 1 4 8.0 Moline 1 1 2 10.3 Purple 2 3 5 10.8 Quartzite 1 1 18.7 Upper Mercer 1 1 2 14.8 Unidentified 10 21 16 13 60 206.8

General Bag #5

Burlington 4 1 5 1.7 Deer Uck Creek 2 2 10.2 Indiana Hornstone 4 4 .9 Quartzite 2 1 3 17.6 Unidentified 3 3 6 8.4

General Bag #6

Bayport 5 5 2.5 Burlington 1 13 2 16 15.3 H.T. Burlington 2 1 3 1.1 Deer Uck Creek 3 2 1 6 11.7 Indiana Hornstone 7 1 8 3.2 Purple 6 2 8 6.9 Quartzite 2 4 2 2 10 29.5 Upper Mercer 1 1 2 7.5 Unidentified 4 18 4 5 31 60.7

General Bag #7

Bayport 2 2 3.6 Burlington 1 4 2 7 15.9 H.T. Burlington 2 2 .9 Deer Uck Creek 1 1 .1 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .1 Purple 1 1 1.0 Quartzite 1 1 5.1 Unidentified 8 3 1 12 29.6

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Test Units

lithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #1 Burlington 1 1 .1 H.T. Burlington 2 2 2.8 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 2 2.4 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 2 .4 Upper Mercer 1 1 .3 Unidentified 1 5 6 5.1 TU #2 Bayport 1 1 1.0 Burlington 1 1 .4 H.T Burlington 1 1 .1 Cobden 1 1 2.2 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 1.1 Purple 1 1 .5 Quartzite 1 1 .3 Upper Mercer 1 1 .4 Unidentified 1 3 2 2 3 11 4.7

TU #3 Bayport 1 3 1 5 .9 Burlington 2 2 .3 Cobden 1 1 2 8.8 Deer Lick Creek 2 1 2 1 3 9 2.3 Flint Ridge 1 1 2 1.0 Purple 2 1 2 5 7.1 Quartzite 1 1 2 1 3 8 26.1 Unidentified 4 10 10 7 15 9 55 77.8

TU #4 Attica 1 1 .8 Bayport 1 1 .1 H.T. Burlington 1 1 .5 Kaolin 1 1 .2 Purple 1 1 2 1.6 Quartzite 3 3 9.3 Unidentified 2 5 7 1.8

TU #5 H.T. Burlington 1 1 .1 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 2 .4 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 2 .4 Purple 1 1 1.2 Unidentified 3 3 6 .9

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #6 Attica 1 1 3.7 Burlington 1 1 .1 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 .6 Purple 1 1 2 1.2 Unidentified 3 1 1 2 7 7.4

TU #7 H.T. Burlington 1 1 .1 Cobden 1 1 .2 Deer Lick Creek 1 3 4 1.8 Green 1 1 .3 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .2 Moline 1 1 .2 Purple 1 1 2 2 6 8.0 Upper Mercer 2 2 .5 Unidentified 7 6 4 5 22 16.7

TU #8 Bayport 1 1 .3 Burlington 1 1 .2 Flint Ridge 1 1 .3 Purple 1 3 4 1.0 Unidentified 3 1 4 8 19.2

• TU #9 Bayport 1 1 .3 Burlington 1 1 2 .6 Cobden 1 1 .1 Upper Mercer 1 1 .2 Unidentified 3 5 4 2 1 15 7.3

TU #10 Burlington 3 6 9 3.7 H.T. Burlington 2 2 2.1 Deer Lick Creek 2 2 4 6.4 Flint Ridge 1 1 1 3 20.8 Quartzite 2 2 5.0 Unidentified 1 6 7 14 20.2

TU #11 Flint Ridge 1 1 .4 Unidentified 1 2 3 1.1

TU #12 Burlington 3 3 1.0 Flint Ridge 1 1 .9 Indiana Hornstone 1 2 3 1.5 Purple 1 1 .2 Unidentified 1 3 4 1.0

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Iithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #13 Burlington 1 1 .2 Deer Lick Creek 3 3 .8 Flint Ridge 1 1 1.8 Unidentified 1 2 3 1.1

TU #14 Bayport 1 1 2 .5 H.T. Burlington 1 9 10 20 14.9 Flint Ridge 3 6 14 23 17.3 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .1 Purple 4 1 5 2.3 Quartzite 2 2 .8 Unidentified 1 3 6 4 14 8.0

TU #15 Bayport 1 1 1.2 Indiana Hornstone 2 2 .3 Unidentified 2 1 3 .4

TU #16 Burlington 4 2 6 3.4 Lambrix 6 6 1.8 Moline 2 2 11.6 Unidentified 2 4 6 14.1

