An Inventory of the Significant Natural Areas of Cherokee County, North Carolina

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AN INVENTORY OF THE SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREAS OF CHEROKEE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA

Edward Schwartzman

Inventory Biologist

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Office of Land and Water Stewardship Department of Environment and Natural Resources Raleigh, NC

Funding provided by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund and Clean Water Management Trust Fund

December 2014 Cover photograph: Mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata), by Ed Schwartzman AN INVENTORY OF THE SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREAS OF CHEROKEE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA

Edward Schwartzman

Inventory Biologist

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program

Office of Land and Water Stewardship Bryan Gossage, Director Department of Environment and Natural Resources Raleigh, NC

Funding provided by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund and Clean Water Management Trust Fund

December 2014 ABSTRACT

This inventory of the natural areas, biological communities, and rare species of Cherokee County was funded by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund and the Clean Water Management Trust Fund. This inventory identifies the most significant natural areas in the county, describes their features, and documents all natural communities and rare species of plants and animals associated with them. Habitat conditions, natural processes, and threats are also described. The inventory is intended to provide guidance for land use decisions by the land owners, conservation and land management organizations, and interested citizens. Field work was carried out by Ed Schwartzman of the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program during 2010-2013.

Cherokee County is an important area for the biodiversity of North Carolina and the Southern Appalachians. A total of 35 terrestrial and aquatic natural areas are documented in this report. All of these contain important elements of the state’s natural heritage in the form of unique species of plants and animals and natural communities. Of the 35 natural areas, 4 have an Exceptional significance rating and 9 are rated as having Very High significance. Highlights of the county’s natural diversity include the Valley River Mountains and Piercy Range, which contain excellent examples of intact natural communities, principally northern hardwoods, boulderfield forest, and Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens)-dominated communities. Spanning the northern and western edge of Cherokee County are the Snowbird and Unicoi mountains, which comprise a continuous chain of high mountains extending over 40 miles. These mountains contain pockets of calcium-rich rock and allow for the development of highly diverse plant communities, such as cove and rich oak-hickory forest that support several distinctive species not found elsewhere in the county. Cherokee County’s low elevation river valleys are important for the county’s biodiversity and are unique in North Carolina in supporting wildlife species not known elsewhere in the state. Of particular importance to the biodiversity of Cherokee County are the Hiwassee and Valley rivers, which support habitat for several aquatic species that are endangered or threatened in North Carolina.

The county’s natural areas support a broad array of natural communities. The 37 community types documented from Cherokee County include pine and hardwood forests, rock outcrops, seeps, and wetlands. Within these communities are found rare and unusual species of plants and animals. Twenty five species of vascular plants with State- or Federal-listed status have been reported from Cherokee County, including 10 recent discoveries and 3 species that were rediscovered after not having been seen in many years. Cherokee County is home to a rich diversity of wildlife and is one of the most important mountain counties for rare aquatic species. The county’s broad valleys and extensive system of rivers and tributaries provide ample habitat for riparian and aquatic species. There are a total of 49 rare animal species listed for Cherokee County, the bulk of which are aquatic taxa, including 10 mussels, 7 fishes, 4 crustaceans, and an aquatic snail. Rare amphibians are also well-represented in the county, with 7 listed species present. Four species of rare reptiles and 4 rare mammal taxa have also been documented, as well 2 birds and 2 terrestrial invertebrates.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Special thanks go to the following individuals and organizations for their help with the completion of this county inventory, for this effort would not have been possible without them. Thanks goes to the county’s land conservation organization, the Land Trust for the Little Tennessee (LTLT), which assisted with the identification of high priority areas for survey. Thanks goes to the staff of the Nantahala National Forest, for assisting with site identification and access to the county’s public lands. Surveys by the Mountain Wildlife Diversity team and aquatic biologists of the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission provided much of the documentation of rare animals found in the county.

This report would not have been possible were it not for the efforts of many skilled biologists and their prior exploration of Cherokee County. Recent work by the following individuals was particularly useful in completing the inventory: Mike Schafale (N.C. Natural Heritage Program), Gary Kauffman (U.S. Forest Service), Joy O’Keefe (Indiana State University), and Lori Williams (N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission). Wildlife Biologist Reed Rossell dedicated several weeks to the inventory effort and assisted greatly in the documentation of the county’s fauna and many of its natural areas. Special thanks go out to Johnny and Pam Strawn of Hanging Dog Valley Nursery for their valuable advice and support during the survey process. The kind hospitality of John Clark and Karen Hurtubise of Qualla Berry Farm is also greatly appreciated. A number of volunteers kindly provided their time and expertise in assisting with field surveys, including Dr. J.D. Pittillo, Owen Carson (Equinox Environmental), Josh Kelly (Western North Carolina Alliance), and Brent Martin, Jill Gottesman, and Hugh Irvin (The Wilderness Society). Thanks also are extended to the citizens of Cherokee County for providing access to their natural areas and for supporting this effort to document the unique natural diversity that the area possesses. Jame Amoroso, Misty Buchanan, John Finnegan, and Linda Rudd reviewed the draft report and maps and assisted in the production of the final copy.

iii TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Objectives ...... 1 Methods...... 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 6 Climate ...... 6 Topography and Physiography ...... 6 Cherokee County’s Waterways...... 7 Geology and Soils ...... 11 Land Use History ...... 14 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 16 Natural Communities ...... 16 Natural Community Diversity across the Landscape ...... 20 Flora ...... 34 Fauna ...... 40 Natural Areas ...... 47 Areas for Future Study ...... 51 Conservation Options...... 51 BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LAWS ...... 53 Federal Law ...... 53 State Law ...... 54 REFERENCES ...... 55 NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTIONS ...... 58 APPALACHIA LAKE OLD-GROWTH SITE ...... 61 BEAVERS BRANCH WETLAND AND SLOPES ...... 65 BUCK KNOB ...... 69 CAMP CREEK FALLS ...... 73 CAMP CREEK WETLANDS ...... 77 CORUNDUM #3/SNOWBIRD MOUNTAINS ...... 83 DIE BEND/CROWDER BLUFF ...... 89 FARMER TOP...... 95 FIRES CREEK RIDGELINE ...... 99 GIPP CREEK SLOPES/TEYAHALEE BALD ...... 105 HAMBY BEND ...... 111 iv

HANGING DOG CREEK AQUATIC HABITAT...... 117 HANGING DOG MOUNTAIN ...... 121 HIWASSEE CHURCH BLUFFS ...... 125 HIWASSEE LAKE RARE PLANT SITE ...... 129 JOHN GREEN BEND ...... 135 LITTLE BRASSTOWN CREEK FLOODPLAIN ...... 139 LONG RIDGE/UNICOI MOUNTAINS ...... 143 LOWER HIWASSEE RIVER AQUATIC HABITAT...... 147 MOCCASIN MOUNTAIN ...... 151 NORTH SHOAL CREEK FALLS ...... 155 OLD BILLY TOP ...... 159 PACK MOUNTAIN ...... 163 PAYNE MOUNTAIN ...... 167 PEELS HIGH TOP/CANTRELL TOP ...... 171 PIERCY BALD/LONDON BALD...... 177 PIERCY RANGE/KENNEDY TOP...... 181 ROCKY FORD BEAVER MARSH ...... 187 ROCKY KNOB/DAVIS CREEK HEADWATERS ...... 191 SHULER CREEK WETLAND COMPLEX ...... 197 TURNER TOP ...... 201 UPPER HIWASSEE RIVER AQUATIC HABITAT ...... 205 VALLEY RIVER AQUATIC HABITAT ...... 209 WESTERN VALLEY RIVER MOUNTAINS ...... 213 WILL SCOTT MOUNTAIN ...... 219 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES ...... 222

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Representational Value Rating Categories for Natural Areas based on Element Occurrences...... 3 Table 2. Collective Value Point Scoring for Each G-Rank and S-Rank Combination ...... 4 Table 3. Collective Value Ratings ...... 5 Table 4. Natural Communities of Cherokee County, NC with State and Global Ranks ...... 18 Table 5. Rare Plant Species Documented for Cherokee County, NC ...... 36 Table 6. Rare Animal Species Documented for Cherokee County, NC ...... 42 Table 7. Natural Areas of Cherokee County ...... 49

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Towns and Principal Highways, and Neighboring North Carolina Counties of Cherokee County, North Carolina ...... 9 Figure 2. Principal Rivers and Lakes of Cherokee County, North Carolina ...... 10 Figure 3. Major Geologic Formations of Cherokee County, North Carolina ...... 13 Figure 4. Natural Areas of Cherokee County, North Carolina ...... 50

INTRODUCTION Objectives

The Cherokee County Inventory was undertaken to catalog and describe the county’s most notable Natural Areas. These are landscapes in relatively undisturbed natural condition that support populations of ecologically significant of plants and animals and noteworthy natural communities. Many of these areas contain rare species, unique combinations of plants and animals, or geologic features that make these sites worthy of conservation and protection. The integrity and extent of these natural areas are principal factors in the protection of water and air quality, sustenance of wildlife populations and biodiversity, and maintaining natural beauty and attractiveness of our landscape. Despite the importance of these resources, the ability of the land to provide these values is increasingly compromised by environmental change through change in land use, as well as broader changes to our environment and climate. This inventory provides an accounting of Cherokee County’s natural areas and is intended to serve land trusts, local governments, and private citizens as a tool to support protection of these areas. Conservation options available to landowners are detailed in the Landowner Protection Options section.

The document is comprised of two major sections that describe the natural areas and diversity of Cherokee County. The initial section lays out the methods used to carry out the inventory and provides a description of the county’s environmental setting, flora and fauna, and natural communities. The most prominent findings of the inventory and priorities for land protection are described in this section. The second section contains a description and map for each natural area, organized by geographic section of the county. Figures and tables accompanying the text describe the county’s natural features, the location of natural areas, as well as the flora, fauna, and natural communities of the county.

Methods

The inventory was accomplished using the methods established by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP), a program of the Office of Land and Water Stewardship within the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The NCNHP maintains the primary database and geographic information on elements of the state’s biodiversity including rare species, exemplary natural community types, and Natural Areas. County inventories are one of the primary means for collecting and organizing this information and making it available to the public.

The author initiated the Cherokee County Inventory in spring of 2010 and carried out field work during the spring, summer, and autumn of 2010-2013. Potential survey areas were determined by NCNHP staff in consultation with local resource professionals and organizations, such as the Land Trust for the Little Tennessee, and as well as many of the individuals cited in the Acknowledgments section. Survey areas were selected from a review of 1:24,000 USGS topographic quad maps, aerial photography, geological and soil maps, and based on pre-existing information on the county’s natural areas. A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modeling

1 exercise was employed to identify potential survey features, including obvious rock outcrops, possible wetland locations, and river bluff features. Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data and the U.S. Forest Service Continuous Inventory of Stand Condition (CISC) database were used to identify potential areas of very mature/old growth forest and particular forest types such as yellow-pine-dominated communities. Public and private lands were visited, though surveys were only carried out on private land with explicit landowner permission.

Primary field work was conducted by the author and volunteers from several agencies, the land trusts, and members of the local community. Significant natural features such as rock outcrops, stream corridors, wetlands, and mature forest were inventoried and observations were recorded on the vegetation and wildlife, natural community condition, any rare species or potential habitat present, and other general site characteristics. The location of these features was recorded with a Global Positioning Systems (GPS) unit, and this information formed the basis of the site descriptions and maps in the second section of this document. A small body of preexisting work on Cherokee County’s natural areas has been generated by previous researchers, including U.S. Forest Service (U.S.F.S.) biologists, and this work has been incorporated within this document.

Natural areas were mapped to include the most ecologically significant natural features observed during field visits, and site boundaries were derived from ground surveys with GPS in combination with aerial photography interpretation. Some previously delineated site boundaries were expanded by the author, reflecting the results of recent field visits. Once all the sites were inventoried, they were then ranked according to a prescribed formula established by the NCNHP and documented below.

Criteria used to determine the significance of various sites include the quality, rarity, and significance of natural community types and rare species occurrences, as well as the overall integrity of the site and areas surrounding it. The significance of the natural areas in the county were rated as Exceptional, Very High, High, Moderate, or General, using a rating system developed by NCNHP according to standards set by NatureServe. For sites that merit recognition as natural areas, natural communities and rare species were described using report formats developed by NCNHP. Site boundary and rare species locational information is maintained by NCNHP in a GIS database. The information is also kept at the Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (CGIA) in Raleigh. Data records for each site, as well as each natural community and rare species occurrence, are retained in the Biotics database at NCNHP headquarters in Raleigh.

Evaluation of Site Significance

The significance of natural areas in this report was evaluated using a standard method for evaluating and rating natural areas, which takes into account the quality, rarity, and number of occurrences of natural elements (i.e., rare plants and animal species and significant examples of natural communities).

Each natural area receives two significance ratings, which measure different values: 1. Representational Value (from R1-R5) rates each natural area on its importance in protecting the best occurrences of individual natural heritage elements.

2. Collective Value (from C1-C5) rates each natural area on the basis of the number and rarity of the elements it contains.

Representational Value

NCNHP uses several factors to determine which Natural Areas contain the best extant natural occurrences of each element. These include Element Occurrence (EO) rank, which assesses the quality and condition of each occurrence, and global rarity rank (or G rank), which is a measure of rarity as well the imperilment on a global level, both developed by NatureServe. Based on these variables, the relative importance rank for each occurrence is assigned using the categories listed in Table 1 below.

Collectively, these natural areas make up a portfolio representing the best sites for each element tracked by NCNHP. Each of the natural areas is thus rated according to the importance of the element occurrences contained within the site.

Table 1. Representational Value Rating Categories for Natural Areas based on Element Occurrences. Representational Definition Defining EO Importance Value Rating G1-G2 G3-G5

R1 (Exceptional) Site contains one of the best two1st or 2nd -- examples of G1 or G2 Elements. nd R2 (Very High) Site contains the rd or 3 th 4 best 3rd or 4th 1st or 2 examples in the state of G1-G2 Elements, and/or one of the best two examples of other Elements. th R3 (High) Site contains the th to 5 th 8 best 5th to 8th 3rd to 6 examples in the state of G1-G2 Elements and/or the rd 3 to 6th best occurrences of any - G3G5 Element within it. th R4 (Moderate) Site contains site contains the 9th to12th 9th to 12th 7th to 10 best examples in the state of G1-G2 Elements within it and/or the 7th to 10th best occurrences of G3 any- G5 Element within it. R5 (General) Site contains one of the 30 13th best to 30th 11th to 30th examples in the state of Elements within it that do not qualify for categories R1-R4.

To determine Representational Value Scores, the NCNHP database is queried for occurrences (EOs) for each element occurring within a natural area. Natural areas are rated on the basis of the quality of the EOs they contain. The element occurrence with the highest importance value in the site determines the natural area significance rating. For example, a site that contains 3 element occurrences may have one that is the 8th best example of a G4 element (yielding an R4 for that

3 element), one that is the 5th best of a G2 element (yielding an R3 for that element), and one that is the 2nd best example of a G5 element (yielding an R2 for that element). Therefore, the overall Representational Value rating of the site is R2 (Very High), based on the highest element importance score of any of the elements; this element is called the “defining element” for the site.

Element Collective Value

The Element Collective Value Rating for each site sums the number of elements at a given site, and the rarity of those elements, weighted by their degree of imperilment at both the global level (G-Rank) and just within North Carolina (S-Rank) (Table 2).

The imperilment scores are assigned to each extant element occurrence on a 10-point scale, based on their combination of G-Ranks and S-Ranks as shown in Table 3. The highest scores are given to elements that are considered imperiled at both the global (G1) and state (S1) levels with successively smaller scores given to elements that are considered more secure (G5S5 being considered secure at both the global and state levels).

Table 2. Collective Value Point Scoring for Each G-Rank and S-Rank Combination. G-Rank S-Rank Element Score G1 S1 10 G2 S1 9 G2 S2 8 G3 S1 7 G3 S2 6 G3 S3 5 G4/G5 S1 4 G4/G5 S2 3 G4/G5 S3 2 G4/G5 S4/S5 1

For each site, the scores for occurrences of each element are added to give the final “Collective Value Score” for the site. (For example, if a site has four elements: a G2S2, a G3S1, a G5S1, and a G5S3, it scores: 8 + 7 + 4 + 2 = 21 points.) The total scores are divided into 5 Categories of “site significance”: Exceptional (C1 rating), Very High (C2 rating), High (C3 rating), Moderate (C4 rating), and General (C5 rating). From Table 3 (below), a site that scores 21 points, as in the example above, is given a Moderate (C4) Collective Value rating.

Table 3. Collective Value Ratings. Minimum Number of Collective Value Rating Cumulative Element Score Elements C1 (Exceptional ) 91 and above 10 C2 (Very High) 61-90 7 C3 (High) 31-60 4 C4 (Moderate) 11-30 2 C5 (General) 2-10 1

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

Cherokee County is located in the far southwestern corner of the mountains of North Carolina. The county borders Georgia to the south and Tennessee to the west and adjoins Graham, Clay, and Macon counties to the north and east. Weatherman Bald in the Valley River Mountain range is the highest point in the county at 5,045 feet, and the lowest point lies at approximately 1,160 feet above sea level where the Hiwassee River flows west into Tennessee. The county encompasses a total area of 298,866 acres.

Major highways that cross Cherokee County include US 64 and US 19/74/129. These major roads merge in Murphy, then continue westward towards Tennessee. US 129 and NC 60 veer south from Murphy towards Georgia, and NC 294 extends west into Tennessee (Figure 1). Cherokee is the 71st most populous county in North Carolina, with 27,444 inhabitants (2010 census). Murphy is the county seat, with 1,627 full-time residents; and Andrews is the largest town, with 1,781 full-time residents. Climate

Cherokee County receives more precipitation than the North Carolina average, however it is relatively dry in comparison to its moist neighbors in the southwestern corner of the state. Fifty- seven inches of rain fall each year on average in Murphy in the center of the county, while Andrews in the eastern edge of the county is considerably wetter, receiving 66 inches of rain on average each year. Rainfall appears to be greater in higher elevations of the county. A comparison of precipitation data between Murphy and Teyahalee Bald during the 1948-1961 period (years of the Teyahalee’s station active operation), indicates that the bald received 15 more inches of rain per year on average than Murphy during this time period. Snowfall is relatively light in the area with an average of approximately 4 inches of snow per year falling in Murphy and 5 inches in Andrews.

The climate of Cherokee County is characterized by temperate winters and warm summers. Mean annual temperature is 56.1° F in Murphy with a minimum mean January temperature of 26.5° F and a July mean maximum of 86° F. Topography and Physiography

Cherokee County is characterized by broad river valleys surrounded by prominent mountain ranges. The Valley River Mountains and the Piercy Range form a large massif along the southern edge of the county, bordering Macon and Clay counties. The Snowbird and Unicoi mountain ranges separate Cherokee from neighboring Graham County, North Carolina, and from Monroe County, Tennessee to the north. The southwestern corner of the county has a notable unnamed range of mountains that extend south into Georgia and west into Tennessee, sometimes referred to as the Pack Mountains. The Valley River and Hiwassee River flow through broad valleys in the eastern part of the county, and then merge just west of Murphy, where they are impounded as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority hydroelectric lake system. The impounded Hiwassee River (Hiwassee Lake and Appalachia Lake) snakes through the western part of the county. Here

the Nottely River flows north from Georgia to join the Hiwassee. The broad, straight valley of the Valley River, and the straight, parallel mountain faces on either side of it, are strikingly different from the meandering valleys and occasional broader basins in most parts of western North Carolina.

The county is located on the western edge of the Blue Ridge physiographic province not far from the transition to the Ridge and Valley province in Georgia and Tennessee. In general, in Cherokee County, one can see a resemblance of the area’s geomorphology to the nearby Ridge and Valley Province. West of Murphy the topographic relief patterns begin to resemble the characteristic shape of the Ridge and Valley, with a series of long, narrow ridges trending along a southwest to northeast axis. Examples of this geomorphological pattern can be seen along Hanging Dog Mountain, the ridge extending from Radford Top to Lake Hiwassee, Long Ridge near the northwestern edge of the county, and an unnamed ridge to the northwest of Long Ridge that forms the Tennessee state line.

The Hiwassee River is the principal river in the county, which forms a major tributary of the Tennessee River. The Valley River and Nottely River are the primary tributaries to the Hiwassee River. Of the several mountain ranges in Cherokee County, the Valley River Mountains are the highest in the county. Extending from the Macon/Cherokee County line in the east, all along the rim of Fires Creek watershed in Clay County, the Valley River range eventually dissipates east of Murphy where the Hiwassee River cuts across the county. The northern face of the Valley River Mountains in Cherokee County is quite steep and relatively undeveloped. The Piercy Range is a subsidiary range of the Valley River Mountains, quite similar to the latter, and is separated from it by Junaluska Creek. The Snowbird Mountains and Unicoi Mountains form a continuous band of high mountains that separate the Hiwassee River Valley from the Little Tennessee basin to the north. Grassy Top is the highest point along the Unicoi Mountain range (4,979 feet), while Teyahalee Bald is the highest point in the Snowbirds at 4,716 feet. The Pack Range, a small cluster of mountains in the southwestern corner of the county, contains prominent peaks, such as Pack Mountain, Payne Mountain, and Angelico Mountain (Figure 2). Cherokee County’s Waterways

All of the county’s major waterways are flat rivers with broad floodplains that are now primarily in agricultural use. The Valley River in particular is a landscape dedicated to agriculture, with pastoral views bordered by the Snowbird Mountains to the north and the Valley River Mountains to the south. The Hiwassee also supports an agricultural landscape until reaching Murphy, where the impounded section begins and is bordered mostly by National Forest. The shores of Hiwassee Lake are buffered by mature forest communities as well as occasional rocky bluffs and cliff systems. The lake backs up water into many of the tributary creeks, creating artificial marshy areas on Persimmon Creek, Chambers Creek, and Beech Creek. Naturally occurring wetlands were once present along some of the principal creeks feeding the Hiwassee River and, though affected by agricultural development, persist to some degree along Peachtree Creek, Martin’s Creek, and Little Brasstown Creek. The Nottely River is one of the larger tributaries that flow north from Georgia to meet the Hiwassee. The Nottely has some notable sections of rocky river bed, river bluffs, and forested habitat along its length, including examples of well- developed alluvial forest. Shuler Creek is another high quality tributary to the Hiwassee that supports wetlands and areas of alluvial forest. The Valley River is fed by high gradient streams

that flow off of the Snowbird and Valley River Mountains to the north and south. While Cherokee County does not boast the tremendous waterfalls common to other NC mountain counties, there are significant falls or cascades on North Shoals Creek, South Shoals Creek, and several other tributaries to the Hiwassee River.

± Tennessee Graham County

Andrews ¤£19 Macon £19 County Cherokee County ¤

9 ¤£19

294 «¬141 «¬ Murphy

¤£64 19 ¤£ ¤£64 ¤£64 Clay County ¤£64

19 «¬60 ¤£

0 5 10 Miles Georgia

Figure 1. Towns, Principal Highways, and Neighboring Counties of Cherokee, North Carolina. ± Tennessee Graham County

Unicoi Mountains Snowbird Mountains Macon Valley River County Piercy Range Apalachia Lake Hiwassee Lake 10 Valley River Mountains

Hiwassee River

Pack Range Clay County

Nottely River

0 5 10 Miles Georgia NC OneMap, NC Center for Geographic Information and Analysis; NC Dept. of Transportation - GIS Unit; NC Floodplain Mapping Program Figure 2. Principal Mountain Ranges, River, and Lakes of Cherokee County, North Carolina. Geology and Soils

Cherokee County is spanned by two major geologic formations: the the Murphy Belt and the Great Smoky Group. The county has a unique reputation in North Carolina, geologically speaking, as the home to a once active marble mining industry. The county still bears the imprint of the mining industry, as the evidenced by the once-bustling town of Marble, which was a major center of marble quarrying and extraction.

The Murphy Belt is comprised of several beds of lightly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of similar age, formed into a large downward fold known as the Murphy Syncline. This feature extends from north Georgia, all the way through Cherokee County, and into Graham and Swain counties in the Nantahala Gorge. Depending on the classification, the rocks of the syncline are divided into several formations derived from metamorphosed sediments laid down during the Cambrian Period which are further subdivided into several units. Because the different formations have different characteristics, they are important to variations in topography, soils, and ecology in different parts of the county.

The Murphy Marble Belt is the most notable of the rock units that comprise the Murphy Syncline. Named in honor of the county seat, the Marble Belt runs the length of the county, extending to Bryson City, NC in the northeast. This formation has been one of the major sources for marble, talc, and crushed limestone in North Carolina. Though interesting biota and natural areas are expected to be associated with such a calcareous formation, much of the marble lies buried beneath alluvium and, in many areas, is heavily developed in agricultural lands, roads, and residential areas. Some marble quarrying still takes place along the belt in Cherokee County and particularly in nearby Swain County.

The Brasstown Schist Formation lies parallel to the Murphy Marble Belt within the Murphy Syncline. Brasstown Schist is comprised of slate-like pelitic rocks, siltstone, quartz-based sandstone, and occasional graphitic schist. The Mineral Bluff Formation also makes up part of the syncline, and primarily lies to the south of the Marble Belt. Comprised of quartzite and variety of schists, the Mineral Bluff Formation is further subdivided by some geologists into several units. The Nantahala Formation is the outermost layer of the Murphy Belt, making contact with the older rocks of the Great Smoky Group. The Nantahala Formation is composed of thin-bedded rocks, such as metasandtone, sulfidic rock, and fragile, crumbly slates. Calc- silicate material is also occasionally mixed with the slates. Exposures of the Nantahala Formation often form rocky glade communities and are found in a number of natural areas on the slopes above the Hiwassee River.

The Murphy Belt is surrounded by the Great Smoky Group, primarily on the western side of the county. The Great Smoky Group is part of the Ocoee Series, a group of formations that were originally laid down as terrestrial sediments in rift basins during the Precambrian Era and later metamorphosed into schistose metasedimentary rocks. The Wehutty Formation, the Copperhill Formation, and the Dean Formation are prominent units of the Great Smoky Group and are comprised of varying grades of schist with lesser amounts of metagraywacke and conglomerates. Rocks of the Great Smoky Group are frequently planar in structure and may contain abundant sulfides, a property which can produce harmful acidic runoff when the rock is exposed to

11 oxidization and leaching. The Wehutty and Copperhill formations cover the majority of western Cherokee County, and the latter contains nodes of calc-silicate material that produce rich soils and unusual vegetation. Figure 3 depicts the locations of the major geologic formations in Cherokee County.

12 ± Tennessee Graham County

Macon County 13

Amphibolite Andrews Formation/Murphy Marble Brasstown Formation Copper Hill Formation Copper Hill Slate Dean Formation Grassy Branch Formation Hughes Gap Formation Mineral Bluff Formation Nantahala Formation Sandstone, graywacke, and siltstone Wehutty Formation

0 5 10 Miles Georgia

Figure 3. Major Geological Formations of Cherokee, North Carolina. Land Use History

Cherokee County was the home of the Valley Towns, one of the major areas of settlement for the Cherokee Indians. The Cherokee lived in several major towns along the Valley River and Hiwassee River in Cherokee County, including Konehetee (present-day Andrews), Little Telliquo (between present-day Andrews and Murphy), and Nottelly (present-day town of Ranger). Several prominent landmarks in the county are associated with Cherokee cosmogony, including Tlanusi (the Leach Place) near Murphy and Teyahalee or Joanna Bald, known as the Lizard Place or Diya’hal’yi by the Cherokee. Indian mounds were historically recorded and studied in the area and still persist in parts of the county, including remnants of the famous Peachtree Mound. Some of the artifacts associated with the mounds predate the Cherokee and place human settlement in the valley as far back as 8,000 years ago.

During the early exploration of the southern mountains and the colonial period, the Valley Towns were visited by Europeans, including De Soto and Alexander Cumings. By the late colonial period, relations between settlers and the Cherokee had soured and British and American militia led incursions into the region destroying and sacking Cherokee towns. The military campaign led by General Rutherford in 1776 culminated in the destruction of dozens of Cherokee settlements, including several Valley Towns. As conflict simmered and the Cherokee continued to lose territory to whites for the next several decades, the Valley Towns remained a population center for the Cherokee. However, in 1838, the Cherokee were forcibly dislodged and removed from the area by the U.S. during the Trail of Tears. The major route for the Cherokee removal, the Unicoi Turnpike, is today Joe Brown Highway, one of the county’s principal arteries. Another historic path, Tatham Gap Road, along which Cherokee from Robbinsville were marched for removal, is still a maintained road used by the U.S. Forest Service today. Though the majority of the Cherokee population was removed, some Cherokee managed to hide out or were sheltered and later resumed habitation in the county.

Following the Trail of Tears, Cherokee County was officially formed in 1839 from the once- larger Macon County. Lands were raffled off to settlers, who quickly settled the county. The present-day county seat of Murphy was founded in 1835, site of the first post office in the county. Andrews was founded in the late 1890s when the railroad came to Cherokee County and promoted the development of a robust timber industry. Andrews became a hub of timber and tannery operations at this time. The Andrews Lumber Company, the Graham County Lumber Company, and the Kanahawa Hardwood Company were major timber operators in Cherokee and parts of Graham County. The timber companies promoted the development of railroads into remote areas to extract the timber and fed the growing tannery industry. After several decades of commercial forestry, significant portions of the county’s mountain land were sold to the U.S. Forest Service beginning in 1920 and are now managed as the Tusquitee District of the Nantahala National Forest.

Mining historically has been an important industry in Cherokee County. Regal Marble Company began extracting marble from quarries in the Murphy Marble Belt in the early 1900s. Marble and talc extraction has continued in Cherokee County since that time, though the industry has diminished in recent years.

14 Cherokee County’s landscape was forever changed by one of the region’s major pushes for development, the damming of rivers to form Tennessee Valley Authority’s hydroelectric projects. Hiwassee Lake was dammed in 1938, providing electricity for the county and drastically altering the landscape of the county.

Cherokee County currently supports a diverse economy based on agriculture, industry, and tourism. Agricultural products include cattle and corn raised both on larger farms on the Valley River and smaller farms throughout the county. Several manufacturing industries provide economic output and jobs to hundreds of county residents. Tourism plays a role in the local economy with Hiwassee Lake being the most prominent attraction. In recent years, real estate and second home development have also become drivers of the economy, as many out-of-state visitors have settled in the area or bought vacation homes. The recent economic downturn temporarily stalled the housing boom in the county.

At present, 31% of the county’s land is managed as part of the Nantahala National Forest. Another 7% of the county’s lands are in trust with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. A relatively small area is conserved by the state Clean Water Management Trust Fund as well the Land Trust for the Little Tennessee. Approximately 3% of county land around Hiwassee Lake, Appalachia Lake, and their tributaries is owned and managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority. An analysis of 2006 land use in the county shows the area is primarily forested (86%), with 6% in agricultural or open land use, 5% developed, and 3% scrub/shrub, open water, or other land use.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Natural Communities

The natural diversity of Cherokee County is reflected in the variety and composition of its natural communities (Table 4). Natural communities refer to assemblages of plants in a specific physiographic, topographic, and geological setting. Natural communities are distinguished from plant or animal communities by taking into account the abiotic factors of the environments that shape them. The natural communities in this document are described in accordance with Guide to the Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina (Fourth Approximation) (Schafale 2012). The Natural Heritage Program promotes the protection of the most intact, highest quality natural communities, and the presence of intact natural communities is a key component in the identification and assessment of natural areas. Study and analysis of natural communities provide an important tool for guiding restoration of degraded landscapes. In summary, mapping and tracking of communities is essential to support conservation, protection, restoration, and management of natural areas and the unique features that they contain.

Natural communities are significant in that they represent recurring associations of plants and animals that occur across the landscape. Besides representing different ecosystem properties, these associations are the best way of protecting most of the species – those that are too common to track individually, and those that are too poorly known to track. These communities often contain specifically adapted rare species, whose location can often be estimated by understanding natural communities. Natural communities are the reservoirs for many common species of wildlife that are dependent upon specific habitat, such as the Carolina scorpion (Vaejovis carolinensis) that relies on rocky forest habitat in Cherokee County or the uncommon brown-headed nuthatch (Sitta pusilla), which is dependent on low elevation pine forests for its mountain habitat. In order to assess the quality of natural communities, the degree of naturalness and intactness are considered. Factors that are used to evaluate community condition include maturity of forested ecosystems, vegetation composition and structure, presence or lack of nonnative species, the extent of the natural communities, and the landscape context of natural areas. We seek examples of natural communities that show the least alteration by modern human actions, and which most resemble what would be present without them. While in most cases this means minimal management, in some cases, certain kinds of management are necessary to reverse the effects of other alterations. In particular, some natural communities depend on fire, and prescribed burning is needed to replace the wild fires that no longer occur. Where nonnative species have been introduced and have become invasive, active removal of them may be needed to promote more natural conditions.

This inventory found a total of 37 distinct kinds of natural communities, classified according to Schafale (2012). Cherokee County is unique in having an abundance of low elevation montane natural communities, while at the same time harboring many of the typical high mountain communities found in neighboring counties to the east. At the highest elevations, for example in the Valley River, Unicoi Mountains, and Piercy Range, there are typical high mountain communities such as those found in the eastern and central Blue Ridge, including High Elevation Rocky Summit, Granitic Dome, High Elevation Red Oak Forest, and even Northern Hardwood

Forest. At lower elevations, Cherokee County is home to some of the best remaining examples of natural communities typical of low montane river valleys of the Blue Ridge, such as Low Mountain Pine Forest, Low Elevation Seeps, and unique Low Elevation Basic Glades. The abundance and well-developed nature of these low elevation montane communities reflects the ecological influence of the Ridge and Valley and Interior Low Plateau physiographic regions to the west.

Table 4. Natural Communities of Cherokee County, NC with State and Global Ranks. Rank Ecological Grouping State Global

High Elevation Communities High Elevation Birch Boulderfield Forest S2 G3 High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Orchard Forest Subtype) S2 G2 High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Typic Herb Subtype) S3 G4 Northern Hardwood Forest (Typic Subtype) S3 G3G4

Rock Outcrop Communities High Elevation Granitic Dome S3 G2G3 High Elevation Rocky Summit S2 G2 Low Elevation Basic Glade (Montane Subtype) S2 G2 Montane Cliff (Acidic Herb Subtype) S3 G3G4 Spray Cliff S2 G2

Low and Mid-Elevation Dry-Mesic Forests and Woodlands Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) S4 G5 Canada Hemlock Forest (Typic Subtype) S1S2 G3G4 Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype) S5 G5 Chestnut Oak Forest (Herb Subtype) S4 G4G5 Chestnut Oak Forest (Mesic Subtype) S3S4 G4 Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype) S2? G3G4 Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype) S2 G2G3 Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) S4S5 G4G5 Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) S3 G3 Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype) S2 G2G3 Pine-Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype) S3 G3 Rich Cove Forest (Boulderfield Subtype) S2 G3 Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype) S4 G4 Rich Cove Forest (Foothills Intermediate Subtype) S3 G4? Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) S3 G3G4 Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest S1S2 G3G4 White Pine Forest S2 G2G3 River Floodplains Floodplain Pool S2 G3 Montane Alluvial Forest (Large River Subtype) S1 G2? Montane Alluvial Forest (Small River Subtype) S1 G3 Montane Floodplain Slough Forest S1 G1 Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment (Mountain S3S4 G3 Marsh Subtype)

Rank Ecological Grouping State Global Bogs and Seeps Low Elevation Seep (Floodplain Subtype) S2 G4 Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype) S2S3 G2G3 Low Elevation Seep (Piedmont/Mountain Springhead Subtype) S1 G2 Low Elevation Seep (Typic Subtype) S3 G3? Rich Montane Seep S3 G3 Southern Appalachian Bog (Low Elevation Subtype) S1S2 G1G2

EXPLANATION OF RANK CODES FOR NATURAL COMMUNITIES

N.C. RANK S1 = Critically imperiled in North Carolina because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state. S2 = Imperiled in North Carolina because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state. S3 = Rare or uncommon in North Carolina. S4 = Apparently secure in the state. S5 = Demonstrably secure in the state. S? = Rank uncertain. SNR = State Not Ranked. This is generally a newly identified element, for which a rank has not yet been assigned.

GLOBAL RANK G1 = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. G3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. G4 = Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. G5 = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts, especially at the periphery. T = The rank of a subtype. As an example, G5T1 would apply to a subtype of a community with an overall rank of G5, but the subtype warranting a rank of G1. ? = unranked, or rank uncertain.

An S or G rank involving two numbers indicates uncertainty of rank. For instance, a G2G3 rank indicates that the species appears to warrant either a G2 or a G3 ranking, but that existing data do not allow that determination to be made. Status and rank codes were derived from the database of the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (2014).

19 Natural Community Diversity across the Landscape

The diversity of natural communities across the landscape is strongly influenced by the complexity of abiotic factors present, such as elevation, topography, aspect, slope, moisture, and underlying geology. Cherokee County’s varied suite of natural communities is a reflection of its unique geologic and topographic setting. For example, the highest elevations of Cherokee County support vegetation patterns similar to other high mountain regions of Western North Carolina. Pockets of Northern Hardwood Forest and swaths of High Elevation Red Oak Forest line the coves, ridges, and slopes of the county’s highest mountain ranges. In contrast to other areas, however, red spruce (Picea rubra) and Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) are absent from the county’s historical natural vegetation because of Cherokee County’s southerly position on the western edge of the Blue Ridge. In addition, due to the lack of granitic geology and erosion- resistant rock in the area, the higher elevations in the county have limited outcrops, granitic domes, and rocky summits that are so characteristic of the eastern and central Blue Ridge.

The lower elevations of Cherokee County are characterized by the low montane river valleys of the three principal rivers and their tributaries. The valleys and the adjoining hills and low mountains share some geological and ecological similarities with the Piedmont and the Ridge and Valley physiographic provinces of Georgia and the distant Interior Low Plateau to the west. These similarities are particularly expressed in the prominence of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) within the low elevation natural communities, such as Low Mountain Pine Forest and Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest, of which Cherokee County has some of the best examples in North Carolina. The distinctive nature of the county’s low elevation natural communities is further manifested in the presence of associated plants and animals that are disjunct from the Piedmont and Coastal Plain and are elsewhere uncommon in the Blue Ridge. Examples of these disjunct species include the presence of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) within cove forest and the occurrence of birds such as red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), brown- headed nuthatch (Sitta pusilla), and summer tanager (Piranga rubra), which are more typical of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. The flatter topography typical of Cherokee County’s broad river valleys also supports areas of alluvial forest, as well as a high degree of wetland formation and the development of wetland types that are uncommon at higher elevations, including Floodplain Pools, Low Elevation Seeps, Montane Floodplain Slough Forest, and Montane Alluvial Forest.

The distinct effects of the area’s unique geology and geomorphology can be seen, for example, in the metasedimentary Valley River Mountains. This range exhibits a very characteristic pattern of upturned schistose rock outcrops with a similar strike and dip along many of its north-trending ridges. Associated with these ridgeline outcrops are many of the county’s best stands of Appalachian endemic Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens). The underlying geology of the Murphy Belt is also associated with distinctive ecological patterns. The Nantahala Formation, a component of the Murphy Belt, extends along a southwesterly to northeasterly axis and is exposed in several places along the Hiwassee River. The resulting exposures of metasandtone, slates, and calc-silicate material support a series of steep, vegetated glades (Low Elevation Basic Glades) along the river, which are some of the most interesting natural features in the county. The Nantahala Formation also underlies the lower – mid slopes of the Valley River Mountains and the ridgeline of the Snowbird Mountains and is the likely substrate upon which some of the

county’s most botanically diverse forests are formed. A description of the natural communities found in Cherokee county follows.

High Elevation Communities

Several areas of High Elevation Birch Boulderfield Forest occur in the Unicoi Mountains. These patch communities have boulders covering the ground surface, likely the result of colluvial deposits from past landslides. Some canopy trees are present among the boulders, including yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis), red oak (Quercus rubra), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and occasional Watch List butternut (Juglans cinerea). Shrubs, including eastern gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), running strawberry-bush (Euonymus obovata), and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), are common. Vines, such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), summer grape (Vitis aestivalis), pipevine (Aristolochia macrophylla), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), cover much of the community. A number of herbs grow on top of and between boulders. Common species include zigzag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), and crinkle-root (Cardamine diphylla). A small patch of Significantly Rare northern starflower (Trientalis borealis) grows in a High Elevation Birch Boulderfield.

At the highest elevations of Cherokee County’s mountain ranges, such as around Weatherman Bald in the Valley River Mountains, High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Orchard Forest Subtype) is present. This forest has a stunted canopy of red oak (Quercus rubra) with a fairly open understory of scattered American beech (Fagus grandifolia) saplings and southern mountain highbush cranberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum). A well-developed herb layer includes wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), Carolina lily (Lilium michauxii), hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), and especially Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), which forms solid patches under the stunted canopy. This community is the only known location in the county for the Southern Appalachian endemic, red-legged salamander (Plethodon shermani), which appears to be on the edge of its range here.

More typical red oak forest, High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Typic Subtype) has a medium – tall canopy with a diverse understory and shrub layer. Understory trees and shrubs, including striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), mountain holly (Ilex montana), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), maple-leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), and flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), are very common along with evergreen heaths such as rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia). The herb layer includes plants such as New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Joe-Pye-weed (Eutrochium purpureum), Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), filmy angelica (Angelica triquinata), and whorled nodding-aster (Oclemena acuminata). High Elevation Red Oak Forest, along with other high- elevation forest, provides excellent habitat for breeding migratory birds such as black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), and blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius). Black bears (Ursus americanus) are frequent denizens of this community, and their scat and signs of foraging can often be observed.

Excellent examples of Northern Hardwood Forest (Typic Subtype) occur in the steep, north- facing coves above 4000 feet. Some of these stands are in very mature condition and occur over rocky, boulder-dominated substrates. A diverse canopy contains yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), white ash (Fraxinus americana), red oak (Quercus rubra), beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), and black cherry (Prunus serotina). Mountain maple (Acer spicatum) and silverbell (Halesia tetraptera) are common understory trees. The shrub layer is comprised of high elevation species, such as southern mountain highbush cranberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum), red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense), eastern gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), and witch-hobble (Viburnum lantanoides). A well-developed herb layer contains Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), Blue Ridge white heart-leaved aster (Eurybia chlorolepis), rosy twisted-stalk (Streptopus roseus), Virginia waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), woodfern (Dryopteris spp.), fragile fern (Cystopteris protrusa), and Canada violet (Viola canadensis). The Watch List water-fan lichen (Peltigera venosa) and Watch List winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) are known from this community .