TU #17 Burlington 4 6 3 13 5.7 Indiana Hornstone 2 4 6 2.9 Q uartzite 1 1 .8 Unidentified 5 1 1 2 9 20.3

TU #18 Level I Bayport 3 3 .4 Burlington 3 8 11 1 23 53.1 H.T. Burlington 1 5 6 12 4.7 Indiana Hornstone 2 2 9 13 22.0 Onondaga 2 2 1.1 Q uartzite 5 5 10.8 Unidentified 3 12 9 1 11 36 113.6

TU #18 Level R Burlington 1 1 2.9 Indiana Hornstone 3 3 .3 Purple 1 1 .2 Q uartzite 1 1 2 4.2

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Uthic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #19 Burlington 3 3 .7 Cordel 1 1 6.6 H.T. Burlington 1 1 .6 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .3 Unidentified 3 10 1 14 9.6

TU #20 Bayport 2 1 3 1.0 Burlington 2 1 4 7 4.9 H.T. Burlington 12 3 1.6 Deer Lick Creek 2 9 11 2.2 Indiana Hornstone 2 2 .3 Purple 3 10 1 14 2.7 Upper Mercer 11 1 1.2 Unidentified 11 12 11 34 14.5

TU #21 Attica 1 1 .1 Burlington 2 3 5 1.4 Indiana Hornstone 2 2 1.1 Purple 3 3 6 1.1 Unidentified 2 3 12 1 2 20 48.5

TU #22 Burlington 2 2 4 .9 H.T. Burlington 2 2 15 1.3 Deer Lick Creek 1 3 2 6 3.3 Indiana Hornstone 2 3 5 1.5 Unidentified 10 11 4 14 39 22.7

TU #23 Burlington 3 2 1 6 4.5 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 4.0 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .2 Purple 1 1 .3 Quartzite 3 3 8.1 Unidentified 5 4 1 6 16 12.3

TU #24 Bayport 2 2 1.6 Burlington 1 8 9 2.6 Cobden 1 1 3.5 Cordel 1 1 .6 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 3.5 Q uartzite 2 2 .7 Upper Mercer 2 2 .4 Unidentified 3 10 13 9.8

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #25 No Material TU #26 Burlington 2 1 3 .8 Purple 1 1 2.2 Unidentified 1 5 6 1.3

TU #27 Burlington 2 1 3 2.5 Flint Ridge 1 1 10.4 Purple 1 1 .3 Unidentified 3 1 5 9 15.1

TU #28 Burlington 1 1 .2 H.T. Burlington 2 2 .6 Flint Ridge 1 1 1.3 Moline 1 1 .3 Purple 2 2 4 2.9 Quartzite 2 2 .7 Unidentified 2 3 1 4 10 7.3

TU #29 Burlington 1 4 5 4.9 Cobden 1 1 .5 Flint Ridge 3 3 1.5 Kettle Point 1 1 1.9 Purple 3 3 .4 Quartzite 2 1 3 5.1 Unidentified 1 3 2 6 5.6

TU #30 Bayport 1 1 1 3 6.4 Burlington 3 9 1 13 6.8 H.T. Burlington 2 4 3 9 15.0 Indiana Hornstone 1 5 1 6 26.4 Purple 3 3 6 9.8 Quartzite 4 4 65.8

TU #31 Bayport 1 1 .5 Burlington 2 5 7 5.9 H.T. Burlington 3 3 2.0 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 2 7.0 Unidentified 1 5 6 1.5

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #32 Burlington 5 11 16 5.7 H.T. Burlington 6 6 1.4 Flint Ridge 3 10 2 15 15.8 Purple 1 1 .1 Unidentified 1 18 2 19 7.6

TU #33 Bayport 1 1 .1 Burlington 3 3 .6 H.T. Burlington 1 1 .2 Cobden 1 1 .4 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 4.4 Purple 1 1 .2 Quartzite 1 1 1.0 Unidentified 13 4 1.6

TU #34 Bayport 1 1 .2 Burlington 2 2 .6 H.T. Burlington 3 3 .3 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .1 Purple 2 2 .5

TU #35 Bayport 8 8 2.1 Burlington 2 2 4 2.7 H.T. Burlington 1 1 2 1.3 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 .7 Indiana Hornstone 1 4 5 1.5 Purple 1 1 1 3 8.5 Unidentified 5 6 2 6 19 13.6

TU #36 Burlington 3 8 1 12 5.8 Cordel 2 2 .3 Flint Ridge 2 2 .4 Purple 1 1 .1 Unidentified 1 1 .6

TU #37 Burlington 2 3 1 6 3.8 Flint Ridge 2 2 4 2.4 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .2 Lambrix 1 2 3 3.6 Purple 1 1 2 1.6 Quartzite 1 1.1 Unidentified 10 10 3.2

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #38 Bayport 3 4 7 4.5 Burlington 6 15 3 24 10.2 H.T. Burlington 6 7 13 21.0 Flint Ridge 2 8 10 6.0 Indiana Hornstone 1 2 3 1.1 Onondaga 2 2 13.2 Purple 1 5 1 7 10.0 Quartzite 1 2 3 17.2 Upper Mercer 1 1 2 1.0 Unidentified 5 23 40 5 21 94 124.5

TU #39 Burlington 3 3 1.5 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .4 Purple 1 3 4 1.3 Unidentified 3 1 4 1.9

TU #40 Bayport 1 1 2.9 Burlington 1 1 .2 H.T. Burlington 2 1 3 2.2 Flint Ridge 1 1 2 .9 Purple 1 1 .1 Unidentified 1 2 1 4 3.4

TU #41 Bayport 3 12 15 21.9 Burlington 10 32 2 1 45 30.2 H.T. Burlington 5 15 1 21 11.3 Cordel 2 6 8 3.5 Deer Lick Creek 2 3 5 2.9 Flint Ridge 5 5 10 7.8 Indiana Hornstone 3 7 1 11 7.6 Purple 4 14 18 12.9 Quartzite 6 2 4 12 22.8 Upper Mercer 1 1 .3 Unidentified 1 15 25 2 24 67 87.2

TU #42 Bayport 1 1 3.5 Burlington 2 8 3 13 7.2 H.T. Burlington 4 1 2 7 4.4 Cordel 1 2 3 7.0 Deer Lick Creek 3 3 .9 Flint Ridge 1 3 3 7 9.4 Indiana Hornstone 5 5 1.8 Moline 2 1 3 1.7 Quartzite 1 5 6 60.4 Unidentified 11 18 10 46 85 104.6

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #43 Burlington 1 3 1 5 6.8 H.T. Burlington 1 1 2 2.9 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 .1 Flint Ridge 2 2 .6 Moline 1 1 .3 Purple 1 1 2 1.1 Unidentified 2 3 3 4 12 11.8

TU #44 Bayport 1 2 1 4 2.2 Burlington 3 9 1 14 13.4 H.T. Burlington 3 3 1.3 Deer Lick Creek 1 4 1 6 3.1 Flint Ridge 1 2 3 2.5 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .3 Lambrix 1 1 2 1.1 Onondaga 1 1 .4 Purple 2 8 1 11 5.0 Unidentified 2 13 19 13 44 91 134.4

TU #45 Bayport 1 1 .6 Burlington 1 4 2 7 2.1 H.T. Burlington 1 1 2 .6 Cordel 2 2 .2 Flint Ridge 1 1 1.9 Purple 2 2 4 3.1 Quartzite 1 1 1.0 Unidentified 4 3 4 11 21.3

TU #46 Bayport 3 3 1.4 Burlington 2 11 3 16 7.6 H.T. Burlington 2 4 3 9 7.8 Cobden 2 2 .4 Deer Lick Creek 4 2 6 1.7 Flint Ridge 2 2 .4 Indiana Hornstone 1 4 1 6 1.9 Purple 3 2 5 1.5 Quartzite 1 1 1.0 Unidentified 1 11 17 29 15.4

TU #47 No Material

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #48 Bayport 1 1 1.5 Burlington 3 3 5 1 3 15 70.9 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 2 2.1 Purple 2 1 .3 Quartzite 1 1 2 5.7 Unidentified 1 2 1 10 14 10.3 TU #49 Bayport 1 1 1.0 Flint Ridge 2 2 1.1 Indiana Hornstone 2 1 3 1.2 Purple 1 1 .9 Unidentified 4 4 1.7

TU #50 Bayport 1 1 .2 Burlington 1 1 1 3 .8 H.T. Burlington 1 .5 Cobden 1 1 .2 Green 1 1 .9 Indiana Hornstone 1 2 3 1.1 Purple 2 1 3 1.3 Quartzite 2 2 107.8 Upper Mercer 1 1 1.4 Unidentified 3 3 7 4 1 13 31 35.9

TU #51 Bayport 2 2 .7 Burlington 1 3 4 8 2.6 H.T. Burlington 1 1 2 1.0 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 .1 Flint Ridge 1 1 1 3 1.6 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .4 Purple 2 2 2 6 2.8 Quartzite 4 4 4.6 Upper Mercer 1 1 2 1.6 Unidentified 14 8 7 6 3 10 50 39.3

TU #52 Bayport 1 1 1 3 1.0 Burlington 1 3 4 1.8 H.T. Burlington 2 2 .3 Cobden 1 1 .5 Flint Ridge 2 1 3 .7 Indiana Hornstone 7 6 4 17 3.1 Quartzite 1 1 .3 Unidentified 1 9 8 8 4 9 39 25.8

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. T tl. Wght.