Rock Outcrop Communities

A High Elevation Granitic Dome, comprised of smooth, fine-grained metasedimentary rock that resembles gneiss or granite, is present on a north-facing slope in the Unicois. The outcrop has sparse cover of woody plants with the exception of briars and occasional bush honeysuckle (Diervilla sessilifolia). Herbs typical of granitic outcrops, such as mountain dwarf-dandelion (Krigia montana), Michaux’s saxifrage (Hydatica petiolaris), Atlantic goldenrod (Solidago arguta), and rock polypody (Polypodium appalachianum), are common. A large patch of Watch List Biltmore sedge (Carex biltmoreana) grows on this dome outcrop, the only known locality for this plant in Cherokee County and possibly at the edge of its range.

A large High Elevation Rocky Summit (Typic Subtype), consisting of broken rock slabs dominated by a mix of woody and herbaceous plants, occurs in the Unicoi Mountains. Scattered woody plants include Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), white ash (Fraxinus americana), hickory (Carya sp.), and serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea). Watch List hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum) and Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) are common shrubs, and a variety of dry-xeric outcrop plants are present on the summit, such as oat-grass (Danthonia spicata), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricata), smooth rock-cress (Arabis laevigata), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). Common ravens (Corvus corax) are frequently observed around the summit and may roost amongst the outcrops.

Low Elevation Basic Glades (Montane Subtype) are rocky bluffs situated on steep slopes above river valleys and around Hiwassee Lake. Many of these outcrops occur on gradual slopes and are predominantly vegetated with herbaceous plants and scattered trees and shrubs. These glades have a broken canopy of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), post oak (Quercus stellata), Biltmore ash (Fraxinus biltmoreana), sand hickory (Carya pallida), hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), winged elm (Ulmus alata), and occasional red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Common understory/shrub species include sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), horse-sugar (Symplocos

tinctoria), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana), winged sumac (Rhus copallina), hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), and hill cane (Arundinaria appalachiana). The herb layer is extremely diverse and particularly replete with legumes and composites. Typical species include upland boneset (Eupatorium sessilifolium), roundleaf thoroughwort (E. rotundifolium), hairy leaf-cup (Smallanthus uvedalia), wild kidney bean (Phaseolus polystachios), tick-trefoil (Desmodium spp.), pencil flower (Stylosanthes biflora), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), giant plume grass (Saccharum giganteum), hairy lip-fern (Cheilanthes lanosa), and limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata). Though rare species are not known from the glades, Virginia saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiana), an uncommon herb in the mountains, is present, and the only known population of Watch List eastern false aloe (Manfreda virginica) in the North Carolina mountains occurs in one of these glades.

Nearly vertical, Montane Cliffs (Acidic Herb Subtype) often occur as a band of cliffs that extend downslope to the edge of Hiwassee Lake. The cliffs are typically composed of slate and metasandstone and occasionally contain loosely vegetated banks of eroding soil. Cliff faces may be bare or may support woodlands interspersed with steep rock face. The cliffs mostly lack forested canopy, though scattered trees may be present. Vines, such as Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), are common. An uncommon Watch List plant, frostweed (Verbesina virginica), grows in an example of this community.

Though Cherokee County lacks the rocky gorges and waterfalls typical of some of our mountain counties, there is one prominent Spray Cliff natural community associated with a steep ravine and falls on a low elevation tributary to Hiwassee Lake. The Spray Cliff is protected from direct spray but bathed in the humidity of the falls. Rock walls are covered with an array of bryophytes, including Significantly Rare liverwort Chiloscyphus appalachianus and Watch List Radula sullivantii.

Low and Mid-Elevation Dry-Mesic Forests and Woodlands

Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) is fairly extensive in sheltered landscape positions, such as streams and coves, at lower-middle elevations. This community has been heavily affected by the invasive exotic hemlock woolly adelgid, which has killed or significantly debilitated much of the mature eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), that used to dominate riparian areas. Some hemlock in viable condition still dominates in remote locations and where the U.S.F.S. has carried out chemical treatment to thwart the adelgid. White pine (Pinus strobus) and hardwoods, such as red maple (Acer rubrum), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), black birch (Betula lenta), white oak (Quercus alba), and red oak (Q. rubra), are also present. Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri) is common in the understory, and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and dog- hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) form a dense shrub layer. The herb layer is sparse or nonexistent. Several uncharacteristic species of lower elevations are associated with the Acidic Cove Forest in the Unicoi Mountains, including shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and climbing hydrangea (Decumaria barbara).

Low-lying portions of the county have yet to see the full brunt of the hemlock woolly adelgid infestation, and, though many hemlocks are already infected, scattered stands of Canada

Hemlock Forest remain intact. Canada Hemlock Forest supports a canopy of semi-healthy Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Trees may have healthy crowns but often lack foliage on their lower branches. White oak (Quercus alba), white pine (Pinus strobus), and occasional shortleaf pine (P. echinata) can also be found in the canopy. The understory is comprised of rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), and mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). The herb layer is sparse, though evergreen herbs, such as partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) and little brown jugs (Hexastylis arifolia), are present.

Chestnut Oak Forest (Herb Subtype) is frequently found on lower-mid-slopes in the county’s mountain ranges. Chestnut oak (Quercus montana) is the canopy dominant along with other oaks, red maple (Acer rubrum), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). The understory is well developed with species such as flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), while mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), and persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) saplings are common in the shrub layer. The herb layer is well developed, and typical species include naked-stem tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum nudiflorum), Catesby’s trillium (Trillium catesbaei), small-headed sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus), lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides), short-husk grass (Brachyelytrum erectum), and Curtiss’ goldenrod (Solidago curtissii).

Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype) is one of the dominant upland forest communities in Cherokee County. Heath-dominated Chestnut Oak Forest primarily extends along ridgelines, summits, and knobs of the mountain ranges. Though there are occasional signs of fire, much of this community appears fire-suppressed and is dominated by dense heath in the understory and shrub layer. Chestnut oak (Quercus montana) is the canopy dominant in this forest type, though other oaks and hardwoods, particularly black oak (Q. velutina) and scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), are present. Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), buckberry (Gaylussacia ursina), and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) are the dominant shrubs. The herb layer tends to be depauperate, though occasionally patches of xeric herbs can be found where rocky substrate impedes shrub growth. Occasional species include Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), rattlesnake weed (Hieracium venosum), silverrod (Solidago bicolor), and Watch List downy goldenrod (S. puberula). On narrow ridges, Chestnut Oak Forest frequently has a low, broken canopy with a very dense heath understory, forest structure possibly resulting from past intense fire. Small schistose outcrops and cliffs are common features in this forest along ridges and upper slopes. Yellow pines are often mixed in the canopy, and areas of pines killed by the southern pine bark beetle are not uncommon.

Chestnut Oak Forest (Mesic Subtype) occurs on steep north-facing slopes at low-middle elevations. The canopy contains more mesophytic species, such as red oak (Quercus rubra), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red maple (Acer rubrum), black birch (Betula lenta), and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) along with chestnut oak (Q. montana). The sparse understory consists primarily of canopy species along with sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum). The shrub layer is dense and dominated by rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). Herbs are sparse, with galax (Galax urceolata) being most abundant.

Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Subtype) extends along many of the dry ridges of Valley River Mountains and neighboring Piercy Range in the eastern part of the county. Unlike smaller pine stands at higher elevations, these communities cover relatively large areas along ridges and west-facing slopes. Also of note in this community is the abundance of Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens), a species of yellow pine that is relatively uncommon in the Nantahala National Forest. Unfortunately, many of these stands (perhaps more than half the occurrences visited) have suffered the ravages of the southern pine bark beetle that passed through western North Carolina over 10 years ago. Beetle-affected pine stands are in variable condition; some still retain a strong component of yellow pine or exhibit healthy regeneration, while other patches have been decimated and are now brushy thickets or are dominated by young oaks and understory hardwoods. The incidence of beetle damage may have been exacerbated by fire suppression, which has left much of the pine forest overly dense and prone to pest invasion. The Low Mountain Pine Forest often occurs in association with slabs of metasedimentary, slaty rock or rocky soil. Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens), Virginia pine (P. virginiana), and pitch pine (P. rigida) are typically the canopy dominants with white pine (P. strobus) often present as well. Shortleaf pine (P. echinata) is not a common component of this community. Other canopy species include chestnut oak (Quercus montana), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), red maple (Acer rubrum), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). The understory is fairly diverse with species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and re-sprouts of chestnut (Castanea dentata). The shrub layer is dense and contains mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), as well as uncommon bristly locust (Robinia hispida var. hispida), Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua), and chinquapin (Castanea pumila). The herb layer is sparse due to the thickness of the overlying shrubs, though some xeric species occur in patches, including little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), hairy bush clover (Lespedeza hirta), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), narrowleaf silk-grass (Pityopsis graminifolia), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and showy goldenrod (Solidago erecta). Some examples of Low Mountain Pine Forest exhibit a distinctive low shrub layer comprised of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum) and black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) that provides excellent habitat for foraging timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus).

Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype) is a characteristic vegetation type in Cherokee County below approximately 2,500 feet elevation and is notable for the dominance of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is the canopy dominant along with white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Q. montana), southern red oak (Q. falcata), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), occasional post oak (Q. stellata), mockernut hickory (Carya alba), red maple (Acer rubrum), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Other pines, such as white pine (Pinus strobus), Virginia pine (P. virginiana), and pitch pine (P. rigida) also occur with shortleaf. The understory is comprised of sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), American holly (Ilex opaca), and scattered persimmon (Diospyros virginiana). The dense shrub layer is variable but often contains mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), horse-sugar (Symplocos tinctoria), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana), Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua), sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), and Watch List hairy lowbush blueberry (V. hirsutum). The herb layer is comprised of suite of drought-tolerant, sun-loving herbs that are common across low-elevation xeric communities. Typical species include narrowleaf silk grass (Pityopsis graminifolia), little bluestem (Schizachyrium

scoparium), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), lesser snakeroot (Ageratina aromatica), small- headed sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus), butterfly pea (Clitoria mariana), greater tickseed (Coreopsis major), bush-clover (Lespedeza spp.), partridge pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata), needle and thread grass (Piptochaetium avenaceum), goat’s-rue (Tephrosia virginiana), oat grass (Danthonia spp.), roundleaf tick-trefoil (Desmodium rotundifolium), anise-scented goldenrod (Solidago odora), and sensitive-briar (Mimosa microphylla). The canopy typically contains 20- 40% shortleaf pine, though many areas have been affected by the southern pine bark beetle, killing mature trees and leaving many gaps and woody debris build-up. Some regeneration of shortleaf pine is taking place but is not consistent and uniform across all stands. Though the U.S. Forest Service has implemented some prescribed fire management, pine forests on private land are frequently fire suppressed and have dense understories with little development of the herbaceous layer. A number of bird species that are uncommon in the mountains prefer the piney habitats of lowland Cherokee County, including brown-headed nuthatch (Sitta pusilla), red- headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), and the Significantly Rare blue- winged warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera).

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) occurs on the mid-lower slopes and ridges of the county’s mountain ranges. At lower elevations, pines are mixed in the canopy. Tall American chestnut sprouts (Castanea dentata) are common in the understory. A dense heath shrub layer of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), or rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) is often present in the moist portions on the edge of coves. A number of typical forest ferns and forbs are found in the herb layer, including hay- scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), southern harebell (Campanula divaricata), feather bells (Stenanthium gramineum), and Appalachian bellwort (Uvularia puberula).

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) with a diverse herb layer and several rare plant species is well developed along the ridgeline of the Snowbirds and occasionally the Unicois. Montane Oak-Hickory Forest is typically in very mature with occasional old-growth characteristics where it occurs on steep terrain at higher elevations. Natural disturbance, e.g. ice storms, slides, high winds, dry conditions, and fire, is frequent in these mature community patches and is responsible for stunted canopy structure of mature trees. This community contains occasional rocky openings and there are scattered signs of intense fire on rocky upper slopes. White oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Q. montana), and black oak (Q. velutina) are the dominant canopy trees along with hickories (Carya spp.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), red maple (Acer rubrum), and occasional pines (Pinus spp.). The understory contains sassafras (Sassafras albidum), magnolias (Magnolia spp.), and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) among others. A diverse array of shrubs is present, including mountain pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), alternate-leaf dogwood (C. alternifolia), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), and occasional heath species. The herb layer is the most notable feature of this community and is often quite lush with plants characteristic of Rich Cove Forest. Typical species include white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), hairy brome (Bromus pubescens), Appalachian bunchflower (Melanthium parviflorum), Virginia bunchflower (M. virginicum), Appalachian goldenrod (S. flaccidifolia), and heartleaf aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium). Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is a common vine. Several unusual, rare, and Watch List plant species are associated with the oak-hickory forest, such as yellow pimpernel

(Taenidia integerrima), purple giant-hyssop (Agastache scrophulariifolia), Watch List butternut (Juglans cinerea), wild licorice (Galium lanceolatum), and Special Concern mountain catchfly (Silene ovata). This community provides excellent habitat for foraging migratory songbird flocks, nesting wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), and terrestrial salamanders, such as Southern Appalachian salamander (Plethodon teyahalee). Watch List eastern woodrats (Neotoma floridana haematoreia) are known to nest in some of the rocky outcrops along the crest of the Snowbirds in this community.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype), a dry oak forest typical of the low montane river valleys, occurs across much of Cherokee County. This Montane Oak-Hickory Forest often occurs over rocky soils and is interspersed with outcrops and pine-dominated forest. The canopy is characterized by the presence of xeric oaks, particularly post oak (Quercus stellata) and southern red oak (Q. falcata), along with typical oak-hickory species. The shrub layer typically contains low-growing heath species, such as lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum) and black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). The diverse herb layer contains many of the same species found in the suite of drought-tolerant, sun-loving herbs characteristic of Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype).

Pine-Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype) in the Unicois has been heavily affected by southern pine beetles and now is a mosaic of mature stands with many snag-filled, regenerating patches. Dominant pine species include pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and Virginia pine (P. virginiana), with occasional white pine (P. strobus), Table Mountain pine (P. pungens), and shortleaf pine (P. echinata) as well. Hardwoods, such as black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), and red maple (Acer rubrum), are mixed in the canopy, and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) are common understory species. The shrub layer contains dense heath species, such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.), and Watch List hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum). Dry herbs of open habitats, such as purple-disk sunflower (Helianthus atrorubens) and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), grow amongst the shrubs. Watch List red- breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis) has been observed in this community.

Rich Cove Forest (Boulderfield Subtype) is occasionally associated with Northern Hardwood Forest and Rich Cove in the steep upper coves of the Valley River Mountains and the Piercy Range. This community has large piles of boulders that have accumulated over time from debris slides and variable canopy closure as a result of landslides and gap formation. Coarse woody debris is a common feature throughout this community. A number of cove hardwoods, including basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), and yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis), are common. Vines, like pipevine (Isotrema macrophyllum) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), are common component of the boulderfields. The herb layer contains an abundance of ferns adapted to rock surfaces, such as woodfern (Dryopteris spp.) and Virginia polypody (Polypodium virginianum). Virginia waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) is also quite common. The only two populations of Significantly Rare rock skullcap (Scutellaria saxatilis) known from Cherokee County grow in boulderfields in this steep, eastern part of the county.

Rich Cove Forest (Foothills Intermediate Subtype) includes coves found at or below approximately 2,000 feet elevation with a strong component of plant species typical of the Piedmont and lacking some characteristic mountain cove species. This cove forest is dominated by tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), beech (Fagus grandifolia), mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple (Acer rubrum), white oak (Quercus alba), and red oak (Q. rubra). Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is sprinkled in the canopy. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) formerly comprised a portion of the canopy but is now declining from the woolly adelgid. The understory contains a variety of woody species, such as American holly (Ilex opaca), umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala), Fraser magnolia (M. fraseri), hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), red mulberry (Morus rubra), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), and redbud (Cercis canadensis). Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana), Watch List ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), and occasional patches of Significantly Rare mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata) occur in the shrub layer. A number of herbs of mesic coves are present, including broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya), great yellow wood-sorrel (Oxalis grandis), thimbleberry (Anemone virginiana), pale-spike lobelia (Lobelia spicata), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Solomon’s-plume (Maianthemum racemosum), and flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata). Vines are present, like poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and climbing hydrangea (Decumaria barbara), which is uncommon in the mountains.

Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype) is present throughout the county at lower- mid-elevations. The canopy contains cove hardwood species, including tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), birch (Betula spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). The understory is fairly open, with striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), and spicebush (Lindera benzoin) is a common shrub. The diverse herb layer contains carrion-flower (Smilax herbacea), downy meadow-rue (Thalictrum pubescens), interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana), basil bergamot (Monarda clinopodia), Turk’s-cap lily (Lilium superbum), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), and Watch List Clingman’s hedge-nettle (Stachys clingmanii).

The best example of Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) is known from the Long Ridge vicinity of the Unicois, where it is the dominant community in upper coves and concave slopes. Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is the canopy dominant in places, though other hardwoods such as black cherry (Prunus serotina), basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and occasional Watch List butternut (Juglans cinerea) are present. The understory and shrub layer are fairly sparse with the exception of spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Vines, including poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and grapes (Vitis spp.), are very common in this community. The herbaceous layer is very well developed and includes a number of listed species, including Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) and Watch List species, such as ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii). Significantly Rare Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) is present in several cove forests in the Unicois, likely at the eastern edge of its range

here. Small seeps are occasionally present in Rich Cove Forest and are the favorite habitats for feral hogs, which cause significant disturbance by rooting and upturning rocks and soil.

Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest is present in upland portions of the county’s river valleys. Though poorly documented in North Carolina, this community occurs on the edge of the Blue Ridge and Foothills portions of the state. The canopy contains a mixture of pines, such as shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), pitch pine (P. rigida), and white pine (P. strobus), along with oaks and hardwoods, including southern red oak (Quercus falcata), black oak (Q. velutina), white oak (Quercus stellata), and occasional post oak (Q. stellata). Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) are common components of the understory. The shrub layer contains sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), horse-sugar (Symplocos tinctoria), smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). The diverse herb layer contains many of the same species found in the suite of drought-tolerant, sun-loving herbs characteristic of Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype). Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) is a common vine. This forest type is sometimes associated with rocky slopes and occasionally harbors Watch List Carolina scorpions (Vaejovis carolinianus).

A naturally-occurring White Pine Forest is found on some of the smaller tributaries to the Hiwassee, typically on sheltered slopes or north-facing coves above creeks. The canopy is dominated by large white pine (Pinus strobus) along with Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), which is suffering from woolly adelgid infestation. The understory contains American holly (Ilex opaca), and the shrub layer is dense with rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). The herb layer tends to be fairly depauperate.

An undescribed “successional hardwood forest” is frequently found in a mosaic with Montane Oak-Hickory Forest along the ridgelines of the Snowbird and Unicoi Mountains. Likely the result of past disturbance, such as selective clearing or past grazing, this forest lacks oaks in the canopy and has a fairly open understory and lush, diverse herb layer. Small-bole trees, snags, and shrubby openings are common in this community. The canopy contains cove hardwood species, including birch (Betula spp.), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), black cherry (Prunus serotina), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and beech (Fagus grandifolia). The understory is fairly open with Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), Devil’s walking-stick (Aralia spinosa), and occasional high elevation species, such as mountain maple (Acer spicatum). The shrub layer is sparse, with red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), occasional eastern gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), and thickets of beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta) and blackberry (Rubus sp.). The diverse herb layer contains carrion-flower (Smilax herbacea), tall meadow-rue (Thalictrum pubescens), interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana), showy milkweed (Asclepias exaltata), Virginia jumpseed (Persicaria virginica), basil bergamot (Monarda clinopodia), Turk’s-cap lily (Lilium superbum), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), nodding fescue (Festuca subverticillata), meadow- parsnip (Thaspium barbinode), purple giant-hyssop (Agastache scrophulariifolia), occasional cow-parsnip (Heracleum maximum), and Watch List horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum) and broadleaf phlox (Phlox amplifolia). Leather-flower (Clematis viorna) is an occasional vine.

Though notable for its herbaceous diversity and repeated occurrence, this forest type has likely developed from anthropogenic influences and is not presently classified as a natural community.

River Floodplains

Floodplain Pools are frequently found in association with alluvial forest along the county’s waterways. Some of the best examples are known from the Nottely River, where pools occur in a series of depressions and ponds, including one which is permanently flooded. The pool’s edges are vegetated with tussocks of sedges and ferns, including northern long sedge (Carex folliculata), nodding sedge (C. crinita), white edge sedge (C. debilis), and royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis). A shrub zone also lines some of the pools, with maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), tag alder (Alnus serrulata), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and Coastal Plain disjuncts fetterbush (Eubotrys racemosa) and Virginia sweet- spire (Itea virginica). Smaller, temporary pools are largely nonvegetated and are important breeding sites for pond-breeding salamanders, such as Special Concern mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum), four-toed salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum), Watch List seepage salamander (Desmognathus aeneus), and marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum), which is rare in the mountains.

Remnant areas of Montane Alluvial Forest (Large River Subtype) are occasionally present along the county’s rivers. This deciduous alluvial forest has a mixed canopy that includes tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), river birch (Betula nigra), black walnut (Juglans nigra), butternut (J. cinerea), and occasional honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). White pine (Pinus strobus) and occasional shortleaf pine (P. echinata) may also be present in the canopy. The understory is generally dominated by ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana), American holly (Ilex opaca), and persimmon (Diospyros virginiana). The shrub layer is fairly diverse and includes northern wild-raisin (Viburnum cassinoides), sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and large patches of river cane (Arundinaria gigantea) and mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). The herb layer is filled with plants typical of moist floodplains, such green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), and deer-tongue grass (Dichanthelium clandestinum). Several unusual plants and species characteristic of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain can be found growing in the alluvial forest, like sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), blue- star (Amsonia tabernaemontana), and Watch List American dog-violet (Viola labradorica). Invasive exotic plants, such as Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and Japanese stilt- grass (Microstegium vimineum), are often common features in these communities. A variety of migratory songbirds breed in this forest in the spring, including pine warbler (Setophaga pinus), yellow-throated warbler (S. dominica), and northern parula (S. americana).

Riparian forests along smaller streams are considered Montane Alluvial Forest (Small River Subtype) and are characterized by elements of other terrestrial communities, such as Acidic Cove Forest and Montane Oak-Hickory Forest. Dominant canopy trees include dying Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) or white oak (Quercus alba). The understory and shrub layers contain typical mountain cove species along with plants of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, including silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala), yellowroot (Xanthorhiza simplicissima), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron

maximum), and Virginia sweetspire (Itea virginica), which is rare in the mountains. The herb layer contains wetland species such as cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), bladder sedge (Carex intumescens), and net-leaved chain-fern (Woodwardia areolata).

Areas of swampy alluvial forest are found in several locations in the county. Montane Floodplain Slough Forest contains braided channels and pools and has wetland plants more typical of boggy sites, like possumhaw (Viburnum nudum), tag alder (Alnus serrulata), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), and swamp rose (Rosa palustris). A canopy of red maple (Acer rubrum) and black willow (Salix nigra) is often present. A diversity of wetland sedges, grasses, and forbs can be found in the ground layer, including false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), swamp wedgescale (Sphenopholis pensylvanica), rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), manna-grass (Glyceria striata), green bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens), smooth-sheath sedge (Carex laevivaginata), nodding sedge (C. crinita), and hops sedge (C. lupulina), which is more common in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Vines, such as virgin’s-bower (Clematis virginiana), Canada moonseed (Menispermum canadense), and fox grape (Vitis labrusca), grow over bushes and small trees. Two rare plant species, small-leaved meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum) and marsh bellflower (Campanula aparinoides), are known from this community. Invasive exotic plants can be quite common. Birds of brushy habitats, such as hooded warbler (Setophaga citrina) and indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), are commonly noted, and a wetland-dependent butterfly, Appalachian brown (Satyrodes appalachia), is also frequently observed. The Special Concern mountain chorus frog (Pseudacris brachyphona) has been detected breeding in these slough forests. The few documented examples of this community show signs of hydrologic disturbance and past efforts to drain them. Some disturbed examples of this community can be found in abandoned oxbows in the floodplains of the county’s principal rivers.

Large areas of Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment (Mountain Marsh Subtype) are present along several of the major tributaries to the impounded Hiwassee River in areas of beaver activity. Some marshes are extensive and cover several acres in brushy, herbaceous dominated vegetation. Some shrub thickets occur in the marshes, dominated by flood-tolerant plants including tag alder (Alnus serrulata), black willow (Salix nigra), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), swamp rose (Rosa palustris), and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). The marsh supports areas of standing water and beds of emergent and floating aquatic vegetation. Dominant species include soft rush (Juncus effusus), American bur-reed (Sparganium americanum), rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus), three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinacea), water hemlock (Cicuta maculata), rough-leafed goldenrod (Solidago patula), manna-grass (Glyceria striata), deer-tongue grass (Dichanthelium clandestinum), water-purslane (Ludwigia palustris), and cattail (Typha latifolia). Significantly Rare small-leaved meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum) grows on the margin of some marshes. Some invasive exotic plants are present in the beaver-impounded marshes, such as Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Beaver marshes are home to a variety of breeding amphibians: spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer), pickerel frog (Lithobates palustris), bullfrog (L. catesbeiana), spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), and Special Concern mountain chorus frog (Pseudacris brachyphona). Wood ducks (Aix sponsa) and red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes caroliniana) are found amongst snags on the edge of the marsh.

Bogs and Seeps

A variety of Low Elevation Seeps are known from lowland portions of Cherokee County. Low Elevation Seeps (Floodplain Subtype) are present on the edges of broad floodplains around Hiwassee and Appalachia lakes. The seeps are occasionally flooded by the lakes’ backwater effects, which creates wetter conditions than is typical for this community. The complex hydrology of these seeps creates varied moisture conditions, including swampy, groundwater seepage zones and open marsh areas with deep standing water. The seeps experience a variety of light conditions, from shaded to full sun. Dense stands of shrubs, such as winterberry (Ilex verticillata), tag alder (Alnus serrulata), bushy St. John’s-wort (Hypericum densiflorum), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) and Virginia sweet-spire (Itea virginica), grow on the edge of the seeps. The wettest portions support flood-tolerant plants, such as spotted smartweed (Persicaria punctata), marsh bedstraw (Galium tinctorium), woodland rush (Juncus subcaudatus), water purslane (Ludwigia palustris), and monkey-flower (Mimulus ringens). A number of Coastal Plain disjunct marsh plants grow in these seeps, including marsh-mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos), camphorweed (Pluchea cf. camphorata), and climbing hempweed (Mikania scandens), which are rare in the mountains. Several rare/Watch List plants grow around the margins of the seep, including patches of Watch List marsh St. John’s-wort (Triadenum tubulosum) and Significantly Rare northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola). A number of nonnative plants are also present in these seeps, including Japanese stilt- grass (Microstegium vimineum), air potatoes (Dioscorea batatas), and murdannia (Murdannia keisak).

The most typical examples of seeps, Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype), occur at the head of small creeks in coves and gentle basins. The seeps usually occur at springs, where groundwater is forced to the surface. Moisture-loving shrubs grow in the seeps, including winterberry (Ilex verticillata), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), and silky dogwood (Cornus amomum). They frequently contain bryophytes, such as peat moss (Sphagnum sp.), and seepage-loving herbs, such as cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomea), royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis), violets (Viola spp.), and mountain meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum).

Low Elevation Seep (Piedmont/Mountain Springhead Subtype), a rare boggy variety of seep, is found not far from the only bog site in Cherokee County. The seeps follow small headwater streams or are driven by groundwater seepage. The seeps are somewhat shaded by a partial canopy of red maple (Acer rubrum), black willow (Salix nigra), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). A diverse and well-developed shrub layer includes highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), swamp rose (Rosa palustris), and invasive exotic Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense). A diverse array of sedges, herbs, and emergent aquatic plants cover the mucky ground. Dominant species include false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), wood-reed grass (Cinna arundinacea), purple-stem aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum), melic manna-grass (Glyceria melicaria), white-edge sedge (Carex debilis), Joe-Pye-weed (Eutrochium fistulosum), broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia), and arrow-arum (Peltandra virginica). Fox grape (Vitis labrusca) grows over herbs and shrubs in portions of the seeps. These seeps are also known to support breeding Special Concern mountain chorus frogs (Pseudacris brachyphona).

Low Elevation Seeps (Typic Subtype) occur in uplands or at the heads of small streams and support moss mats, scattered shrubs, and a well-developed herb layer. An intact example from Hiwassee Lake contains Coastal Plain disjunct blaspheme vine (Smilax laurifolia). The seep is surrounded by a canopy of white pine (Pinus strobus), red maple (Acer rubrum), and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana) is common in the understory, and the shrub layer is made up of possumhaw (Viburnum nudum) and elderberry (Sambucus canadensis). Dominant seepage herbs include cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), southern lobelia (Lobelia amoena), and sedges (Carex spp.). Watch List hornwort Megaceros aenigmaticus grows in the seep.

A small Southern Appalachian Bog is present on a tributary of Appalachia Lake in the western part of the county. The bog has mounds of peat moss (Sphagnum spp.) and shrub islands interspersed with muddy flats and rivulets of water. The bog is fairly shrubby with young red maples (Acer rubrum) and tall bushes forming a low, partial canopy. Common shrub species include winterberry (Ilex verticillata), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), and chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). The herb layer is well developed with lots of sedge tussocks, emergent plants, and some floating aquatic species as well. Dominant herbs include sedges (Carex spp.), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis), and net-leaved chain-fern (Woodwardia areolata). Species typical of the Coastal Plain are present, including arrow-arum (Peltandra virginica) and Virginia hedge-hyssop (Gratiola virginiana). Two Significantly Rare plants, northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola) and small-leaved meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum), grow in the bog, and four- toed salamanders (Hemidactylium scutatum) nest in the mounds of peat.

Flora

Due to Cherokee County’s elevation and topographic gradients and its location on the edge of the mountains, the area manifests considerable botanical diversity and hosts a number of rare plant species (Table 5). A total of 25 species of vascular plants that are State- or Federal-listed or recognized as Significantly Rare have been reported from the area, according to the NCNHP database. Five plants are known from historical records, 4 of which are obscure records or have not been seen in over 30 years and one of which has only recently disappeared from its known habitat. Ten of the listed plant species are recent discoveries from the county inventory, not previously documented for Cherokee County, and 3 of the listed species were rediscovered after not having been seen in many years. Four Significantly Rare non-vascular plant species have been reported from the area (3 liverworts and a moss), though only one has been observed in recent years. A number of Watch List species are also known from Cherokee County, including 55 vascular and 4 nonvascular plant species. Of these, 14 records are historical and have not been seen in over 30 years or are known from obscure records. In addition, during the recent county inventory, 20 new Watch List records for the county were found and 4 historical Watch List species were reencountered.

Though much of Cherokee County’s botanical diversity is best represented at lower elevations, distinctive vegetation and several rare species of plants are associated with the county’s upper elevations in the Unicoi, Snowbird, and Valley River mountains. Two of the rarest plant species in the county are associated with high elevation communities. Rock skullcap (Scutellaria saxatilis) has been documented in high elevation Rich Cove Boulderfield Forests in the Valley River Mountains and Piercy Range. Northern starflower (Trientalis borealis) is present in two locations in the Unicoi Mountains where it grows in boulderfields as well as Rich Cove Forest at high elevations. Special Concern mountain catchfly (Silene ovata) occurs on upper slopes and the ridgeline of the Snowbirds, where it grows in mature, rich oak forest. Characteristic high elevation plant species, including Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense), witch- hobble (Viburnum lantanoides), mountain maple (Acer spicatum), cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum), and Virginia waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) also are known from the heights of the Valley River and Unicoi mountains.

The most botanically diverse areas in the county and the areas with the greatest number of rare species are associated with various rich cove forest communities. These communities are found throughout the county, though the best examples are found in the Valley River, Unicoi, and Pack mountains, typically associated with calc-silicate rock in the Nantahala and Copperhill formations. Rich Cove Forest in the far western part of the county is unique in harboring the only NC populations of Significantly Rare Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), which is on the edge of its more mid-western range here. Two Watch List trees associated with very rich environments, butternut (Juglans cinerea) and yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea), are also known from rich environments in this section of the county. Several Significantly Rare species of sedges characteristic of rich soils are also known from various cove forests in the county. Purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) is found in several locations in Cherokee County and represents here some of the more vigorous populations in the state. One occurrence of pretty sedge (Carex woodii) is known from the Unicois, where it is far from the next nearest population in North Carolina. Watch List Fraser’s sedge (Cymophyllus fraserianus) is also only known from

34 one location in the county, a rich cove where it also grows with dwarf ginseng (Panax trifolius), which is also quite rare in the area. The Valley River Mountains is the only location in Cherokee County for State Threatened sweet white trillium (Trillium simile) and also harbors fern species adapted to rich soils, such as Watch List glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon) and Goldie’s fern (Dryopteris goldiana).

Cherokee County’s botanical diversity is influenced by flora in adjacent regions, such as the Piedmont to the south and Interior Plateau to the west. State Endangered Cherokee sedge (Carex cherokeensis), the county’s namesake plant, is a prominent example of such a species, with a distribution that reaches the Gulf Coast but barely touches the NC mountains. Significantly Rare mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata) also occurs primarily at lower elevations, where it is found along large rivers and creeks in the mountains but is also heavily distributed in the Cumberland Plateau to the west. Significantly Rare American columbo (Frasera carolinensis), represented in Cherokee County by one population, appears disjunct in its distribution here while primarily occurring in the Midwest. State Threatened pinkroot (Spigelia marilandica) is unique in being one of the few NC plants that only occurs in Cherokee County. Common almost everywhere in the Southeast and South-central U.S. pinkroot is not found in North Carolina with the exception of one population in the western part of Cherokee County. Several Watch List species in the county present a similar pattern, primarily occurring to the east in the Piedmont or ranging to the Midwest, such as white crown-beard (Verbesina virginica) and eastern false-aloe (Manfreda virginica).

A number of listed plant species in Cherokee County are associated with xeric areas at low elevation and unique natural communities adapted to dry conditions. Several species of xeric- adapted plants are specific to dry pine and oak forests and woodlands, including Special Concern, saprophytic sweet pinesap (Monotropsis odorata), Significantly Rare Earle’s blazing star (Liatris squarrulosa), and Watch List hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum). A number of rare species are found in Low Elevation Basic Glades, river bluffs, and other dry outcrop communities, including Watch List Small’s penstemon (Penstemon smallii), downy goldenrod (Solidago puberula), basil mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum clinopodioides), and creeping aster (Eurybia surculosa). Rich, dry oak forest at mid-elevations supports some unique species as well, including State Endangered American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) and Porter’s reed grass (Calamagrostis porteri).

Cherokee County’s broad river and creek floodplains support a variety of wetland types and are home to a number of rare and unusual wetland plants. Significantly Rare northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola), marsh bellflower (Campanula aparinoides), small-leaved meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum), and necklace sedge (Carex projecta) are Significantly Rare species found in Cherokee County wetlands. Many plant species characteristic of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain can be found in the county’s marshes and bogs, and some of these include Watch List marsh St. John’s-wort (Triadenum tubulosum), climbing hempweed (Mikania scandens), false daisy (Eclipta prostrata), hop sedge (Carex lupulina), and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis).

Table 5. Rare Plant Species Documented for Cherokee County, NC. Status Rank Scientific Name Common Name N.C. U.S. State Global Vascular Plants Aconitum reclinatum Trailing Wolfsbane SR-T S3 G3 Calamagrostis porteri ssp. porteri Porter’s Reed Grass SR-P S1 G4T4 Campanula aparinoides Marsh Bellflower SR-P S2 G5 Carex cherokeensis Cherokee Sedge E S1 G4G5 Carex projecta Necklace Sedge SR-P S1 G5 Carex purpurifera Purple Sedge SC-V S2 G4? Carex woodii Pretty Sedge SR-P S3 G4 Celastrus scandens American Bittersweet E S2? G5 Frasera carolinensis American Columbo SR-P S2S3 G5 Isotria medeoloides * Small Whorled T T S1S2 G2 Pogonia Liatris squarrulosa Earle’s Blazing-star SR-P S2 G4G5 Monotropsis odorata Sweet Pinesap SC-V FSC S3 G3 Pedicularis lanceolata * Swamp Lousewort T S1 G5 Platanthera flava var. herbiola Northern Rein Orchid SR-P S1? G4?T4Q Platanthera integra * Yellow Fringeless SC-V S2 G3G4 Orchid Platanthera integrilabia * White Fringeless SC-H C SH G2G3 Orchid Sceptridium jenmanii * Alabama Grape-fern SC-V S2 G3G4 Scutellaria saxatilis Rock Skullcap SR-T S1 G3 Silene ovata Mountain Catchfly SC-V FSC S3 G3 Spigelia marilandica Pink-root T S1 G4 Stewartia ovata Mountain Camellia SR-P S2 G4 Symphyotrichum shortii Short’s Aster SR-P S2 G5 Thalictrum macrostylum Small-leaved SR-T FSC S2 G3G4 Meadowrue Trientalis borealis Starflower E S1 G5 Trillium simile Sweet White Trillium T S2 G3 Nonvascular Plants Chiloscyphus appalachianus A Liverwort SC-V S1 G1G2Q Lindbergia brachyptera Lindberg’s Maple- SR-P S1 G5 moss * Plagiochila ludoviciana A Liverwort * SR-P S1 G5 Plagiochila sullivantii var. sullivantii A Liverwort * SR-T FSC S2 G2T2 * = Historical records; species not observed in the county within at least 20 years.

EXPLANATION OF RANK AND STATUS CODES FOR PLANTS

STATE RANK

S1 = Critically imperiled in North Carolina because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals (<1,000) in the state.

S2 = Imperiled in North Carolina because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 6-20 occurrences or few remaining individuals (1,000 to 3,000) in the state.

S3 = Rare or uncommon in North Carolina. Typically 21-100 occurrences or between 3,000 10,000 individuals in the state.

SH = Of historical occurrence in North Carolina, with some expectation that it may be rediscovered. Its presence may not have been verified in the past 20 years. Upon verification of an extant occurrence, SH ranked elements would typically receive an S1 rank. Note: an element is not automatically assigned an SH (or SX) rank if it has not been verified in the past 20 years; some effort must have been made to locate or relocate occurrences.

S_? = Rank uncertain.

GLOBAL RANK

G1 = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals (<1,000) or acres (<2,000) or linear miles (<10).

G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Typically 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals (1,000 to 3,000) or acres (2,000 to 10,000) or linear miles (10 to 50).

G3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Typically 21 to 100 occurrences or between 3,000 and 10,000 individuals.

G4 = Apparently Secure – Uncommon but not rare (although it may be rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery) and usually widespread. Apparently not vulnerable in most of its range, but possibly cause for long-term concern. Typically more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals.

G5 = Secure – Common and widespread (although it may be rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery). Not vulnerable in most of its range. Typically with considerably more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals.

Q = Questionable taxonomy that may reduce conservation priority. Distinctiveness of this entity as a taxon at the current level is questionable. Resolution of this uncertainty may result in change from a species to a subspecies or inclusion of this taxon in another taxon, with the resulting element having a lower-priority conservation status rank.

T = The rank of a subspecies or variety. As an example, G4T1 would apply to a subspecies of a species with an overall rank of G4, but the subspecies warranting a rank of G1.

G_? = Rank uncertain. Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank.

Status and rank codes for plants are derived from the Natural Heritage Database (2014) and can be found in the Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Plant Species of North Carolina, which is published every two years. Number of occurrences is given as a general guide. Ranks also depend on other factors that affect vulnerability, including total population size, range, trends, and threats.

N.C. STATUS

E = Endangered. Any species or higher taxon of plant whose continued existence as a viable component of the State’s flora is determined to be in jeopardy (GS 19B 106: 202.12).

T = Threatened. Any resident species of plant which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range (GS 19B 106:202.12).

SC-V = Special Concern-Vulnerable. Any species or higher taxon of plant which is likely to become a threatened species within the foreseeable future (02 NCAC 48F .0401).

SC-H = Special Concern-Historical. Any species or higher taxon of plant that occurred in North Carolina at one time, but for which all known populations are currently considered to be either historical or extirpated (02 NCAC 48F .0401).

Plant statuses above are determined by the Plant Conservation Program, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, revised December 1, 2010. The most current plant-related laws and regulations for North Carolina can be found at http://www.ncplant.com.

SR = Significantly Rare. Any species not listed by the Plant Conservation Program as Endangered, Threatened, or Candidate, which is rare in North Carolina, generally with 1-100 populations in the state, frequently substantially reduced in numbers by habitat destruction (and sometimes also by direct exploitation or disease). The Significantly Rare status is a NCNHP designation indicating the need for population monitoring and possible conservation action for

38 species not currently listed as Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern (Gadd and Finnegan 2012).

SR-L (Limited) = The range of the species is limited to North Carolina and adjacent states (endemic or near endemic). These are species that may have 20-50 populations in North Carolina, but fewer than 100 populations rangewide. The preponderance of their distribution is in North Carolina and their fate depends largely on conservation here.

SR-T (Throughout) = The species is rare throughout its range (fewer than 100 populations total).

SR-D (Disjunct) = The species is disjunct to North Carolina from a main range in a different part of the country or world.

SR-P (Peripheral) = The species is at the periphery of its range in North Carolina. These species are generally more common somewhere else in their ranges, occurring in North Carolina peripherally to their main ranges, mostly in habitats which are unusual in North Carolina.

SR-O (Other) = The range of the species is sporadic or cannot be described by the other Significantly Rare categories.

U.S. STATUS

E = Endangered. A plant that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

T = Threatened. A plant that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

FSC = Federal Species of Concern. Those species that appear to be in decline or otherwise in need of conservation and are under consideration for listing or for which there is insufficient information to support listing at this time. Subsumed under the term ‘FSC’ are all species petitioned by outside parties and other selected focal species identified in Service strategic plans, State Wildlife Action Plans, or Natural Heritage Program Lists.

U.S. Status is designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service in accordance with the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (U.S. ESA). Plants and plant varieties, (including fungi and lichens), animal species and subspecies, and vertebrate populations are considered for Endangered or Threatened status according to the criteria established under the U.S. ESA. Consult the Asheville or Raleigh Ecological Services Field Offices for more information.

Fauna

Cherokee County is home to a rich diversity of wildlife and is one of the most important mountain counties for rare aquatic species. The county’s broad valleys and extensive system of rivers and tributaries provides ample habitat for riparian and aquatic species. The county’s wetlands and abundance of low, brushy habitats provides a plentiful resource for amphibians and wetland dependent taxa. There are a total of 49 rare animal species listed for Cherokee County (Table 6), including at least 9 species that are historical and have not been observed in over 25 years. The bulk of the rare species listed for the county are aquatic taxa, including 10 mussels, 7 fishes, 4 crustaceans, and an aquatic snail. Rare amphibians are also well represented in the county, with 7 rare species present. Four species of rare reptiles and 4 rare mammal taxa have also been documented, as well 2 birds and 9 terrestrial invertebrates (6 land snails and 3 butterflies).

The Hiwassee and Valley rivers and their tributaries are great reservoirs of aquatic diversity within the state of North Carolina. Several species of mollusks are only known in the state from Cherokee County or the Hiwassee/Valley River drainages. For example, the only location in North Carolina for the State Threatened mountain creekshell (Villosa vanuxemensis) is the Hiwassee River and its tributaries in Cherokee and Clay counties. Several species of mussels historically occurred in Cherokee County but have not been observed in many years, including the Federally Endangered littlewing pearlymussel (Pegias fabula) and the State Endangered Tennessee heelsplitter (Lasmigona holstonia). Another unique aquatic animal found in the area is the State Endangered freshwater snail Christy’s elimia (Elimia christyi), which is only known from the Valley and Hiwassee drainages in Cherokee County and neighboring Polk County, Tennessee. Several state-listed crayfishes occur in Cherokee County, including the State Special Concern Hiwassee headwaters crayfish (Cambarus parrishi), which is only known from a handful of localities in Clay and Cherokee counties, NC, and several sites in neighboring Towns County, Georgia.

A number of rare fish species occur in Cherokee County, all of which are limited to Tennessee Valley drainages west of the Blue Ridge Divide. Smoky dace (Clinostomus sp. 1), southern blotched chub (Erimystax insignis eristigma), striped shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus), Highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx), and olive darter (Percina squamata) are State Special Concern or Significantly Rare species known from the area. The State Threatened sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2), known from the Hiwassee watershed in Cherokee County, is a candidate for Federal listing. The Significantly Rare sauger (Sander canadensis) was once known from Hiwassee Lake but has not been observed in almost 30 years.

Because of its position on the edge of the Blue Ridge and its overall low elevation, Cherokee County has a unique assemblage of herpetofauna that includes many species that are uncommon or unknown from the more easterly parts of North Carolina. Perhaps the most notable amphibian resident of the county is the Special Concern mountain chorus frog (Pseudacris brachyphona). Previously thought to be rare in Cherokee County, recent surveys have yielded numerous new locations for this species in Clay and Cherokee counties, the only two counties in NC for which

the species is known. Two rare turtle species are known from the county’s rivers, including the Special Concern loggerhead musk turtle (Sternotherus minor) and the common map turtle (Graptemys geographica), which is only known in North Carolina from the Hiwassee River. Another unusual observation for Cherokee County is the Special Concern northern pinesnake (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus) which is known principally from the Sandhills, the southeastern Coastal Plain, and a few records from the far western mountains of North Carolina. The current Cherokee County record is based on the observation of a local resident and herpetologist, who recently sighted the northern pinesnake in his yard.

Cherokee County is particularly rich in observations of rare salamanders, including a record of the Chattahoochee slimy salamander (Plethodon chattahoochee), a species which is only known from the Chattahoochee National Forest in Georgia and the southern portions of Clay and Cherokee counties in North Carolina. Cherokee County hosts several salamander species that are unusual for the mountains of North Carolina, such as Special Concern mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) and four-toed salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum). The county also supports large populations of Special Concern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus allegheniensis), which are known from some of the county’s more pristine creeks.

In terms of mammal species, Cherokee County harbors several bat species of concern. The Significantly Rare northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), which is also proposed Federally Endangered, has recently been documented from multiple locations in the county. Another recent find has been the observation of Federally Endangered Indiana myotis (Myotis sodalis) in the far western portion of the county. There is also a vague record for the eastern small-footed myotis (Myotis leibii) from the county, as well as an historical specimen of State Threatened Rafinesque’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii rafinesquii) from the area.

Though Cherokee County is not known as a bird hotspot, it does support the bulk of the state’s blue-winged warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera) breeding population. Though many of the records were obtained almost 40 years ago, several recent observations have been made of this Significantly Rare species. In addition, Cherokee County supports a nesting population of the State Threatened bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).

A number of rare invertebrate species have also been documented from Cherokee County. These include the Significantly Rare golden banded-skipper (Autochton cellus) and several species of terrestrial snails have been documented by gastropod researchers in the state. Rare snail species include pink glyph (Glyphyalinia pentadelphia), fringed disk (Helicodiscus fimbriata), lamellate supercoil (Paravitrea lamellidens), open supercoil (Paravitrea umbilicaris), and the dwarf proud globe (Patera clarkii clarkii), all Special Concern species.

Table 6. Rare Animal Species Documented for Cherokee County, NC. Status Rank Scientific Name Common Name NC US State Global MAMMALS Corynorhinus rafinesquii Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat - T FSC S2 G3G4T rafinesquii* Mountain Subspecies 3 Myotis leibii Eastern Small-footed Myotis SC FSC S2 G1G3 Myotis septentrionalis Northern Myotis SR PE S2S3 G2G3 Myotis sodalis Indiana Myotis E E S1S2 G2 Spilogale putorius* Eastern Spotted Skunk SR S2 G4

BIRDS Haliaeetus T BGPA S2S3B, G5 Bald Eagle leucocephalus S3N Vermivora cyanoptera Blue-winged Warbler SR S2B G5

REPTILES Crotalus horridus Timber Rattlesnake SC S3 G4 Glyptemys T T S2 G3 Bog Turtle muhlenbergii* (S/A) Graptemys geographica Common Map Turtle SR S1 G5 Sternotherus minor Loggerhead Musk Turtle SC S1 G5

AMPHIBIANS Ambystoma talpoideum Mole Salamander SC S2S3 G5 Cryptobranchus Hellbender alleganiensis SC FSC S3 G3G4 Eurycea junaluska** Junaluska Salamander T FSC S1S2 G3 Hemidactylium scutatum Four-toed Salamander SC S3 G5 Plethodon aureolus Tellico Salamander SR S2? G2G3 Chattahoochee Slimy Plethodon chattahoochee Salamander SR S1? G2G3 Pseudacris brachyphona Mountain Chorus Frog SC S2 G5 FISHES

Clinostomus sp. 1 Smoky Dace SC FSC S3 G5T3Q Erimystax insignis G4TN Southern Blotched Chub eristigma SR FSC S2 R Luxilus chrysocephalus Striped Shiner SC S2 G5 Moxostoma sp. 2 Sicklefin Redhorse T C S1 G2Q Notropis micropteryx Highland Shiner SR S2 G5

Status Rank Scientific Name Common Name NC US State Global Percina squamata Olive Darter SC FSC S2 G3 Sander canadensis* Sauger SR S2? G5 MUSSELS Elliptio dilatata Spike SC S1 G5 Fusconaia subrotunda Longsolid SR FSC S1 G3 Lampsilis fasciola Wavy-rayed Lampmussel SC S1 G5 Lasmigona holstonia* Tennessee Heelsplitter E FSC S1 G3 Pegias fabula* Littlewing Pearlymussel E E S1 G1 Pleurobema oviforme Tennessee Clubshell E FSC S1 G2G3 Pleuronaia barnesiana Tennessee Pigtoe E FSC S1 G2G3 Villosa iris Rainbow SC S1 G5Q Villosa trabalis Cumberland Bean SR E S1 G1 Villosa vanuxemensis Mountain Creekshell T S1 G4 SNAILS Elimia christyi Christy’s Elmia E FSC S1 G2 Glyphyalinia junaluskana* Dark Glyph SC S2 G2 Glyphyalinia pentadelphia Pink Glyph SC S2 G2G3 Helicodiscus fimbriatus Fringed Coil SC S2 G4 Paravitrea lamellidens Lamellate Supercoil SC S2S3 G2 Paravitrea umbilicaris Open Supercoil SC S2 G2 Patera clarki clarki Dwarf Proud Globe SC S3 G3T3 CRUSTACEANS Cambarus acanthura Thornytail Crayfish SR S1 G4G5 Cambarus brimleyorum Valley River Crayfish SR S3 G3G4 Cambarus nodosus Knotty Burrowing Crayfish SR S2 G4 Cambarus parrishi Hiwassee Headwaters Crayfish SC FSC S1 G2 BUTTERFLIES Autochton cellus Golden Banded-Skipper SR S2 G4 Callophrys irus* Frosted Elfin SR S2 G3 Papilio cresphontes* Giant Swallowtail SR S2S3 G5 *= Historical records of species not observed within the last 20 years. **= The presence of this species has not been confirmed.

EXPLANATION OF RANK AND STATUS CODES FOR ANIMALS

STATE RANK

S1 = Critically imperiled in North Carolina because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 1-5 populations.

S2 = Imperiled in North Carolina because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 6-20 populations.

S3 = Rare or uncommon in North Carolina. Typically 21-100 populations.

SH = Of historical occurrence in North Carolina, not having been verified in more than 20 years, and suspected to be still extant.

S_B = Rank of the breeding population in the state (for migratory species only). For example, “S2B” would indicate the breeding population has a state rank of S2, regardless of the rank of the nonbreeding population.

S_N = Rank of the nonbreeding population in the state. Used for migratory species only.

SU = Currently unrankable in the state due to lack of information or substantially conflicting information about status or trends. Need more information.

S_? = Unranked, or rank uncertain.

GLOBAL RANK

G1 = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity or because of some factor making it especially vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences globally.

G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some factor making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Typically 6-20 occurrences globally.

G4 = Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

G5 = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

G_? = Uncertain. Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank.

T = The rank of a subspecies or variety. For example, G4T1 would apply to a subspecies or variety of a species with an overall rank of G4, but with the subspecies or variety warranting a rank of G1.

NR = Not ranked, global rank not yet assessed.

Q = Questionable taxonomy that may reduce conservation priority. Distinctiveness of this entity as a taxon at the current level is questionable. Resolution of this uncertainty may result in change from a species to a subspecies or inclusion of this taxon in another taxon, with the resulting Element having a lower-priority conservation status rank.

U = Possibly in peril range-wide, but status uncertain; more information is needed.

An S or G rank involving two numbers indicates uncertainty of rank. For instance, a G2G3 rank indicates that the species appears to warrant either a G2 or a G3 ranking, but that existing data do not allow that determination to be made. Number of occurrences is given as a general guide. Ranks also depend on other factors that affect vulnerability, including total population size, range, trends, and threats.

N.C. STATUS

E = Endangered. Any native or once-native species of wild animal whose continued existence as a viable component of the State’s fauna is determined by the Wildlife Resources Commission to be in jeopardy or any species of wild animal determined to be an “endangered species” pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. (Article 25 of Chapter 113 of the General Statutes; 1987).

T = Threatened. Any native or once-native species of wild animal which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range, or one that is designated as a threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. (Article 25 of Chapter 113 of the General Statutes; 1987).

SC = Special Concern. Any species of wild animal native or once-native to North Carolina which is determined by the Wildlife Resources Commission to require monitoring but which may be taken under regulations adopted under the provisions of this Article. (Article 25 of Chapter 113 of the General Statutes; 1987).

SR = Significantly Rare. Any species which has not been listed by the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission as an Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern species, but which exists in the state (or recently occurred in the state) in small numbers and has been determined by the N.C. Natural Heritage Program to need monitoring. (This is an N.C. Natural Heritage Program designation.) Significantly Rare species include “peripheral” species, whereby North Carolina lies at the periphery of the species’ range, as well as species of historical occurrence with some likelihood of rediscovery in the state. Species considered extirpated in the state, with little

likelihood of rediscovery, are given no N.C. Status (unless already listed by the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission as E, T, or SC).

U.S. STATUS

E = Endangered. A taxon which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range (U.S. ESA, Section 3).

T = Threatened. A taxon which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range (U.S. ESA, Section 3).

T (S/A) = Threatened due to Similarity of Appearance. Section 4 (e) of the U.S. ESA authorizes the treatment of a species (subspecies or population segment) as endangered or threatened even though it is not otherwise listed as endangered or threatened if – (a) the species so closely resembles in appearance an endangered or threatened species that enforcement personnel would have substantial difficulty in differentiating between the listed and unlisted species; (b) the effect of this substantial difficulty is an additional threat to an endangered or threatened species; and (c) such treatment of an unlisted species will substantially facilitate the enforcement and further the policy of the Act.

BGPA = In the July 9, 2007 Federal Register (72:37346-37372), the bald eagle was declared recovered, and removed (de-listed) from the Federal List of Threatened and Endangered wildlife. After delisting, the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (Eagle Act) (16 U.S.C. 668-668d) becomes the primary law protecting bald eagles. The Eagle Act prohibits take of bald and golden eagles and provides a statutory definition of “take” that includes “disturb.” The USFWS has developed National Bald Eagle Management Guidelines to provide guidance to land managers, landowners, and others as to how to avoid disturbing bald eagles. For more information, visit http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/baldeagle.htm FSC = Federal Species of Concern. Those species that appear to be in decline or otherwise in need of conservation and are under consideration for listing or for which there is insufficient information to support listing at this time. Subsumed under the term ‘FSC’ are all species petitioned by outside parties and other selected focal species identified in Service strategic plans, State Wildlife Action Plans, or Natural Heritage Program Lists.

Status and rank codes for animals are derived from the Natural Heritage Database (2014).

Natural Areas

Cherokee County contains a diverse assemblage of natural areas, reflective of the area’s unique physiography and geology. This inventory documents 35 natural areas, including 4 aquatic habitats. Cherokee County ranks in the upper third of North Carolina counties in terms of numbers of natural areas. However, the county is somewhat less endowed with natural areas than other mountain counties, where it ranks 14th of 23 counties in regards to the number of natural areas. Several of the county’s natural areas are ranked among the most significant in the state by virtue of containing some of the only known examples of certain natural features, i.e. rare flora and fauna and natural communities. Four of Cherokee County’s terrestrial natural areas merit Exceptional rating in terms of their highest significance rating, 9 are rated as having Very High significance, and the majority of the sites are ranked as possessing a High level of significance. Four of the natural areas rate as only Moderate or General in their significance. In totality, these areas extend over 19,000 acres and cover approximately 7% of the county’s surface. Table 7 lists the 35 natural areas in the county, and Figure 4 shows the locations of these areas. The following discussion provides general information on the distribution and significant features of natural areas in three broad regions of Cherokee County: the Valley River Mountains and Piercy Range, the Snowbird and Unicoi Mountains, and low elevation river and stream valleys.

The Valley River Mountains and Piercy Range occupy the southeastern quadrant of the county and constitute a high proportion of its high elevation terrain. The natural areas in this sector contain excellent examples of intact natural communities, principally northern hardwoods, boulderfield forest, and Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) dominated communities. Of particular note are high elevation forests on steep slopes, which, due to their inaccessibility, have persisted in essentially undisturbed natural condition. The pine forests characteristic of this part of the county represent some of the most extensive stands of Table Mountain pine in the Nantahala National Forest. Despite the impact of the southern pine bark beetle infestation, many pine stands are still in viable condition and have potential for regeneration given appropriate management. The Valley River Mountains and Piercy Range are not particularly rich in terms of rare species, though there are several prominent exceptions. The area’s pine forests provide habitat for the Special Concern timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) and are the only known locale in the county for the Special Concern saprophytic plant, sweet pinesap (Monotropsis odorata). The rocky boulderfields in this region support two of the state’s best populations of rock skullcap (Scutellaria saxatilis), and a rich cove forest in the Piercy Range contains the county’s only known population of sweet white trillium (Trillium simile).

Spanning the northern and western edge of Cherokee County are the Snowbird and Unicoi Mountains, which comprise a continuous chain of high mountains extending over 40 miles. These mountains are underlain by the Brasstown Schist Formation, which contain areas of calc- silicate substrate and allows for the development of highly diverse plant communities. Cove forest and rich oak-hickory forest support several distinctive species of plants not found elsewhere in the county. In addition, the westerly position of these mountain ranges influences the composition of the flora and even associated fauna. Noteworthy rare plants of this region include purple sedge (Carex purpurifera), American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), and the only populations in the state of Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), which reaches the eastern edge of its range here in Cherokee County. The Federally Endangered Indiana myotis (Myotis

sodalis) is known from the Unicoi Mountains, the area where this species reaches its highest density in North Carolina.

Cherokee County’s low elevation river valleys are important for the county’s biodiversity and are unique in North Carolina in supporting wildlife species not known elsewhere in the state. Undisturbed natural areas are still found in the region, primarily in the National Forest and occasionally on private land along Hiwassee and Appalachia lakes. The Hiwassee River Valley coincides with the geological formations of the Murphy Belt, including the Nantahala Formation, which is often found in exposures and contains calc-silicate material responsible for the development of unique natural communities. River bluffs and glade outcrops with diverse flora are frequent expressions of the Nantahala Formation along the impounded Hiwassee River. The river valleys and surrounding low hills are drier than the neighboring high mountain ranges. The relatively low elevation and drier nature of this portion of the county also promotes the development of pine and dry oak communities that are uncommon elsewhere in the mountains, such as Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype) and the Low Dry Subtype of Montane Oak-Hickory Forest. The Watch List Carolina scorpion (Vaejovis carolinianus) and Special Concern northern pinesnake (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus) are wildlife species associated with these dry, low elevation montane communities. The county’s broad river valleys also support a large extent of low-lying, flood-prone ground suitable for the development of wetlands. These wetland communities are notable for supporting wildlife species that are atypical of the mountains or even unique to the state.

Of particular importance to the biodiversity of Cherokee County are the four significant aquatic habitats. These aquatic sites support habitat for several aquatic species that are only known from Cherokee and Clay counties in North Carolina, including the State and Federally Endangered Tennessee pigtoe (Fusconaia barnesiana), State Endangered Christy’s elimia (Elimia christyi), and Special Concern Hiwassee headwaters crayfish (Cambarus parishii). A number of rare fish species are known from the aquatic habitats as well, such as Special Concern smoky dace (Clinostomus sp. 1) and striped shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus) and State Threatened sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2), which is a candidate for federal listing.

Table 7. Natural Areas of Cherokee County.

Site Representational Collective Site Name Number Rating Rating 1 Appalachia Lake Old-Growth Site R1 - Exceptional C4 - Moderate 2 Beavers Branch Wetland and Slopes R3 - High C4 - Moderate 3 Buck Knob R3 - High C3 - High 4 Camp Creek Falls R5 - General C5 - General 5 Camp Creek Wetlands R3 - High C3 - High 6 Corundum #3/Snowbird Mountains R3 - High C4 - Moderate 7 Die Bend/Crowder Bluff R1 - Exceptional C3 - High 8 Farmer Top R3 - High C4 - Moderate 9 Fires Creek Ridgeline R2 – Very High C3 - High 10 Gipp Creek Slopes/Teyahalee Bald R3 - High C3 - High 11 Hamby Bend R2 – Very High C3 - High 12 Hanging Dog Creek Aquatic Habitat - C4 - Moderate 13 Hanging Dog Mountain R3 - High C4 - Moderate 14 Hiwassee Church Bluffs R3 - High C4 - Moderate 15 Hiwassee Lake Rare Plant Site R2 – Very High C3 - High 16 John Green Bend R3 - High C4 - Moderate 17 Little Brasstown Creek Floodplain R3 - High C4 - Moderate 18 Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains R3 - High C4 - Moderate 19 Lower Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat - C3 - High 20 Moccasin Mountain R1 - Exceptional C4 - Moderate 21 North Shoal Creek Falls R2 – Very High C4 - Moderate 22 Old Billy Top R4 - Moderate C4 - Moderate 23 Pack Mountain R2 – Very High C4 - Moderate 24 Payne Mountain R2 – Very High C4 - Moderate 25 Peels High Top/Cantrell Top R3 - High C4 - Moderate 26 Piercy Bald/London Bald R4 - Moderate C4 - Moderate 27 Piercy Range/Kennedy Top R2 – Very High C3 - High 28 Rocky Ford Beaver Marsh R4 - Moderate C5 – General 29 Rocky Knob/Davis Creek Headwaters R3 - High C3 - High 30 Shuler Creek Wetland Complex R3 - High C4 - Moderate 31 Turner Top R3 - High C4 - Moderate 32 Upper Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat - C2 – Very High 33 Valley River Aquatic Habitat - C2 – Very High 34 Western Valley River Mountains R2 – Very High C2 – Very High 35 Will Scott Mountain R3 - High C4 - Moderate

± Tennessee Graham County

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0 5 10 Miles Georgia

Figure 4. Natural Areas of Cherokee County, North Carolina. Areas for Future Study

Despite the years of study as part of this current inventory, large portions of Cherokee County have yet to be explored for natural heritage features. The extent of the inventory was constrained by the county’s large size and the limited time and resources available. Access to privately owned natural areas was limited in some cases where landowners could not be contacted or did not respond to requests for access. In a few instances, owners denied permission. Despite these limitations, an effort has been made to highlight the best examples of biodiversity and the most unique natural features of the county.

Priority locations for further study include the Tellico River headwaters. This is one of the most remote parts of the county, adjoining Tennessee. Much of the area was formerly an Off-Road- Vehicle (ORV) Recreation Area that was recently decommissioned. Intact natural areas remain and potential is high for high quality natural communities, such as Northern Hardwood Forest. The lands bordering Hiwassee and Appalachia lakes were targeted for surveys, but given the extent of these water bodies and the numerous coves and crenulations along the lake shores, potential for additional natural areas abound. In particular, additional communities such as Low Mountain Pine Forest and river bluff glades are likely to be found. The Snowbird Mountains, while highlighted in several natural areas, extends for miles along the Graham-Cherokee County border, and much of the range remains relatively unexplored. Based on completed surveys, there is good potential for Rich Cove Forest and Montane Oak-Hickory Forest communities and, possibly, for rare plant species as well. Will Scott Mountain Natural Area, though included in this report, was not visited during the county inventory due to a lack of landowner access and is a high priority for future site visits pending landowner approval. Potential exists for additional wetland areas in the southwestern corner of the county. Attempts to survey some tracts were unsuccessful because of lack of landowner permission to access property. The potential for additional wetlands is of importance because of an historical report of white fringeless orchid (Platanthera integrilabia) from this region of the county.

Conservation Options

Protection of Cherokee County’s natural areas and its landscape connections can only be achieved through conservation efforts by county’s landowners, with support from land trusts, local governments, and other agencies. Property owners have various conservation incentives at their disposal to protect and promote the natural character of their land. Conservation easements and management plans can yield financial benefits, e.g., tax credits, and resources can be made available through state and federal conservation funds to help offset transaction costs or to provide additional conservation incentives. These conservation tools can often reduce the cost of land ownership and can help relieve some of the financial burden of landownership.

Conservation easements are recognized as an effective means of land protection. An easement is a flexible option to permanently conserve land for natural, aesthetic, or agricultural values. Conservation easements can be sold or donated, they confer state and federal tax benefits to the owner, and they are affixed to the property deed “in perpetuity.” Conservation easements are agreements entered into with a recognized conservation organization or government. They allow the owner to retain the title/deed to their land and to maintain a negotiated property right. Certain 51 rights, such as development rights, are deeded over to the conservation entity. The Land Trust for the Little Tennessee serves Cherokee and its neighboring counties. They work with a variety of landowners, including farmers, homeowners, and developers, to achieve conservation goals. The Land Trust for the Little Tennessee can be reached by mail at: P. O. Box 1148, Franklin, NC 28744-1148 or by telephone at: 828-524-2711, or on the internet at: http://www.ltlt.org/.

The Conservation Trust for North Carolina (CTNC), based in Raleigh, can help design conservation easements as well as refer interested individuals to a qualified local land trust. The North Carolina chapter of The Nature Conservancy (TNC) has an office in Asheville, NC and is a good option for lands high in biological diversity and significance. Assistance in identifying conservation organizations in North Carolina can also be obtained by contacting the N.C. Natural Heritage Program of the Office of Land and Water Stewardship by telephone at: (919) 707-8600, by mail at: N.C. Natural Heritage Program, 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601, or on the internet at: http://www.ncnhp.org/.

Property owners and farmers who are interested in land management can explore various cost- share programs that are available through the Natural Resources Conservation Services of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Cherokee County Soil and Water Conservation District. Various programs are available for soil and water protection, reforestation, erosion control, wildlife enhancement, and stream restoration and river bank stabilization. For more information contact the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 225 Valley River Ave., Suite J, Murphy, NC 28906; telephone: 828-837-6417 Ext. 3.

Landowners who are seeking advice on management of forest lands can access cost-sharing programs through the NC Forest Stewardship Program. The Forest Stewardship Program is supported by state and federal resource agencies and works with landowners to develop management plans for controlled burning, reforestation with natural vegetation, restoration of riparian buffer strips, and wildlife enhancement. For more information, contact: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, 40 Peach Street, Murphy, NC 28906; telephone: 828-837-2210, or contact the local representative of one of the following partner agencies: N.C. Division of Forest Resources, Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, Consolidated Farm Services Agency, Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and N.C. Division of Soil and Water Conservation.

One final option for landowners who want to recognize the natural heritage value of their land and wish to preserve it in a natural state is to register their natural area with the North Carolina Registry of Natural Areas. This program is administered by the N.C. Natural Heritage Program and recognizes natural areas on both private and public land. The program relies on voluntary agreements with landowners and can provide management prescriptions, some degree of statutory protection, and public recognition of the natural heritage site if desired. For more information, contact the N.C. Natural Heritage Program of the Office of Land and Water Stewardship by telephone at: (919) 707-8600, or by mail at: N.C. Natural Heritage Program, 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LAWS

Obtaining landowner permission to survey is an integral part of biological inventory. Occasionally, however, permission to survey on private lands is not granted due to a belief that if a rare species is discovered, restrictions and land-use limitations will be imposed. Clearly, when this occurs the search for scientific information is hindered. A secondary effect of not granting permission to survey is that owners of biologically significant lands do not learn about the conservation options and tax incentives that are available to them. Those who grant permission and are found to own significant lands are given results from the biological survey and, if they wish, are put in contact with an appropriate conservation organization, or are made aware of other management or protection options.

In reality, there is very little reason for landowners to have concerns about the presence of rare species on their land. A summary of federal and state endangered species laws relevant to private landowners was recently prepared by Mark A. Cantrell of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Kenneth A. Bridle of the Piedmont Land Conservancy in Greensboro, NC. Some of that information is presented below to help dispel concerns that landowners may have about rare species and to provide clarification on potential land-use restrictions. Federal Law

1. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) protects only plants and animals that are federally listed as endangered or threatened. Since federally listed species are by definition very rare, the likelihood of any occurring on a given tract of private land is very small.

2. The ESA protects federally listed animal species from the potentially harmful actions of private landowners. Because this may lead to restrictions on their use of lands, Congress, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and other partners have worked to develop flexible tools for resolving conflicts. These tools include Section 10 permits, such as habitat conservation plans, safe harbor agreements, and candidate conservation agreements. Federal funds are also available to assist landowners with management and conservation of listed and candidate species (rare federally but not officially listed) on their land. Plants on private land are not subject to provisions of the ESA, unless federal funding or permitting is involved.

3. Engaging in interstate or foreign trade of a federally listed species without a permit is illegal for plants and animals. “Taking” (i.e., harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, killing, trapping) or possessing illegally taken animals is a violation of the ESA. Removing, digging up, cutting, damaging, or destroying a federally listed plant is illegal on federal lands.

4. Through the habitat conservation planning process, the USFWS may issue a permit so that private landowners may lawfully “take” a federally listed animal species if it is “incidental to and not the purpose of carrying out otherwise lawful activities.” These permits are available as long as the landowner implements an approved habitat conservation plan, and the “taking” does not jeopardize the continued existence of the species. A private landowner is not required to prepare

a conservation plan for the “taking” of listed plant species as long as the activity does not involve federal funding or permitting, or is not in violation of other laws.

5. Under the ESA, private developers can obtain permits to legally harm or even kill federally listed species on their property provided that they show that attempts were made to minimize impacts on the species in other ways.

6. The existence of a federally listed plant species on private property has no legal effect on the landowner unless a project requires a federal permit or uses federal funds and will clearly result in adverse impacts to the listed plant. Landowners, individuals, and agencies are prohibited from taking listed animals without authorization, whether the action is private or federally funded.

7. When critical habitat is designated for federally listed species, it applies only to federal actions, not to state or local projects, and not to the actions of private landowners unless there is federal funding or permitting involved. State Law

1. North Carolina endangered species laws apply to species listed by the state as endangered, threatened, or special concern.

2. The state plant and animal endangered species laws are modelled after the ESA, in that they prohibit illegal trafficking or poaching of listed species.

3. The state endangered animal species law states that “no rule may be adopted that restricts use or development of private property.”

4. The state endangered plant species law states that “the incidental disturbance of protected plants during agricultural, forestry, or development operations is not illegal so long as the plants are not collected for sale or commercial use.” Collection of federal or state listed plants from public or private land can only be done with the landowner’s written permission and a permit from the N.C. Department of Agriculture’s Plant Conservation Program.

REFERENCES

Aushburn, M.P., R.D. Hatcher, J.G. Bryan, S.C. Godfrey, and L.L. Acker. 1998. Geologic Map and Mineral Resources Summary of the Topton Quadrangle, North Carolina. Geologic Map Series 6. North Carolina Geological Survey, Raleigh.

Baker, C.B., J.K. Eischeid, T.R. Karl, and H.F. Diaz. 1994. The Quality Control of Long-term Climatological Data Using Objective Data Analysis. Preprints of AMS Ninth Conference on Applied Climatology, Dallas, TX., January 15-20, 1995.b.

Beyer, F. 1991. North Carolina: The Years Before Man. A Geological History. Carolina Academic Press, Durham.

Conant, R., and J.T. Collins. 1998. A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.

Conrad, S.G. 1960. Crystalline Limestones of the Piedmont and Mountain Regions of North Carolina. North Carolina Geological Survey Bulletin Number 74.

Freel, M. W. 1956. Our Heritage, The People of Cherokee County, North Carolina, 1540–1955. Miller Printing Company, Asheville.

Gadd, L.E., and J.T. Finnegan. 2012. Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Natural Resource Planning and Conservation, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Hatcher, R.D. 1980. Geologic Map and Mineral Resource Summary of the Prentiss Quadrangle, North Carolina (1:24,000) including Geologic Map of the Coweeta Laboratory. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, Division of Land Resources, Geological Survey Section, Raleigh.

Hicks, M.L. 1992. Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina. Duke University Press, Durham.

LeGrand, H.E., Jr., J.T. Finnegan, S.P. Hall, A.J. Leslie, and J.A. Ratcliffe. 2012. Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Animal Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Martof, B.S., W.M. Palmer, J.R. Bailey, J.R. Harrison III, and J. Dermid. 1980. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Merschat, A.J., D.W. Stahr III, R.D. Hatcher Jr., and S.R. Cyphers. 2006. Detailed Geologic Mapping in the Great Balsam and Cowee Mountains, Central and Eastern Blue Ridge,

Western North Carolina. Tectonics and Structural Geology Research Group. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Mohr, D.W. 1973. Stratigraphy and Structure of Part of the Great Smoky and Murphy Belt Groups, Western North Carolina. American Journal of Science. The Cooper Volume 273- A: 41-71.

North Carolina Division of Water Resources. 2012. Hiwassee River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Database. 2014. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Raleigh.

North Carolina State Office of Management and Budget. 2014. Municipal Population Estimates. Raleigh. http://www.osbm.state.nc.us/ncosbm/facts_and_figures/socioeconomic_data/population_ estimates/ municipal_estimates.shtm

Robinson, G.R, Jr., F.G. Lesure, J.I Marlowe II, N.K. Foley, and S.H. Clark. 1992. Bedrock Geology and Mineral Resources of the Knoxville 1˚ X 2˚ Quadrangle, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina. United States Geological Survey, Washington, DC.

Robinson, L.G., and J.T. Finnegan. 2014. Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Plant Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schafale, M.P., and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina: Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schafale, M.P. 2012. Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina: Fourth Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation, Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Simpson, M.B., Jr. 1992. Birds of the Blue Ridge Mountains. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

State Climate Office of North Carolina. 2014. CRONOS Database. 1971-2000 Normals. North Carolina State University. Raleigh. http://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/cronos/normals.php

State Climate Office of North Carolina. 2014. Water Atlas of the Eastern Region. Teyahalee Bald. North Carolina State University. Raleigh. http://www.nc- climate.ncsu.edu/tva/data/index.php?station=318560

Thornton, R. 1992. The Cherokees: A Population History (Indians of the Southeast). University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2013. Soil Survey of Cherokee County, North Carolina.

Van Horn, E.C. 1948. Talc Deposits of the Murphy Marble Belt. (North Carolina): North Carolina Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin 56: 4.

Weakley, A.S. 2012. Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia: Working Draft of November 30, 2012. North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Webster, W.D., J.F. Parnell, and W.C. Biggs, Jr. 1985. Mammals of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

White, A.D., ed., and N.A. White, associate ed. 1987. The Heritage of Cherokee County, North Carolina. Cherokee County Historical Museum in Cooperation with the History Division of Hunter Pubublishing Company, Winston-Salem.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTIONS

This section contains a description of all natural areas identified during the inventory. Descriptions of natural areas are listed alphabetically.

The descriptions include the following fields:

MAP: a USGS. topographic quad image of the site boundary accompanies each description, with scale indicated. For the majority of maps the scale is 1:24,000, equal to the topographic quad itself.

NATURAL AREA NAME: name assigned to the site by the N.C. Natural Heritage Program.

SITE SIGNIFICANCE: indicates whether the site is of Exceptional, Very High, High, Moderate, or General significance.

SIZE: in acres.

QUADRANGLE: names the USGS. topographic quadrangle map(s) on which the site occurs.

OWNERSHIP: indicates whether a site is publicly or privately owned, or both. Names of public agencies are given, as are names of conservation organizations.

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: highlights biological and geophysical features that give the site its significance.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: describes the site’s approximate location in the county and aspects of its landscape context such as connectivity to nearby natural areas and surrounding land use.

SITE DESCRIPTION: describes the biological and topographical features of the site, with emphasis on the natural communities, vegetation, and animal observations.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: all documented natural communities are listed.

RARE PLANTS: all documented rare plants are listed including those known from historical records (at least 20 years old) or those listed on the N.C. Natural Heritage Program Watch List. The Watch List includes plant species which may be rare or are threatened with serious decline, but for which current information does not justify placement on the rare list.

RARE ANIMALS: all documented rare animals are listed including historical and Watch List species.

REFERENCES: literature sources and reports that described aspects of the site.

SITE DESCRIPTIONS

Appalachia Lake Old-Growth Site

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 81 acres Representational Value: Exceptional (R1) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Farner

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The Appalachia Lake Old-Growth Site supports an old-growth example of Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype) and a unique Low Elevation Basic Glade that contains the only confirmed, extant population of false aloe (Manfreda virginica) in the North Carolina mountains. The site also supports an example of the Low Dry Subtype of Montane Oak-Hickory Forest.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: North Shoal Creek Falls lies 0.65 mile east of the site. Buck Knob is 2.7 miles to the west, and Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains is located approximately 3.3 miles northwest of Appalachia Lake Old-Growth Site.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The Appalachia Lake Old-Growth Site is a steep bluff covered with outcrops, low cliffs, and rocky woodlands. Low Mountain Pine Forest with old-growth characteristics and mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest are the dominant forest communities. An unusual Low Elevation Basic Glade dominated by winged elm (Ulmus alata) is located on the rocky slope. The glade supports a population of Watch List eastern woodrats (Neotoma floridana haematoreia) and the only extant, confirmed population of false aloe (Manfreda virginica) in the North Carolina mountains. The site is representative of the unique rocky, glade habitats characteristic of the slopes above the impounded Hiwassee River.

An open, rocky glade occurs in association with outcrops of blocky metasedimentary rock. The glade is steeply sloped and lacks a canopy and is dominated by winged elm along with understory trees, such as devil’s walking-stick (Aralia spinosa), redbud (Cercis canadensis), and sand hickory (Carya pallida). The shrub layer contains winged sumac (Rhus copallinum) and farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum). A variety of drought-adapted herbs and grasses grow in the glade, including blunt-lobed cliff-fern (Woodsia obtusa), hairy lip-fern (Cheilanthes lanosa), alumroot (Heuchera americana), three-awn grass (Aristida sp.), purple-top (Tridens flava), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), narrowleaf mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), hairy sunflower (H. hirsutus), showy goldenrod (Solidago speciosa), anise-scented goldenrod (S. odora), and Watch List Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii). A population of Watch List false aloe (Manfreda virginica), the only extant occurrence west of the Piedmont, occurs in the glade.

A very mature, tall-canopied shortleaf pine forest covers the lower slopes above the river. The canopy contains many gaps and is fairly open, especially where southern pine bark beetle has infected stands. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is the canopy dominant along with white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Q. montana), southern red oak (Q. falcata), scarlet oak (Q.

coccinea), post oak (Q. stellata), mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), red maple (Acer rubrum), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). The shrub layer is sparse and contains Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis), whiplash dewberry (R. flagellaris), redbud, horse-sugar (Symplocos tinctoria), and New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana). A diverse herb layer occurs over rocky ground, with typical species including Virginia snakeroot (Endodeca serpentaria), lesser snakeroot (Ageratina aromatica), downy trailing lespedeza (Lespedeza procumbens), small-headed sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus), white milkweed (Asclepias variegata), pointed-leaf tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum glutinosum), velvety tick-trefoil (Desmodium viridiflorum), needle-and-thread grass (Piptochaetium avenaceum), and yellow passionflower (Passiflora lutea). Signs of fire and damage from pine bark beetle are frequent in the community but, otherwise, signs of disturbance are lacking.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest occurs interspersed among pine forest, dominated by oaks and hardwoods and lacking shortleaf pine in the canopy. Oak-hickory forest also occurs primarily over rocky soils and is mixed with outcrops and low cliffs. Signs of intense past fire are visible in this community. Composition of the canopy and shrub layer resembles that of the Low Mountain Pine Forest. White pine (Pinus strobus) is common in the understory in places. A diverse herb layer contains many of the species present in the rocky glade and adjacent pine forest, as well as woodland coreopsis (Coreopsis major), shrubby bushclover (Lespedeza frutescens), round-head bushclover (L. capitata), tall bushclover (L. stuvei), common partridge pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata), early goldenrod (Solidago juncea), and silver plume grass (Saccharum alopecuroides). Small and broken outcrops with occasional rock piles and boulderfields at their base occur interspersed with Montane Oak-Hickory Forest.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Elevation Basic Glade, Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype), and Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: False aloe (Manfreda virginica), woodland muhly (Muhlenbergia sylvatica), and Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana haematoreia).

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Appalachia Lakes Old-Growth Site Natural Area. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Beavers Branch Wetland and Slopes N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 79 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private Collective Value: Moderate (C4) landowners Quadrangle: Unaka

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Beavers Branch Wetland and Slopes has a large seep with a small population of Significantly Rare northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola), one of seven known in the state. Watch List Marsh St. John’s-wort (Triadenum tubulosum), which is previously unknown from Cherokee County, also occurs here. The knoll above Appalachia Lake supports two natural communities that are unique to the edge of the Blue Ridge, Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest and Low Mountain Pine Forest.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Natural areas with similar pine-oak forest and rocky slopes occur nearby along the shores of Appalachia Lake. Appalachia Lake Old-Growth Site lies 0.85 mile to the northwest, Hamby Bend is 1.2 miles to the southeast, and North Shoal Creek Falls is just 0.5 mile north of Beavers Branch.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Beavers Branch Wetland and Slopes contains a complex of low elevation montane natural communities representative of the far western part of the state. Two uncommon natural communities, Low Mountain Pine Forest and Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest, form a mosaic across a southwest-facing knoll above Appalachia Lake with well-drained, rocky soils. Two stream draws on the north side of the site and one to the south above Appalachia Lake support second-growth cove forest with logging roads and some invasive exotic plant species. Both Rich Cove Forest and Acidic Cove Forest are represented, as well as examples of mesic hardwood forest with some shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). A large seepage complex has formed at the confluence of Beavers Branch with two small tributary streams. The complex receives groundwater flow from several directions and is partially flooded. A number of Coastal Plain disjunct plants, as well as a small population of Significantly Rare northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola), grow in the seep. The seep also provides excellent habitat for wetland dependent wildlife and invertebrate species.

A mixed pine-oak forest in mature, second-growth condition covers the majority of the knoll above Appalachia Lake. The canopy contains a mixture of pines, such as shortleaf pine, pitch pine (Pinus rigida), and white pine (P. strobus), along with hardwoods, such as southern red oak (Quercus falcata), black oak (Q. velutina), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and red maple (Acer rubrum). White oak (Quercus alba) and post oak (Q. stellata) are occasionally also present. Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) are common understory plants. The shrub layer contains farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), horse-sugar (Symplocos tinctoria), smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). A variety of xeric herbs grows on the slope here, including goat’s-rue (Tephrosia virginiana), oat grass (Danthonia spp.), roundleaf tick-trefoil (Desmodium rotundifolium), giant plumegrass (Saccharum cf. giganteum), anise- scented goldenrod (Solidago odora), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), narrowleaf silk-grass

(Pityopsis graminifolia), and sensitive-briar (Mimosa microphylla). Muscadine grape (Muscadinia rotundifolia) is a common vine. Invasive exotic plant species, such as Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum) and silk tree (Albizia julibrissin), are encroaching into the pine-oak forest along the edges of the community. The forest becomes quite rocky with scattered outcrops and boulders on the slopes immediately above the lake shore, and the canopy is semiopen. Several herbaceous species adapted to such open, rocky slopes occur above the lake here, including wild oregano (Cunila origanoides), slender-leaf false foxglove (Agalinis tenuifolia), and hoary mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum). Watch List Carolina scorpions (Vaejovis carolinianus) are found amid rocks and other cover objects on these lower, dry slopes.