TU #53 Unidentified 3 7 3 3 2 18 22.6 TU #54 Bayport 1 1 .2 Deer Lick Creek 1 .1 Flint Ridge 1 .1 Purple 1 .6 Unidentified 1 3.9

TU #55 Bayport 1 1 .1 Burlington 3 3 1.3 H.T. Burlington 1 .2 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 4 1.2 Flint Ridge 1 3 8.2 Indiana Hornstone 3 2.0 Norwood 1 1 3.5 Purple 1 1 .2 Quartzite 1 7 8 29.0 Unidentified 15 6 5 6 40 46.9

TU #56 Bayport 1 1 1.0 Purple 1 1 .8 Unidentified 5 7 3.1

TU #57 Burlington 1 1 .1 H.T. Burlington 1 1 .2 Deer Lick Creek 1 .2 Kettle Point 1 1 .6 Purple 2 2 .3 Unidentified 1 4 9 5.7

TU #58 Burlington 1 .8 Indiana Hornstone .2 Onondaga .3 Quartzite 1 .4 Upper Mercer 1 .6 Unidentified 1 2 1 4 5.1

TU #59 Bayport 2 2 .9 Purple 1 1 .4 Quartzite 1 1 .2 Unidentified 7 14 21.9

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lithic type Dec. Pri. Sec. Ter. Blk. Frg. Ttl. Wght.

TU #60 Bayport 3 1 4 3.5 Burlington 2 7 9 4.9 Flint Ridge 1 1 .1 Indiana Hornstone 1 4 5 3.2 Purple 1 2 4 7 13.0 Unidentified 2 8 1 7 18 24.5

TU #61 A ttica 1 1 .9 Bayport 1 1 3.1 H.T. Burlington 1 2 1 4 6.0 Flint Ridge 1 1 3.1 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .3 Purple 4 4 6.4 Upper Mercer 1 1 .4 Unidentified 3 4 2 7 16 31.5

TU #62 Burlington 1113 3.5 H.T. Burlington 2 2 .6 Indiana Hornstone 2 2 2.6 Purple 4 4 1.3 Quartzite 1 1 1.1 Unidentified 6 1 3 10 7.9

TU #63 Burlington 1 1 .4

TU #64 A ttica 1 1 21.3 Burlington 1 1 7.1 Indiana Hornstone 11 2 2.2 Purple 2 2 .2 Quartzite 1 1 .2 Unidentified 3 3 .6

TU #65 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 .8 Flint Ridge 1 1 .1 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .1 Quartzite 1 1 5.7 Unidentified 2 3 5 1.9

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Kline 1 Lithic Tools

Surface Collection

Tool Type Material Weight Kramer Point Unidentified 7.6 Raddatz Side Notched Bayport 2.4 Bottleneck Stemmed Unidentified 3.2 Stueben Expanding Stem H.T. Burlington 7.7 Bird Point Deer Lick Creek 2.3 Bird Point Bayport 1.6 Madison Unidentified 1.3 Berrien Corner Notched Purple 3.4 Berrien Corner Notched Unidentified 4.2 Berrien Corner Notched Purple 2.7 Stemmed Point Unidentified 5.0 Corner Notched Point Base Lambrix 1.4 Side Notched Point Base Indiana Hornstone 1.6 Reworked Scraper H.T. Burlington 4.7 Side Notched Point Purple 4.6 Drill Unidentified 3.3 Blank fragment Bayport 32.1 Drilled stone Unidentified 32.4 Retouched Primary Flake Cordel 10.3 Biface Deer Lick Creek 5.9 Retouched Secondary Flake Deer Lick Creek 9.6 Utilized Flake Burlington 1.8 Drill Tip H.T. Burlington 1.1 Reworked Unidentified Point Bayport 1.7 Blank Purple 21.2 Retouched Bifacial Blade Purple 2.9 Retouched Flake Purple 3.8 Retouched Lithic Fragment Flint Ridge 3.2 Retouched Secondary Flake Deer Lick Creek 9.7 Utilized Secondary Flake Deer Lick Creek 3.8 Bifacially Retouched Blade Unidentified 3.2 Unifacially Retouched Flake Unidentified 3.2 Unifacially Retouched Flake Unidentified 2.8 Retouched Flake Unidentified 4.7 Blank Fragment Unidentified 5.7 Blank Lambrix 19.5 Blank Unidentified 7.6 Retouched Lithic Fragment Deer Lick Creek 2.1 Point Tip H.T. Burlington 0.2