A solid stand of shortleaf pine occupies the north-northwest face of the knoll and extends downslope to the lake. Sassafras and American holly (Ilex opaca) both occur in the understory. A well-developed shrub layer contains ericaceous species, such as blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), as well as horse-sugar (Symplocos tinctoria) and New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus). The herb layer is somewhat sparse with evergreen species, such as little brown jugs (Hexastylis arifolia) and wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), along with zigzag spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), devil’s-bit (Chamaelirium luteum), and bracken (Pteridium aquilinum).

A large Low Elevation Seep (Floodplain Subtype) is formed where Beavers Creek meets a tributary stream, and the entire floodplain flattens out. This natural location for wetland formation is enhanced by the backwater effect from Appalachia Lake, which causes portions of the seep to flood. As a result of the complex hydrology, the seep has a number of different zones, including swampy, slightly inundated groundwater zones and a large open marsh area with deep standing water. Though the headwater forks of the seep are shaded by bordering alluvial forest, the broad, open impounded portion is completely open. A dense stand of winterberry (Ilex verticillata) grows in this area. Other shrubs such as tag alder (Alnus serrulata), bushy St. John’s-wort (Hypericum densiflorum), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), and Virginia sweet-spire (Itea virginica) are more typical of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. The wettest portion of the seep supports multiple plants that are tolerant of flooding, such as spotted smartweed (Persicaria punctata), marsh bedstraw (Galium tinctorium), woodland rush (Juncus subcaudatus), beggar’s ticks (Bidens sp.), rice cut-grass (Leersia oryzoides), water purslane (Ludwigia palustris), and monkey-flower (Mimulus ringens). A number of Coastal Plain disjunct marsh plants grow here, including marsh-mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos), camphorweed (Pluchea cf. camphorata), and climbing hempweed (Mikania scandens), which is newly reported for the mountains. Plants adapted to lower, more stable water levels are more common on the edge of the seep and its fingers. Typical species include cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), seepage rush (Juncus gymnocarpus), rough sedge (Carex scabrata), and bristly-stalked sedge (C. leptalea). Patches of rhizomatous marsh St. John’s-wort (Triadenum tubulosum), a Watch List plant, grow in two locations around the margins of the seep. Also present is a small population of northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola), a Significantly Rare species known from few locations in the state. A number of nonnative plants are also beginning to invade this seep, including Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum), air potatoes (Dioscorea batatas), and murdannia (Murdannia keisak), a highly invasive exotic aquatic plant. Frogs, including green frogs (Lithobates clamitans), and a number of dragonflies and butterflies, such as slaty skimmer (Libellula incesta), silver-spotted skipper (Epargyreus clarus), and eastern tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus), breed and forage around the large, marshy section of the seep. Two smaller

seeps occur along the tributary stream to Beavers Branch and also on a cove that drains directly to Appalachia Lake. These small wetland pockets are linear in form, are forested, and have many of the same shade-tolerant plant species found in the margins of the large seep described above.

Rich Cove Forest (Foothills Intermediate Subtype) in second-growth condition occupies the cove that drains east down to Beavers Branch and the southwest-facing cove that drains to Appalachia Lake. The presence of typical Piedmont species and lack of some common montane elements characterize the vegetation of this community. Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is mixed in with beech (Fagus grandifolia), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple (Acer rubrum), white oak, and red oak (Q. rubra). Shortleaf pine is sprinkled in the canopy. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) formerly comprised a portion of the canopy but is now declining from the woolly adelgid, and only a few trees remain somewhat healthy. The understory contains a variety of woody species, such as umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala), Fraser magnolia (M. fraseri), hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), and redbud (Cercis canadensis). Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and patches of mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) are common in the shrub layer. Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Solomon’s-plume (Maianthemum racemosum), and flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata) are common herbs. Occasional richer pockets contain broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya), great yellow wood-sorrel (Oxalis grandis), thimbleberry (Anemone virginiana), and pale-spike lobelia (Lobelia spicata). Vines are present, such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and climbing hydrangea (Decumaria barbara), which is uncommon in the mountains.

Acidic Cove Forest in mature second-growth condition with a mix of eastern hemlock and white pine occurs on the east-flowing tributary to Beavers Branch. The shrub layer contains dense rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and mountain dog-hobble. Eastern hemlock is dying from the hemlock woolly adelgid infestation, though occasionally healthy trees were observed.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Elevation Seep (Floodplain Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Foothills Intermediate Subtype), and Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest, and Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype). Minor component: Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: A hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus) and marsh St. John’s-wort (Triadenum tubulosum).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Carolina scorpion (Vaejovis carolinianus).

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Beavers Branch Wetland and Slopes. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Buck Knob

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 227 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private Collective Value: High (C3) landowners Quadrangle: Unaka

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Buck Knob supports populations of Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) and one of the few populations of American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) in Cherokee County. The site contains a unique Low Elevation Basic Glade natural community and areas of mature oak-hickory forest and cove forest.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Turner Top is located 2 miles northeast, Locust Gap Branch lies 2.6 miles north, and North Shoal Creek Falls is 2 miles southwest of Buck Knob.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Buck Knob is a high knob above Hiwassee Lake with long ridges radiating off in all directions. The upper slopes and ridges are covered with mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest, and Rich Cove Forest occurs in several of the steeper coves in the site. Two examples of Low Elevation Basic Glade occupy exposed rockfaces on the upper slopes. Several seeps are located in the upper portion of coves below Buck Knob summit.

Mid-successional to mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest covers the summit, ridges, and upper slopes of Buck Knob. Mature, undisturbed forest on steep slopes contains small shaded outcrops and seeps. A sizable area of this community was recently burned in a wildfire. Dominant canopy species include white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Q. velutina), chestnut oak (Q. montana), hickories (Carya spp.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), red maple (Acer rubrum), and occasional shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is occasionally dominant in disturbed mid-successional examples of this community. The understory contains white pine (Pinus strobus), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), and hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana). The composition of the shrub layer varies according to subtype, with the Acidic Subtype containing moderately dense ericaceous shrubs, such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), and black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). The Basic Subtype is more open with occasional maple-leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), patches of Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis), and vines including greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). One of the few populations of American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) in the county grows in the Basic Subtype of oak-hickory forest on the west-facing slopes of Buck Knob. The herb layer of the Basic Subtype is quite diverse and includes naked- stem tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum nudiflorum), lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides), broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), Appalachian bunchflower (Melanthium parviflorum), mountain- mint (Pycnanthemum montanum), American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya), and upland boneset (Eupatorium sessilifolium). The Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) grows in this community.

Three separate coves dominated by Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype) were observed. Most of the cove forest is in mature second-growth condition, though an area of mature, relatively undisturbed cove forest over rocky substrate occurs on the east face of Buck Knob. The canopy is mainly comprised of tulip poplar, with white ash (Fraxinus americana), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), oaks (Quercus spp.), and dying Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri) is a common understory species. The shrub layer is quite open with spicebush (Lindera benzoin) dominant; vines, such as fox grape (Vitis cinerea), are common. Watch List shrub, ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), is occasionally present. The herb layer contains maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), rattlesnake fern (Botrypus virginianum), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), stoneroot (Collinsonia canadensis), Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia), and hairy skullcap (Scutellaria elliptica) among many other species. The rare purple sedge also grows in this community.

Two rocky woodlands with circumneutral plant affinities occur on the south-facing and upper west-facing slopes of Buck Knob. These Low Elevation Basic Glades are gradually sloped, though several low cliffs are present. The community was affected by the recent wildfire, lacks canopy, and has dense shrub thickets regenerating in places. Though mostly open, scattered small trees and shrubs are present, such as winged elm (Ulmus alata), farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), whiplash dewberry (Rubus flagellaris), St. Andrew’s-cross (Hypericum hypericoides), winged sumac (Rhus copallinum), and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.). Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is a common vine. The herb layer contains many plants adapted to outcrops and full-sun habitats, including big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), slender-leaf false foxglove (Agalinis tenuifolia), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), late purple aster (Symphyotrichum patens), wavy-leaved aster (S. undulatum), limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata), and Watch List Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii).

Three seeps were observed on the slopes of Buck Knob. Two seeps occur in a series in a cove on the east face of the knob, the uppermost of which is associated with a rock outcrop. The seeps are shaded by the canopy of the surrounding oak-hickory forest and are dominated by a shrub layer of spicebush. A variety of seepage-loving herbs occur in the seep, including mountain meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum), white turtlehead (Chelone glabra), Virginia cutgrass (Leersia virginica), royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis), and stoneroot. These seeps support seal salamanders (Desmognathus monticola). A unique seep occurs in the headwaters of a small south-facing cove on Buck Knob, where a trickle of water consolidates and forms braided channels over bedrock. The linear seep has several tiers separated by ledges and slight drop-offs. A dense shrub layer covers the seep with spicebush, chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and winterberry (Ilex verticillata). Common seepage herbs, such as cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), bulrush (Scirpus polyphyllus), prickly bog sedge (Carex atlantica), cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), and rough-leaf goldenrod (Solidago patula), occur under the shrubs.

Acidic Cove Forest occurs along a small tributary on the eastern edge of the site. The small example quickly transitions to Rich Cove Forest. The mature canopy contains dying Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), black birch (Betula lenta), mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa),

tulip poplar, chestnut oak, and beech (Fagus grandifolia). Fraser magnolia is common in the understory, and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) forms a dense shrub layer. Many chestnut oak seedlings are emerging in the sunlight gaps of dying hemlocks following the heavy mast year. Though many hemlocks have succumbed to the woolly adelgid, understory trees appeared fairly healthy in 2011. The Watch List hornwort, Megaceros aenigmaticus, grows in the creek within this community.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype), Montane Oak- Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype), Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), and Low Elevation Basic Glade (Montane Subtype). Minor component: Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) and American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii), and a hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Buck Knob. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Camp Creek Falls

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 34 acres Representational Value: General (R5) Ownership: Private landowners Collective Value: General (C5) Quadrangle: Farner

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Camp Creek Falls is a prominent creek gorge with acidic cliffs in the far western part of the state. Several small shrubs of Significantly Rare mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata) grow on the acidic slope above Camp Creek. The stream gorge itself is in relatively intact condition and is one of just a few rocky ravines documented from Cherokee County.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Camp Creek Wetlands is located just 0.25 mile to the southwest, and South Shoal Creek in Hamby Bend natural area is 2.5 miles to the east.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Camp Creek Falls is a steep, rocky gorge through which Camp Creek flows before descending to Appalachia Lake. A solid rock dike forms a band of cliffs across the valley, only broken by the flow of the creek. The slopes above the cliffs are covered with mature, second-growth Acidic Cove Forest with abundant white pine (Pinus strobus) and support small patches of mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata). Acidic Cove also occurs on a small tributary to the impounded reach of Camp Creek, now an arm of Appalachia Lake. The steep slopes above the creek are covered with oak-hickory forest mixed with pines and a small patch of Low Mountain Pine Forest that has been somewhat affected by the southern pine bark beetle.

The creek descends through a rocky ravine with a series of cascades. The surrounding gorge is lined with a series of Montane Acidic Cliffs made up of fragmented blocks of conglomerate rock and boulder piles covered with ferns, shrubs, and wildflowers. The cliffs form small caves and damp recesses, where dense mats of bryophytes are common. White pine (Pinus strobus), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and black birch (Betula lenta) extend into the cliffs from the adjacent Acidic Cove Forest. Evergreen shrubs, such as rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana), are common here along with Watch List ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea). A number of ferns and moisture-loving herbs grow on the rocks, including white wood aster (Eurybia divaricata), Virginia polypody (Polypodium virginianum), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), partridge-berry (Mitchella repens), and violets (Viola spp.). Vines frequently grow over the boulders at the base of the cliff, and climbing hydrangea (Decumaria barbara), a species more typical of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, is abundant. The cliff’s rocky recesses are covered with mats of bryophytes, and a Watch List hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus) grows in the stream bed of Camp Creek.

The slopes above Camp Creek by the falls support mature Acidic Cove Forest. Many of the eastern hemlocks have succumbed to the hemlock woolly adelgid and canopy gaps and woody debris are left in their wake where they’ve fallen. Hardwoods, such as tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), oaks (Quercus spp.), and black birch, are present as well. The understory contains

American holly (Ilex opaca), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), and Significantly Rare mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata), which is occasionally present as a low tree. Rosebay rhododendron and mountain dog-hobble form a dense shrub layer, and the herb layer is sparse with the exception of scattered mesic herbs like sweet white violet (Viola blanda). Climbing hydrangea is an occasional vine in the cove forest. A mature stand of Acidic Cove Forest also occurs on the small tributary to Appalachia Lake.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest occurs on the north-northwest-facing slope above Appalachia Lake. The forest is in mature, second-growth condition with white oak (Quercus alba), southern red oak (Q. falcata), red maple (Acer rubrum), and white pine dominant in the canopy. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is occasionally present, though some trees have been killed by the southern pine bark beetle. A mixed understory and shrub layer contains American holly, sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), rosebay rhododendron, and Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua). The herb layer contains galax (Galax urceolata), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Solomon’s-plume (Maianthemum racemosum), lovage (Ligusticum canadense), and Carolina lily (Lilium michauxii).

A patch of Low Mountain Pine Forest with white pine and shortleaf pine in the canopy occurs on a knoll above the tributary to Camp Creek. The canopy is mature, though many shortleaf pines have suffered from the pine bark beetle infestation. Also mixed in the canopy are Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), red maple, and occasional umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala). The shrub layer is very dense with mountain laurel, horse-sugar (Symplocos tinctoria), buffalo-nut, black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and lowbush blueberry. Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and evergreen herbs, such as wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) and trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), are present.

Small pockets of Rich Cove Forest are contained within Acidic Cove Forest. The overall composition is similar, though rhododendron tends to be less dense and there is greater development of herbaceous plants. Common species include tar-heel sedge (Carex austrocaroliniana), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), rattlesnake fern (Botrypus virginianum), and the Watch List species southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugellii) and heartleaf skullcap (Scutellaria ovata).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Cliff (Acidic Subtype), Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype), and Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype). Minor component: Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype) and Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata);

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii) and heartleaf skullcap (Scutellaria ovata).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2012. Site Survey Report: Camp Creek Falls. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Camp Creek Wetlands

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 45 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: Private landowners Collective Value: High (C3) Quadrangle: Farner

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Camp Creek Wetlands supports a suite of wetland-associated plants and animals that are rare or unusual in the far western part of North Carolina. The site contains one of the best populations of Significantly Rare northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola) in the state and a population of small-leaved meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum). The Special Concern mountain chorus frog (Pseudacris brachyphona) is known from the site, and the four-toed salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum), which is rare particularly in the mountains, is also present. Camp Creek Wetlands is one of the few known breeding season locations for blue-winged warblers (Vermivora cyanoptera) in the state. The uniqueness of the habitat along Camp Creek is also noteworthy, for it presently contains the only known bog in Cherokee County and a large extent of marsh and seeps for common wetland dependent species.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Camp Creek Falls is located just 0.25 mile downstream, and South Shoal Creek in Hamby Bend natural area is 2.7 miles to the east.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Camp Creek Wetlands is a complex of beaver marshes, seeps, and bogs along the meandering course of Camp Creek before it flows into Appalachia Lake. The site is divided into two sections separated by private land where the floodplain has been partially cleared for pasture/fields. The northern section of the natural area supports the only extant Southern Appalachian Bog in Cherokee County. The bog is fairly shrubby and quite wet, with a well-developed herbaceous understory and beds of Sphagnum moss. A small swampy Alluvial Forest occurs in association with the bog, as well as a Floodplain Pool. A large portion of the floodplain here has been occupied by beavers (Castor canadensis), which have created a marshy expanse with pockets of flooded alder thickets. The southern portion of the site has been almost entirely flooded by beaver and is filled with a large open marsh and ponds. Several seeps are present on the fingers of the marsh, where tributaries flow into Camp Creek, and a pocket of alluvial forest still persists next to the marsh. One of these small seeps on the north side of the marsh is in excellent condition and has composition resembling the nearby bog described above. Much of the uplands surrounding the marsh on this lower section has been recently logged and is now comprised of early-succesional forest and brushy thickets. A blue-winged warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera) was observed using these thickets in June 2012. Upstream of the southern beaver marsh, Camp Creek’s valley narrows, and the north-facing slopes are covered with mature Canada Hemlock Forest. The forest is in decline because of the woolly adelgid but was still viable when visited in 2012. In general, the site provides excellent habitat for amphibians. The bog, with its hummocks, dips, and rivulets, contains four-toed salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum), and marshy areas and ditches support breeding congregations of mountain chorus frogs (Pseudacris brachyphona).

The small Southern Appalachian Bog (Low Elevation Subtype) sits on the edge of the floodplain of Camp Creek before it descends through a gorge to Appalachia Lake. The bog has rivulets of water flowing through it and muddy flats, which are interspersed with mounds of Sphagnum moss and shrub islands. A number of young red maples (Acer rubrum) are growing up in the bog, and it is fairly shrubby with tall bushes forming a low, partial canopy. Common species include winterberry (Ilex verticillata), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), and chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). The herb layer is well developed with lots of sedge tussocks, emergent plants, and some floating aquatic species as well. Dominant herbs include bladder sedge (Carex intumescens), bent sedge (C. styloflexa), nodding sedge (C. crinita), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis), and net-leaved chain-fern (Woodwardia areolata). Several species typical of the Coastal Plain, including hairy smartweed (Persicaria setacea), arrow-arum (Peltandra virginica), and Virginia hedge-hyssop (Gratiola virginiana), are present. Two significantly rare plants, northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola) and small-leaved meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum), grow in the bog, and four-toed salamanders (Hemidactylium scutatum) nest in the Sphagnum mounds. This bog is significant as the only documented example of its type in Cherokee County and is the westernmost bog in the state as well.

Large beaver marshes, Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundments, are present in both sections of the natural area. In the northern section, the impounded area extends along the west side of Camp Creek and exerts a backwater effect on portions of the adjacent bog. The marsh upstream on the southern section of the site is more extensive and covers both sides of Camp Creek and one of its tributaries for approximately 4,000 feet. This portion of the site has also been partially impounded by a man-made dam, which has created a small pond and is in need of maintenance. The overall effect of the beavers and the man-made dam is to create ponded areas with large expanses of marsh and brushy thickets. The thickets ring the edge of the marsh and follow Camp Creek and are dominated by tag alder (Alnus serrulata) with occasional other flood-tolerant woody plants like black willow (Salix nigra). Under the alders is a mix of mud flats and herbaceous cover with species such as rough-leafed goldenrod (Solidago patula), manna-grass (Glyceria striata), deer-tongue grass (Dichanthelium clandestinum), water-purslane (Ludwigia palustris), and beggar’s-ticks (Bidens sp.). The marsh contains standing water and emergent or floating vegetation. Dominant species are soft rush (Juncus effusus), American bur- reed (Sparganium americanum), rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus), three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinacea), water hemlock (Cicuta maculata), and cattail (Typha latifolia). Some flood-tolerant bushes, including silky dogwood, swamp rose (Rosa palustris), and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), are present. Significantly Rare small-leaved meadow-rue (Thalictrum macrostylum) grows on the margin of the marsh. Some invasive exotic plants are present in the marsh and on its edges, including ground-ivy (Glechoma hederacea) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). The beaver marsh is home to a variety of wildlife, especially amphibians, and several species breed at the site: spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), pickerel frogs (Lithobates palustris), bullfrogs (L. catesbeiana), and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum). Wood ducks (Aix sponsa) and red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) are found amongst snags on the edge of the marsh.

Low Elevation Seeps (Piedmont/Mountain Springhead Subtype) lie at several corners of the southern marsh on Camp Creek. Two of the seeps follow small headwater streams and are linear

in shape, while one seep on the north side of the marsh is broader in outline and is driven by groundwater seepage. The linear seeps are heavily saturated to inundated and are likely experiencing backwater effects from beaver impoundments downstream. The seeps are somewhat shaded by a partial canopy of red maple, black willow, and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). A diverse and well-developed shrub layer includes highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), swamp rose, and especially tag alder. Invasive exotic Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) is unfortunately present in the seeps. A variety of sedges, herbs, and emergent aquatic plants cover the mucky ground. Dominant species include false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), wood reed-grass (Cinna arundinacea), purple-stem aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum), melic manna-grass (Glyceria melicaria), white-edge sedge (Carex debilis), Joe-Pye-weed (Eutrochium fistulosum), broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia), and arrow-arum. Fox grape (Vitis labrusca) grows over herbs and shrubs in portions of the seeps. The invasive exotic plant, Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum), is present in the seeps. The seep on the northern side of the pond has been documented to support breeding mountain chorus frogs, a remarkably natural habitat for a species typically found in ditches and marginal wetland areas.

Patches of Montane Alluvial Forest (Small River Subtype) in variable condition are scattered in fragmented fashion in both sections of the natural area. The forest usually has a closed, second- growth canopy. Red maple (Acer rubrum) is dominant, though other species like sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), black cherry (Prunus serotina), occasional persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), and Canada hemlock are present as well. The understory contains much American holly (Ilex opaca) and winterberry bushes. Shrubs, such as mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) and yellowroot (Xanthorhiza simplicissima), are common. Two species of vines that are typical of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain are present in the forest: crossvine (Bignonia capreolata) and climbing hydrangea (Decumaria barbara). Herbs, such as false nettle, wood reed-grass, green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), and halberd-leaf violet (Viola hastata), are common. Small vernal pools and one sizable Floodplain Pool are found in the alluvial forest along Camp Creek. One area of alluvial forest in the northern section of the site contains swampy sloughs and has Sphagnum and wetland species of plants more typical of boggy sites, such as possumhaw (Viburnum nudum) and net-leaf chain-fern (Woodwardia areolata). Migratory bird species of riparian habitats, such as Louisiana waterthrush (Parkesia motacilla), breed in the alluvial forest along Camp Creek. There is some sign of past ditching in areas of alluvial forest on the southern section of the site.

A large crescent-shaped Floodplain Pool sits on the back edge of the floodplain of Camp Creek. The long, linear depression may represent a relic oxbow channel. The pool contains standing water, beds of Sphagnum moss, sedge tussocks, and scattered shrubs, including stems of river cane (Arundinaria gigantea). Several smaller pools occur elsewhere in the site but are not as well developed as this example.

A slope forest dominated by mature Canada hemlock covers the north-facing slope above Camp Creek upstream of the first beaver marsh. The hemlocks are quite mature but are infested with the hemlock woolly adelgid. Some trees were still in semi-healthy condition and many had healthy crowns in Spring 2012, while many trees had lost most of their foliage except the crowns. White oak (Quercus alba), white pine (Pinus strobus), and occasional shortleaf pine (P.

79 echinata) grow along with the hemlocks. The understory is comprised of rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), and mountain dog-hobble. The herb layer is sparse, though evergreen herbs, such as partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) and little brown jugs (Hexastylis arifolia), are present.

A patch of dry Montane Oak-Hickory Forest borders the alluvial forest and hemlock forest on the southern edge of the site. The canopy is fairly mature and is dominated by white oak and southern red oak (Q. falcata) with occasional shortleaf pine mixed in. Some of this forest was logged around the edge of the Camp Creek floodplain.

Piedmont/Mountain Canebrake composed of tall river cane (Arundinaria gigantea) occupies the floodplain of Camp Creek several hundred feet downstream of the site. The stand of cane measures 100-150’ long by 30’ wide.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Southern Appalachian Bog (Low Elevation Subtype), Montane Alluvial Forest (Small River Subtype), Low Elevation Seep (Piedmont/Mountain Springhead Subtype), Floodplain Pool, Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment (Mountain Marsh Subtype), and Canada Hemlock Forest. Minor component: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest and Piedmont/Mountain Canebrake.

RARE PLANTS: Northern rein orchid (Platanthera flava var. herbiola) and small-flowered meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Water chickweed (Callitriche heterophylla) and star sedge (Carex echinata).

RARE ANIMALS: Blue-winged warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera), mountain chorus frog (Pseudacris brachyphona), and four-toed salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2012. Site Survey Report: Camp Creek Wetlands. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Corundum #3/Snowbird Mountains

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 829 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private Collective Value: Moderate (C4) landowners Quadrangles: Topton and Hewitt

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Portions of the Corundum#3/Snowbird Mountains are dominated by Low Pine Forest, a natural community typical of the southwestern edge of the Blue Ridge. Of particular note are mature, natural-seeming stands of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) that appear to be fire tolerant. Unfortunately, pine bark beetle has reduced the extent of the pine forest. In addition, the site provides a large expanse of relatively unbroken forest for wildlife and is known to contain several Watch List plant species.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Gipp Creek Slopes/Teyahalee Bald lies 0.5 mile west on the spine of the Snowbirds. Piercy Bald/London Bald lies across the Valley River to the southeast, 1.3 miles away.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Corundum #3 is a high knob near the eastern end of the Snowbird Mountains where this range begins to taper down towards the headwaters of the Valley River and Tulula Creek. The Snowbirds here support a large, relatively undisturbed expanse of forest communities, particularly on the south-facing slopes in Cherokee County. The steep and rugged ridges and slopes are fairly dry and well-drained, and there is evidence of intense wildfire in the recent past. A Dry Chestnut Oak Forest with a heath understory and an oak-hickory canopy extends across the lower slopes of the Snowbirds in Cherokee County. Areas of Low Mountain Pine Forest, dominated by Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), alternate with oak forest along the lower ridgelines. Southern pine bark beetle has decimated some of these low elevation pine stands. Many of the south-facing coves in this part of the site contain Acidic Cove Forest in semi-intact condition and pockets of maturing, second-growth Rich Cove Forest. Some timber harvest has occurred within the past 40-50 years on the western edge of the site in Cherokee County, and some logging roads are present just below the ridgeline of the Snowbirds here. The high ridge and upper south-facing slopes of the Snowbirds support mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest with a stunted canopy and rich herbaceous layer. An unusual high-elevation mesic forest, dominated by hardwoods and with Rich Cove Forest vegetation, forms a mosaic with oak- hickory forest on the ridgelines. Scattered outcrops are common on the mid-upper slopes of the Snowbirds. The north-facing coves of the Snowbirds in Graham County have a mix of Rich Cove Forest, boulderfields, and pockets of Northern Hardwood Forest at the very highest elevation. The upper north-facing slopes are covered with a mosaic of mature oak-hickory forest and High Elevation Red Oak Forest. A number of Watch List species of plants are known from the area.

Areas of Low Mountain Pine Forest line the lower south-trending ridges of the Snowbirds. These pine communities are fire adapted, and several show signs of intense wildfire in the recent past. Virginia pine is frequently the canopy dominant with pitch pine (Pinus rigida), and occasional Table Mountain pine (P. pungens) mixed in. Tall, mature Virginia pines grow in these stands,

some of which survived recent fires and flame lengths of up to 20 feet. Oaks and hardwoods, such as mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), red maple (Acer rubrum), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), are mixed in with the pines. Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) are common as understory trees. A variety of woody plants form a fairly dense shrub layer dominated by ericaceous shrubs and few other species. Common plants include blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), chinquapin (Castanea pumila), and occasional bristly locust (Robinia hispida). A xeric herb layer is present in openings and gaps, containing evergreen plants like galax (Galax urceolata), trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), and wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), mixed with little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) and wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria). The southern pine bark beetle infestation has affected a substantial portion of the mature pines in this community. In some cases, the loss of canopy has left in its wake areas of open habitat with a low shrub layer dominated by black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), ideal habitat for a variety of wildlife including small mammals and reptiles.

Chestnut Oak Forest comprises a large portion of the south-facing slopes of the Snowbirds and is frequently associated with outcrops and rocky areas with thin soil. Chestnut oak (Quercus montana) is usually associated with black oak (Q. velutina) or red oak (Q. rubra) and occasional pines in the canopy. Areas that have experienced more recent timber harvest tend to have disproportionate amount of red maple and black birch (Betula lenta) in the canopy. Stands of Chestnut Oak Forest are in variable condition, with more mature trees found in rocky areas that experienced less historical logging. The shrub layer usually contains a mix of deciduous and evergreen ericaceous species, though dense mountain laurel and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) are frequent around rocky areas and cliff edges.

Mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) extends across the upper slopes and ridgeline of the Snowbirds all the way from Corundum #3 to Tatham Gap and beyond in almost unfragmented condition. This high elevation oak forest is very mature in places, exposed to wind and, in places, has a gnarled canopy with occasional large snags and woody debris present. White oak (Quercus alba), red oak, black oak, and mesic hardwoods, like hickories (Carya sp.), cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), and white ash (Fraxinus americana), dominate the canopy. The understory tends to be open, and signs of past fire are evident in mature forest. Though occasional patches of mountain laurel occur at the higher elevations, the oak-hickory forest is fairly rich and open and supports a number of species associated with richer environments, such as white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), naked-stem tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum nudiflorum), pointed-leaf tick-trefoil (H. glutinosum), Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia), mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum sp.), and bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix). Outcrops of schistose, garnet-bearing rock are scattered throughout the oak-hickory forest on the upper slopes of the site, and at least one outcrop has an abandoned eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana haematoreia) nest. A mesic hardwood forest that lacks oaks in the canopy forms a mosaic with high elevation oak forest along the ridgeline of the Snowbirds. It is not certain whether its present composition is natural in origin or a result of past disturbance such as selective clearing, past grazing, or long-term fire suppression.

Areas of Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) co-occur with pine and chestnut oak forest on the lower slopes and ridges in the site. At lower elevations, Virginia pine, shortleaf pine (P. echinata), and occasionally southern red oak (Quercus falcata), are found in the canopy. Tall sprouts of chestnut (Castanea dentata) are common in the understory. A dense shrub layer of mountain laurel, rosebay rhododendron, and flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum) is often present. A number of typical forest ferns and forbs are found in the herb layer, including hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), southern harebell (Campanula divaricata), featherbells (Stenanthium gramineum), and Appalachian bellwort (Uvularia puberula).

Rich Cove Forest in mature, second-growth condition is present in several of the stream valleys on the upper north-facing and south-facing slopes below Corundum #3. All the rich coves were logged in the past and now have canopies dominated by tall tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). The headwater coves of Brady and Bryson branches on the western edge of the site, in particular, show signs of past selective timbering and have logging roads running through them. More mature pockets occur on the upper north-facing slope of the Snowbirds, where boulderfields and traces of Northern Hardwood Forest characterize the coves. Other tree species that grow in the canopy and understory include yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), and magnolias (Magnolia spp.). Wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) and spicebush (Lindera benzoin) grow in the sparse shrub layer. The Rich Cove Forest contains the site’s greatest diversity of herbaceous plant species, including Watch List species such as Goldie’s woodfern (Dryopteris goldiana), Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii), broadleaf phlox (Phlox amplifolia), and horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum). Typical rich cove species abound, such as maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), silvery spleenwort (Deparia acrostichoides), oxeye sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), zigzag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis), and Virginia jumpseed (Persicaria virginiana). Small seeps and cobble-dominated headwater streams are common in the coves. More recently logged areas are somewhat less diverse, with abundant roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) and cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum) patches.

Several examples of Acidic Cove Forest are present in coves on the south side of the site and at least one stream valley on the north-facing slopes. The eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) has seriously succumbed to the hemlock woolly adelgid infestation and is now dead or dying across the site. Tulip poplar, red maple, and black birch remain in the canopy as the hemlock deteriorates. A dense shrub layer of rosebay rhododendron occurs underneath. Acidic Cove frequently lines precipitous creeks that have cut down to a rock bed, and Watch List hornwort, Megaceros aenigmaticus, is a common feature of these bedrock-lined channels.

A high elevation “successional hardwood forest” is mixed in with the mature oak-hickory forest along the ridgeline of the Snowbirds. This unusual ridge-top forest lacks oak trees and has a canopy of cove hardwood species, including birches (Betula spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), hickories (Carya spp.), cucumber magnolia, white ash, and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The understory is fairly open, though Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) forms thickets along the ridgeline. The herb layer is quite diverse and contains carrion-flower (Smilax herbacea), tall meadow-rue (Thalictrum pubescens), interrupted fern

(Osmunda claytoniana), showy milkweed (Asclepias exaltata), basil bergamot (Monarda clinopodia), Turk’s-cap lily (Lilium superbum), may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), and American bellflower (Campanulastrum americanum). It is not certain whether its present composition is natural in origin or a result of past disturbance such as selective clearing or past grazing.

High elevation communities such as Red Oak Forest and Northern Hardwood Forest form a minor component on the north-facing slopes of Corundum #3. High Elevation Red Oak Forest is mixed with oak hickory forest and, though there are signs of historical chestnut salvage, now contains the most mature stands in the site. The red oak forest has an open understory and a rich herb layer.

An upper northwest-facing cove to the west of Corundum #3 contains an example of Northern Hardwood Forest. Several characteristic high elevation species reflect the northern composition of this community, such as beech (Fagus grandifolia), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), mountain maple (Acer spicatum), eastern gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), and Virginia waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum).

Small rocky seeps are occasionally present on the upper south-facing slopes of Corundum #3 and amongst the rock outcrops on the slopes below. One of these seeps occurs over a large rock slab in a cove at the head of Bryson Branch. Several seepage-loving plants grow here: white wood orchid (Platanthera clavellata), scarlet bee-balm (Monarda didyma), and trailing bluets (Houstonia serpyllifolia).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype), Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Montane Oak- Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), and Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype). Minor component: Northern Hardwood Forest and High Elevation Red Oak Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Goldie’s woodfern (Dryopteris goldiana), Tennessee starwort (Stellaria corei), broadleaf phlox (Phlox amplifolia), horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum), autumn coralroot (Corallorhiza odontorhiza), and Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana haematoreia) – abandoned nest found.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Corundum #3/Snowbird Mountains. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Die Bend/Crowder Bluff

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 59 acres Representational Value: Exceptional (R1) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: High (C3) Quadrangle: Murphy

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Die Bend/Crowder Bluff supports some of the best examples in North Carolina of two rare mountain natural communities, Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest and Montane Alluvial Forest (Large River Subtype). Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest is a recently recognized community in western North Carolina, and this natural area contains one of the few examples. Though Montane Alluvial Forest is known from multiple locations, most examples are fairly degraded, and the Die Bend community is one of the best known. A number of rare salamanders and disjunct plants are associated with the floodplain and wetlands in the site, including two Special Concern species, mole salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) and four- toed salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Die Bend/Crowder Bluff lies approximately 5 miles downstream of Farmer Top Natural Area, where the Nottely River meets the Hiwassee River. Additional areas of rocky slopes and woodlands lie to the northeast at the tip of the Panther Top peninsula. Additional wetlands, including beaver marsh and seeps, occur 1.5 miles north along Beech Creek. A maintained wildlife opening lies 0.5 mile downstream of the site.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Die Bend/Crowder Bluff lies at a tight bend in the Nottely River where rocky bluffs and forested slopes descend to a broad floodplain with a number of depressional wetlands and vernal pools. During high flows at this sharp meander bend, the Nottely River is forced onto the low-lying left bank and over time has formed a broad levee and a series of floodplain pools and intermittent channels. The site’s unique geomorphology creates a suite of floodplain communities, including Floodplain Pools and one permanently flooded pond with distinctive vegetation, including species disjunct from the Coastal Plain. The vernal pools and ponds provide excellent habitat for pond-breeding amphibians. The forest surrounding the pools supports a good example of Montane Alluvial Forest with hardwood canopy and a diverse herb layer including several uncommon species. The levee portion of the floodplain is pine-dominated and has been selectively thinned in the recent past. Roads cross portions of the floodplain, and invasive exotic plants are beginning to encroach in places. The slopes to the west above the floodplain are covered with dry, rocky Montane Oak-Hickory Forest and Montane Acidic Cliffs. The cliffs are made up of blocky metasedimentary rock in the form of boulders and large outcrops. A semiopen woodland occurs in the transition zone between the dry oak forest and the outcrops. There are signs of recent prescribed fire in the woodlands, cliffs, and dry oak forest. The entire slope has a diverse herb layer comprised of xeric species and some Piedmont species atypical of the mountains. The rocky river bluffs and broad alluvial floodplain are a unique landscape of the Hiwassee River watershed.

The Floodplain Pools occur as a series of three depressions, two shallow and seasonally flooded and one permanently flooded pond. The temporary pools are largely unvegetated and dry down

in the late spring/summer. They are important breeding sites for pond-breeding salamanders, such as Special Concern mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) and marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum), which is rare in the mountains. The permanent pond is larger and deeper. A Coastal Plain disjunct, water-shield (Brasenia schreberi), occurs in the water. Along the edge of the water are tussocks of sedges and ferns, comprised of northern long sedge (Carex folliculata), nodding sedge (C. crinita), white-edge sedge (C. debilis), and royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis). Above this is a shrub zone with maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), tag alder (Alnus serrulata), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and two species rare in the mountains – coastal fetterbush (Eubotrys racemosa) and Virginia sweet- spire (Itea virginica). This pond contains fish but also supports amphibian populations, such as four-toed salamanders (Hemidactylium scutatum), which nest in the Sphagnum mounds around the edge of the pond.

A Low Elevation Seep occurs in association with one of the vernal pools where it receives overbank flow from the river as well groundwater seepage from slightly upslope. The seep is forested with red maple (Acer rubrum), river birch (Betula lenta), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua). A well-developed shrub layer contains tag alder, winterberry (Ilex verticillata), chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia), and Virginia sweet-spire (Itea virginica). Wetland herbs, white edge-sedge and cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), both grow in the seep. A small ditch connects the seep to the permanently flooded pond nearby.

An unusually intact example of Montane Alluvial Forest (Large River Subtype) occurs in the floodplain interspersed around the pools and swampy areas. The low-lying areas in the back- floodplain support a deciduous-dominated forest with tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple, river birch (Betula nigra), and occasional honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). The understory is generally dominated by hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), American holly (Ilex opaca), and persimmon (Diospyros virginiana). The shrub layer is fairly diverse and includes possumhaw (Viburnum cassinoides), sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), river cane (Arundinaria gigantea), and large patches of mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). The herb layer is filled with plants typical of moist floodplains, such as green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), and deer-tongue grass (Dichanthelium clandestinum). Several unusual plants and species characteristic of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain grow in the alluvial forest, such as sweetgum, blue-star (Amsonia tabernaemontana), and Watch List American dog-violet (Viola labradorica). A portion of the alluvial forest occurs on a levee that was thinned in the early 1980’s. White pine (Pinus strobus) and shortleaf pine (P. echinata) are the canopy dominants. Mountain laurel and mountain dog-hobble form a dense shrub layer under the pines, and some river cane grows on the sandy levee next to the river. In general across the community, invasive exotic plants, such as Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum), are beginning to spread. A variety of migratory songbirds breed in this forest, including pine warbler (Setophaga pinus), yellow-throated warbler (S. dominica), and northern parula (S. americana).

An unnatural “flooded forest” occurs in the floodplain downstream of the alluvial forest. This area is flooded by the backwaters of Hiwassee Lake and is inundated in up to 5 feet of water for an unknown length of time. The canopy consists almost entirely of young river birch. The deep

flooding prevents growth of many woody plants with the exception of buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) and patches of greenbrier (Smilax sp.). A dense herb layer contains flood-tolerant species, such as hairy smartweed (Persicaria setacea), spotted smartweed (P. punctata), white- panicled aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. latifolium), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), nodding sedge (Carex crinita), and nonnatives such as Japanese stilt-grass, murdannia (Murdannia keisak), and long-bristle smartweed (Persicaria longiseta). Two unusual plant species, Significantly Rare necklace sedge (Carex projecta) and uncommon spreading eryngo (Eryngium prostratum), are found in this “flooded forest.” Because of the unnatural water regime this forest is not considered a standard natural community.

A Montane Acidic Cliff in the form of steep, slab-like outcrops separated by rocky woodlands occurs on Crowder Bluff. The cliffs reach up to 30-40 feet in height and are composed of broken slabs of schistose metasandtone. Scattered mature trees occupy the crests of the outcrops. Dominant species include shortleaf pine, post oak (Quercus stellata), and occasional southern red oak (Q. falcata). The shrub layer is sparse, with species such as buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera) present. A well-developed herb layer is present in places, consisting of smooth false- foxglove (Aureolaria laevigata), alumroot (Heuchera americana), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), zigzag spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), Virginia snakeroot (Endodeca serpentaria), and patches of little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). Saw greenbrier (Smilax bona-nox), trumpet-creeper (Campsis radicans), and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) are common vines. Interspersed amongst the outcrops are rocky woodlands on steep, boulder- covered slopes. The woodlands have similar canopy composition but with a well-developed understory and shrub layer containing beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), winged elm (Ulmus alata), winged sumac (Rhus copallina), farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), deerberry (V. stamineum), and Watch List ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea). The herb layer is fairly diverse with xeric species, such as yellow passion-flower (Passiflora lutea), slender spike-grass (Chasmanthium laxum), gray-stem goldenrod (Solidago nemoralis), late purple aster (Symphyotrichum patens), Maryland golden-aster (Chrysopsis mariana), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and Watch List autumn coralroot (Corallorhiza odontorhiza). Portions of the cliffs were recently burned in an intense prescribed fire.

Dry Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest covers the steep southeast-facing slope surrounding the cliff. This uncommon community contains a mix of xeric oaks and pine and shows signs of recent fire. The canopy is dominated by white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Q. velutina), southern red oak (Q. falcata), shortleaf pine, and mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa). Common understory species include red maple (Acer rubrum), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), saplings of chestnut (Castanea dentata), serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). A variety of shrubs are present, such as New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), buffalo-nut, lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), and deerberry. The herb layer contains many xeric species, including ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), late purple aster, flat-topped aster (Sericocarpus asteroides), wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), southern harebell (Campanula divaricata), naked- stem tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum nudiflorum), purple-disk sunflower (Helianthus atrorubens), bracken, anise-scented goldenrod (Solidago odora), and bird-foot violet (Viola pedata). Rattlesnake-master (Eryngium yuccifolium) and melic grass (Melica mutica) are relatively

uncommon species found in the herb layer. This low elevation montane pine-oak forest is only known from a few examples in the far western part of North Carolina.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Floodplain Pool, Montane Alluvial Forest (Large River Subtype), Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest, and Montane Cliff (Acidic Subtype). Minor component: Low Elevation Seep and “flooded forest.”

RARE PLANTS: Necklace sedge (Carex projecta).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), water-shield (Brasenia schreberi) [rare only in the mountains], American dog-violet (Viola labradorica), autumn coralroot (Corallorhiza odontorhiza), and dwarf ginseng (Panax trifolius) (reported by Govus 1986).

RARE ANIMALS: Four-toed salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum) and mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Seepage salamander (Desmognathus aeneus).

REFERENCES: Govus, T. 1986. Site Survey Report: Die Bend. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Rossell, C.R. 2012. Site Survey Report: Die Bend. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schafale, M.P. 1994. Site Survey Report: Crowder Bluff. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schafale, M.P. 1994. Natural Community Notes on Die Bend. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Die Bend/Crowder Bluff. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Farmer Top

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 302 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Murphy

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Farmer Top supports a population of mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata) and an example of a Low Elevation Basic Glade natural community. Additional noteworthy features include Rich Cove Forest in excellent condition and Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Hiwassee Church Bluff is due north across Hiwassee Lake, and Lovers Leap is 0.7 mile to the east.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Farmer Top is a north-trending peninsula extending into Hiwassee Lake. It has a gentle ridgeline and steep side slopes dissected by coves and covered with scattered glade openings and cliffs. The ridge and west-facing slope support mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest with frequent shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). Rich Cove Forest dominates the east-facing slopes, interspersed with low cliffs. Rocky, open glades are scattered on the west face of Farmer Top.

A Low Elevation Basic Glade (Montane Subtype) is present on the rocky, steep west-facing slope of the peninsula. The glade includes openings and areas with young rocky forest. Signs of fire are present in the more wooded portion of the glade. A number of young trees occur in the glade, including Biltmore ash (Fraxinus biltmoreana), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), winged elm (Ulmus alata), pines (Pinus spp.), and occasional red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Shrubs, such as winged sumac (Rhus copallina), farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), and hill cane (Arundinaria appalachiana), are common. The herb layer contains dense swards of grass-like plants such as big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica). Forbs, including hairy lip-fern (Cheilanthes lanosa), rattlesnake-weed (Hieracium venosum), a phacelia (Phacelia sp.), narrowleaf mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium), and limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata), are common. Virginia saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiana), an uncommon herb in the mountains, is present on moist rock surfaces. A patch of invasive exotic privet (Ligustrum sinense) grows at the base of the glade.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype) covers the ridgeline and upper slopes of Farmer Top. Much of the forest is mature, though areas of mid-successional forest are present. The canopy is dominated by chestnut oak (Quercus montana), white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Q. velutina), southern red oak (Q. falcata), shortleaf pine, black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa). The understory and shrub layer contain sassafras (Sassafras albidum), silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), white pine (Pinus strobus), redbud (Cercis canadensis), farkleberry, lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), and mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata).

The herb layer is well developed in areas and includes little brown jugs (Hexastylis arifolia), lovage (Ligusticum canadense), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), wild oregano (Cunila origanoides), an aster (Symphyotrichum sp.), and spotted wintergreen (Chimaphila maculata).

A mosaic of Rich Cove Forest, low cliffs, talus slopes, and small seeps occurs on the east-facing slopes below Farmer Top. Much of the forest is quite mature with large red oak (Quercus rubra) and white ash (Fraxinus americana). The Rich Cove Forest has a diverse canopy over much of the slope, though second-growth patches with tulip poplar are present. Dominant trees include beech (Fagus grandifolia), red oak, white ash, yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), and occasional sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua). The understory is dominated by silverbell with scattered hop- hornbeam and dying Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The shrub layer is sparse, with the exception of spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Vines, such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata), and grapes (Vitis sp.), are common. The herb layer is very well developed and contains blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), South Carolina sedge (Carex austrocaroliniana), squirrel corn (Dicentra canadensis), round-lobed hepatica (Anemone americana), creamy violet (Viola striata), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), and pennywort (Obolaria virginica). Rock-faces and outcrops support walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), maidenhair spleenwort (A. trichomanes), fragile fern (Cystopteris protrusa), and Watch List large-leaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum). In addition to the low cliffs, the community contains a talus slope and a rocky ravine with excellent bryophyte cover.

Several small pine-dominated communities occur in the site. A small Low Mountain Pine Forest on the southwestern edge contains an unusual mix of four pine species, including white pine, Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), shortleaf pine, and loblolly pine (P. taeda), which is unusual in the mountains and may be spreading from cultivation. This patch transitions into an area decimated by southern pine bark beetle.

Two small Low Elevation Seeps were noted: one over cobble on the east-facing slope and another running over bedrock on the west face of Farmer Top. They are sparsely vegetated with plants such as alumroot, a meadow-rue (Thalictrum sp.), sweet Betsy (Trillium cuneatum), and black-snakeroot (Sanicula sp.).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Elevation Basic Glade, Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype), Low Elevation Seep, and Low Mountain Pine Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Large-leaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Farmer Top. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Fires Creek Ridgeline

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 6,837 acres Representational Value: Very High (R2) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: High (C3) Quadrangles: Andrews, Hayesville, and

Topton

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The north-trending ridges of the Fires Creek Ridgeline natural area support a large extent of Low Mountain Pine Forest dominated by Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens), one of the best examples of its kind in the far western part of the state. In addition, the steep north-facing slopes and coves in the site support excellent examples of Northern Hardwood Forest.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Several sites border the Fires Creek Ridgeline site to the north in almost continuous fashion, including Piercy Range/Kennedy Top, one mile north, and Piercy Bald/London Bald, 3 to 4 miles to the northeast. Fires Creek Gorge (in Clay County) adjoins the site to the south, and Western Valley River Mountains borders the site immediately to the east.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The Tusquitee Mountains and the eastern portion of the Valley River Mountains encompass high ridges and slopes around the head of the Fires Creek valley. Steep coves and long narrow ridges descend north towards Junaluska Creek from the Valley River Mountains. The site supports a high quality matrix of natural communities, which, in conjunction with adjacent natural areas, forms a significant landscape for wildlife and natural processes. Among the diverse collection of exemplary natural communities, the Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype) is of particular note, as one of the best examples of this rare community in the state. It has a canopy of Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) and pitch pine (P. rigida). Some has been affected by southern pine beetle, but patches of intact canopy remain and proper management could restore its full natural significance. A number of acidic schistose outcrops are scattered on the north-trending ridges of the Valley River Mountains, interspersed with dry, heath-dominated Chestnut Oak Forest. Very mature Northern Hardwood Forest with little sign of disturbance dominates the upper coves of the Valley River Mountains and begins to transition to Rich Cove Forest at approximately 4,000 feet elevation, where signs of past timber harvest were noted and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) becomes more dominant. High Elevation Red Oak Forest borders Rich Cove Forest and Northern Hardwood Forest and often contains patches of Chestnut Oak Forest mixed in. Montane Oak-Hickory Forest in mature condition covers the high ridgeline of the Valley River Mountains. A High Elevation Seep over schistose cobble occurs on the north face of the Valley River Mountains.

A large expanse of Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype) spans the crest and upper slopes of several north-trending ridges of the Valley River Mountains and outlying peaks, such as Rattlesnake Knob. Table Mountain pine is a dominant species in this community along with pitch pine. This community is interspersed with outcrops and small acidic cliffs. Many pine stands were infested by the southern pine bark beetle with the resulting decline of mature pine

99 trees in the canopy. Intact pine stands alternate with beetle-killed patches thick with snags, downed woody debris, and young, regenerating pines. Other canopy dominants include chestnut oak (Quercus montana), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), red maple (Acer rubrum), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Uncommon blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) is occasionally present in the understory along with sassafras (Sassafras albidum), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), and chestnut (Castanea dentata). A tall, dense shrub layer contains mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), buckberry (G. ursina), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), chinquapin (Castanea pumila), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), and Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua). Alternating with this dense, fire-suppressed shrub layer are patches of pine forest with a very open canopy resulting from pine bark beetle impact and a low-stature shrub layer. Black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), and xeric-adapted bristly locust (Robinia hispida) are the dominant shrubs in these areas. This habitat type is fairly unique and potentially provides habitat for a variety of wildlife, including timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). Herbs are fairly scarce because of the density of the shrub layer, though the following species are present in scattered openings: bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), and Watch List creeping aster (Eurybia surculosa). A brown-headed nuthatch (Sitta pusilla), a bird species that specializes on pine and is uncommon in the mountains, was observed foraging in this community. This community is in need of gradual low-level prescribed fire to open the understory and encourage regeneration of pines.

Small outcrops emerge above the pine forest along the sharp, north-trending ridges. These broken stacks of schistose rock are quite exposed and support shrubby growth of lowbush blueberry, buckberry, and mountain pepperbush (Clethra acuminata) along with xeric herbs and sub-shrubs, such as Michaux’s saxifrage (Hydatica petiolaris), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), Virginia polypody (Polypodium virginianum), and southern harebell (Campanula divaricata). The lower, sheltered portion of the outcrops could potentially provide denning sites for small mammals or perhaps rattlesnakes.

A dry, stunted Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype) dominated by chestnut oak is mixed with the pine forest and outcrops along the narrow ridges and upper slopes in the site. Other canopy trees include scarlet oak, black oak (Quercus velutina), black gum, and red maple. Pitch pine is still a common tree, though many trees were killed by the recent pine bark beetle infestation. Though the forest is mature, the canopy is often dwarfed and, in places, somewhat sparse with only scattered mature trees. The understory contains sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and American chestnut. The shrub layer tends to be quite thick with heath, such as rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), mountain laurel, and buckberry. Chinquapin was frequently seen in fruit in this community. This community appears highly fire suppressed, and its present stunted, heath-choked condition may have resulted from past intense fire.

Chestnut Oak Forest (Mesic Subtype) occurs on steep north-facing slopes. The canopy contains more mesophytic species, such as chestnut oak, red oak (Quercus rubra), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red maple, black birch (Betula lenta), and tulip poplar. The sparse understory consists primarily of canopy species along with sourwood. The shrub layer is dense

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and dominated by rosebay rhododendron. Herbs are sparse, with galax (Galax urceolata) being most abundant. Maturity is comparable to the other oak forest communities in the site.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) occurs on the ridgeline and gentle upper slopes of the Valley River Mountains. This community contains a mix of mature, stunted forest and less mature oak stands with altered composition. The forest contains a high amount of woody debris, and the canopy is often quite mature. Red oak, white oak (Quercus alba), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) are canopy dominants, and understory species include striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) and alternate-leaf dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is common in areas that show signs of past disturbance. Some areas support a dense shrub layer of rosebay rhododendron that exhibits signs of severe rhododendron dieback. A well-developed herb layer is present and includes common cinquefoil (Potentilla erecta), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), largeleaf aster (Eurybia macrophylla), greater tickseed (Coreopsis major), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), pale Indian-plantain (Arnoglossum atriplicifolium), featherbells (Stenanthium gramineum), and hog peanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata). Pipevine (Isotrema macrophyllum) is a common vine. Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) were observed nesting in mature oak-hickory forest around the high peaks of the Valley River Mountains.

High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Typic Herb Subtype) occurs over ridges and convex upper slopes, typically in a mosaic with Northern Hardwood Forest. The forest is in mature second- growth condition with more mature, stunted red oak forest and abundant coarse woody debris on the steep upper slopes of the Valley River Mountains. A variety of outcrops, low cliffs, and boulder-dominated areas are interspersed in red oak forest on steep side slopes. Red oak is the canopy dominant, though chestnut oak, white oak, and other hardwoods are often present. The understory and shrub layer contain striped maple, serviceberry, mountain holly (Ilex montana), maple-leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), rosebay rhododendron, flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), and southern mountain cranberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum). Steep, moist areas are frequently dominated by dense rosebay rhododendron. Rhododendron dieback was observed on the high slopes of the site. The herb layer is well developed and includes sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), Carolina lily (Lilium michauxii), hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), painted trillium (Trillium undulatum), woodfern (Dryopteris spp.), Appalachian bunchflower (Melanthium parviflorum), whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia), and others.

Northern Hardwood Forest (Beech Gap Subtype) occurs interspersed with High Elevation Red Oak Forest on the highest slopes of the Valley River Mountains. The forest is quite stunted and dominated by beech (Fagus grandifolia) mixed with red oak. The shrub layer is quite open, and a lush carpet of Pennsylvania sedge covers the ground layer. Watch List red-legged salamander (Plethodon shermani) occurs in this forest type on Weatherman Bald, potentially one of the westernmost stations for this species. Beech Gap Forest is showing signs of beech bark disease where mature trees have died and dense sprouts are regenerating in their place. High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Orchard Forest Subtype) occurs interspersed with the Northern Hardwood Forest (Beech Gap Subtype). High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Orchard Forest Subtype) is similar to Northern Hardwood Forest (Beech Gap Subtype) with a dense ground layer of Pennsylvania sedge, though, in contrast, the former forest is dominated by stunted red oak as opposed to beech.

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Very mature Northern Hardwood Forest (Typic Subtype) occupies the upper north-facing coves and rocky, boulder-dominated slopes of the Valley River Mountains. The canopy includes yellow birch, yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), white ash (Fraxinus americana), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), red oak, beech, and black cherry. Mountain maple (Acer spicatum), a species associated with high elevations, is common in the understory along with silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), which occasionally reaches almost 3 feet in diameter. The shrub layer is comprised of northern hardwoods species, such as red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense), eastern gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), running strawberry-bush (Euonymus obovatus), and witch-hobble (Viburnum lantanoides). A rich herb layer includes woodfern (Dryopteris spp.), wake-robin (Trillium erectum), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), mountain heartleaf aster (Eurybia chlorolepis), fragile fern (Cystopteris protrusa), Canada violet (Viola canadensis), zigzag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis), rosy twisted-stalk (Streptopus lanceolatus var. lanceolatus), Appalachian turtlehead (Chelone lyonii), Virginia waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), and angelica (Angelica triquinata). The Watch List water-fan lichen (Peltigera hydrothyria) is present in streams in this community, and Watch List winter wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes) breed here as well.

Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) in mature, second-growth condition occupies narrow coves below Northern Hardwood Forest on the north face of the Valley River Mountains. This forest shows signs of past timber harvest, with logging roads evident along creek corridors. Tulip poplar is the dominant canopy tree with other hardwoods, such as basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), sugar maple, yellow buckeye, and red oak. Silverbell, cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), occasional pawpaw (Asimina triloba), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and Watch List butternut (Juglans cinerea) are present in the understory. Invasive exotic Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) is present in cove forest on the north edge of the site near Junaluska Road. The herb layer is quite lush and contains false goat’s-beard (Astilbe biternata), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), silvery spleenwort (Deparia acrostichoides), large-flowered bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora), Canada violet, yellow passionflower (Passiflora lutea), and plantain-leaf sedge (Carex plantaginea). A number of noteworthy plants grow in the Rich Cove Forest, including roundleaf ragwort (Packera obovata) and Watch List species glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), Tennessee starwort (Stellaria corei), and a hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus).

Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) is dominant along the lower reaches of the Valley River’s north-facing coves, in transition from Rich Cove Forest. The forest is in mature second-growth condition, though eastern hemlocks are dying out from the woolly adelgid infestation. Other canopy trees are black birch, tulip poplar, and occasional sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) at lower elevations. A dense shrub layer of rosebay rhododendron is present, and herbaceous growth is limited to the streamside zone. Watch List hornwort Megaceros aenigmaticus grows in seepy, cobble-dominated areas in Acidic Cove Forest.

A Rich Montane Seep is perched at the head of Flat Branch over slate-like cobble. The seep is surrounded by mature cove forest and is shaded by an understory of rosebay rhododendron and mountain maple. Shrubs include red elderberry and running strawberry-bush. High elevation

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seepage herbs are common, such as Appalachian turtlehead, umbrella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa), scarlet bee-balm (Monarda didyma), branch lettuce (Micranthes micranthidifolia), and pale jewelweed (Impatiens pallida).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Subtype), High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Typic Subtype), High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Orchard Subtype), Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Mesic Subtype), Northern Hardwood Forest (Typic Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype), Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype), and Rich Montane Seep. Minor component: Northern Hardwood Forest (Beech Gap Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Creeping aster (Eurybia surculosa), finely-nerved sedge (Carex leptonervia), Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii), butternut (Juglans cinerea), glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), Tennessee starwort (Stellaria corei), a hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus), and water-fan lichen (Peltigera hydrothyria).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) and red-legged salamander (Plethodon shermani).

REFERENCES: Peet, R.K., T.R. Wentworth, M.P. Schafale, A.S. Weakley, and M.T. Lee. 2013. Carolina Vegetation Survey Database. Version 3.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill.

Schafale, M.P. 2008. Site Survey Report: Fires Creek Watershed. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schafale, M.P. 2013. Site Survey Report: Fires Creek Ridgeline (Fires Creek portion). North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2010. An Inventory of the Natural Areas of Macon County, NC. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program. Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2012. Site Survey Report: Weatherman Bald. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2012. Site Survey Report: White Oak Knob. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

103 Gipp Creek/Teyahalee Bald

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 4,725 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private Collective Value: High (C3) landowners Quadrangles: Andrews and Robbinsville

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Gipp Creek Slopes/Teyahalee Bald supports several rare species of plants and animals, including populations of mountain catchfly (Silene ovata), trailing wolfsbane (Aconitum reclinatum), and Porter’s reed-grass (Calamagrostis porteri). The diversity of natural communities and extent of high-elevation oak forest and ridge-top pine forest also make the site noteworthy.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Gipp Creek Slopes/Teyahalee Bald almost borders Corundum#3/Snowbird Mountains to the east. The Valley River Aquatic Habitat borders the site in the valley to the south. Kennedy Top lies across the Valley River, 2.5 miles south/southeast, and Tulula Bog in Graham County is 3 miles northeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Gipp Creek Slopes/Teyahalee Bald is a large, mostly unfragmented block of forested ridges, steep slopes, and coves in the Snowbird Mountains between Graham and Cherokee counties. Though heavily logged in the first half of the 1900s, the site has since recovered and contains a number of noteworthy natural communities. The watershed of Gipp Creek and portions of several other streams are contained within the natural area. The site represents one of the larger blocks of relatively mature forest, unfragmented by roads in Cherokee County and provides excellent habitat for a wide array of wildlife, including timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) and black bear (Ursus americanus). The high ridge and upper south-facing slopes of the Snowbirds support wind-battered Montane Oak-Hickory Forest with a stunted canopy and rich herbaceous layer. An unusual high-elevation mesic forest, dominated by hardwoods and Rich Cove Forest vegetation, forms a mosaic with oak-hickory forest on the ridgelines and contains several rare plants. Scattered outcrops are common on the upper slopes of the Snowbirds, and a Montane Acidic Cliff is present in the site. The southeastern portion of the site contains several low rocky ridgelines covered with Chestnut Oak Forest and Low Mountain Pine Forest in variable condition. While some stands contain a healthy mix of pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and Virginia pine (P. virginiana), sizable areas have been decimated by the southern pine bark beetle. Affected pine stands have degenerated into debris-filled tangles with shrubby openings that provide excellent habitat for timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). Fire-adapted blackjack oak (Quecus marilandica) is frequently found in the pine community along with Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens). Gipp Creek, Ash Cove Creek, and Spread Eagle Branch support Rich Cove Forest and Acidic Cove Forest in mature, second-growth condition.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) is the dominant community along the ridgeline and upper slopes of the Snowbird Range and its spur ridges. The forest is very mature and has old-growth characteristics, such as wind-battered trees, snags, gaps, and frequent coarse woody debris. Signs of natural disturbance, e.g. ice storms, slides, high winds, dry conditions, and fire, are frequent in this community. The oak-hickory forest on the upper south-facing slopes tends to

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be fairly dry with abundant outcrops and well-drained soils. Along the crest of the Snowbirds, this community contains rocky openings and is often mixed with high-elevation mesic hardwood forest. There are scattered signs of intense fire in this community on rocky, upper slopes. White oak (Quercus alba) and black oak (Q. velutina) are the dominant canopy trees along with a variety of other oaks, hardwoods, and occasional pitch pine (Pinus rigida). The understory contains sassafras (Sassafras albidum), magnolias (Magnolia spp.), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), mountain holly (Ilex montana), serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and sprouts of American chestnut (Castanea dentata). A diverse array of shrubs is present, including mountain pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), alternate-leaf dogwood (C. alternifolia), buffalo- nut (Pyrularia pubera), and flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum). The herb layer is often quite lush and contains many Rich Cove plants. Typical species include white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), short-husk grass (Brachyelytrum erectum), downy brome (Bromus pubescens), naked-stem tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum nudiflorum), Appalachian bunchflower (Melanthium parviflorum), Virginia bunchflower (M. virginicum), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), Blue Ridge goldenrod (S. flaccidifolia), heartleaf aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), and sedges (Carex spp.). Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) are common vines. Several unusual or Watch List plant species are associated with the oak-hickory forest, such as butternut (Juglans cinerea), Canada wild-rye (Elymus canadensis), wild-licorice (Galium lanceolatum), yellow pimpernel (Taenidia integerrima), and purple giant hyssop (Agastache scrophulariifolia). This community provides excellent habitat for migratory songbirds, nesting wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), and terrestrial salamanders, such as Southern Appalachian salamander (Plethodon teyahalee). Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) is also present primarily on middle and lower slopes, interspersed with the Basic Subtype. The Acidic Subtype lacks a diverse herb layer and is dominated by mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). There are occasional signs of rhododendron dieback in the Acidic Subtype of Montane Oak-Hickory Forest.

A “successional hardwood forest” forms a mosaic with high elevation oak forest along the ridgeline of the Snowbirds. This forest lacks oaks in the canopy and has a fairly open understory and lush, diverse herb layer. Small-bole trees, snags, and shrubby openings are common in this community, likely a result of past disturbance such as selective clearing, past grazing, or long- term fire suppression. The canopy contains cove hardwood species, including birch (Betula spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and beech (Fagus grandifolia). The understory is fairly open with occasional high elevation species, such as mountain maple (Acer spicatum), elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), and eastern gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati). The diverse herb layer contains carrion-flower (Smilax herbacea), tall meadow-rue (Thalictrum pubescens), interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana), showy milkweed (Asclepias exaltata), Virginia jumpseed (Persicaria virginica), basil bergamot (Monarda clinopodia), Turk’s-cap lily (Lilium superbum), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), nodding fescue (Festuca subverticillata), and uncommon purple giant hyssop. The hardwood forest is interspersed with rocky, shrubby openings dominated by blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), and Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis). A

106 population of Significantly Rare Porter’s reed-grass (Calamagrostis porteri) grows in one of these rocky openings near Teyahalee Bald.

Moderately mature Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype) occurs intermixed with pine forest and oak-hickory forest on the lower south-trending ridges and slopes of the site. The forest is in variably mature, second-growth condition with signs of past timber harvest or perhaps intense fire, where many multistem trees are present. The canopy is dominated by chestnut oak (Quercus montana) with black oak, pignut hickory (Carya glabra), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Pitch pine and Virginia pine are frequently present, though more often than not, these have been killed by the pine bark beetle with debris and snags remaining. The understory is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum), sourwood, and serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea). The shrub layer contains mountain laurel with a variety of deciduous shrubs including buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). The herb layer includes great tickseed (Coreopsis major), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), yellow false foxglove (Aureolaria flava), hoary mountain- mint (Pycnanthemum incanum), whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia), rattlesnake-weed (Hieracium venosum), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), spotted St. John’s-wort (Hypericum punctatum), zigzag spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), and broadleaf panicgrass (Dichanthelium latifolium).

Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) of variable composition was observed in several locations across the site, including the slopes of Little Bald, portions of Gipp Creek, and its tributaries. Rich Cove Forest is typically in mature, second-growth condition, having been logged most recently in the first half of the 1900s. This community is frequently mixed with Acidic Cove Forest and pockets of Rich Cove Boulderfield. Seeps are present within cove forest in the headwaters of Gipp Creek. Rich Cove Forest is dominated by tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash, red oak (Quercus rubra), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), beech, and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The understory and shrub layer contain magnolias (Magnolia spp.), silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), striped maple, alternate-leaf dogwood, witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), and spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Common herbs include large-flowered trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), wake-robin (T. erectum), South Carolina sedge (Carex austrocaroliniana), plantain-leaf sedge (C. plantaginea), Canada violet (Viola canadensis), creamy violet (V. striata), large-flowered bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora), green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), ox-eye sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides), zigzag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), silvery spleenwort (Deparia acrostichoides), creeping phlox (Phlox stolonifera), and showy orchis (Galearis spectabilis). Significantly Rare trailing wolfsbane (Aconitum reclinatum), grows in coves on the north-face of the Snowbird Mountains in Graham County. Several Watch List species also occur in this community, including finely-nerved sedge (Carex leptonervia), Manhart’s sedge (C. manhartii), and many patches of horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum). Severe ground disturbance associated with feral hog foraging was noted in this community.

Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) occurs in several tributaries throughout the site, including Gipp Creek, Brokeleg Branch, and Spread Eagle Branch. Coves often contain small outcrops,

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grottoes, cascades, and bedrock and boulder stream bottoms. The coves contain mature second- growth forest. Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) was dominant in this community but is now in severe decline due to the hemlock woolly adelgid. Other common species include tulip poplar, white pine (Pinus strobus), red maple, and occasional sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) at lower elevations. The understory is dominated by rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) with mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) in the shrub layer. Streams within this community support populations of Watch List hornwort Megaceros aenigmaticus.

A Rich Montane Seep occurs over slaty cobble, nested within Rich Cove Forest in upper Ash Cove Creek. Several shrubs, such as wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) and spicebush, grow in the seep. Typical seepage herbs, such as umbrella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa), mountain meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum), white turtlehead (Chelone glabra), tassel-rue (Trautvetteria carolinensis), and golden ragwort (Packera aurea), are present, along with an unidentified orchid of the genus Platanthera that was observed too early for identification. Smaller seeps throughout the site support salamanders, principally seal salamanders (Desmognathus monticola).

Rocky ridges covered with Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype) extend from High Peak down to the floodplain of the Valley River. These pine communities occur interspersed with dry Chestnut Oak Forest and were decimated by the southern pine bark beetle approximately 10-15 years ago. Standing dead pines and tangles of trunks often litter dead pine stands. In some places, oaks, particularly chestnut oak, now dominate the canopy. Where intact, mature pines reach 12-18 inches in diameter, though, in many stands, only young, regenerating pine persists. Dominant species include pitch pine, Virginia pine, white pine, scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), and xeric species like post oak (Q. stellata) and blackjack oak (Q. marilandica). Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is present, though uncommon following the pine bark beetle infestation. Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) is dominant in at least one small stand on the ridge north of Little Peak. Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and chinquapin (Castanea pumila) are the dominant shrubs in this community. Some areas opened up by the pine bark beetle now support dense cover of low shrubs, such as black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) and lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum). This low shrub structure is a preferred habitat of foraging timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). Other typical shrubs include Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua) and ericaceous species like maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina). A variety of xeric herbs are mixed amongst the low shrubs, including big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), galax (Galax urceolata), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), goat’s-rue (Tephrosia virginica), narrowleaf aster (Ionactis tenuifolia), anise-scented goldenrod (Solidago odora), wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), and bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). A series of small outcrops above Stillhouse Branch supports a pine woodland dominated by Virginia pine with a mix of hardwoods. The woodland is fairly open, with occasional winged sumac (Rhus copallinum) and Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) in the sparse shrub layer. The herb layer includes outcrop species, such as Michaux’s saxifrage (Hydatica petiolaris) and Watch List creeping aster (Eurybia surculosa).

A band of broken, schistose rock forms a Montane Cliff (Acidic Subtype) on the south face of High Peak. Occasional trees, such as Virginia pine, shortleaf pine, and chestnut oak, grow on the outcrops along with scattered shrubs. The cliff is primarily dominated by herbs, including hairy

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oat-grass (Danthonia sericea), Michaux’s saxifrage, narrowleaf white-topped aster (Sericocarpus linifolia), white-topped aster (S. asteroides), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Atlantic goldenrod (Solidago arguta), pinweed (Lechea racemulosa), and Watch List composites, creeping aster and downy goldenrod (Solidago puberula).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype), Montane Oak- Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype), Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype), Rich Montane Seep, and Montane Cliff (Acidic Subtype). Minor component: Northern Hardwood Forest (present in Graham County).

RARE PLANTS: Mountain catchfly (Silene ovata) and Porter’s reed-grass (Calamagrostis porteri).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Finely-nerved sedge (Carex leptonervia), Manhart’s sedge (C. manhartii), creeping aster (Eurybia surculosa), Canada wild-rye (Elymus canadensis), horse- gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum), wild licorice (Galium lanceolatum), butternut (Juglans cinerea), and downy goldenrod (Solidago puberula). Trailing wolfsbane (Aconitum reclinatum) and northern short-husk (Brachyelytrum aristosum) are present in the Graham County portion of the site.

RARE ANIMALS: Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes).

REFERENCES: Govus, T. 1986. Site Survey Report: Gipp Creek. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Gipp Creek Slopes/Teyhalee Bald. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

109 Hamby Bend N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 612 acres Representational Value: Very High (R2) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private Collective Value: High (C3) landowners Quadrangle: Unaka

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Hamby Bend supports part of one of North Carolina’s best populations of State Endangered Cherokee sedge (Carex cherokeensis), a large population of mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata), and patches of Watch List white crownbeard (Verbesina virginica) as well. The site also contains a unique combination of pine forest, river bluffs, cliffs, and low elevation cove communities.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Buck Knob is located 3 miles to the north, and North Shoal Creek Falls is approximately 2 miles northwest of Hamby Bend. Camp Creek Wetlands and Camp Creek Falls are both approximately 3 to 3.2 miles west/northwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Hamby Bend supports steep north-facing slopes and river bluffs above Appalachia Lake. The old river channel formed a tight bend here, creating the peninsula referred to as Hamby Bend. The steep slopes on the sides of the bend and elsewhere along the lake form rocky bluffs and cliffs, described herein as Low Elevation Basic Glade and Montane Acidic Cliff. At least two cavernous grottoes are present in the bluffs. A number of coves drain to the lake, and these contain examples of Rich Cove Forest and Acidic Cove Forest. The Rich Cove Forest is often quite rocky and includes pockets of boulderfield forest and a few small seeps. South Shoal Creek is the largest stream in the site, and it has a fairly deep ravine with a series of cascades in its lower reach. The ridgelines and upper slopes support Low Mountain Pine Forest, dominated by shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), mixed with pine-oak forest and areas affected by pine bark beetle. Much of the slopes and upper coves are covered with Montane Oak-Hickory Forest of variable composition. Much of the forested slope above the lake is in excellent condition, not having been harvested in one hundred years or more.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) occurs over a variety of topographic settings across Hamby Bend, including ridge-top, slopes, and upper cove. Moisture regime varies as well with ridge-top forests tending to be drier and slope forest quite mesic. Signs of intense past fire were noted in this community. Outcrops are frequently nested within Montane Oak-Hickory Forest. The canopy is quite mature, with large oaks occasionally present. Canopy gaps and large downed woody debris are also present. Common canopy trees include white oak (Quercus alba), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), red maple (Acer rubrum), shortleaf pine, white pine (Pinus strobus), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) are common understory species. The shrub layer is often quite dense on steep, north-facing slopes and is dominated by rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). Elsewhere a mix of shrubs such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), maple-leaf

111 viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), and flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum) is present. Common herbs include Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), halberd-leaf violet (Viola hastata), and whip nutrush (Scleria nitida), which is rather uncommon in the mountains. Muscadine grape (Muscadinia rotundifolia) and cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata) are common vines. Rare mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata) occurs scattered in this community, and a population of State Endangered Cherokee sedge (Carex cherokeensis) occurs on the edge of this community on the south side of the site.

Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype) is common on the ridges and upper slopes above Appalachia Lake. This natural community is dominated by shortleaf pine. Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) and white pine are present as well as hardwoods such as black gum, red maple, white oak, southern red oak (Quercus falcata), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), and occasional post oak (Q. stellata). The canopy typically contains 20-40% shortleaf pine, though some areas of dense shortleaf pine have been killed by the southern pine bark beetle. The canopy tends to be quite mature. The understory is comprised of sourwood, serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), American holly (Ilex opaca), and Canada hemlock. The dense shrub layer contains mountain laurel, black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), and Watch List hairy blueberry (V. hirsutum). The herb layer is fairly sparse, though some xeric herbs, such as narrowleaf silk-grass (Pityopsis graminifolia), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and lion’s-weed (Prenanthes serpentaria), are present.

Rocky Low Elevation Basic Glade (Montane Subtype), in the form of low cliffs and river bluffs, occur above Appalachia Lake. These bluffs are comprised of coarse, blocky rock with pockets of thin soil and are often interspersed with grottoes and small rock shelters. A thin canopy of trees is sometimes present, though glades are mostly open with scattered small trees. Common species include Biltmore ash (Fraxinus biltmoreana), hickory (Carya sp.), red maple, hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), Virginia pine, fringe-tree (Chionanthus virginicus), hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), chestnut oak, slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and winged elm (U. alata). Vines are very common throughout the glades, such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), cross-vine, and Canada moonseed (Menispermum canadense). The herb layer is very lush and contains a diversity of basophilic species, including alumroot (Heuchera americana), showy goldenrod (Solidago speciosa), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), melic grass (Melica mutica), wedge-scale (Sphenopholis intermedia), enchanter’s nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), Pursh’s phacelia (Phacelia purshiana), Virginia saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis), and Virginia snakeroot (Endotheca serpentaria). At least one glade is heavily infested with Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica).

Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype) covers the slopes and coves in the vicinity of Hamby Bend, where it mixes with rocky glades and cliffs. Several outcrops, including large cliff complexes and huge grottoes, are found in the cove forest. Areas of boulderfield forest overlap with cove forest in several draws on the slopes above Appalachia Lake, and two separate seeps are also nested within coves. The forest is fairly mature, though some second-growth areas have an abundance of tulip poplar. Cove forest transitions to mesic oak-hickory forest upslope and transitional forest types are common. The canopy contains white ash (Fraxinus americana), basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), beech (Fagus grandifolia), and occasional

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shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). Understory species include umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala), Fraser magnolia, and silverbell (Halesia tetraptera). The shrub layer is variably dense with some areas dominated by pawpaw (Asimina triloba) and other places with sparse shrubs such as spicebush (Lindera benzoin), beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), and Watch List ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea). The herb layer is well developed with a diversity of cove species, including wild comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum), longspur violet (Viola rostrata), South Carolina sedge (Carex austrocaroliniana), hairy leaf-cup (Smallanthus uvedalia), Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), and mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum). Several Watch List plants are found in the cove forest, including American dog violet (Viola labradorica) and dwarf ginseng (Panax trifolius), which is uncommon in Cherokee County. A patch of invasive exotic Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) was observed on the lower slopes above Appalachia Lake.

Several areas of Montane Cliff (Acidic Subtype) occur on the steep river bluff above Appalachia Lake. The cliffs are fairly sparsely vegetated and vary in height from 20 to 100 feet. Ledges and grottoes are common features of the cliffs. Though lacking canopy, occasional trees, such as Canada hemlock, white pine, chestnut oak, and black birch (Betula lenta), grow on ledges in and around the cliffs. Rosebay rhododendron, mountain laurel, and mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) are common shrubs. This community is predominantly acidic, though pockets of Rich Cove Forest and seepage herbs are mixed throughout. Typical species include mountain meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum), sweet white violet (Viola blanda), crinkleroot (Cardamine diphylla), star chickweed (Stellaria pubera), and foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia). Vertical surfaces are sometimes covered with poison ivy and support outcrop plants, such as Watch List rock-shag lichen (Ephebe solida) and mountain dwarf-dandelion (Krigia montana), which is uncommon in Cherokee County. Eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) nests were noted on the underside of rock ledges on these cliffs.

A small Canada Hemlock Bluff occurs in the acidic cliff. A dense stand of Canada hemlock grows on a slight bluff with scattered moist outcrops covered with rich herbs. Ferns such as Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) and broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera) are common along with herbs, such as crinkleroot, sweet Betsy (Trillium cuneatum), windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides), and violets (Viola spp.).

Mature Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) occupies portions of the slopes above Appalachia Lake and tributaries to the lake. The forest is quite mature with occasional outcrops and areas of dense boulders interspersed throughout. Unfortunately, Canada hemlock, a former dominant tree, has succumbed to the woolly adelgid and is dropping out of the canopy. White pine, another dominant, will likely take its place. Other canopy species include chestnut oak, black birch, and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua). Silverbell, witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), and Fraser magnolia are common understory species. The shrub layer is comprised of dense rosebay rhododendron and mountain dog-hobble. The herb layer is sparse with plants such as Christmas fern, little brown jugs (Hexastylis arifolia), and sweet white violet. Significantly Rare mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata) grows in this community. Coastal plain vine, climbing hydrangea (Decumaria barbara), occasionally grows in mats and as a climbing liana in this community.

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Pockets of White Pine Forest occur in transition from cove forest on the slopes above South Shoal Creek.

Two examples of Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype) are associated with rocky coves above Appalachia Lake. The seeps occur on thin soil over bedrock where groundwater is forced to the surface. Some moisture-loving shrubs grow in the seeps, such as winterberry (Ilex verticillata), spicebush, pawpaw, and silky dogwood (Cornus amomum). The seeps are frequently dominated by bryophytes such as Sphagnum moss and contain seepage herbs such as cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis), violets (Viola spp.), South Carolina sedge, and mountain meadowrue.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype), Low Elevation Basic Glade (Montane Subtype), Montane Cliff (Acidic Herb Subtype), Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), and Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype). Minor component: Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest, Canada Hemlock Forest, and White Pine Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Cherokee sedge (Carex cherokeensis) and mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), finely-nerved sedge (Carex leptonervia), hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum), dwarf ginseng (Panax trifolius), American dog violet (Viola labradorica), and white crownbeard (Verbesina virginica).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Hamby Bend. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Hanging Dog Creek Aquatic Habitat

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

0 1 2 Copyright:©Miles 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed Cherokee County Natural Area Inventory HANGING DOG CREEK AQUATIC HABITAT

Site Significance: Length: 11 miles Representational Value: Not applicable Ownership: NC Public Waters Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangles: McDaniel Bald and Murphy

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The Hanging Dog Creek Aquatic Habitat supports several rare aquatic species, including the Federal Candidate and State Threatened sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2); the Federal Species of Concern and State Special Concern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis); and the Significantly Rare highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The Hanging Dog Creek Aquatic Habitat is located northwest of the Hiwassee Church Bluffs natural area and is just downstream of the Upper Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The Aquatic Habitat consists of an 11-mile section of Hanging Dog Creek, just upstream of its confluence with Hiwassee Lake. Hanging Dog Creek serves as habitat for the hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). The downstream portion of the site hosts the highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx) and sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2). The Sicklefin redhorse inhabits Hiwassee Lake and migrates into tributaries to spawn. Habitat in Hanging Dog Creek is affected by sedimentation.

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None observed.

RARE ANIMALS: Amphibians – hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis); Fishes – sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2), highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx), and olive darter (Percina squamata) [historical].

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: LeGrand, H.E., Jr., J.T. Finnegan, S.P. Hall, A.J. Leslie, and J.A. Ratcliffe. 2012. Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Animal Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

North Carolina Division of Water Quality. 2009. Basinwide Fish Surveys. N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Database. 2009 query. N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 2011. Unpublished Survey Data in Aquatics Database. N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Hanging Dog Mountain N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 194 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Marble

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Hanging Dog Mountain harbors one of few known populations of State Endangered starflower (Trientalis borealis) in North Carolina and a population of Special Concern mountain catchfly (Silene ovata). In addition, the upper slopes of the site support small areas of high quality forest.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Rocky Knob/Davis Creek Headwaters is located 5 miles west in the Unicoi Mountains, and Big Peachtree Bald is located 7 miles southeast in the Valley River Mountains.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Hanging Dog Mountain is a long ridge extending south from the Unicoi Mountain range where it meets the Snowbird range on the Graham/Cherokee county line. Several summits, including High Top and Rocky Knob, lie along this section of the ridge, separated by gaps. Montane Oak-Hickory Forest and Rich Cove Forest in variable condition cover the ridges and upper slopes of the mountain. Low cliffs and occasional boulderfields occur interspersed across the forested slopes. Areas of maturing, second-growth forest and some patches of early-succesional forest are also found on the upper slopes and ridgeline in the site.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) in variable condition occupies upper east-facing slopes below High Top and Hayes Gap. Much of the forest is fairly rich in composition with a deciduous-dominated shrub layer. Some patches of gnarled, exposed forest along the ridgeline and upper west-facing slopes appear quite mature, with signs of recent fire and heavy chestnut (Castanea dentata) regeneration. Other patches have experienced timber removal more recently and are in mid-succesional state. Dominant tree species include white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Q. velutina), chestnut oak (Q. montana), hickory (Carya sp.), white ash (Fraxinus americana), red maple (Acer rubrum), and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). The understory contains silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), and tall sprouts of chestnut, which can be common on the ridgeline. The shrub layer contains buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and mountain holly (Ilex montana). The herb layer is fairly well developed and contains New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Solomon’s-plume (Maianthemum racemosum), large-leaf aster (Eurybia macrophylla), and cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum). Occasional plants typical of Rich Cove Forest grow in the herb layer, such as Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia). A small area of mature oak-hickory with a dense shrub layer of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) was also noted.

Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) occurs in upper coves around Rocky Knob and the north side of High Top. The forest varies in condition with some mature second-growth patches dominated by tulip poplar and more mature forest present as well. Mature examples tend to be

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dominated by mesic hardwoods, such as yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), white ash, and occasionally red oak (Quercus rubra). These patches occur over rocky substrate and include pockets of Rich Cove Boulderfield. Signs of natural disturbance, such as debris slides, are occasionally evident with resulting canopy gaps and accumulation of coarse woody debris. Other canopy trees include sugar maple (Acer saccharum), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), red hickory (C. ovalis), and birch (Betula spp.). Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri) and silverbell (Halesia tetraptera) are common in the understory, while spicebush (Lindera benzoin), sweet- shrub (Calycanthus floridus), and mountain pepperbush (Clethra acuminata) are typical shrubs. Fox grape (Vitis cinerea) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) are common vines. A diverse herb layer is present with Appalachian bunchflower (Melanthium parviflorum), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana), yellow passionflower (Passiflora lutea), oxeye sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), and great yellow wood-sorrel (Oxalis grandis). Rare species are present, such as mountain catchfly (Silene ovata) and starflower (Trientalis borealis). Pockets of Rich Cove Forest near Rocky Knob have elements of Northern Hardwood Forest, and an area of Rich Cove Forest dominated by red oak and with much coarse woody debris is present below High Top.