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Tool Type Material Weight

TU #3 Unifacial Scraper Burlington 17.8 Preform Unidentified 12.8

TU #4 Retouched Primary Flake Deer Lick Creek 6.7

TU #7 Point Base Unidentified 0.5 Brewerton Corner Notched Purple 5.5

TU #10 Retouched Primary Flake Unidentified 6.0

TU #13 End Scraper Unidentified 1.6

TU #14 Reworked Point (Madison/Lavanna) Bayport 1.1 Utilized Flake Purple 0.8 Utilized Flake Deer Lick Creek 0.3 Utilized Flake Bayport

TU #15 Projectile Point Upper Mercer 3.5

TU #16 Utilized Flake Unidentified 0.8 Retouched Primary Flake Unidentified 4.0 Utilized Primary Flake Purple Chert 1.8

TU #18 Drill Unidentified 1.2

TU #19 Side Notched Point Base Deer Lick Creek 2.0 Utilized Flake Unidentified 0.5

TU #20 Projectile Point Deer Lick Creek 2.6 Retouched Flake Indiana Hornstone 0.4

TU #22 Point Tip Unidentified 5.1 Bifacially Retouched Flake Purple 1.1 Blank Attica 22.3

TU #23 Bifurcate base Point H.T. Burlington 2.3

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Tool Type Material Weight

TU #26 Utilized Decortication Flake Unidentified 1.6

TU #27 Scraper Unidentified 4.2

TU #29 Modified Cobble Unidentified 57.2

TU #30 Unifacially-worked Drill Unidentified 3.2 End Scraper Deer Lick Creek 2.1 End Scraper H.T. Burlington 4.2 Hafted Scraper Unidentified 2.2

TU #32 Retouched Primary Flake Unidentified 3.4

TU #33 Point Tip Unidentified 2.1

TU #34 Drill Deer Lick Creek 1.6

TU #35 Point Tip Bayport 1.2

TU #36 Utilized Primary Flake Flint Ridge 0.8 Utilized Flake Unidentified 0.8

TU #37 Point Tip Unidentified 2.4

TU #38 Madison Point Burlington 0.8 Retouched Flake Unidentified 2.8

TU #39 Utilized Primary Flake Unidentified 2.5

TU #41 Jack's Reef Corner Notched Point Unidentified 1.6 Blank Fragment Burlington 10.7 Point Tip Unidentified 0.5 Proximal Portion Madison Point Unidentified 1.6 Worked Lithic Fragment Unidentified 6.5 Worked Fragment Unidentified 9.6

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Tool Type M aterial Weight

TU #44 Palmer Corner Notched Bayport 2.0 Projectile Point Unidentified 1.3

TU #46 Projectile Point Flint Ridge 3.7 Retouched Primary Flake Purple 5.6 Point Tip Bayport 1.0 Point Tip (Madison /Lavanna) Unidentified 0.4

TU #48 Stemmed Point Lambrix 5.9 Side Notched Point Purple 3.9 Worked Cobble Unidentified 11.2

TU #55 Scraper Purple 9.1 Utilized Primary Flake Unidentified 1.9

TU #56 Distal Portion of Blank Unidentified 9.5

TU #58 Bifacially Retouched Flake Bayport 2.3

TU #61 Unifacially Retouched Flake Unidentified 4.7

TU #64 Projectile Point Unidentified 2.2

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX B

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 97

KUNE 1 TEST UNIT CERAMICS

Prov. # Type Tempering Ext. Dec. Color

TU 3 1 body med. grit cord marked tan

TU 7 1 body large grit unknown tan

TU 17 18 body med. grit unknown tan-gray

to brown

TU 18 2 body med. grit cordmarked tan

TU 19 1 body large grit ext. incising red

TU 20 2 body med. grit unknown red

TU 23 4 body med. grit unknown reddish- brown

TU 32 1 body med. grit cordmarked black

TU 39 1 body small grit unknown red

TU 39 1 body large grit unknown reddish-

tan

TU 39 3 body med. grit smoothed cordmarked brownish-

red

TU 39 3 body med.grit cordmarked dark brown

TU 39 7 body unknown unknown unknown

TU41 1 body med. grit cordmarked dark brown

TU 44 1 lip grit none tan

TU 46 1 body grit unknown brownish-

tan

TU 52 2 body med. grit cordmarked reddish-

brown

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX C

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Features

Feature 1

General Feature sherd 3 body med. grit smoothed cordmarked black to yellowish-brown