A small, semi-forested Montane Cliff occurs on the slopes below High Top. Trees and shrubs, such as white ash, hickory (Carya sp.), red oak, highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis), and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) grow scattered on the rock face. Bristly greenbrier (Smilax hispida) is a common vine. A number of herbs adapted to rocky habitats and seepy areas grow on ledges and in crevices, such as Turk’s-cap lily (Lilium superbum), rough-leaf goldenrod (Solidago rugosa), southern harebell (Campanula divaricata), downy alumroot (Heuchera villosa), Michaux’s saxifrage (Hydatica petiolaris), and great tickseed (Coreopsis major).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) and Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype). Minor component: Montane Cliff (Acidic Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Starflower (Trientalis borealis) and mountain catchfly (Silene ovata).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: A hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Hanging Dog Mountain. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Hiwassee Church Bluffs

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 48 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Murphy

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Hiwassee Church Bluffs supports a Montane Cliff (Acidic Herb Subtype) in the form of a rocky bluff with unusual vegetation above Hiwassee Lake. A population of Significantly Rare mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata) is present, and uncommon Watch List white crownbeard (Verbesina virginica) is also known from the site.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Farmer Top natural area lies immediately to the south across Hiwassee Lake. John Green Bend lies 4 miles west, and Hiwassee Lake Rare Plant Site is 6 miles west of Hiwassee Church Bluff.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Hiwassee Church Bluffs contains a steep band of cliffs that extend from the upper slopes of the site downslope to the edge of Hiwassee Lake. The cliffs are composed of slate-like, metasedimentary rock and loosely vegetated banks of eroding soil. The southwest- facing cliffs are more gradually inclined and support woodlands interspersed among the cliffs.

The Montane Cliffs (Acidic Herb Subtype) mostly lack forested canopy, though scattered trees are present throughout and include Biltmore ash (Fraxinus biltmoreana), mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), post oak (Q. stellata), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), and occasional red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Trees and tall shrubs, such as winged elm (Ulmus alata), dwarf hackberry (Celtis tenuifolia), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), and farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum) are common along with smaller woody plants, such as running serviceberry (Amelanchier spicata), maple-leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), and New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana). The herb layer is quite diverse and contains many species unique to rocky, rich dry forest, such as Watch List Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii), green violet (Hybanthus concolor), river oats (Chasmanthium latifolium), alumroot (Heuchera americana), velvet-leaf tick-trefoil (Desmodium viridiflorum), woolly lipfern (Cheilanthes tomentosa), and limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata). An uncommon Watch List plant, white crownbeard (Verbesina virginica), grows in this community. Vines, such as Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), grapes (Vitis spp.), Canada moonseed (Menispermum canadense), and spiny-pod (Matelea sp.), are common as well. Cliffs on the upper southwest-facing slope are infested with Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) while still supporting a sub-population of white crownbeard.

A mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) occupies the steep slopes adjacent to and above the cliffs. The canopy is mature, and dominant species include white oak (Quercus alba), mockernut hickory, bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis), black oak (Quercus velutina), red oak (Q. rubra), black walnut (Juglans nigra), red maple (Acer rubrum), and occasional shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). The understory supports hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), sourwood

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(Oxydendrum arboreum), American holly (Ilex opaca), and hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana). Vines, such as muscadine grape (Muscadinia rotundifolia), are common. The herb layer reflects nutrient-rich soil conditions, and plants such as stoneroot (Collinsonia canadensis), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya), hairy leaf-cup (Smallanthus uvedalia), and bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) are common.

Rich Cove Forest of marginal quality occurs on the edge of the site, on the lower slopes above the lake, and in a recently cut cove to the north of the bluffs. The cove forest supports mesic hardwoods like tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), and basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla). Hop-hornbeam, hornbeam, and red mulberry (Morus rubra) are common in the understory, and spicebush (Lindera benzoin) is the dominant shrub. A rare shrub, mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata), grows in the cut-over cove forest on the north side of the site. Herbs include Watch List Virginia wing-stem (Verbesina virginica), wild comfrey (Cynoglossum virginicum), longspur violet (Viola rostrata), and doll’s-eyes (Actaea pachypoda). Bristly greenbrier (Smilax hispida) is an occasional vine. Invasive exotic plants are common in much of the community, including Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum), and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Cliff (Acidic Herb Subtype) and Montane Oak- Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype). Minor component: Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: White crownbeard (Verbesina virginica), ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), and Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schafale, M.P. 1994. Site Survey Report: Hiwassee Church Bluff. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Hiwassee Church Bluffs. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Hiwassee Lake Rare Plant Site

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 360 acres Representational Value: Very High (R2) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: High (C3) Quadrangle: Unaka

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Hiwassee Lake Rare Plant Site supports the only known population of State Threatened pink-root (Spigelia marilandica) in North Carolina. The site supports an unusual rocky slope and bluff system with open glades, a shortleaf pine forest, and examples of Piedmont vegetation that are unusual for the North Carolina mountains. A population of mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata) is also documented from the site.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: A number of natural areas lie nearby, including John Green Bend 1.1 miles southeast, Hamby Bend 2 miles west, and Buck Knob 4 miles to the northwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The Hiwassee Lake Rare Plant Site is a peninsula that juts into Hiwassee Lake and supports the only known population of State Threatened pink-root (Spigelia marilandica) in the state. The slopes above the lake are covered with a mix of oak-hickory forest, mesic cove forest, pine-oak forest, and occasional rocky glades. Several seeps occur in the upper headwater coves, and patches of swampy Montane Alluvial Forest are included in the southeastern corner of the site on Hyatt Mill Creek and the tributary to Hiwassee Lake to the west. The south - southeast-facing slopes and bluffs along the lakeshore are noteworthy for containing rocky glades that support Watch List eastern woodrats (Neotoma floridana haematoreia) and mature examples of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) forest. Portions of the upland ridges and some upper slopes are in disturbed to semidisturbed condition from past timber management, road systems, and pine bark beetle infestation. Despite their compromised condition, some of these areas contain pink-root (Spigelia marilandica). In addition, a large power line bisects the eastern half of the site and creates a large opening dominated by a diverse array of native plants.

Mature Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype) once covered much of the site. An infestation of the southern pine bark beetle approximately 10 – 15 years ago decimated much of the pine forest, particularly on ridge-tops and exposed positions. Mature stands of shortleaf pine still occupy sheltered slopes and are occasionally present along ridgelines as remnants. Canopy composition varies with some areas containing 60-70% shortleaf pine and some areas with a higher proportion of oak in the canopy that could be described as Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest. A large amount of snags and debris are frequently present due to the pine bark beetle. Some pine stands show evidence of recent fire, likely prescribed burns by the U.S. Forest Service. Other pines such as white pine (Pinus strobus) and pitch pine (P. rigida) co-occur in the canopy. Dominant hardwoods include black oak (Quercus velutina), post oak (Q. stellata), white oak (Q. alba), southern red oak (Q. falcata), chestnut oak (Q. montana), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), hickories (Carya spp.), and red maple (Acer rubrum). Understory species include American holly (Ilex opaca), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), and sourwood (Oxydendrum

129 arboreum). The shrub layer is variably dense and diverse and contains mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana), horse-sugar (Symplocos tinctoria), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), and Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua). The herb layer is well developed on the exposed slopes above Hiwassee Lake and contains a variety of legumes, composites, and graminoids. Species of note include goat’s-rue (Tephrosia virginiana), velvet-leaf tick-trefoil (Desmodium viridiflorum), roundleaf tick-trefoil (D. rotundifolium), hairy lespedeza (Lespedeza hirta), late purple aster (Symphyotrichum patens), white flat-topped aster (Sericocarpus asteroides), anise-scented goldenrod (Solidago odora), downy oat-grass (Danthonia sericea), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), and cow-wheat (Melampyrum lineare). Though mostly invasive free, a small patch of kudzu (Pueraria montana) is establishing itself in this community on the far western tip of the peninsula.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype) occupies the upper slopes and ridges and sometimes mixes with cove forest in the eastern half of the site. This community is very diverse with a canopy that includes white oak, black oak, chestnut oak, scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), southern red oak, post oak, black gum, pignut hickory (Carya glabra), white pine, shortleaf pine, and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). The understory contains magnolias (Magnolia spp.), red maple, silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and Biltmore ash (Fraxinus biltmoreana). The shrub layer contains occasional sprouts of chestnut (Castanea dentata), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), and Watch List species, hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum) and ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), among others. The herb layer is quite diverse, and includes lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), late purple aster, Maryland golden-aster (Chrysopsis mariana), hill cane (Arundinaria appalachiana), slender spike-grass (Chasmanthium laxum), Swan’s sedge (Carex swanii), false foxglove (Aureolaria spp.), a sunflower (Helianthus spp.), tick-trefoil (Desmodium spp.), Watch List creeping aster (Eurybia surculosa), and scattered populations of pink-root (Spigelia marilandica). Portions of the ridgeline that formerly supported oak-hickory forest have been disturbed by forest roads and power lines. This community type contains former pine stands affected by the pine bark beetle now dominated by oaks in the canopy. Signs of fire were noted in drier oak forest.

A number of coves across the site support Rich Cove Forest (Foothills Intermediate Subtype). Some of these Rich Cove Forests are intermediate in terms of richness with a variety of plants adapted to both acidic and more circumneutral soils. While containing many montane species, these communities have plants with strong affinities to the Piedmont. This community is in mature second-growth condition with some areas heavily dominated by tulip poplar and other coves with large amounts of white oak in the canopy. Other canopy species include mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), red maple, cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), white ash (Fraxinus americana), red oak (Quercus rubra), dying Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and occasional shortleaf pine and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), unusual components reflecting the low elevation of this cove forest. Silverbell, hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), red mulberry (Morus rubra), and witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) are common understory species. The shrub layer contains spicebush (Lindera benzoin), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), Watch List ashy hydrangea, and a small patch of

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Significantly Rare mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata). The herb layer is very diverse and contains several listed species, including a large population of State Threatened pink-root and Watch List Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), and one of few known populations of southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii) in Cherokee County. Other common species include black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), South Carolina sedge (Carex austrocaroliniana), common wood sedge (C. blanda), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia), American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya), hairy skullcap (Scutellaria elliptica), arrow-leaved aster (Symphyotrichum urophyllum), yellow passionflower (Passiflora lutea), and short-husk grass (Brachyelytrum erectum). A number of vines are present as well, including Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), summer grape (Vitis aestivalis), muscadine grape (Muscadinia rotundifolia), and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). This community contains some invasive exotic plants, including Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum) and patches of Japanese spiraea (Spiraea japonica).

A series of rocky Low Elevation Basic Glades occurs interspersed among pine forest on the south/southeast-facing bluffs above Hiwassee Lake. The glades contain outcrops with grottoes and ledges as well as exposed slopes with bare rock and thin rocky soil dominated by scattered shrubs and herbs. A broken canopy of shortleaf pine, post oak, and other dry oaks is present, though the community is predominantly open. Common understory/shrub species include deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), farkleberry (V. arboreum), horse-sugar, New Jersey tea, winged elm (Ulmus alata), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and sand hickory (Carya pallida). The herb layer is extremely diverse with legumes and composites and includes upland boneset (Eupatorium sessilifolium), roundleaf eupatorium (E. rotundifolium), hairy leaf-cup (Smallanthus uvedalia), milkpea (Galactia volubilis), wild kidney bean (Phaseolus polystachios), tick-trefoil (Desmodium spp.), bush-clover (Lespedeza spp.), pencil-flower (Stylosanthes biflora), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), giant plume grass (Saccharum giganteum), and three-awn grass (Aristida dichotomum). Invasive exotic Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) are occasionally present in this community along the lakeshore. The glade supports Watch List eastern woodrat nests underneath rock overhangs.

Low Elevation Seeps (Montane Subtype) occur in several settings in the site, such as at the head of slight coves in association with braided, intermittent streams. They are typically nested within cove forest and are shaded by a canopy of tulip poplars. Hornbeam is a common understory species. The shrub layer is quite diverse for this community and contains several wetland species, such as silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), winterberry (Ilex verticillata), possumhaw (Viburnum nudum), and tag alder (Alnus serrulata), along with spicebush and Watch List ashy hydrangea. The herb layer contains white turtlehead (Chelone glabra), purple-stem aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum), roughleaf goldenrod (Solidago patula), sweet white violet (Viola blanda), branch lettuce (Micranthes micranthidifolia), grass-of-Parnassus (Parnassia asarifolia), skullcaps (Scutellaria spp.), bog sedge (Carex venusta), nodding sedge (C. crinita), bent sedge (C. styloflexa), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), and royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis). Some of the seeps are associated with thin trickles over thin soil and bedrock. The largest seep occurs in a semidisturbed setting with white pine frequent in the canopy over deep mineral soil, possibly deposited from erosion. The seeps provide excellent habitat for amphibians

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and support populations of spring salamanders (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus), seal salamanders (Desmognathus monticola), and Watch List seepage salamanders (D. aeneus).

A patch of Montane Alluvial Forest (Small River Subtype) occurs along flat portions of the floodplain of Hyatt Mill Creek and the small tributary to the northwest. This community is mixed with Acidic Cove Forest and contains semiswampy pockets. Dominant canopy trees include tulip poplar, red maple, and dying Canada hemlock. The understory and shrub layer contain silverbell, umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala), hornbeam, yellowroot (Xanthorhiza simplicissima), witch-hazel, mountain pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), and abundant mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). Virginia sweet-spire (Itea virginica), rare in the mountains, is also present. The herb layer contains wetland species such as cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), bladder sedge (Carex intumescens), and net-leaf chain-fern (Woodwardia areolata). This community is in mature second-growth condition.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Elevation Basic Glade (Montane Subtype), Low Mountain Pine Forest (Shortleaf Pine Subtype), Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype), Montane Alluvial Forest (Small River Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Foothills Intermediate Subtype), and Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Pink-root (Spigelia marilandica) and mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: A hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus), ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), southern nodding trillium (Trillium rugelii), creeping aster (Eurybia surculosa), hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum), and Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Seepage salamander (Desmognathus aeneus) and eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana haematoreia).

REFERENCES: Kauffman, G. 1998. Field Survey Submitted to Natural Heritage Program. N.C. Natural Heritage Program. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Hiwassee Lake Rare Plant Site. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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John Green Bend

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 104 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangles: Persimmon Creek and Murphy

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: John Green Bend supports patches of intact Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest, a poorly documented community of low elevation mountain settings. John Green Bend is one of two sites in the mountains where the Significantly Rare Earle’s blazing-star (Liatris squarrulosa), a species characteristic of the Piedmont and the Sandhills, is known to grow. The presence of a Low Elevation Basic Glade in association with the pine-oak forest also contributes to the site’s significance.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Similar natural areas with rocky bluffs and steep, forested slopes occur 3 miles to the east at Hiwassee Church Bluffs and Farmer Top. Hiwassee Lake Rare Plant Site lies 2.5 miles northwest, and Hamby Bend is 4 miles to the northwest on the shores of Appalachia Lake.

SITE DESCRIPTION: John Green Bend is a peninsula that juts into Hiwassee Lake where a sharp bend in the river formerly occurred. The natural area extends from the ridgeline of the bend down the east face, encompassing a short distance of rocky, dry slope before ending at the lake shore. The exposed slope and ridgeline support areas of Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest. This mixed forest contains small pockets of solid shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), though portions of the forest have been affected by the southern pine bark beetle. Rocky woodlands and Low Elevation Basic Glades occur in two separate areas on steep slopes with thin soils. Dry Montane Oak-Hickory Forest is interspersed with the pine and rocky glades. Pockets of Rich Cove Forest (Foothills Intermediate Subtype) are present in the gentle stream valleys in the site, and at least one small Low Elevation Seep occupies the head of one of these coves. A population of Earle’s blazing-star (Liatris squarrulosa) occurs on the ridgeline in an area of gravel roads and wildlife plots, and this portion of the Bend has been incorporated into the site, even though its natural character has been altered.

Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest occurs in broken fashion over the east face of John Green Bend. The canopy contains 20-30% shortleaf pine along with oaks and mesic hardwoods like southern red oak (Quercus falcata) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Portions of this community have been burned in recent prescribed fires, though some areas remain fire- suppressed with dense growth of red maple (Acer rubrum) in the shrub layer. Also present are areas where pine bark beetles have killed the mature pines. Other woody species present include hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), American holly (Ilex opaca), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), horse- sugar (Symplocos tinctoria), and beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta). A variety of xeric herbs grows on the slope here, including showy goldenrod (Solidago erecta), gray-stem goldenrod (S. nemoralis), small-headed sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus), lesser snakeroot (Ageratina

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aromatica), and upland boneset (Eupatorium sessilifolium). Muscadine grape (Muscadinia rotundifolia) is a common vine.

Two separate rocky areas containing Low Elevation Basic Glades (Montane Subtype) are present, mixed with rocky woodlands and one large outcrop. The woodlands support low trees, like white ash (Fraxinus americana), hickories (Carya spp.), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), and occasional Watch List butternut (Juglans cinerea). Species typically associated with basic outcrops in the mountains, such as dwarf hackberry (Celtis tenuifolia), winged elm (Ulmus alata), and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), are present. Crossvine (Bignonia capreolata) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) are common vines. The glades support a number of plants and ferns adapted to rich, rocky habitats, including alumroot (Heuchera americana), thimbleberry (Anemone virginiana), maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), blunt-lobe cliff fern (Woodsia obtusa), narrowleaf silk-grass (Pityopsis graminifolia), Watch List woodland muhly (Muhlenbergia sylvatica), and Canada milk-vetch (Astragalus canadensis), which is uncommon in the mountains.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) occurs mixed with pine-oak forest and rocky glades. The canopy is typically in mature condition. Some areas have been affected by the southern pine bark beetle, and there are also signs of fire from recent prescribed burns. Principal canopy species include white oak (Quercus alba), southern red oak, chestnut oak, and mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa). Common understory species are black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and flowering dogwood. Ericaceous species, such as maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and occasional rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), and buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), dominate the shrub layer. Significant areas of this community are covered with hill cane (Arundinaria appalachiana). A variety of xeric herbs are typical of the oak forest, including goat’s-rue (Tephrosia virginiana), giant plumegrass (Saccharum giganteum), anise-scented goldenrod (Solidago odora), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and hairy bush-clover (Lespedeza hirta).

A small Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype) is located at the head of a gentle cove on the east face of John Green Bend. The seep has a shrub layer dominated by possumhaw viburnum (Viburnum nudum), a species more typical of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. A variety of moisture-loving herbs grow in the seep, including cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), and net-leaved chain-fern (Woodwardia areolata).

The gentle coves in the site support examples of Rich Cove Forest (Foothills Intermediate Subtype). This forest is dominated by tulip poplar and beech (Fagus grandifolia). Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) can dominate the understory, and spicebush (Lindera benzoin) is a common shrub. A number of herbs associated with rich environments are present, including broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), doll’s-eyes (Actaea pachypoda), hairy leaf-cup (Smallanthus uvedalius), and pointed-leaf tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum glutinosum).

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NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest, Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Low Elevation Basic Glade (Montane Subtype), and Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype). Minor component: Rich Cove Forest (Foothills Intermediate Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Earle’s blazing-star (Liatris squarrulosa).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Butternut (Juglans cinerea) and woodland muhly (Muhlenbergia sylvatica).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: John Green Bend. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Little Brasstown Creek Floodplain

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 4.4 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: Private landowner Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Peachtree

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The natural area supports a small population of marsh bellflower (Campanula aparinoides) and an example of Montane Floodplain Slough Forest, a rare natural community, in fairly intact condition. This community is one of the few wetlands in relatively natural condition that support the mountain chorus frog (Pseudacris brachyphona). Small- flowered meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum) is also present in the site.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Moccasin Mountain lies 2.5 miles southwest of the site, and Brasstown Creek Aquatic Habitat is just 0.6 mile to the east.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Little Brasstown Creek is a low elevation mountain creek with a broad, swampy floodplain. A patch of Montane Floodplain Slough Forest occupies the flat portion of the floodplain. Small meandering streams and thick wetland vegetation are characteristic of this forested floodplain. The site supports a diversity of wetland-dependent wildlife, including the Special Concern mountain chorus frog (Pseudacris brachyphona).

Montane Floodplain Slough Forest sits in the flat floodplain of Little Brasstown Creek where it meets a small unnamed creek. The wetland extends throughout the low-lying ground along the creek and contains meandering channels. Wetland microtopography is well developed with vegetated hummocks and islands. This wetland is a known breeding location for the mountain chorus frog. A low, open canopy of red maple (Acer rubrum) and black willow (Salix nigra) shades portions of the wetland. A well-developed understory and shrub layer are comprised of tag alder (Alnus serrulata), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), swamp rose (Rosa palustris), and elderberry (Sambucus canadensis). A diversity of wetland sedges, grasses, and forbs is found in the ground layer, including false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), swamp wedgescale (Sphenopholis pensylvanica), rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), manna-grass (Glyceria striata), green bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens), smooth-sheath sedge (Carex laevivaginata), nodding sedge (C. crinita), and hops sedge (C. lupulina), which is more common in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Invasive exotic multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) is present on the edge of the wetland. Vines, including virgin’s-bower (Clematis virginiana) and fox grape (Vitis labrusca), grow over bushes and small trees. Canada moonseed (Menispermum canadense) and meadow garlic (Allium canadense) grow on the edge of the wetland. Two rare plant species, small-flowered meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum) and marsh bellflower (Campanula aparinoides), are found on the edge of the wetland. Birds of brushy habitats, such as hooded warbler (Setophaga citrina) and indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) and a wetland dependent butterfly – Appalachian brown (Satyrodes appalachia), are common in the wetland. There has been some ditching along the eastern edge of the wetland where it adjoins neighboring agricultural fields.

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NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Floodplain Slough Forest.

RARE PLANTS: Small-flowered meadowrue (Thalictrum macrostylum) and marsh bellflower (Campanula aparinoides).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Butternut (Juglans cinerea) and American dog violet (Viola labradorica).

RARE ANIMALS: Mountain chorus frog (Pseudacris brachyphona).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Little Brasstown Creek Floodplain. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 1,713 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Unaka

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains harbors one of the only known populations of Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) in the state. The site contains a very rich flora, including a healthy population of Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) and the only known population of yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea) in the county. The intact landscape provides a large habitat block for migratory songbirds and corridor for other wildlife.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Turner Top and Peels High Top/Cantrell Top are nearby sites in the Unicoi Mountain range. Just downstream of the site are North Shoal Creek Falls and the Shuler Creek Wetland Complex. Appalachia Lake Old-Growth Site is 3.4 miles to the southwest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Long Ridge is an elongated extension of the Unicoi Mountains that juts southwest towards Appalachia Lake. The crest of the Unicois is covered with mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest and a unique rich hardwood forest with a diverse herb layer that includes one of the best known populations of Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) in the state. The slopes and coves support Rich Cove Forest, which also contains rare species such as Special Concern purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) and Watch List yellowwood (Cladrastis kentuckea). Areas of Pine-Oak/Heath, occasionally containing Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens), occupy dry ridgelines and south-facing slopes. Some stands were heavily affected by the southern pine bark beetle. Small marginal seeps are located in various coves throughout the site. The Federally Endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) and Significantly Rare Tellico salamander (Plethodon aureolus) have been recently documented in the site. Much of the site, especially the upper slopes of the Unicois, is quite mature; however, many recently logged areas are interspersed among the older forest. Several forest pests pose threats to site integrity, including southern pine bark beetle, hemlock woolly adelgid, and feral hogs, which affect seeps and cove forests.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) covers the ridgeline and upper slopes of the Unicois and Long Ridge. The forest is mature, and older stands frequently contain outcrops, canopy openings, and coarse woody debris and snags. Less mature areas are present as well with altered composition. White oak (Quercus alba) is usually the dominant tree, at times forming solid stands at higher elevations. Other common canopy trees include black oak (Q. velutina), chestnut oak (Q. montana), other hardwoods, and pines. Understory and shrub species include sassafras (Sassafras albidum), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), maple-leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), mountain holly (Ilex montana), and black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). The herb layer is quite rich and includes Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia), Virginia jumpseed (Persicaria virginica), four-leaved milkweed (Asclepias quadrifolia), rare Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), and Watch List Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis). Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) occurs interspersed with

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the more common Basic Subtype. The Acidic Subtype contains frequent mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), dense patches of hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum), and occasional Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens). The Acidic Subtype shows signs of past fire.

Interspersed with oak-hickory forest on the ridgeline is a “successional hardwood forest” dominated by white ash (Fraxinus americana), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), black birch (Betula lenta), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) in semidisturbed settings. Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri) and Devil’s walking-stick (Aralia spinosa) are occasionally in the understory. The shrub layer is sparse, with red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. pubens) and thickets of beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta) and blackberry (Rubus sp.). The herb layer is usually quite rich, and dominant species include cow- parsnip (Heracleum maximum), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), meadow-parsnip (Thaspium barbinode), purple giant-hyssop (Agastache scrophulariifolia), and Watch List horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum) and broadleaf phlox (Phlox amplifolia). Leather-flower (Clematis viorna) is an occasional vine. This community appears to be the result of some past disturbance, possibly grazing, selective timber harvest, fire exclusion, or a combination of these factors.

Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) is the dominant community in upper coves and slopes, including one of the best examples of Rich Cove Forest in Cherokee County in Locust Gap Branch. Tulip poplar is the canopy dominant, though other hardwoods, such as black cherry, basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), white ash, and Watch List butternut (Juglans cinerea), are present. Vines such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and Virginia-creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) are common in this community. The herbaceous layer is very well developed and includes green violet (Hybanthus concolor), zigzag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis), spotted mandarin (Prosartes maculatum), and rare species, including purple sedge (Carex purpurifera), Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), and Watch List Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii). Small seeps with Watch List hornwort Megaceros aenigmaticus are present in cove forest and are often disturbed by feral hogs.

Pine-Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype) occurs in several locations along the spine of the Unicois and on Long Ridge. The forest is primarily dominated by pitch pine (Pinus rigida), though Table Mountain pine, shortleaf pine (P. echinata), white pine (P. strobus), and Virginia pine (P. virginiana) are present as well. Hardwoods, such as black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), chestnut oak, and black oak, are mixed in the canopy. The shrub layer contains mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), and Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua). Xeric herbs include trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), pink lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium acaule), galax (Galax urceolata), and silverrod (Solidago bicolor). Southern pine bark beetle has affected portions of the pine stands in the site.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Montane Oak- Hickory (Basic Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype), Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype), and Pine-Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) and purple sedge (Carex purpurifera).

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WATCH LIST PLANTS: A hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus), hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum), Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii), broadleaf phlox (Phlox amplifolia), horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum), butternut (Juglans cinerea), yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea), and showy skullcap (Scutellaria serrata).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Lower Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Length: 7 river miles Representational Value: Not applicable Ownership: NC Public Waters Collective Value: High (C3) Quadrangle: Farner

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The Lower Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat supports several rare aquatic species, including the Federal Species of Concern and State Endangered Christy’s elimia (Elimia christyi); the State Endangered Tennessee pigtoe (Fusconaia barnesiana); the State Special Concern loggerhead musk turtle (Sternotherus minor), striped shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus), rainbow (Villosa iris), and spike (Elliptio dilatata); and the Significantly Rare common map turtle (Graptemys geographica) and knotty burrowing crayfish (Cambarus nodosus).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: There are no other natural areas adjacent to the Lower Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat, but there are numerous other natural areas present in the larger watershed of the site, including the nearby Shuler Creek Wetland Complex and Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The aquatic habitat consists of a small section of a largely dewatered reach of the Hiwassee River below Appalachia Dam that meanders along the border of North Carolina and Tennessee, as well as the lower portion of Shuler Creek.

At this site, the Hiwassee River is a set of standing backwaters connected by small riffles coated with organic matter. Lotic habitat in this reach is marginal. Recent surveys of this reach have revealed a very limited mussel community; Tennessee pigtoe (Fusconaia barnesiana) shells were collected but no other mussels were found. The Federally Endangered Cumberland bean (Villosa trabalis) is present in the Hiwassee River downstream of North Carolina, and there is evidence that it may have been present at the site in the past; however, it has not been found in North Carolina during recent surveys. Christy’s elimia (Elimia christyi) and the striped shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus) are present in Shuler Creek. Knotty burrowing crayfish (Cambarus nodosus) has been observed in seeps and trickles that feed into Shuler Creek.

The common map turtle (Graptemys geographica) occurs in the Hiwassee River below Appalachia Dam and the Tennessee state line; its only other known site in the state is at Hiwassee Lake, near the dam. The much smaller loggerhead musk turtle (Sternotherus minor) not only occurs in this short stretch of the river but also in the lower portion of Shuler Creek.

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None observed.

RARE ANIMALS: Reptiles – Loggerhead musk turtle (Sternotherus minor) and common map turtle (Graptemys geographica). Fishes – striped shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus). Mussels –

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Tennessee pigtoe (Fusconaia barnesiana), rainbow (Villosa iris), and spike (Elliptio dilatata). Snails – Christy’s elimia (Elimia christyi). Crustaceans – Knotty burrowing crayfish (Cambarus nodosus). The mussel Cumberland bean (Villosa trabalis) may have once been present at the site but has not been found during recent surveys.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Alderman, J.M. 1994. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Freshwater Mussel Data.

LeGrand, H.E., J.T. Finnegan, S.P. Hall, A.J. Leslie, and J.A. Ratcliffe. 2012. Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Animal Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Minton, R.L., A.E. Bogan, J.A. Brooks, and D.M. Hayes. 2004. Taxonomic Revision of Elimia christyi and Elimia interrupta (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Pleuroceridae). Zootaxa 735:1- 9.

North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Database. 2014 query. N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 2007. Unpublished Survey Data in Aquatics Database. N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Moccasin Mountain

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 436 acres Representational Value: Exceptional (R1) Ownership: Private landowners Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangles: Nottely Dam and Murphy

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Moccasin Mountain supports one of two known locations for the Chattahoochee slimy salamander (Plethodon chattahoochee) in North Carolina. In addition, the site supports a relatively intact mosaic of forested communities with Watch List plant species.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Little Brasstown Creek is located 1.7 miles northeast of Moccasin Mountain, and Little Brasstown Creek Floodplain lies approximately 3 miles to the northeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Moccasin Mountain is one of several peaks on a low ridge separating Little Brasstown Creek and Moccasin Creek. The site forms a bowl that includes the headwaters of Stamey Creek and several prominent ridges. Oak-hickory forest is the dominant community across the site, occurring on the ridgelines, slopes, and some upper coves. Small patches of mixed pine-oak forest with shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) occur on the edge of the site. The site supports Acidic Cove Forest as well as mature Rich Cove Forest with several Watch List plant species, including northern barren-strawberry (Geum fragarioides). The Acidic Cove Forest along Stamey Creek supports a diversity of salamander species, including the Chattahoochee slimy salamander (Plethodon chattahoochee), which is known only from two records in North Carolina.

The majority of the site is dominated by a maturing, second-growth Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype). The canopy is fairly mature, and common tree species include white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Q. velutina), chestnut oak (Q. montana), southern red oak (Q. falcata), hickories (Carya spp.), black birch (Betula lenta), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Understory species, such as sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), and sprouts of American chestnut (Castanea dentata), are common. The shrub layer is well developed, with mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) being dominant, and other species such as buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), maple-leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), and deerberry (V. stamineum) are also present. Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) are common vines. The herb layer contains a number of typical forest herbs, including Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), witch-grass (Dichanthelium spp.), whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia), Atlantic goldenrod (Solidago arguta), and mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum montanum). A few oak-hickory stands were logged more recently and have a disproportionate amount of red maple (Acer rubrum) in the canopy.

Examples of Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype) are present along Stamey Creek and are particularly well developed in the creek’s upper coves. The forest is in mature, mid-

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succesional condition with some large red oak (Quercus rubra) present in the canopy. Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is the canopy dominant in rich coves along with a handful of cove hardwoods, including large white ash (Fraxinus americana), beech (Fagus grandifolia), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), and occasional yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava). The understory and shrub layer are quite open with occasional bushes of spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). The herb layer is very diverse and contains many cove wildflowers, such as false goat’s-beard (Astilbe biternata), sweet wake-robin (Trillium vaseyi), nodding mandarin (Prosartes lanuginosum), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), Small’s black-snakeroot (Sanicula smallii), and Canada violet (Viola canadensis). The Watch List species northern barren-strawberry (Geum fragarioides) and glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon) occur in the herb layer, along with Nuttall’s hedge-nettle (Stachys nuttallii), which is a rather uncommon species. The invasive exotic Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum) is common in portions of the cove forest and is being spread by deer and storm water runoff.

Second-growth Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) occurs on the lower reach of Stamey Creek. Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), once a common canopy tree, is heavily infested with the hemlock woolly adelgid and is declining fast. Other canopy trees include tulip poplar, black birch, red maple, oaks (Quercus spp.), and white pine (Pinus strobus). Dense rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) forms a solid shrub layer. Herbs are sparse, though the evergreen herb variable-leaf heartleaf (Hexastylis heterophylla) is occasionally present. Several salamander species were detected in small tributaries and seeps that flow into Stamey Branch, including spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) and spotted dusky salamander (Desmognathus conanti). The Significantly Rare Chattahoochee slimy salamander (Plethodon chattahoochee) was found under a log along the creek, one of only two presently documented locations for this species in the state.

Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest with a mix of oaks and pines occurs in fragmented fashion on the south-facing slopes of Moccasin Mountain. Shortleaf pine and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) are mixed into the relatively mature, oak-dominated canopy. Uncommon xeric blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) is present in the forest. A shrub layer of mountain laurel, deerberry, black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), and winged sumac (Rhus copallina) is present. A number of xeric herbs not found elsewhere in the site grow in the mixed pine forest: southern oak-leach (Aureolaria pectinata), wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), hairy bush-clover (Lespedeza hirta), wild quinine (Parthenium integrifolium), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium).

Small pockets of seepage emerge along the side of Stamey Creek and its tributaries. These seeps are quite small but support patches of moisture-loving herbs, such as false nettles (Boehmeria cylindrica), lurid sedge (Carex lurida), mountain meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum), and wood nettle (Laportea canadensis).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), and Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype). Minor component: Southern Mountain Pine-Oak Forest and Low Elevation Seep.

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RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon) and northern barren-strawberry (Geum fragarioides).

RARE ANIMALS: Chattahoochee slimy salamander (Plethodon chattahoochee).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Moccasin Mountain.. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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North Shoal Creek Falls

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 23 acres Representational Value: Very High (R2) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Unaka

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The Spray Cliff at North Shoal Creek supports one of the few populations of the rare liverwort Chiloscyphus appalachianus in North Carolina. The site also contains an Acidic Cove Forest with a small remnant patch of mature Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) that is in critical need of protection.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Peels High Top/Cantrell Top lies 4 miles northwest of the falls, and Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains is located 3 miles northwest of the site. Appalachia Lake Old-Growth Site lies 0.75 mile west of the site.

SITE DESCRIPTION: North Shoal Creek is a rocky stream with a large bedrock sill that forms a dramatic falls just before flowing into the impounded Hiwassee River. The falls drops approximately 20-30 feet after a series of cascades upstream. A Spray Cliff is associated with the moist spray of the falls, moisture-bathed rocks, and low cliffs that border North Shoal Creek as it descends towards its confluence with the Hiwassee River. A very mature Acidic Cove Forest with patches of Canada Hemlock Forest dominates the riparian zone of North Shoal Creek. The mature forest contains very large hemlocks, some of which are still healthy. A small patch of pine-oak forest covers the knoll on the eastern side of the site.

Mature Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) covers the riparian zone and adjacent slopes above North Shoal Creek. The forest is quite mature. For example, a large, recently downed hemlock measured 5’ in diameter. The forest contains frequent boulders, small outcrops, and cliffs along the stream. Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), white pine (Pinus strobus), white oak (Quercus alba), and beech (Fagus grandifolia) are the dominant canopy trees, while rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) form a dense shrub layer. Cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata) is a common vine in this community. Maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes) grows on the rock-faces of cliffs in the cove forest along with a variety of bryophytes.

A small stand of Canada hemlock is contained within the larger Acidic Cove Forest, perhaps covering one to two acres on the south side of North Shoal Creek. The stand is comprised entirely of hemlocks, most of which are very mature and appeared to be resisting the hemlock woolly adelgid ( March 2011 survey visit observations).

A Spray Cliff occurs just below the falls on North Shoal Creek. The Spray Cliff is protected from direct spray but is bathed in moisture from the humidity of the falls. Rock walls are covered with an array of bryophytes, including the Significantly Rare liverwort Chiloscyphus appalachianus and Watch List liverwort Radula sullivantii.

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NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) and Spray Cliff.

RARE PLANTS: A liverwort (Chiloscyphus appalachianus).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: A liverwort (Radula sullivantii).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: North Shoal Creek Falls. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Old Billy Top

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 243 acres Representational Value: Moderate (R4) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private Collective Value: Moderate (C4) landowners Quadrangles: Robbinsville, Santeetlah Creek, Marble, and Andrews

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Old Billy Top supports significant ecological features, including one of the best mountain catchfly (Silene ovata) populations in the state and an intact matrix of high elevation communities.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Snowbird Creek Aquatic Habitat lies 1.7 miles to the north-northwest, and Gipp Creek Slopes/Teyahalee Bald lies 2 miles to the east along the ridgeline of the Snowbird Mountains.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Old Billy Top is a segment of the ridgeline of the Snowbird Mountains, which supports several high quality natural communities and rare species of plants and animals. The site lies in both Cherokee and Graham counties. The high elevation ridgeline of the Snowbirds is unique in being relatively gentle and geologically rich, thus giving rise to botanically diverse forest on the very top of the mountain. A rich oak-hickory forest covers the ridge and exposed south-facing slope of the Snowbirds and contains a large population of the rare mountain catchfly (Silene ovata). Additional communities and listed species occur on the Graham County portion of the site.

Very mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) extends along the ridgeline and south-facing slopes of the Snowbird Mountains in the vicinity of Old Billy Top. White oak (Quercus alba) and hickories (Carya spp.) are the principal canopy trees, and they are notably mature, with some large white oak present. Portions of this exposed community occur over thin soils with slaty bedrock and frequent coarse woody debris and canopy gaps. Growing in the canopy and dominating the understory is a mix of species typical of rich coves, such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), and cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata). Shrubs such as flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum) are common along with thickets of Canada blackberry (Rubus canadensis), which form large patches under partial openings along the ridgeline. Pipevine (Isotrema macrophyllum) is a common liana. A very lush herbaceous layer contains a variety of species adapted to rich soil conditions, such as bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix), bellflower (Campanulastrum americanum), Swan’s sedge (Carex swanii), and American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya). Among the diverse herbs grow large populations of two rare species, Special Concern mountain catchfly (Silene ovata) and Watch List Clingman’s hedge-nettle (Stachys clingmanii). A number of migratory songbirds, including rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus), nest in this mature oak forest, and Southern Appalachian salamanders (Plethodon teyahalee) are found sheltering under woody debris. Some portions of the community lack oak altogether but are dominated by a mix of mesic hardwoods and very much resemble Rich Cove

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Forest on the summit of a mountain ridgeline, a common pattern often repeated across the Snowbird and Unicoi mountains.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) in Cherokee County; Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype), Northern Hardwood Forest (Typic Subtype), and Rich Montane Seep in Graham County.

RARE PLANTS: Mountain catchfly (Silene ovata).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Clingman’s hedgenettle (Stachys clingmanii); Waterfan lichen (Peltigera hydrothyria), golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium americanum), and Fraser’s sedge (Cymophyllus fraserianus) are present in the Graham County portion of the site.

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Seepage salamander (Desmognathus aeneus) is present in the Graham County section of the site.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2012. Site Survey Report: Old Billy Top. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Pack Mountain

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 621 acres Representational Value: Very High (R2) Ownership: Private landowners Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Isabella

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Pack Mountain has one of the few North Carolina populations of the Significantly Rare Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), which is at the edge of its range here in Cherokee County. The site also harbors a large population of purple sedge (Carex purpurifera). The community mosaic of oak and rich cove forest supports a high degree of plant diversity and provides breeding habitat for a number of migratory songbirds.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Payne Mountain natural area is located 2 miles east of the site. Hamby Bend and Hiwassee Lake Rare Plant Site are both located approximately 9 miles north-northwest on the shores of Hiwassee Lake.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Pack Mountain forms part of a small, low-elevation mountain range that extends from eastern Tennessee into far western North Carolina. The natural area encompasses the ridgeline and the upper coves of the mountain. Pack Mountain provides a very rich environment for plants, likely influenced by the presence of calc-silicate rock and high pH soils. Rich Cove Forest and Montane Oak-Hickory Forest are the primary natural communities supported by the site. The ridgeline of Pack Mountain supports an unusually rich forest with a mesic hardwood-dominated canopy and resembles similar communities on the nearby Unicoi Mountains. Two Significantly Rare plant species, purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) and Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), are common in the ridge-top forest and in the upper coves around the site, and many Watch List plant species are present as well. Occasional patches of Chestnut Oak Forest and small outcrops are present on the upper slopes of Pack Mountain. A Low Elevation Seep occurs in a cove on the east side of the site.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) lines the ridgeline and upper slopes of Pack Mountain. The forest is moderately mature to very mature with small patches of forest with old- growth characteristics, i.e. gnarled canopy, abundant coarse woody debris, and large-bole trees. There are scattered signs of past fire in the oak-hickory forest, and a small cliff complex and areas of outcrops frequently occur within the forest. Common canopy trees are white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Q. velutina), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), red maple (Acer rubrum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and pignut hickory (Carya glabra). Sassafras (Sassafras albidum), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) are common understory trees. The shrub layer is fairly open and includes buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana), wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), blackberries (Rubus spp.), chestnut saplings (Castanea dentata), and Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua). The herb layer resembles that of Rich Cove Forest, with many species adapted to rich soils, including Solomon’s-plume (Maianthemum racemosum), dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata), slim-flowered muhly (Muhlenbergia tenuiflora), bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix), starry rosinweed (Silphium asteriscus), starry campion (Silene stellata), and pointed-leaf tick-trefoil

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(Hylodesmum glutinosum). Significantly Rare Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), purple sedge (Carex purpurifera), and Porter’s reed-grass (Calamagrostis porteri) are all found in profusion in the rich oak-hickory forest on the spine of Pack Mountain. Small areas of oak forest dominated by chestnut oak occur in the vicinity of outcrops and the small cliff. Oakley (1998) reported Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) also being present with a canopy dominated by white oak, red oak (Quercus rubra), chestnut oak, and scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) elsewhere. The understory is moderately dense, with flowering dogwood, sourwood, hickories (Carya spp.), and canopy species. The shrub layer contains mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), and black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), as well as sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus) and wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens).