Sl/2 sherd 3 body none "mini” pot brownish-tan

Burlington 1 .4 H.T. Burlington 1 .2 Indiana Hornstone 3 2.0 Unidentified 1 2 4.4

Bayport 1 3 .4 Indiana Hornstone 2 .5 Quartzite 1 2 2.7 Unidentified 1 1 .1 Zone A light Fraction Burlington 4 4 Flint Ridge 1 1 Indiana Hornstone 2 Purple 2 2 Unidentified 10 10 Total Wght. Heavy Fraction Burlington 2 2 Indiana Hornstone 2 2 Purple 1 1 Unidentified 2 2 Total Wght.

Zone B General sherd 3 body med. grit fabric impressed reddish-yellow

Heavy Fraction Burlington 3 6 9 H.T. Burlington 1 2 3 Flint Ridge 2 2 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 Purple 1 1 Unidentified 6 10 Total Wght.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Zone C General Quartzite 1.8 Heavy Fraction Indiana Hornstone 1 1 0.1 Unidentified 3 3 0.1

Zone D General Burlington 1 1 1.6 Unidentified 1

Feature 2

General Feature Burlington 1 .1 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 2.2

Light Fraction Indiana Hornstone Purple Total Wght. .1

Zone B Heavy Fraction Burlington 1 .5

light Fraction Burlington 2 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 Total Wght. .1

Feature 3

General Feature sherd 1 lip large grit diagonal cordmarked reddish-yellow

sherd 1 body med. grit fabric impressed yellowish-brown

Burlington 2 2.5 Purple 2 .2 Quartzite 1 2.6 Unidentified 1 7.4

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Zone A General Bayport 2 2 Burlington 2 2 H.T. Burlington 1 1 Indiana Hornstone 2 2 Purple 1 1 Upper Mercer 1 1 Unidentified 1 5 6 Total Wght .6 Zone B Fraction Bayport 1 1 Burlington 6 6 H.T. Burlington 2 2 Indiana Hornstone 10 10 Purple 2 2 Unidentified 15 15 Total Wght .4 Fraction Bayport 2 2 Burlington 1 4 5 H.T. Burlington 1 5 6 Deer Lick Creek 2 3 5 Indiana Hornstone 1 4 5 Onandaga 1 1 Purple 2 2 Unidentified 38 38 Total Wght .3

Feature 4

General Feature Bayport 1 1 .1 Burlington 6 1 7 .6 H.T. Burlington 3 3 .2 Deer Lick Creek 3 1 4 1.0 Indiana Hornstone 2 1 3 .1 Norwood 1 1 .5 Purple 2 2 .6 Unidentified 2 3 5 5.7

Zone A Retouched Flake Unidentified 0.5

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Zone B light Fraction Burlington 4 8 12 H.T. Burlington 2 2 4 Cobden 1 1 Deer Lick Creek 7 4 11 Indiana Hornstone 2 5 7 Purple 1 1 2 Quartzite 4 4 Unidentified 29 29 Total Wght. 0.1

Feature 5

East 1/2 Light Fraction Bayport 3 3 Burlington 2 7 Deer Lick Creek 2 2 Flint Ridge 3 3 Indiana Hornstone 2 4 6 Upper Mercer 1 1 Unidentified 4 Total Wght. 0.4

Heavy Burlington 15 9 25 H.T. Burlington 1 1 Deer Lick Creek 3 2 5 Flint Ridge 2 2 4 Indiana Hornstone 4 3 7 Purple 1 1 Quartzite 3 3 Unidentified 16 42 58 Total Wght. 0.8

Zone A sherd 1 body large grit smoothed cordmarked brownish-red

Zone B Light Fraction Burlington 1 H.T. Burlington 1 Indiana Hornstone 2 3 Quartzite 4 4 Unidentified 5 5 Total Wght 0.1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Heavy Fraction Burlington 1 1 2 H.T. Burlington 2 1 3 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 Indiana Hornstone 2 4 6 Unidentified 2 5 7 Total Wght 0.1 Feature 5B