Rich Cove Forest (Rich Montane Subtype) occupies the upper coves in the site. The forest is in mature, mid-succesional condition with occasional areas of more mature cove forest. Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is the principal canopy tree with a number of other associated species, including bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), white ash (Fraxinus americana), red oak (Quercus rubra), and black birch (Betula lenta). The understory is fairly open, and the shrub layer is sparse. Wild hydrangea, spicebush (Lindera benzoin), and sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus) are typical. The cove forest supports an array of ferns and wildflowers, including maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), broadleaf hedge-nettle (Stachys latidens), false goat’s- beard (Astilbe biternata), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), Canada violet (Viola canadensis), clustered black-snakeroot (Sanicula odorata), may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), large-flowered bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora), and spotted mandarin (Prosartes maculatum), which is uncommon in Cherokee County. The cove forest supports large populations of Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) and Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), and Watch List species horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum), Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), and broadleaf phlox (Phlox amplifolia). The cove forest also extends along the ridgeline here, where it mixes with rich oak-hickory forest. Oakley described Rich Cove Montane (Intermediate Subtype) from the area. This community occurs in cove bottoms and lower slopes with a canopy dominated by tulip poplar with smaller amounts of yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), red oak, basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), and red maple (Acer rubrum). The understory is sparse to moderate and has flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and silverbell (Halesia tetraptera) as the most abundant species. The shrub layer is sparse, with wild hydrangea spicebush, and strawberry-bush (Euonymus americanus) present. Herbs noted include Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), sweet cicely (Osmorhiza claytonii), mountain meadowrue (Thalictrum clavatum), turtlehead (Chelone sp.), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadensis), and putty-root orchid (Aplectrum hyemale).

A Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype) occurs in an upper cove on the east side of Pack Mountain. The seep forms along a small braided channel with abundant cobble. A dense thicket of spicebush grows in the seep along with a number of wetland-adapted herbaceous species. Characteristic plants include wood reed-grass (Cinna arundinacea), white turtlehead (Chelone glabra), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), tassel-rue (Trautvetteria carolinensis), and branch lettuce (Micranthes micranthidifolia). Spotted dusky salamanders (Desmognathus conanti) were found under rocks in the seep.

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A series of terraced cliffs with a pronounced overhang occurs on the upper west-facing slopes of Pack Mountain. The cliffs are covered with mountain laurel, abundant bryophytes, and a number of xeric herbs. This small community is surrounded by rocky Chestnut Oak Forest. A dry, mature forest dominated by chestnut oak occurs around the base of the cliff. The forest occurs over rocky ground and is covered with dense heath, primarily mountain laurel.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype), Montane Oak- Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Intermediate Subtype), and Low Elevation Seep (Montane Subtype). Minor component: Chestnut Oak Forest and Montane Cliff.

RARE PLANTS: Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), Porter’s reed-grass (Calamagrostis porteri), and purple sedge (Carex purpurifera).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum), broadleaf phlox (Phlox amplifolia), and Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Oakley, S. 1998. Site Survey Report: Pack Mountain. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Pack Mountain. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Payne Mountain

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 478 acres Representational Value: Very High (R2) Ownership: Private landowners Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangles: Persimmon Creek and Isabella

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Payne Mountain has one of North Carolina’s best populations of Significantly Rare Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), which is at the edge of its range here in North Carolina. The site also supports a large population of Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera). Areas of oak forest and rich cove forest in good to excellent condition are present in the site, and the high degree of plant diversity and the richness of the natural area are also of note.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Pack Mountain natural area is located 2 miles west of the site. Hamby Bend and Hiwassee Lake Rare Plant Site are both located approximately 7 miles north-northwest on the shores of Hiwassee Lake.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Payne Mountain forms part of a small, low-elevation mountain range that extends from eastern Tennessee into far western North Carolina. The natural area encompasses the ridgeline and the south- and east-facing slopes of the mountain. The presence of calc-silicate rock and high pH soils is suggested by the richness of the site, for Payne Mountain has a diverse flora compared to other natural areas of similar size in Cherokee County. The richness is reflected in the community composition on the mountain, with Rich Cove Forest and basic oak-hickory forest being the principal forest communities. Payne Mountain’s ridgeline supports an unusual, rich forest with a mesic hardwood-dominated canopy, similar to ridgeline communities in the nearby Unicoi and Snowbird mountains. Two Significantly Rare plant species, purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) and Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii), are common in the ridge-top forest. Also present are areas of dry, rocky Chestnut Oak Forest on the south-facing slopes of the mountain, interspersed with small outcrops.

A rich Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) grows on the ridgeline and south-trending spur ridges of Payne Mountain. The forest occasionally occurs over rocky slopes, and small outcrops and cliffs are sparsely scattered throughout. There are signs of past fire in the community, and coarse woody debris is present in moderate amounts. The forest is typically mature second-growth with some very mature patches and large trees scattered throughout. White oak (Quercus alba) and black oak (Q. velutina) are the principal canopy trees. Other canopy species include chestnut oak (Quercus montana), red maple (Acer rubrum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), hickories (Carya spp.), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and occasional Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana). Common understory trees, like sassafras (Sassafras albidum), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), are present. The shrub layer is typically open and contains ericaceous species, such as black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) and lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), as well other species like beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), and Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua). The herb layer is quite rich and contains many species typical of Rich Cove Forest, for

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example broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum), Solomon’s-plume (Maianthemum racemosum), hoary mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum incanum), white-topped aster (Doellingeria infirma), white milkweed (Asclepias variegata), Carolina vetch (Vicia caroliniana), windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides), and many more. The ridgeline of Payne Mountain supports a mix of oak-hickory and rich, mesic forest, and across both of these communities are found Significantly Rare Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) and purple sedge (Carex purpurifera). A variety of migratory songbirds breed in this forest, including broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus), yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), and rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). Southern Appalachian salamanders (Plethodon teyahalee) are also found under logs in oak-hickory forest.

Very diverse Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) lines the south-facing coves and a significant portion of the ridgeline in the site. The forest is typically in mature, second-growth condition with pockets of older, very mature cove forest on the rocky upper slopes. The dominant canopy tree is tulip poplar with a number of other associated species, including bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), beech (Fagus grandifolia), red oak (Quercus rubra), and even black oak in drier portions of the cove. The understory and shrub layer are quite open, though a number of woody species are present, including wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus), and Watch List butternut (Juglans cinerea). The herbaceous layer is extremely diverse and contains a number of unusual and rare plant species, including Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera), Watch List horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum), green violet (Hybanthus concolor), and Appalachian clasping aster (Symphyotrichum phlogifolium). Examples of more common species include maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), clustered black-snakeroot (Sanicula odorata), may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), American bellflower (Campanulastrum americanum), and Turk’s-cap lily (Lilium superbum).

The ridge-top mesic forest is tentatively classified as rich cove. Though it shares many features with Rich Cove Forest, its topographic position on top of the mountain defies conventional notions of cove ecology. An alternate hypothesis posits that this community represents an altered stage of oak-hickory development without the oak component. Regardless of the true type of this rich ridge-top forest, it supports one of the largest populations of Short’s aster in North Carolina. At least several small patches of Rich Cove Forest with less diverse composition are also present. These areas support dense tangles of poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and little else in the herb layer.

A small seep with a cobble bed forms where two small ephemeral channels flow through a shallow cove. A number of moisture-loving plants are common in this seep: cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), white wood orchid (Platanthera clavellata), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis), Virginia cutgrass (Leersia virginica), and tassel-rue (Trautvetteria carolinensis).

A mature, rocky Chestnut Oak Forest (Herb Subtype) occurs around the edges and upper slopes of south-facing coves. This forest is quite mature, and small outcrops are common. The forest is dominated by chestnut oak with other canopy trees including black oak, sand hickory (Carya pallida), and red maple. White pine (Pinus strobus), sourwood, and American chestnut

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(Castanea dentata) are typical understory species. The shrub layer is well-developed in places and contains a number of evergreen and deciduous ericaceous species, such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), deer-berry (Vaccinium stamineum), and black huckleberry. Blackberry (Rubus spp.) is also a common woody plant. A number of herbs associated with dry habitats are present, including Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), variable panicgrass (Dichanthelium commutatum), and greater tickseed (Coreopsis major). There are signs of past wildfire in some of these chestnut oak stands.

Several small boulder and outcrop communities are found in the site, such as a dry boulderfield that occurs in an upper south-facing cove. The boulderfield contains a number of cove species as well as some rock-loving plants. Common herbs encountered are ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), zigzag spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya), southern harebell (Campanula divaricata), and spotted St. John’s–wort (Hypericum punctatum). A mafic cliff face is also present on the upper south-facing slopes of Payne Mountain, surrounded by rocky oak forest. A small opening supports plants specifically adapted to full sun, including limestone goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), upland boneset (Eupatorium sessilifolium), and Small’s beardtongue (Penstemon smallii).

Portions of the ridgeline of Payne Mountain were actively being logged at the time of the site visit, and some of these logged areas that support rare species are included within the site boundary.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Herb Subtype), and Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype). Minor component: Low Elevation Seep, Montane Cliff (Mafic Subtype), and “boulderfield.”

RARE PLANTS: Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) and purple sedge (Carex purpurifera); Watch List: Butternut (Juglans cinerea), and horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None observed.

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Payne Mountain. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Peels High Top/Cantrell Top N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 798 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangles: Farner, Unaka, Tellico Plains, and Bald River Falls

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Peels High Top/Cantrell Top is one of a handful of sites in the state where Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) grows. The site contains one of two known populations of State Endangered American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) in Cherokee County. A large expanse of Montane Oak-Hickory Forest and Pine-Oak/Heath cover the slopes of the site. The pine forest has been affected by the pine bark beetle and now presents an excellent opportunity for xeric pine restoration.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Peels High Top/Cantrell Top lies due west of, and almost adjoins, Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains natural area but is separated from it by Forest Service Road 50 and areas of low quality habitat. Turner Top is located 4.3 miles southeast, and Buck Knob lies 5 miles south-southeast of Peels High Top/Cantrell Top.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Peels High Top/Cantrell Top extends along 4.3 miles of the crest of the Unicoi Mountains as the range bends south towards its terminus in Tennessee. Several knobs and gaps occur along the ridgeline: Peels High Top, Peels Gap, Tate Gap, and Cantrell Top. Multiple south-southeast-trending ridges and coves radiate off of the main spine of the Unicois. The high ridgeline and upper slopes of the Unicois supports Montane Oak-Hickory Forest, while the mid- lower slopes contain a mix of Chestnut Oak Forest and Pine-Oak/Heath. The Pine-Oak/Heath has suffered heavily from the southern pine bark beetle infestation. The upper coves of the site are dominated by Rich Cove Forest in second-growth condition. At lower elevation, Acidic Cove Forest with scattered shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) in the canopy becomes the dominant community along streams and coves. Though the hemlock woolly adelgid is present here, the hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) appeared fairly healthy in many places in 2011. The landscape is relatively intact, and, except for past timber harvest, is unfragmented by roads or other disturbance. Several rare plants and Watch List plants and animals are known from the site, and a wide array of wildlife species use this expanse of the Unicoi Mountains for nesting, foraging, and as a migration corridor.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest covers much of the ridgeline and upper slopes of the Unicois, transitioning to Chestnut Oak Forest and pine-dominated communities on mid to lower slopes. Much of the oak-hickory forest is mature but varies in age and condition. Older stands occur along the ridge and upper slopes of the Unicois, where the exposed canopy is stunted and has a gnarled branch structure. More recently managed second-growth stands occur at mid-lower elevations. Two subtypes occur in this natural area. Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), a dry, heath-dominated forest, is located on exposed south-facing slopes. The Basic Subtype, a rich, mesic forest, occurs on the knobs and gaps along the crest of the Unicois. Chestnut oak (Quercus montana) is the canopy dominant along with black oak (Q. velutina),

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white oak (Q. alba), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), and other hardwoods. Dry Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) often contains yellow pine in the canopy, including Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), shortleaf pine, or pitch pine (P. rigida). Chestnut (Castanea dentata) is common in the understory, and some blight-infected trees manage to reach 20’ before dying back. A heath shrub layer is present, dominated by mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) with dense patches of Watch List hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum) underneath.

The rich Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) is dominated by white oak and black oak mixed with hardwoods, such as pignut hickory (Carya glabra). Understory and shrub species include sassafras (Sassafras albidum), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), maple-leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), mountain holly (Ilex montana), and hairy lowbush blueberry. Thickets of Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) and beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta) are common along the ridgeline. The herb layer tends to be quite rich and resembles Rich Cove Forest in composition, with species including green violet (Hybanthus concolor), fire pink (Silene virginica), rosin-weed (Silphium compositum), large-flowered trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), long-style sweet-cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis), Virginia bunchflower (Melanthium virginicum), and bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix). Summer grape (Vitis aestivalis) is a common vine, and roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) often forms scattered thickets, likely in areas of past disturbance. The Significantly Rare Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) and Watch List species, such as heartleaf skullcap (Scutellaria ovata) and Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii), grow in this community. This community supports one of the few populations of Appalachian clasping aster (Symphyotrichum phlogifolium) known from Cherokee County. Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum) is present along trails in this community. Mature oak-hickory forest provides nesting habitat for migratory songbirds, including rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludoviciana), and foraging grounds for Watch List Diana fritillary (Speyeria diana).

Mature Chestnut Oak Forest (Herb Subtype) mixed with pine forest covers much of the dry, lower to mid-slopes in the site and also extends into the head of rocky coves below Peels High Top and Peels Gap. A number of outcrops and rocky slopes are included within this community. Chestnut oak is the canopy dominant along with other oaks, red maple (Acer rubrum), pignut hickory, and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). The understory is well developed with species such as flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) as well as some areas dominated by young Canada hemlock infested with woolly adelgid. Mountain laurel, flame azalea, and persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) saplings are common in the shrub layer. The herb layer is well developed and particularly diverse in rocky settings. Typical species include naked-stem tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum nudiflorum), Catesby’s trillium (Trillium catesbaei), small-headed sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus), lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides), short-husk grass (Brachyelytrum erectum), Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia), and Small’s penstemon (Penstemon smallii). A small colony of Watch List eastern woodrats (Neotoma floridana haematoreia) nest in a large boulder pile with abundant crevices and small caves on the slopes below Peels High Top.

Pine-Oak/Heath (Typic subtype) occurs over the ridges and convex slopes below the crest of the Unicois. The forest has been heavily affected by the southern pine bark beetles and now is comprised of a mosaic of mature stands and many snag-cluttered, shrubby regenerating patches.

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Patches of mature forest persist with large pines. Dominant species include pitch pine and Virginia pine, though white pine (Pinus strobus), occasional Table Mountain pine (P. pungens), and shortleaf pine are present as well. Hardwoods, such as black gum, chestnut oak, black oak, and red maple, are mixed in the canopy; and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) are common understory species. The shrub layer is dense and heath- dominated and contains mountain laurel, maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.), and Watch List hairy lowbush blueberry. Dry herbs of open habitats, such as purple-disk sunflower (Helianthus atrorubens), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), grow sparsely amongst the shrubs. Beetle-killed pine stands often contain dense thickets of roundleaf greenbrier and Allegheny blackberry. The Watch List red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis) was heard singing in this community.

Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) occurs in the upper coves below the ridgeline of the Unicois. Community condition varies, with most forest in mature second-growth condition and some mature examples with frequent coarse woody debris and canopy gaps occurring in steeper settings. Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is the canopy dominant, although other hardwoods such as basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), white ash (Fraxinus americana), red oak (Quercus rubra), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), and occasional black walnut (Juglans nigra) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) are present as well. The understory and shrub layer are fairly sparse, with spicebush, Watch List ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), and vines, including poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). The State Endangered American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) grows over boulders in a rocky section of the community below Peels High Top. The herbaceous layer is very well developed and contains species such as stoneroot (Collinsonia canadensis), rosy sedge (Carex rosea), pointed- leaf tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum glutinosum), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum), ox-eye sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides), and Watch List Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis). Rare Short’s aster also grows in this community. Small seeps are occasionally present in Rich Cove Forest, and these often contain a Watch List hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus) and populations of seal salamanders (Desmognathus monticola). Seeps and Rich Cove Forests are favorite habitats for feral hogs (Sus scrofa), which cause significant disturbance in both communities by rooting and upturning rocks and soil. Invasive exotic Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum) is present in Rich Cove Forest along streams in the interior of the site, possibly spread by the feral hogs.

Mature Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) is present along the lower reaches of streams in the site, including Bear Branch, Floyde Branch, and other tributaries to Shuler Creek. A marginal Acidic Cove Forest occurs along Elbow Creek as well. Canada hemlock in variable condition dominates the forest along with tulip poplar, white oak, southern red oak (Q. falcata), and white pine. Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri) is common in the understory, and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus) are typical shrubs. The herb layer is sparse, though some Rich Cove species occur along stream corridors. Healthy hemlocks persist along some of the creeks in the site with a good degree of foliage present. In other areas, hemlocks are quickly succumbing to the hemlock woolly adelgid, and hardwood seedlings, especially chestnut oak, are sprouting in the herb layer. Portions of Acidic Cove Forest at lower elevations on the edge of the site contain shortleaf pine in the canopy. Some patches, unfortunately, have been affected by both southern pine bark beetle and the

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hemlock woolly adelgid, and the canopy has been reduced to snags. Federally Endangered Indiana bats roost in Acidic Cove Forest along the eastern edge of the site.

A small Low Elevation Seep is present in a cove below Peels High Top. The seep is linear in shape and has cobble substrate. American holly (Ilex opaca) occurs in the understory, and spicebush is the most common shrub. Dominant herbs include white turtlehead (Chelone glabra), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), and sedges (Carex spp.). Watch List hornwort Megaceros aenigmaticus is present, and seal salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) are found under rocks in the seep. Disturbance from feral hogs was observed in this community.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Montane Oak- Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype), Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Herb Subtype), and Pine-Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype). Minor component: Low Elevation Seep.

RARE PLANTS: Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) and American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Ashy hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea), hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum), Canada leaf-cup (Polymnia canadensis), heartleaf skullcap (Scutellaria ovata), and a hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus).

RARE ANIMALS: Watch List: Eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana haematoreia), Diana fritillary (Speyeria diana), and red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Peels High Top/Cantrell Top. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Piercy Bald/London Bald

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 847 acres Representational Value: Moderate (R4) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Topton

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Piercy Bald/London Bald supports a population of State Threatened sweet white trillium (Trillium simile). In addition, a number of high quality natural communities are present as well, such as a large high elevation stand of Montane Oak-Hickory Forest and a steep, rocky Rich Cove Forest along Powder Burnt Branch.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Piercy Bald/London Bald is located 1.1 miles northeast of Piercy Range/Kennedy Top, 1.25 miles southeast of the Valley River Aquatic Habitat, and 1.5 miles north of Lambert Mountain natural area in Macon County.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Piercy Bald/London Bald is a series of moderately high peaks in the Piercy Range of mountains sandwiched between the Valley River and the Nantahala Mountains. The small range trends northeast between the Valley River and Dicks Creek, and includes the peaks of Hickory Knob, London Bald, and Piercy Bald. Powder Burnt Branch on the north side of the site contains an excellent example of Rich Cove Forest over steep, rocky slopes. Mature Acidic Cove Forest alternates with rich cove along Powder Burnt Branch. None of the peaks in the site are bald but are covered with well-developed Montane Oak-Hickory Forest that extends down the slopes and ridges of the knobs. The high elevation oak forest has an open understory and is used as breeding territory by a variety of migratory songbirds. High Elevation Red Oak Forest occurs on the ridges and upper slopes above Powder Burnt Branch, and a band of dry Chestnut Oak Forest covers the low ridge on the northwest edge of the site. A small seep is also present in the midst of cove forest on a spur ridge to London Bald.

A large patch of mesic Montane Oak-Hickory Forest covers most of the site, spanning from the lower ridges and slopes to the three high knobs on the western edge of the site. The forest is in mature condition with many large oak trees, including both white oak (Quercus alba) and red oak (Q. rubra). The north side of Piercy Bald supports a stunted oak-forest with gnarled canopy, frequent snags, and abundant chestnut (Castanea dentata) sprouts. Both acidic, heath-dominated oak forest and more open, basic oak forest occur in the site in approximately equal proportions. White oak is the canopy dominant, though red oak, chestnut oak (Q. montana), and black oak (Q. velutina) are also common across the landscape. A variety of other hardwoods co-occur with the oaks, such as black birch (Betula lenta), red maple (Acer rubrum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), and pignut hickory (Carya glabra). The understory is comprised of sassafras (Sassafras albidum), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum). The Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) is found on ridge tops and upper slopes and, in addition to the species above, supports white ash (Fraxinus americana), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), and silverbell (Halesia tetraptera) in the canopy and understory A well-developed herb layer contains species such as lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides), New York fern (Thelypteris

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noveboracensis), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), showy milkweed (Asclepias exaltata), Bosc’s panicgrass (Dichanthelium boscii), nodding fescue (Festuca subverticillata), lovage (Ligusticum canadense), Virginia bunchflower (Melanthium virginicum), hairy skullcap (Scutellaria elliptica), and silverrod (Solidago bicolor). Watch List plants Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii) and finely-nerved sedge (C. leptonervia) grow in this rich oak-hickory forest.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) often has a well-developed ericaceous shrub layer with a poorly developed herb layer. Mountian laurel (Kalmia latifolia), buckberry (Gaylussacia ursina), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), and blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are the dominant shrubs. Mature oak-hickory forest also provides breeding habitat for a number of migratory bird species including worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), Blackburnian warbler (Setophaga fusca), and rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). Some timber harvest has occurred recently in this community on the eastern and northern edges of the site.

Patches of High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Typic Herb Subtype) cover some of the high ridges on the western edge of the site and the spur ridges above Powder Burnt Branch. The canopy is dominated by red oak with other hardwoods such as pignut hickory. Sourwood and sassafras are common understory species. A well-developed shrub layer includes buckberry, deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), and a scarlet form of flame azalea. The herb layer contains areas of dense fern cover with species such as cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), intermediate woodfern (Dryopteris intermedia), and hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula).

Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype) occurs in a band along the steep ridge on the west side of Powder Burnt Branch. The forest is dominated by mature chestnut oak, with other canopy trees including red oak, black oak, and red maple. Chestnut and striped maple are common in the understory, and roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) is a frequent vine. The shrub layer is primarily dominated by evergreen species – mountain laurel and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) – along with scattered deciduous heath species. Dry herbs grow mixed amongst the shrub layer and include species such as great tickseed (Coreopsis major), galax (Galax urceolata), and Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica).

Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) is the dominant community along Powder Burnt Branch and its tributaries. Much of the forest is quite mature with large trees present. This forest is dominated by yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), white ash, black cherry (Prunus serotina), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and red oak. The shrub layer is sparse but the herb layer is lush and diverse. Common herbs include rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum), American bellflower (Campanulastrum americana), Appalachian bunchflower (Melanthium parviflorum), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), silvery spleenwort (Deparia acrostichoides), tall meadow-rue (Thalictrum pubescens), and bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix). Watch List wild licorice (Galium lanceolatum) and Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii) occur in this community. The steep north-facing coves on Powder Burnt Branch are quite rocky and contain very large trees, including a buckeye that almost reaches 4 feet in diameter, as well as treeless landslide scars.

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Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) occurs intermixed with rich cove on Powder Burnt Branch. The canopy is comprised of a mix of mesic hardwoods, such as tulip poplar, black birch, and red oak. Rosebay rhododendron is the dominant shrub, though mountain pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), and buckberry are common as well. The ground layer is poorly developed, though occasional herbs such as Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense), shining clubmoss (Huperzia lucidula), sweet white violet (Viola blanda), and downy alumroot (Heuchera villosa) are present. Watch List hornwort Megaceros aenigmaticus grows in streams in this community.

Patches of open shrubby bald occur on Piercy Bald. It is unclear if these are man-made openings or the result of natural disturbance. Thickets of blackberry (Rubus sp.) with roundleaf greenbrier and dense resprouting chestnut saplings are characteristic of these openings.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype), Montane Oak- Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), and High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Typic Herb Subtype). Minor component: “Shrub bald.”

RARE PLANTS: Sweet white trillium (Trillium simile).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: A hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus), Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii), finely-nerved sedge (C. leptonervia), wild licorice (Galium lanceolatum), and Tennessee starwort (Stellaria corei). Significantly Rare Appalachian violet (Viola walteri var. appalachiensis) and Watch List species hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum), Appalachian golden banner (Thermopsis villosa), and water-fan lichen (Peltigera hydrothyria) are present in the Macon County portion of the site.

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Diana fritillary (Speyeria diana) and common raven (Corvus corax). Special Concern cerulean warbler (Setophaga cerulea) is known from the Macon County portion of the site.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Piercy Bald/London Bald.. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2009. Site Survey Report: Piercy Bald/London Bald.. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Piercy Range/Kennedy Top

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 1,348 acres Representational Value: Very High (R2) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private Collective Value: High (C3) landowners Quadrangles: Topton and Andrews

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Piercy Range/Kennedy Top supports one of North Carolina’s best examples of Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Subtype), an uncommon natural community dominated by Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens). The site also contains a north- facing boulderfield with a large population of Significantly Rare rock skullcap (Scutellaria saxatilis), which is only known from two locations in Cherokee County. A population of Federally Endangered small-whorled pogonia (Isotria medeoloides) grew at one time on the northern edge of the site but has not been observed for the past several years.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Piercy Bald/London Bald is located 0.9 mile to the northeast, and Fires Creek Ridgeline natural area lies 0.8 mile south of Piercy Range/Kennedy Top.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Piercy Range/Kennedy Top is an intermediate range of mountains separated from the Valley River Mountains by Junaluska Creek. Kennedy Top and the southern part of the Piercy Range consist of a long ridge with multiple spurs extending to the north, south, and west. The southwest-facing slopes and ridges of Kennedy Top tend to be fairly rocky with slate outcrops and cliffs. A small High Elevation Rocky Summit is present on a high knob northwest of Kennedy Top, and a small cliff complex is also present on the north-facing slopes in the same general vicinity. The ridgelines and upper west-facing slopes are covered with a large expanse of Low Mountain Pine Forest with a mix of pine species, including abundant Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens). The Southern Pine bark beetle has affected portions of this community; nevertheless, large intact areas persist, making this community notable for its size. Intermixed with the pine forest is dry Chestnut Oak Forest, with an often stunted canopy and dense heath shrub layer. This community is particularly common on the north-trending ridges of the Piercy Range, where it occurs around knife-edge slate outcrops and small cliffs. Montane Oak-Hickory Forest with white oak (Quercus alba) prominent extends along the crest of the Piercy Range and is mixed in places with patches of High Elevation Red Oak forest. Rich Cove Forest with aspects of Northern Hardwood Forest occurs in the rocky coves on the north side of Kennedy Top and the Piercy Range. These coves contain several rugged, well-vegetated boulderfields. Small areas of Acidic Cove Forest and one small Low Elevation Seep are also present along the south-facing tributary coves to Junaluska Creek. In general, the site’s large relatively uninterrupted forest mosaic with patch openings in the form of rocky outcrops and boulderfields provides excellent wildlife habitat for large mammals, migratory birds, and other animals.

Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype) is the dominant community in the site, extending down the south face and some of the north-trending ridges of Kennedy Top and the Piercy Range. Pine forest often occurs over slabs of metasedimentary, schistose rock or rocky

181 soil. Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) or pitch pine (P. rigida) are typically the dominant pine species, with white pine (P. strobus) often present. A large expanse of pine forest dominated almost exclusively by Table Mountain pine occurs on the ridge and west-facing slope above Radder Creek. Other canopy species include chestnut oak (Quercus montana), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), red maple (Acer rubrum), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). The understory is fairly diverse with species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), which is infested with woolly adelgid, and re-sprouts of American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The shrub layer is dense and contains heath including mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), and chinquapin (Castanea pumila), as well as bristly locust (Robinia hispida) and Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua). The herb layer is sparse because of the thickness of the overlying shrubs, though some xeric species occur, including little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), hairy bush-clover (Lespedeza hirta), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), narrow-leaved silver- grass (Pityopsis graminifolia), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and showy goldenrod (Solidago erecta). The canopy is often even age, reflecting some past disturbance or recruitment event. Small patches of pine forest on the isolated ridges north of the Piercy Range show little sign of disturbance and may represent old-growth examples. Portions of the pine forest along Forest Service Road 6166 have been heavily burned in recent prescribed fires, but other pine-dominated areas to the southwest remain unburned and fire suppressed. The pine forest has been heavily affected by the southern pine bark beetle, and many of the stands are in fair to poor condition. Where mature pines have died out of the canopy, hardwoods and oaks, especially chestnut oak and red maple, are replacing them. Snags and abundant debris litter beetle-killed stands, and thickets of mountain laurel and roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) have grown up in many places. The large Table Mountain pine stand above Radder Creek was fortunately spared the ravages of the beetle and is still mostly intact.

Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype) occupies portions of the ridge north and southwest of Kennedy Top, as well as north-trending ridges on the northeast side of the Piercy Range. Chestnut Oak Forest often mixes with Low Mountain Pine Forest along the ridgelines and with red oak-dominated forest in upper coves. Small schistose outcrops and cliffs are common features in this forest along the ridges and upper slopes. This forest is mostly dominated by chestnut oak, though other oaks and hardwoods, particularly black oak (Quercus velutina) and scarlet oak, share the canopy. Pines are often mixed in the canopy, and areas of pine bark beetle damage are not uncommon. Though there are occasional signs of fire, much of this community appears fire suppressed and is dominated by dense heath in the understory and shrub layer. Mountain laurel, buckberry (Gaylussacia ursina), and rosebay rhododendron are the principal species. Chestnut Oak Forest on narrow north-trending ridges frequently has a low, broken canopy with very dense, tall rhododendron, a structure possibly resulting from past intense fire.

Moderately mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) covers portions of the ridgeline and south face of the Piercy Range and Kennedy Top. The forest is quite dry with semi- stunted canopy trees and dense heath shrub layer. White oak and black oak are dominant trees, though pines, hardwoods, and other oaks are often present. Sourwood, chestnut sprouts, sassafras, and Canada hemlock are common understory species. The dense shrub layer mostly contains mountain laurel and deciduous heaths such as flame azalea (Rhododendron

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calendulaceum), though dense rosebay rhododendron occupies the understory of the oak forest on Kennedy Top. Openings in the shrub layer support typical forest herbs, such as white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), purple bedstraw (Galium latifolium), woodland bluet (Houstonia purpurea), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), and broadleaf witchgrass (Dichanthelium latifolium).

Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype) of variable composition and condition occurs across the north-facing coves of the site. Rocky seepage slopes with thin soil, boulderfields, cliffs, and debris slides are common and are associated with canopy gaps of various sizes. The coves are dominated by a diverse mix of hardwoods, including black birch (Betula lenta), red maple, sugar maple (Acer saccharum), basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and occasional yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis). Red oak (Quercus rubra) often dominates the edges of cove forest, and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) often dominates recently managed stands. Understory and shrub species include silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), mountain pepperbush (Clethra acuminata), wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. pubens). The herb layer contains typical cove plants, such as black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Canada waterleaf (Hydrophyllum canadense), hepatica (Hepatica americana), false goat’s-beard (Astilbe biternata), goat’s-beard (Aruncus dioica), woodfern (Dryopteris spp.), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), crinkleroot (Cardamine diphylla), and plantain-leaf sedge (Carex plantaginea), and Watch List species Manhart’s sedge (C. manhartii) and Clingman’s hedge- nettle (Stachys clingmanii). Some of the upper north-facing coves on Kennedy Top are quite narrow with small intermittent streams and vegetation that resembles Northern Hardwood Forest. High elevation species associated with Northern Hardwood Forest like American bugbane (Actaea podocarpa) and Virginia waterleaf (H. virginianum) are present in upper coves. Watch List winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) was observed in the north-facing cove forest in November and likely uses this habitat to nest in the spring. Very mature stands of Rich Cove Forest with coarse woody debris and white ash and red oak over 3 feet in diameter are present in the upper coves. Black bear (Ursus americanus) scratches were observed on some of these larger trees.

Rocky Rich Cove Forest (Boulderfield Subtype) occurs in rich coves in the headwaters of Radder Creek. Large piles of boulders have accumulated over time from debris slides, traces of which are evident on the steep, exposed bedrock slopes above the coves. The canopy varies from completely closed to almost entirely open, and coarse woody debris is a common feature throughout this community. Where fully forested, canopy trees are quite mature. A number of cove tree species, including basswood, yellow buckeye, and yellow birch, are common. Vines, such as pipevine (Isotrema macrophyllum) and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), are fairly common. The herb layer contains much woodfern (Dryopteris spp.), fragile fern (Cystopteris protrusa), and Virginia waterleaf. A large population of Significantly Rare rock skullcap (Scutellaria saxatilis) grows in the boulderfields here. Of particular note is a boulderfield immediately below the ridgeline of the Piercy Range that is dominated by a patch of Virginia polypody (Polypodium virginianum) so dense that it covers all bare surfaces.

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A small High Elevation Rocky Summit (Typic Subtype) sits on the ridge-top of the Piercy Range, less than a mile northeast of Kennedy Top. This community consists of a large outcrop and boulder pile with an exposed cliff left bare by a past debris slide. A Boulderfield cove occurs directly below the summit. The summit is mostly open with a number of small trees and woody plants, such as black birch, red maple, pignut hickory (Carya glabra), hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), and mountain holly (Ilex montana). Roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) and bristly greenbrier (S. hispida) are both present. Bryophytes and lichens cover much of the rock surface here, and occasional herbs of dry, rocky habitats are present, including cow-wheat (Melampyrum lineare) and Virginia polypody.

High Elevation Red Oak Forest occurs on the upper ridgeline of the Piercy Range and its spur ridges. The patches tend to be fairly small and quickly transition to cove forest or drier chestnut oak-dominated forest. A more extensive area of Red Oak Forest previously existed on the north face of the Piercy Range but was logged several decades ago. Remaining patches are quite mature, with red oak as the canopy dominant. The understory varies greatly with some patches dominated by rosebay rhododendron and others with a mix of shrubs and herbs. Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) is an occasional understory species. Rhododendron dieback is evident in this community on the upper ridgeline of the Piercy Range.

Acidic Cove Forest occurs along several creeks. The canopy is dominated by dying Canada hemlock and mesic hardwoods. The understory is dominated by rosebay rhododendron. Slate outcrops are frequently exposed along the banks and bed of stream channels in this community, and small patches of Watch List hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus) are often present on the substrate.

A seep is present in the floodplain of Kennedy Creek where the stream valley flattens out in an altered rich cove comprised of tulip poplar and red maple. The understory and shrub layer are completely open, while a number of moisture-loving plants form a well-developed herb layer. Dominant species include nodding sedge (Carex crinita), cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), white turtlehead (Chelone glabra), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), and royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis).

A 75- to 100-foot cliff with a small boulderfield at its base occurs in upper John West Cove. Ferns, bryophytes, and herbaceous species grow on the cliff. Dominant species include Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), Solomon’s-plume (Maianthemum racemosum), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), fragile fern, and Virginia polypody. Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and pipevine are common vines.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype), Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Boulderfield Subtype), Montane Cliff (Acidic Herb Subtype), and High Elevation Rocky Summit (Typic Subtype). Minor component: High Elevation Red Oak Forest, Acidic Cove Forest, and Low Elevation Seep.

RARE PLANTS: Rock skullcap (Scutellaria saxatilis).

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WATCH LIST PLANTS: Clingman’s hedge-nettle (Stachys clingmanii), Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii), and a hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus).

RARE ANIMALS: Watch List: Winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Carolina Vegetation Survey. 2014. Field data sheets for 2014 surveys. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Piercy Range/Kennedy Top. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Rocky Ford Beaver Marsh

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 7 acres Representational Value: Moderate (R4) Ownership: Private landowners Collective Value: General (C5) Quadrangle: Isabella

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site harbors a large beaver impounded wetland that is home to a breeding population of Special Concern mountain chorus frogs (Pseudacris brachyphona), a species at the edge of its range in far western North Carolina. Mountain chorus frogs are typically found in marginal habitats, such as road-side ditches and small pools, so their presence and breeding activity in such a large wetland is notable.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Pack Mountain and the headwaters of Rocky Ford are located 2.75 miles south of the marsh. Hamby Bend on Appalachia Lake is located approximately 5 miles northeast.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Rocky Ford is a large stream that drains parts of central western Cherokee County before flowing into Tennessee. The creek’s floodplain flattens outs as it meanders through the surrounding countryside. The large, flat floodplain section immediately adjacent to the Tennessee line has been colonized by beavers (Castor canadensis), which have formed a several-acre marsh with numerous braided channels. The wetland formed by the beavers harbors Special Concern mountain chorus frogs (Pseudacris brachyphona).

A large Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment (Montane Marsh Subtype) or “beaver marsh” has been created or at least enhanced by beavers in the flat floodplain of Rocky Ford just before it flows out of North Carolina. The wetland is a mosaic of ruderal, marshy wetland vegetation, clumps of small trees and shrubs, open water areas, and deep sloughs. The area is almost completely open with the exception of thickets of black willow (Salix nigra), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), and tag alder (Alnus serrulata) along the wetland margin. Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) extends into the flooded central portion of the marsh. The marsh proper is primarily composed of tall wetland vegetation that is tolerant to flooding. Common species include soft rush (Juncus effusus), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), lurid sedge (Carex lurida), woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus), American bur-reed (Sparganium americanum), purple-leaf willow-herb (Epilobium coloratum), and purple-stem aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum). Some floating aquatic plants, such as water purslane (Ludwigia palustris), are present as well. There is evidence of invasive exotic plants, such as Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), on the edge of the marsh. The marsh provides excellent habitat for wetland dependent species, like Special Concern mountain chorus frog and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum). The large open nature of the marsh also creates ideal conditions for birds that rely on early-successional habitat, such as the eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus).

Patches of semidisturbed Montane Alluvial Forest border the marsh and the unimpounded section of Rocky Ford. Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple (Acer rubrum), and

187 hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) form a low, open-canopy forest. Patches of mountain dog- hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana), southern crabapple (Malus angustifolia), and invasive exotic plants – Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) and multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) – comprise the shrub layer. Vines, such as crossvine (Bignonia capreolata), are present. Some areas of floodplain forest are extremely overgrown with invasive exotic plants and have become almost impassible because of the thorny tangles and thickets. The upland environment surrounding the wetland is highly disturbed and only a minimal edge area is incorporated into the natural area as buffer.

A small, semi-forested rocky bluff occurs less than half a mile upstream on Wehutty Creek. The bluff occurs on a short, steep slope with exposure of slate rock. A variety of pines and oaks form a thin canopy and a variety native shrubs and herbs are present. This small community is not included in the site and is separated from it by highly disturbed areas and unsuitable habitat.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment (Montane Marsh Subtype). Minor component: Montane Alluvial Forest (Small River Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None observed.

RARE ANIMALS: Mountain chorus frog (Pseudacris brachyphona).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Rocky Ford Beaver Marsh. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Rocky Knob/Davis Creek Headwaters N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 962 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: High (C3) Quadrangle: McDaniel Bald

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Populations of two rare plants are known from Rocky Knob/Davis Creek Headwaters natural area: the State Endangered starflower (Trientalis borealis) and Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera). In addition, the site supports some of the best examples of High Elevation Rocky Summit and Boulderfield Forest in Cherokee County.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Several natural areas are relatively nearby, including Hanging Dog Mountain (3.7 miles east), Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains (5.3 miles west), and Buck Knob (7.6 miles southwest). Nearby knobs (Radford Knob, Tipton Knob, and Hangover Knob) contain patches of high quality communities and rare plants but are separated from Rocky Knob by roads or recently logged forest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Rocky Knob is a prominent rocky summit on a spur ridge of the Unicoi Mountains and is the most notable rocky outcrop in Cherokee County. The summit and upper slopes of the knob are covered with a High Elevation Rocky Summit comprised of broken, brushy outcrops and vegetated rock faces. These outcrops support the only known Cherokee County population of Watch List Biltmore sedge (Carex biltmoreana), which is on the edge of its range here. A large extent of Boulderfield Forest is well developed on the west-facing slopes below the outcrops on Rocky Knob summit, and a small population of starflower (Trientalis borealis) occurs here. The ridgelines and upper slopes around Rocky Knob are vegetated with mature second-growth Montane Oak-Hickory Forest and High Elevation Red Oak Forest. Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) grows in scattered fashion in these communities. Patches of Chestnut Oak Forest occur on the lower end of south-trending ridges in the site. Rich Cove Forest is the dominant community in stream coves on the east side of the site and on the slopes north of Rocky Knob. Outcrops, landslide scars, and small cliffs are common in Rich Cove Forest.

The large High Elevation Rocky Summit (Typic Subtype) straddles the summit of Rocky Knob, covers the upper south face and extends down the north face. The rocky summit consists of broken rock slabs dominated by glade-like vegetation with a mix of woody and herbaceous plants. Scattered woody plants include Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), white ash (Fraxinus americana), hickory (Carya sp.), and serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea). Watch List hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum) and Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) are common shrubs. A variety of dry-xeric plants of outcrops are common on the summit, such as oat-grass (Danthonia spicata), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), smooth rock-cress (Boechera laevigata), Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum), pinweed (Lechea racemulosa), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). Ravens

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(Corvus corax) are often seen flying around the summit of Rocky Knob and are likely to nest there.

A large extension of the rocky summit is exposed on the north-facing slope. This outcrop is comprised of smooth, fine-grained metasedimentary rock that resembles gneiss or granite. The outcrop has sparse cover of woody plants with the exception of briars and occasional bush honeysuckle (Diervilla sessilifolia). Herbs of exposed outcrops, such as mountain dwarf- dandelion (Krigia montana), Michaux’s saxifrage (Hydatica petiolaris), Atlantic goldenrod (Solidago arguta), and rock polypody (Polypodium appalachianum), are common. A large patch of Watch List Biltmore sedge (Carex biltmoreana) grows on this outcrop and scattered on the outcrops below Rocky Knob. This is the only known locality for Biltmore sedge (Carex biltmoreana) in Cherokee County, where it appears to be at the edge of its range.