General Burlington 1 2 3 2.7 Moline 1 1 0.6 Purple 1 1 2 3.0 Unidentified 1 2 0.9

Zone A Heavy Fraction Burlington 1 1 0.1 Indiana Hornstone 3 0.1

Zone B Indiana Hornstone 1.0

Zone C sherd 2 body large grit smoothed cordmarked reddish-brown to tan

sherd 6 body large grit plain brownish-red

General Moline 1 0.3 Unidentified 3 14.6

Light Fraction Burlington 1 1 0.1 Unidentified 8 8 0.1

Heavy Fraction Unidentified 2.7 Feature 6

SE 1/2 sherd 4 body large grit smoothed cordmarked reddish-brown

sherd 1 rim large grit fabric impressed yellowish-brown to brown Zone B sherd 1 body large grit plain brownish-red

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Zone C light Fraction Burlington 1 1 H.T. Burlington 1 1 Unidentified 1 1 Total Wght, .01 Heavy Fraction Bayport 2 2 Burlington 16 2 8 Cobden 1 1 2 Deer lick Creek 5 3 8 Flint Ridge 3 3 Indiana Hornstone 11 4 15 Quartzite 1 1 2 Unidentified 12 37 49 Total Wght, 1.3

Zone D Heavy Fraction Deer Lick Creek 1 1 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 Unidentified 1 1 Total Wght, .05

Feature 7

General Feature Deer Lick Creek 1 1 .2 Quartzite 11 .2 Unidentified 1 3 4 1.4

light Fraction Bayport 1 1 H.T. Burlington 2 2 Unidentified 2 1 3 Total Wght .1 Heavy Fraction Bayport 3 3 Burlington 1 1 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 Unidentified 2 1 3 Total Wght .2

Feature 8

General Feature Purple 1 1 .1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Zone A Heavy Fraction Bayport 2 2 Burlington 1 1 Deer Lick Creek ? 2 4 Total Wght. .1

Feature 9

General Feature sherd 1 rim large grit plain w/ dentates reddish-brown

sherd 1 body large grit fabric impressed yellowish-brown

sherd 86 body large grit smoothed cordmarked brownish-black to yellowish-brown

Bayport 1 1 2 1.9 Burlington 1 1 2 1.4 Flint Ridge 2 2 1.9 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .8 Unidentified 1 1 5 1.9

West 1/2 Light Fraction Burlington 3 2 5 ------H.T. Burlington 2 4 6 ------Deer Lick Creek 1 1 2 ------Flint Ridge 1 2 3 ------Indiana Hornstone 4 1 5------Unidentified 2 7 9 ------Total Wght. .1 Heavy Fraction Burlington 1 H.T. Burlington 2 2 - Flint Ridge 2 Indiana Hornstone 2 Total Wght. .1

Zone A Light Fraction Indiana Hornstone 1 .1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Heavy Fraction Bayport 1 2 3 Burlington 5 6 11 H.T. Burlington 4 4 Deer Lick Creek 6 4 10 Indiana Hornstone 5 2 7 Q uartzite 1 1 Unidentified 5 8 Total Wght. 2.5

Zone B Light Fraction Deer Lick Creek 1 Indiana Hornstone 1 Total Wght. .1 Heavy Fraction Indiana Hornstone .1

Zone C General Unidentified 6.7

Light Fraction Bayport 3 3 Burlington 6 8 H.T. Burlington 3 3 Deer Lick Creek 6 5 11 Flint Ridge 1 6 7 Indiana Hornstone 3 4 7 Q uartzite 1 1 Unidentified 11 19 Total Wght. .4

Heavy Fraction Burlington 1 1 .1 Deer Lick Creek 1 2 .1 Indiana Hornstone 3 4 .2

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 107

Feature 10

General Feature Retouched Lithic Fragment Unidentified 5.8 Bifacially Retouched Flake Unidentified 0.7

sherd 30 body large grit smoothed cordmarked reddish-brown to yellowish-tan

Bayport 1 1 2 .4 Burlington 1 19 3 3 26 10.5 H.T. Burlington 3 2 5 1.2 Deer Lick Creek 1 3 4 2.6 Flint Ridge 3 2 5 .8 Indiana Hornstone 9 1 1 11 4.6 Moline 1 1 .4 Purple 1 1 2 1.7 Quartzite 2 1 2 5 9.3 Upper Mercer 1 2 3 1.0 Unidentified 2 12 4 17 23 20.7 East 1/2 General sherd 2 body large grit smoothed cordmarked tfe k to tan sherd 43 body large grit smoothed cordmarked red to reddish-brown

Bayport 1 1 .1 Burlington 2 1 3 1.2 Cordel 1 1 .1 Unidentified 1 2 3.2

Heavy Fraction Bayport 5 5 10 .1 Burlington 2 2 4 .1 H.T. Burlington 1 1 .1 Deer Lick Creek 11 3 14 .2 Flint Ridge 3 3 .2 Indiana Hornstone 1 6 .1 Quartzite 2 2 .1 Upper Mercer 2 1 3 .1 Unidentified 6 9 15 .2

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Light Fraction Bayport 4 Burlington 3 2 5 ------H.T. Burlington 4 1 5 ------Deer lick Creek 1 1 2 ------Flint Ridge 3 3------Indiana Hornstone 5 2 7 ------Purple 2 Quartzite 1 1 ------Upper Mercer 2 1 3 ------Unidentified 4 6 10 ------Total Wght. .3

West 1/2 sherd 14 body large grit smoothed cordmarked reddish-brown to black

Zone A General Indiana Hornstone 1 1 .1

Light Fraction Burlington 2 Deer Lick Creek ‘ 1 Flint Ridge 1 1 ------Upper Mercer 1 Unidentified Total Wght. .2

Zone B General sherd 15 body large grit smoothed cordmarked reddish-brown to whitish-brown

Bayport 2 2 .1 Burlington 1 1 .2 Unidentified 11 .1

Light Fraction Burlington 1 Deer Lick Creek 1 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 ------Quartzite 1 1 ------Unidentified 2 2 4 ------Total Wght. .1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 109

Heavy Fraction Burlington 1 1 Deer Lick Creek 1 Indiana Hornstone 2 2 Onandaga 1 1 Purple 3 3 Upper Mercer 1 1 Total Wght. .2

Zone C Heavy Fraction Flint Ridge .1 Zone D light Fraction Deer Lick Creek 1 1 Flint Ridge 2 2 Quartzite 1 1 Total Wght. .1

Heavy Fraction Indiana Hornstone .1 Unprovenienced Light Fraction Bayport 2 2 4 Burlington 5 3 8 Deer Lick Creek 4 4 Flint Ridge 1 2 Indiana Hornstone 5 5 Purple 3 1 4 Unidentified 6 5 11 Total Wght. .4

Feature 11

General sherd 1 body shell cordmarked brown to reddish-brown

Burlington 5 6 12 22.6 Deer Lick Creek 3 2 5 .1 Flint Ridge 2 2 4 .1 Indiana Hornstone 3 2 5 .1 Quartzite 1 1 .1 Unidentified 4 6 5.3

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. North 1/2 Light Fraction Bayport 1 1 Burlington 5 1 6 H.T. Burlington 1 1 Deer Lick Creek 3 2 5 Flint Ridge 3 3 Indiana Hornstone 4 4 Quartzite 1 1 Unidentified 2 7 9 Total Wght. .2

Heavy Fraction Burlington 13 9 22 .4 H.T. Burlington 5 1 6 .1 Deer Lick Creek 5 2 7 .1 Flint Ridge 5 5 .2 Indiana Hornstone 15 8 23 .4 Onandaga 2 1 3 .1 Purple 1 1 2 .1 Quartzite 1 1 .1 Unidentified 27 18 45 .7 South 1/2 Heavy Fraction Burlington 4 5 9 .2 H.T. Burlington 1 1 • 1 Deer Lick Creek 2 2 • X Flint Ridge s 2 2 4 • X Indiana Hornstone 5 5 • X Onandaga 2 2 • X Purple 1 1 • X Upper Mercer 1 1 • X Unidentified 2 11 13 .2

Feature 12

General sherd 1 body large grit unknown black to grayish-brown

Zone A Light Fraction Burlington 3 3 Deer Lick Creek 1 1 Flint Ridge 1 1 Indiana Hornstone 1 1 Total Wght.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Heavy Fraction Bayport 1 1 .1 Burlington 1 1 .1 H.T. Burlington 2 2 .7 Cordel 1 1 2 2.7 Deer lick Creek 1 1 .2 Onandaga 1 1 8.8 Purple 1 1 .1 Unidentified 2 2 .5

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 112

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Cremin, William M. 1980 The Schwerdt Site: A Fifteenth Century Fishing Station on the Kalamazoo River, Southwest Michigan. The Wisconsin Archaeologist. 61:280-291.

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Garland, Elizabeth, ed. 1984 Archaeological Investigations in the Lower St. Joseph River Valley, Berrien County, Michigan; The US-31 Berrien County Freeway Project. National Technical Information Service, Washington, D.C.

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.