Several areas of High Elevation Birch Boulderfield occur below Rocky Knob. These patch communities are likely the result of colluvial deposits from past landslides, as their position beneath the steep, exposed outcrops on the upper slopes suggests. Some of the boulderfields are associated with Rich Cove Forest, i.e. Rich Cove Forest (Boulderfield Subtype), while other occurrences are interspersed among acidic High Elevation Red Oak Forest dominated by rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum). Some canopy trees are present among the boulders, and these include yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis), red oak (Quercus rubra), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and occasional Watch List butternut (Juglans cinerea). Shrubs, including eastern gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), running strawberry-bush (Euonymus obovatus), and rosebay rhododendron, are common. Vines, such as poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), summer grape (Vitis aestivalis), pipevine (Isotrema macrophyllum), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), cover much of the community. A number of herbs grow on top of and between boulders, including zigzag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis), marginal woodfern (Dryopteris marginalis), and crinkleroot (Cardamine diphylla). A small patch of Significantly Rare starflower grows in a boulderfield/red oak mosaic on the upper west slopes of Rocky Knob, and the rare, native American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) is growing in a boulderfield near Allen Gap.

Rich Cove Forest occurs along south-draining tributaries to Davis Creek and on the upper north- facing slopes of Rocky Knob. The forest is typically in mature, second-growth condition. The coves are quite steep with rocky side slopes, small seeps, and braided, cobble-filled streams. Cascades are occasionally present along some of the creeks in Rich Cove Forest. Moist outcrops, boulder piles, and low cliffs occur where the upper coves narrow. Patches of Rich Cove Forest on the north-face of Rocky Knob are associated with boulderfields, i.e. Rich Cove Forest (Boulderfield Subtype). Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is often the canopy dominant along with basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), black birch (Betula lenta), red oak, yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), and large silverbell (Halesia tetraptera). Mature sugar maple and black cherry (Prunus serotina) are most common in steep upper coves. Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) was a subdominant species but has succumbed to the hemlock woolly adelgid in much of the site. The understory contains young canopy trees as well as species such as flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). The shrub layer is sparse, with occasional wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), and patches of rosebay rhododendron. Pipevine is a common vine. The herb layer is

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very diverse but does not contain extreme basophiles. Common species include maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), doll’s-eyes (Actaea pachypoda), black cohosh (A. racemosa), broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera), Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia), zigzag goldenrod, Canada violet (Viola canadensis), false goat’s-beard (Astilbe biternata), silvery spleenwort (Deparia acrostichoides), and showy orchis (Galearis spectabilis). Watch List species, including Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii) and finely-nerved sedge (C. leptonervia), all grow in this community. Patches of Watch List hornwort Megaceros aenigmaticus grow in seeps within Rich Cove Forest. Invasive exotic plants Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum) and multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) were observed growing in Rich Cove, and signs of feral hog (Sus scrofa) rooting were noted as well.

High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Typic Herb Subtype) is present on the north side of Rocky Knob and on the upper south-facing slopes above a tributary to Davis Creek. The forest on the north side of Rocky Knob is quite mature and associated with outcrops and boulderfields and in places contains an understory dominated by rosebay rhododendron. The forest on the south- facing slope above Davis Creek is more exposed and stunted, with much coarse woody debris and a gnarled canopy. Red oak is the dominant tree in both forest patches along with chestnut oak (Quercus montana), white oak (Q. alba), black birch, cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), and sugar maple. Yellow birch is codominant on the north side of Rocky Knob. The shrub layer includes Watch List hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum), mountain highbush blueberry (V. simulatum), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and eastern gooseberry in rocky areas. The herb layer is well developed and contains sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), Carolina lily (Lilium michauxii), great tickseed (Coreopsis major), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), largeleaf aster (Eurybia macrophylla), fibrous-based sedge (Carex communis), and rock polypody (Polypodium appalachianum) among others. The rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) grows scattered in this community.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) in mature, second-growth condition covers portion of the ridgeline east of Rocky Knob as well as the nearby south-facing slopes. The canopy is dominated by white oak with black oak (Quercus velutina) codominant and other species, such as pignut hickory (Carya glabra), black cherry, and white ash, present. Chestnut oak (Quercus montana) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) are common on the exposed south-facing slopes. The understory and shrub layer are well developed and include sassafras (Sassafras albidum), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), American chestnut (Castanea dentata), buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), buckberry (Gaylussacia baccata), maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina), mountain holly (Ilex montana), and Carolina holly (I. ambigua). The herb layer is comprised of zigzag spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera), starry campion (Silene stellata), cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), Virginia bunchflower (Melanthium virginicum), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), galax (Galax urceolata), and trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens) among others. Rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) nests in oak-hickory forest at higher elevations in the site.

Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype) occupies the lower portion of the south-trending ridges above Davis Creek. The forest is mature, and the canopy is dominated by chestnut oak, black oak, scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), and occasional pitch pine. The shrub layer tends to be

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a dense mix of rhododendron and other heath species. Dry herbs, such as pink lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium acaule) and galax, are occasionally present.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: High Elevation Rocky Summit (Typic Subtype), High Elevation Birch Boulderfield Forest, Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Boulderfield Subtype), High Elevation Red Oak Forest (Typic Herb Subtype), Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype). Minor component: Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: Purple sedge (Carex purpurifera), American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), and starflower (Trientalis borealis).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: A hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus), hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum), Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii), Biltmore sedge (C. biltmoreana), trailing aster (Eurybia surculosa), and butternut (Juglans cinerea).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Peet, R.K., T.R. Wentworth, M.P. Schafale, A.S. Weakley, and M.T. Lee. 2013. . Plot ID 121- 05-1452. Carolina Vegetation Survey Database. Version 3.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill.

Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Rocky Knob (Cherokee County). North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Shuler Creek Wetland Complex

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 183 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Unaka

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The site supports one of the largest, intact areas of wetlands in Cherokee County and supports excellent breeding habitat for amphibians. The Significantly Rare northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) has been mist-netted from within the natural area; this bat is proposed for Federal Endangered status. The quality of the alluvial forest and the white pine community in the site is also noteworthy and merits protection.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Shuler Creek Wetland Complex is surrounded by a number of sites in the Unicoi Mountains, including Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains, 2 miles to the east, and Peels High Top/Cantrell Top, which is located 2.5 miles west/northwest. Both North Shoal Creek Falls and Appalachia Lake Old Growth Site lie approximately 2.2 miles to the south.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Shuler Creek Wetland Complex is a mile-long reach of Shuler Creek with a broad floodplain that supports intact riparian forest and wetlands. A variety of wetland areas (red maple swamp, boggy seeps, and vernal pools) provide abundant habitat for amphibians, including seepage salamanders (Desmognathus aeneus) and other wildlife. A mature, intact Montane Alluvial Forest with frequent pocket wetlands occurs in the floodplain. Acidic Cove Forest and a very mature stand of White Pine Forest cover the slopes where Shuler Creek bumps up against Long Ridge.

A variety of seepage wetlands occur in the floodplain of Shuler Creek. The seeps are associated with alluvial flats along Shuler Creek or in small oxbow meanders next to the channel. Intermittent, braided channels flow into some wetlands and dissipate into sheet flow. Floodplain pools are common in these seeps and provide habitat for pond-breeding salamanders. The Low Elevation Seeps (Floodplain Subtype) are mostly open, though one forested wetland is present. Scattered shrubs are present and include spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and elderberry (Sambucus canadensis). The herb layer is comprised of common wetland plants, such as jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), green-headed coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), rough-leaved goldenrod (Solidago patula), purple-stem aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum), slender spike-grass (Chasmanthium laxum), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), and cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis). Leathery rush (Juncus coriacea), a species more typical of the Piedmont, grows in the seeps. Large mats of Sphagnum and other mosses cover parts of the seeps. Watch List seepage salamanders (Desmognathus aeneus) were observed in several locations within the seeps along Shuler Creek, and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) are frequent breeders in these wetlands. A large seepage flat with braided streams and closed canopy comprised of red maple (Acer rubrum), i.e. red maple swamp, occurs just below Burrell Mountain Road along Shuler Creek. Along with red maple, the canopy contains American holly (Ilex opaca), beech (Fagus grandifolia), and white pine (Pinus strobus). Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)

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occur to varying degrees in the seeps, and signs of feral hog disturbance, such as rooting and wallowing, were noted in the wetlands.

A mature Montane Alluvial Forest (Small River Subtype) lines the east shore of Shuler Creek south of the complex of seeps. The canopy contains red maple, sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white pine (Pinus strobus), shortleaf pine (P. echinata), Virginia pine (P. virginiana), ash (Fraxinus sp.), and persimmon (Diospyros virginiana). The understory includes hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), and sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum); common shrubs are rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana). A variety of mesic herbs occur in the ground layer, including trout lily (Erythronium umbilicatum), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides), star chickweed (Stellaria pubera), and lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides). Japanese stilt-grass and Japanese honeysuckle are present to a moderate degree, though overall the forest is in intact condition. Montane Alluvial Forest with a strong component of shortleaf pine in the canopy occurs on the edge of the site where it borders the power line. This forest represents a somewhat unique community subtype, but the forest was affected by the southern pine beetle and the pine canopy has been decimated in places.

Very mature White Pine Forest occurs along the floodplain of Shuler Creek and the broad north- facing cove above it where the creek bends sharply to the west. The canopy is dominated by large white pine along with Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), which is suffering from woolly adelgid infestation. The understory contains some large American holly, and the shrub layer is dense, with rosebay rhododendron and mountain dog-hobble. A small stream in this community supports a patch of Watch List hornwort Megaceros aenigmaticus. Acidic Cove Forest co-occurs with the White Pine Forest along Shuler Creek, and is similar in composition, except with a more diverse canopy not dominated primarily by white pine.

A drier white pine-dominated forest occurs on the south-facing slopes downstream of the mesic cove described above. This forest contains a mix of white pine, shortleaf pine, southern red oak (Quercus falcata), and white oak (Q, alba). The understory is crowded with dense young white pine in places. This community is relatively mature but has been logged in the past and contains old forest roads.

A mesic Montane Oak-Hickory Forest lies adjacent to the White Pine Forest in a side cove. The canopy is dominated by a variety of oaks, beech, hickory (Carya sp.), white pine, and occasional shortleaf pine. The understory contains American holly and umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala). The shrub layer is fairly sparse, and the herb layer resembles that of Montane Alluvial Forest.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Elevation Seep (Floodplain Subtype), Montane Alluvial Forest (Small River Subtype), White Pine Forest, and Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype). Minor component: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest.

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

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WATCH LIST PLANTS: A hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus) and water chickweed (Callitriche heterophylla).

RARE ANIMALS: Northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Seepage salamander (Desmognathus aeneus).

REFERENCES: O’Keefe. J. 2012. Bat Mist Netting and Roosting Survey Results 2004-2012. Indiana State University.

Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Shuler Creek Wetland Complex. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Turner Top

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 928 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Unaka

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Turner Top is one of several sites in western Cherokee County that supports Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii). The site also contains a robust population of purple sedge (Carex purpurifera). Also noteworthy is a small virgin forest patch of Rich Cove Forest that contains a massive tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) measuring over 4.5 feet in diameter.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Long Ridge/Unicoi Mountains directly borders the site to the west and is separated from it by recently logged forest.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Turner Top is comprised of two low elevation knobs on Bryson Lead, a ridge that descends from the crest of the Unicoi Mountains. The south and east faces of the mountains are steep and rocky with outcrops and unstable, powdery soils. Bedrock cascades are present along the creeks. Rich Cove Forest is the dominant community over these steep slopes and in coves and includes a patch of very mature forest with one of the largest tulip poplars (Liriodendron tulipifera) in Cherokee County. The cove forest is very rich in composition and contains several rare plants. The upper slopes in the site and the more gradual slopes to the west support Montane Oak-Hickory Forest. The site extends west to North Shoal Creek to include patches of Acidic Cove Forest. Two Low Elevation Seeps lie in shallow, intermittent stream coves on the west side of the site but have been heavily affected by feral hog activity.

A Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype) with high pH soils is the dominant community on the east-facing slopes and coves of the mountains. This forest is very productive and supports several rare plant species. Much of the forest on both mountain slopes was aggressively logged in the early half of the last century, but the canopy and herb layer have recovered and still contain rare and unusual plant species. At least one significant stand of Rich Cove Forest on the east face of Joe Top is very mature with a tulip poplar over 4.5 feet in diameter and a broken crown over 100 feet tall. The cove forest is interspersed with occasional outcrops, minor debris slides, and exposed bedrock in intermittent stream coves. Tulip poplar is the dominant canopy tree. Other common species include bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), white ash (Fraxinus americana), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), which is common in the understory. The shrub layer is fairly open with scattered wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), maple-leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), and patches of Allegheny blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis). Vines include summer grape (Vitis aestivalis) and Canada moonseed (Menispermum canadense). The herb layer is lush and supports maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), silvery spleenwort (Deparia acrostichoides), goat’s-beard (Aruncus dioicus), false goat’s-beard (Astilbe biternata), sweet wake-robin (Trillium vaseyi), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia), and oxeye sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides). This community supports one of

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the few populations of Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) in the state. A number of other rare or unusual plant species grow in the cove forest, including Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera), Watch List horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum), and green violet (Hybanthus concolor).

Oak-hickory forest covers the upper slopes, ridges, and summits of Joe Top and Turner Top. The forest is in mature condition though often crisscrossed by ATV trails, old forest roads, and skidder trails. The summit around Joe Top supports a unique Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) with a high density of white oak (Quercus alba) and a shrub layer comprised of hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum). Mature Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype) is present on Turner Top and along the ridges to the east and west. The ridge-top forest is similar to rich cove in places with tulip poplar and a few oaks, likely the result of underlying geology and past disturbance. Purple sedge is present in scattered fashion in this forest. Mesic oak-hickory forest on sheltered, lower slopes tends to contain more chestnut oak (Quercus montana) in the canopy and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) in the shrub layer.

Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) is present along North Shoal Creek and its main tributary. The forest is moderately mature and has been seriously affected by the woolly adelgid. A variety of other trees are present in the canopy, especially white pine (Pinus strobus). Fraser magnolia is common in the understory, and rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and mountain dog-hobble (Leucothoe fontanesiana) are the dominant shrubs.

Two Low Elevation Seeps in gentle coves at the head of North Shoal Creek have been heavily affected by feral hogs. The seeps are acidic and somewhat boggy but have been churned up by hogs, eliminating herbaceous growth and uprooting shelter for small animals, such as salamanders and invertebrates. Despite the disturbance, a seal salamander (Desmognathus monticola) was found in one of the seeps.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype), Montane Oak- Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype), Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), and Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype). Minor component: Low Elevation Seep.

RARE PLANTS: Short’s aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) and purple sedge (Carex purpurifera).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: A hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus), hairy lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium hirsutum), and horse-gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum).

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: Diana fritillary (Speyeria diana).

REFERENCES: Schwartzman, E. 2012. Site Survey Report: Turner Top. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Upper Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Length: 37 river miles Representational Value: Not applicable Ownership: NC Public Waters Collective Value: Very High (C2) Quadrangles: Blairsville, Hayesville, Murphy,

and Peachtree

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The Upper Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat supports a diversity of rare aquatic species, including the Federal Candidate and State Threatened sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2); the Federal Species of Concern and State Endangered Christy’s elimia (Elimia christyi) and Tennessee clubshell (Pleurobema oviforme); the Federal Species of Concern and State Threatened Junaluska salamander (Eurycea junaluska); the Federal Species of Concern and State Special Concern smoky dace (Clinostomus sp. 1), Hiwassee headwaters crayfish (Cambarus parrishi), and hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis); the Federal Species of Concern and Significantly Rare southern blotched chub (Erimystax insignis eristigma); the State Special Concern wavy-rayed lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola) and spike (Elliptio dilatata); and the Significantly Rare highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx) and longsolid (Fusconaia subrotunda). It also supports the State Threatened mountain creekshell (Villosa vanuxemensis) and/or State Special Concern rainbow (Villosa iris); taxonomic uncertainty within the Villosa genus does not allow firm identification at this time.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The Fires Creek Aquatic Habitat and the Valley River Aquatic Habitat flow directly into the Upper Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat. Will Scott Mountain is adjacent to the site. Numerous other natural areas are present in the larger watershed of the Upper Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat, including but not limited to the Fires Creek Ridgeline and the Western Valley River Mountains natural areas.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The Aquatic Habitat includes the Hiwassee River downstream of Tusquittee Creek to Hiwassee Lake, the entirety of Brasstown Creek within North Carolina, and short sections of Martins Creek and Peachtree Creek.

Both the Hiwassee River and Brasstown Creek serve as important spawning habitats for the sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2). Downstream of Mission Dam, the Hiwassee River hosts a rich and thriving mussel assemblage including five rare species—the wavy-rayed lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola), rainbow (Villosa iris), Tennessee clubshell (Pleurobema oviforme), spike (Elliptio dilatata), and longsolid (Fusconaia subrotunda). Upstream of Mission Dam, relict mussel populations are present, affected by low water temperatures artificially maintained by dam releases. Brasstown Creek, Peachtree Creek, and the Hiwassee River support the hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). Martins Creek, Peachtree Creek, and the Hiwassee River contain rainbow and/or mountain creekshell (Villosa vanuxemensis) populations. There is some taxonomic uncertainty about the “Junaluska Salamanders” (Eurycea junaluska) in this watershed, as individuals tend to have characters that are somewhat intermediate between this species and another species in that genus.

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Because of sedimentation issues in the Brasstown Creek watershed, this area is the focus of watershed restoration efforts by the Hiwassee River Watershed Coalition.

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None observed.

RARE ANIMALS: Amphibians – Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) and Junaluska salamander (Eurycea junaluska). Fishes – Sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2), smoky dace (Clinostomus sp. 1), southern blotched chub (Erimystax insignis eristigma), and highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx). Mussels – Wavy-rayed lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola), rainbow (Villosa iris) and/or mountain creekshell (Villosa vanuxemensis), spike (Elliptio dilatata), Tennessee clubshell (Pleurobema oviforme), and longsolid (Fusconaia subrotunda). Snails – Christy’s elimia (Elimia christyi). Crayfishes – Valley River crayfish (Cambarus brimleyorum), Hiwassee headwaters crayfish (Cambarus parrishi).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Le Grand, H.E., J. T. Finnegan, S.P. Hall, A.J. Leslie, and J.A. Ratcliffe. 2012. Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Animal Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Porgram, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Collection. Database. 2014. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 2014. Unpublished Survey Data in Aquatics Database. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Valley River Aquatic Habitat

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Length: 39 river miles Representational Value: Not applicable Ownership: NC Public Waters Collective Value: Very High (C2) Quadrangles: Andrews, Marble, Murphy, and Peachtree

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The Valley River Aquatic Habitat supports a diversity of rare aquatic species, including the Federal Candidate and State Threatened sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2); the Federal Species of Concern and State Endangered Christy’s elimia (Elimia christyi); the Federal Species of Concern and State Special Concern olive darter (Percina squamata), smoky dace (Clinostomus sp. 1), Hiwassee headwaters crayfish (Cambarus parrishi), and hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis); the Federal Species of Concern and Significantly Rare southern blotched chub (Erimystax insignis eristigma); the State Special Concern wavy- rayed lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola) and rainbow (Villosa iris); and the Significantly Rare highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx), longsolid (Fusconaia subrotunda) and Valley River crayfish (Cambarus brimleyorum).

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Gipp Creek Slopes/Teyahalee Bald natural area is adjacent to the upper reaches of the site at the confluence of Gipp Creek and the Valley River. The Valley River Aquatic Habitat flows directly into the Upper Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat. Numerous other natural areas are present in the larger watershed of the Valley River Aquatic Habitat, including Piercy Bald/London Bald, Corundum #3/Snowbird Mountains, Piercy Range/Kennedy Top, Fires Creek Ridgeline, Western Valley River Mountains, Hanging Dog Mountain, and Old Billy Top natural areas.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The Aquatic Habitat includes most of the Valley River, from just upstream of its confluence with Worm Creek, to its confluence with the Hiwassee River. The site includes parts of numerous tributaries to the Valley River, including Worm Creek, Tatham Creek, Webb Creek, Morris Creek, Thrash Creek, Welch Mill Creek, Taylor Creek, Hyatt Creek, Vengeance Creek, Morgan Creek, and Colvard Creek.

The Valley River serves as important spawning habitat for the sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2). The downstream section of the river hosts a mussel assemblage including three rare species— the wavy-rayed lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola), rainbow (Villosa iris), and longsolid (Fusconaia subrotunda). Tributaries to the Valley River and the upstream section of the Valley River contain crayfish endemic to the Hiwassee River basin – the Valley River crayfish (Cambarus brimleyorum) and Hiwassee headwaters crayfish (Cambarus parrishi).

Historical records exist for the Federal and State Endangered littlewing pearlymussel (Pegias fabula) and Federal Species of Concern and State Endangered Tennessee heelsplitter (Lasmigona holstonia) for the Valley River. However, neither of these mussels has been documented from the river for more than 100 years.

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All of the Valley River and a few of the tributaries are classified by the NC Division of Water Resources as C Trout, and Gipp Creek is classified as an Outstanding Resource Water. A portion of the Valley River is on the 2012 303(d) list for excessive turbidity, and efforts are ongoing to restore habitat and water quality in the watershed by the Hiwassee River Watershed Coalition.

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None observed.

RARE ANIMALS: Amphibians – Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). Fishes – Sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp. 2), olive darter (Percina squamata), smoky dace (Clinostomus sp. 1), southern blotched chub (Erimystax insignis eristigma), and highland shiner (Notropis micropteryx). Mussels – Wavy-rayed lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola), rainbow (Villosa iris), and longsolid (Fusconaia subrotunda). Snails – Christy’s elimia (Elimia christyi). Crayfishes – Hiwassee headwaters crayfish (Cambarus parrishi) and Valley River crayfish (Cambarus brimleyorum). Historical mussel species – Littlewing pearlymussel (Pegias fabula) and Tennessee heelsplitter (Lasmigona holstonia).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Academy of Natural Sciences. Online Malacology Collection. http://clade.ansp.org/malacology/ collections/

Clarke, A.H. 1985. The Tribe Alasmidontini (Unionidae: Anodontinae). Part II: Lasmigona and Simpsonaias. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 399: 1-75.

Le Grand, H.E., J. T. Finnegan, S.P. Hall, A.J. Leslie, and J.A. Ratcliffe. 2012. Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Animal Species of North Carolina 2012. North Carolina Natural Heritage Porgram, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

North Carolina Division of Water Resources. 2012. 2012 North Carolina 303(d) Lists – Category 5. NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

North Carolina Division of Water Resources. 2012. Hiwassee River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Scientific Council on Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks (W.F. Adams, J.M. Alderman, R.G. Biggins, A.G. Gerberich, E.P. Keferl, H.J. Porter, and A.S. van Devender eds.). 1990. A Report on the Conservation Status of North Carolina’s Freshwater and Terrestrial Molluscan Fauna.

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Western Valley River Mountains

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 2,948 acres Representational Value: Very High (R2) Ownership: U.S. Forest Service and private Collective Value: Very High (C2) landowners Quadrangles: Andrews, Hayesville, Marble, and Peachtree

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: The Western Valley River Mountains is a large, intact forested landscape that supports several rare species of plants and a mosaic of high quality natural communities. The Chestnut Oak Forest and Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (White Pine Subtype) are particularly significant features. A number of other noteworthy natural communities span the western arm of the Valley River Mountains, including Low Mountain Pine Forest, Northern Hardwood Forest, and Boulderfields in very mature condition. In addition, the site harbors populations of Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera), Special Concern sweet pinesap (Monotropsis odorata), and one of the best populations of rock skullcap (Scutellaria saxatilis) in the state.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: Fires Creek Gorge and Fires Creek Ridgeline natural areas lie nearby to the south and east and are connected by the forested landscape. The Valley River Aquatic Habitat lies 3 miles north of the Valley River Mountains, and Old Billy Top natural area lies 7 miles north across the valley in the Snowbird Mountains.

SITE DESCRIPTION: The Cherokee County portion of this natural area consists of rugged terrain extending along the ridgeline and north face of the Valley River Mountains. Long spur ridges and some steep coves along with extensive steep slopes are encompassed in the site. A diverse collection of exemplary natural communities is present. Of particular note is the Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype), which occurs intermixed with oak forest on the slate-covered ridgelines on the north side of the natural area. The Western Valley River Mountains support one of the southwesternmost examples of Northern Hardwood Forest, which occurs here in association with rocky boulderfields. The ridgelines and upper slopes are dominated by acidic, often stunted Chestnut Oak Forest along with occasional knife-edge, schistose outcrops and cliffs. A stretch of wind-swept Montane Oak-Hickory Forest lines the high ridgeline of the Valley River Mountains. The lower coves contain Acidic Cove Forest and Rich Cove Forest in mature, second-growth condition.

Multiple stands of Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype) cover the narrow ridgelines that extend north from the Valley River Mountains. The Appalachian endemic Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) is the dominant species in this community along with pitch pine (P. rigida). Occasional flat, slate outcrops are interspersed with the dry pine forest. There is evidence of southern pine bark beetle infestation, with some mature pines dead and a semiopen canopy in many places. Pine stands appear fire suppressed and have a dense understory of rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) in places. Some dieback of dense rhododendron has occurred on dry slopes in this community. Mature pines are frequent, and other trees present include chestnut oak (Quercus montana), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), red maple

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(Acer rubrum), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). The understory contains serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and sassafras (Sassafras albidum). Resprouting American chestnuts (Castanea dentata) in this community reach 25 feet in height and produce fruit. Uncommon, xeric-adapted blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) also grows in the understory. Besides rhododendron, the dense shrub layer contains mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), chinquapin (Castanea pumila), and Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua). The herb layer is sparse with the exception of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), galax (Galax urceolata), and wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). In some areas, the canopy is quite sparse with scattered chestnut oak and infrequent pines, a condition possibly resulting from beetle damage or long-term fire suppression. Some of the open-canopied pine stands have a well-developed low shrub layer dominated by black huckleberry, a vegetation structure that provides good foraging habitat for timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus).

A distinct pine community, Pine-Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype), occurs along the rocky ridgeline of Buckhorn Ridge and its south-trending spur ridges. Canopy dominants include pitch pine, Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), white pine (P. strobus), chestnut oak, scarlet oak, and other hardwoods. The understory may contain patches of blackjack oak. The shrub layer is heath- dominated with lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), deerberry, and maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina). Tangles of roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) are common. The herb layer is sparse, with occasional xeric herbs such as bracken and wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria). The only known population of Special Concern sweet pinesap (Monotropsis odorata) in Cherokee County occurs under a thicket of Virginia pine in this community. Much of the Pine-Oak/Heath was affected by the southern pine bark beetle over 10 years ago and now has a very tangled shrub layer. Some pine regeneration is occurring, and some intact stands are still present. This community is fire suppressed and would benefit from the gradual reintroduction of fire.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest is the dominant community along the ridgeline and upper slopes of the Valley River Mountains and its spur ridges, such as Buckhorn Ridge. A mosaic of the Acidic and Basic community subtypes occurs across the site, with the Basic Subtype occupying much of the windswept ridgeline and upper slopes. This community contains a stunted canopy of white oak (Quercus alba), red oak (Quercus rubra), black oak (Q. velutina), and other hardwoods. Cove species such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and black birch (Betula lenta) are occasionally present. The understory and shrub layer are variable, with wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), purple-flowering raspberry (Rubus odoratus), and Canada blackberry (R. canadensis) being the dominant species and high elevation Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense) scattered about on the ridgeline. The herb layer is fairly diverse with species such as smooth rock-cress (Boechera laevigata), fire pink (Silene virginica), Virginia bunchflower (Melanthium virginicum), Curtis’ goldenrod (Solidago curtisii), largeleaf aster (Eurybia macrophylla) Virginia jumpseed (Persicaria virginiana), downy alumroot (Heuchera villosa), Swan’s sedge (Carex swanii), white-tinged sedge (C. albicans), Appalachian sedge (C. appalachica), white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), horse-balm (Collinsonia canadensis), heartleaf aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana), filmy angelica (Angelica triquinata), and American lily- of-the-valley (Convallaria majuscula). Southern Appalachian salamanders (Plethodon teyahalee) were detected under logs in this high elevation oak forest. Frequent small canopy gaps are

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present in this community along the ridge top and are often associated with dense blackberry thickets.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype) is mixed with the Basic Subtype on the crest of the Valley River Mountains. It differs from the Basic Subtype in having a greater dominance of ericaceous shrubs and a sparser herb layer. The understory includes red maple, black gum, sourwood, and sassafras. The shrub layer contains mountain laurel or rosebay rhododendron as the dominant. The herb layer is poorly developed, with occasional species including halberd-leaf violet (Viola hastata), early blue violet (V. palmata), hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), and fairy-wand (Chamaelirium luteum). There are significant areas of rhododendron dieback in this community along the spine of the Valley River Mountains.

Chestnut Oak Forest occurs on dry slopes and exposed ridgelines, often mixed with pine communities, in locations such as Buckhorn Ridge, the ridgeline above Chestnut Flats and Polecat Creek, and the slopes above Peachtree Creek. This community sometimes occurs over rocky soils and overlaps with boulderfields in places. Most of the community is fairly acidic and heath-dominated, though occasional open patches with more diverse herbaceous composition occur as well. The canopy primarily contains chestnut oak along with red oak, red maple, and black gum. Sourwood, flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and alternate-leaf dogwood (C. alternifolia) are common understory species. The shrub layer is variable though most commonly contains ericaceous species, such as mountain laurel, rosebay rhododendron, deerberry, mountain highbush blueberry (Vaccinium simulatum), black huckleberry, and buckberry (Gaylussacia ursina). Buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera) and sprouts of chestnut are common as well. A particularly low-elevation population of minnie-bush (Menziesia pilosa) occurs in this community at approximately 2,800 feet elevation, and uncommon bristly locust (Robinia hispida) grows sporadically in the shrub layer. The herb layer is sparse in heath-dominated areas, though open patches support whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia), naked-stem tick- trefoil (Hylodesmum nudiflorum), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Curtis’ goldenrod, Atlantic goldenrod (S. arguta), Carolina lily (Lilium michauxii), and broadleaf panicgrass (Dichanthelium latifolium).

Chestnut Oak Forest is mixed with pine forest on some exposed ridgelines with slate outcrops. In these dry settings, the forest has a stunted canopy with many dead pine snags from the pine bark beetle infestation. Ericaceous shrubs dominate the shrub layer of these community patches, and the herb layer is fairly depauperate. This dry Chestnut Oak Forest appears fire suppressed and would benefit from gradual reintroduction of fire.

Series of broken, slate cliffs, Montane Cliff (Acidic Herb Subtype), occur on the steep upper slopes of some of the site’s north-trending ridges. The cliffs are associated with upturned slabs of rock on the ridgelines that frequently form grottoes. Forested cliffs continue downslope from the ridge tops. Occasional shrubs of Catawba rhododendron grow on the cliffs. Scattered herbaceous plants, like mountain spleenwort (Asplenium montanum), Michaux’s saxifrage (Hydatica petiolaris), hairy alumroot (Heuchera villosa), and fibrous-root sedge (Carex communis) are present. Sphagnum moss, other bryophytes, and lichens cover the shaded cliff surfaces. A vulture roost was found in the grotto of one of the cliff complexes.

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Very mature Northern Hardwood Forest (Typic Subtype) with a tall canopy and many large trees is interspersed with boulderfields on the upper north-facing slopes and coves of the Valley River Mountains. Yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis) is the canopy dominant along with large yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), white ash (Fraxinus americana), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), red oak, and black cherry (Prunus serotina). Striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), mountain maple (A. spicatum), and witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) form a sparse understory. The shrub layer includes high elevation species, such as southern mountain cranberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum), running strawberry-bush (Euonymus obovatus), red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), and eastern gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati). Pipevine (Isotrema macrophylla) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) are common vines. The herb layer is well developed and contains woodfern (Dryopteris spp.), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), Blue Ridge heartleaf aster (Eurybia chlorolepis), zigzag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis), black cohosh, umbrella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa), ramps (Allium tricoccum), and Virginia waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), which is characteristic of high elevation boulder areas. The boulderfields nested within the hardwood forest support a healthy population of Significantly Rare rock skullcap (Scutellaria saxatilis). A timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) was seen foraging in rocky hardwood forest near the crest of the Valley River Mountains.

Rich Cove Forest was observed below Northern Hardwood Forest in several north-draining coves across the site. Most of this community is in mature, second-growth condition and is primarily dominated by tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash, basswood (Tilia americana var. heterophylla), sugar maple, yellow buckeye, red oak, and bitternut hickory. Cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), Fraser magnolia (M. fraseri), striped maple, and occasional butternut (Juglans cinerea) are present in the understory. The shrub layer is fairly sparse and typically contains spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and sweet-shrub (Calycanthus floridus). The herb layer is diverse and well developed with such species as wild comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum), hairy leaf-cup (Smallanthus uvedalia), great yellow wood-sorrel (Oxalis grandis), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), blue cohosh, Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago flaccidifolia), zigzag goldenrod, and pointed-leaf tick-trefoil (Hylodesmum glutinosum). Significantly Rare purple sedge (Carex purpurifera) is scattered within the community along with Watch List glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon) and spotted mandarin (Prosartes maculatum), which is uncommon in Cherokee County.

Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype) dominates slopes above creeks at mid to lower elevations. This community is typically in mature, second-growth condition with Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) rapidly dying out, and black birch, tulip poplar, and beech (Fagus grandifolia) remaining in the canopy. Dense rosebay rhododendron and shrubs such as witch-hazel form a dense shrub layer. Herbs are sparse, though Watch List hornwort Megaceros aenigmaticus is present in streams in this community. Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) is a migratory bird species commonly found in this heath-dominated riparian habitat.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Low Mountain Pine Forest (Montane Pine Subtype), Northern Hardwood Forest (Typic Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype), Rich Cove Forest (Montane Rich Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Dry Heath Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (Mesic Subtype), Chestnut Oak Forest (White Pine Subtype), Montane Oak—Hickory Forest (Basic Subtype), Montane Oak—Hickory Forest (Acidic Subtype), Montane Oak—

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Hickory Forest (White Pine Subtype), Montane Cliff (Acidic Herb Subtype), Pine—Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype), and Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype). Minor component: “Boulderfields.”

RARE PLANTS: Sweet pinesap (Monotropsis odorata), purple sedge (Carex purpurifera), and rock skullcap (Scutellaria saxatilis).

WATCH LIST PLANTS: Manhart’s sedge (Carex manhartii), finely-nerved sedge (C. leptonervia), butternut (Juglans cinerea), basil mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum clinopodioides), glade fern (Diplazium pycnocarpon), and a hornwort (Megaceros aenigmaticus).

RARE ANIMALS: Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus).

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Schafale, M.P. 2008. Site Survey Report: Western Valley River Mountains. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schafale, M.P. 2013. Site Survey Report: Western Valley River Mountains. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2011. Site Survey Report: Big Peachtree Bald. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Big Stamp. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

Schwartzman, E. 2013. Site Survey Report: Chestnut Flats/Will King Gap. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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Will Scott Mountain

N.C. Natural Heritage Program September 2014

Site Significance: Size: 243 acres Representational Value: High (R3) Ownership: Private landowners Collective Value: Moderate (C4) Quadrangle: Peachtree

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: Will Scott Mountain has been recognized for a distinctive natural community, the Low Dry Subtype of Montane Oak-Hickory Forest, of which few examples are documented in North Carolina. With further study of this area and adjacent areas on Will Scott Mountain, it is conceivable that a larger, and more significant, natural area might be identified.

LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS: The Upper Hiwassee River Aquatic Habitat is located directly south and downslope of Will Scott Mountain. Other natural areas with similar river bluff landforms, including Hiwassee Church Bluffs and Farmer Top, occur 3-4 miles downstream.

SITE DESCRIPTION: Will Scott Mountain lies on the north side of the Hiwassee River and consists of a convoluted system of low ridge tops and slopes that drain to Will Scott Creek on the west and to Seibold Branch and Burnthouse Branch on the east. The condition of the natural communities in the tract varies from poor to good. The ecological site boundary defines areas that appear to contain fair to good quality communities and excludes most of the poorer quality communities. The site was initially visited and documented over 15 years ago and was not visited during the county inventory process because permission to survey was not granted.

The ridge tops and middle and upper slopes support examples of fair to good quality Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype). Within these communities are species that are less typical of the Blue Ridge and more typical of the state’s Piedmont, such as farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), American holly (Ilex opaca), southern red oak (Quercus falcata), post oak (Q. stellata), and blackjack oak (Q. marilandica). Examples of Pine-Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype) occupy smaller areas on some of the drier spur ridges and upper slopes. The lower slopes and cove bottoms support poor to fair quality Rich Cove Forests and Acidic Cove Forests in brushy condition, due to previous timber harvest. Some invasive exotic Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) is present in cove bottoms. The site supports an abundance of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), and black bears (Ursus americanus) were noted as well.

Montane Oak-Hickory Forest in mature second-growth condition occupies ridge tops, upper- middle slope positions, and some upper cove bottoms. The community grades to Pine-Oak/Heath communities on small spur ridges and cove forest on lower slopes along small drainages. The closed canopy is dominated by various combinations of chestnut oak (Quercus montana), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), southern red oak, and white oak (Q. alba). Less frequent in the canopy are blackjack oak, post oak, hickory (Carya sp.), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), pitch pine (P. rigida), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). The moderately dense understory contains canopy species (mainly oaks), as well as flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and

219 occasional American holly. The shrub layer is generally sparse, though patches of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) occur in places. Scattered sparsely throughout are St. Andrew’s-cross (Hypericum stragulum), deer-berry (Vaccinium stamineum), farkleberry, huckleberry (Gaylussacia sp.), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus), and buffalo-nut (Pyrularia pubera). More mesic microsites support rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) and wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). The herb layer is sparse and includes hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), witch-grass (Dichanthelium spp.), rosin-weed (Silphium compositum), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), rattlesnake root (Nablus sp.), gentian (Gentiana sp.), spotted wintergreen (Chimaphila maculata), and whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia).

Pine-Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype) communities occur in a few places on convex slopes of small spur ridges off the main north-south ridge through the site. The communities seem intact, somewhat young, and with some areas affected by the pine bark beetle infestation. This forest has semiopen canopy dominated by scarlet oak and pitch pine. Also present are other dry site oaks such as chestnut oak, blackjack oak, and southern red oak. Canopy dieback was noted at the time of the visit, likely caused by the southern pine bark beetle. The understory of oaks and pines is very sparse except in areas where canopy dieback has occurred and numerous young pines are regenerating. The dense shrub layer is dominated by huckleberry (Gaylussacia sp.) and catbrier (Smilax glauca), with scattered thickets of mountain laurel. Galax (Galax urceolata), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), and bracken were noted in the sparse herb layer. On lower slopes near both Will Scott Creek and Seibold Branch, there is a gradation to cove communities dominated by tulip poplar, black birch (Betula lenta), and red maple. This community was documented in 1998 prior to the development of the Fourth Approximation to Natural Communities and, after more thorough investigation, may correspond to the recently described Low Mountain Pine Forest natural community.

Rich Cove Forest is present but was not explored extensively because of its generally disturbed condition. This community occupies lower slopes and cove bottoms. The closed canopy is dominated by tulip poplar with red maple subdominant. Present in small numbers are red oak (Quercus rubra), black birch (Betula lenta), beech (Fagus grandifolia), and white ash (Fraxinus americana). The forest canopy is fairly young. The understory contains mostly tulip poplar and other canopy species along with American holly and flowering dogwood. The shrub layer contains wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), black haw (Viburnum prunifolium), yellowroot (Xanthorhiza simplicissima), and nonnative Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) and multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). The herb layer includes Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), largeleaf aster (Eurybia macrophylla), pale Indian-plantain (Arnoglossum atriplicifolium), foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia), a sedge (Carex sp.), cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), and slender spike-grass (Chasmanthium laxum).

Small areas of Acidic Cove Forest occur along Will Scott Creek and Seibold Branch. The canopy contains tulip poplar, red maple, and black birch. Dense rosebay rhododendron dominates the understory.

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NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (Low Dry Subtype) and Pine- Oak/Heath (Typic Subtype). Minor component: Rich Cove Forest (Montane Intermediate Subtype) and Acidic Cove Forest (Typic Subtype).

RARE PLANTS: None observed.

WATCH LIST PLANTS: None observed.

RARE ANIMALS: None observed.

WATCH LIST ANIMALS: None observed.

REFERENCES: Oakley, S. 1998. Site Survey Report: Will Scott Mountain. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Land and Water Stewardship, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh.

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INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Abies fraseri, 20 Aix sponsa, 31, 78 Aruncus dioicus, 201 Acer pensylvanicum, 21, Albizia julibrissin, 66 Arundinaria appalachiana, 28, 101, 106, 177, 183, Allium canadense, 139 23, 95, 130, 136 216 Allium tricoccum, 216 Arundinaria gigantea, 30, Acer rubrum, 23, 24, 25, Alnus serrulata, 30, 31, 32, 79, 80, 90 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 66, 78, 90, 131, 139, 187 Asclepias exaltata, 29, 86, 33, 62, 65, 67, 69, 74, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, 106, 178 78, 79, 84, 90, 91, 100, 169 Asclepias quadrifolia, 143 107, 111, 121, 125, 129, Ambystoma maculatum, Asclepias variegata, 62, 135, 139, 151, 163, 164, 31, 78, 89, 187, 197 168 167, 172, 177, 182, 187, Ambystoma opacum, 30, Asimina triloba, 28, 32, 197, 214, 219 90 96, 102, 113, 130, 136 Acer saccharum, 21, 22, Ambystoma talpoideum, Asplenium montanum, 215 28, 29, 85, 102, 106, 30, 41, 42, 90, 92 Asplenium platyneuron, 91 122, 126, 159, 183, 192, Amelanchier arborea, 22, Asplenium rhizophyllum, 214 25, 91, 100, 106, 107, 96 Acer spicatum, 22, 29, 34, 112, 130, 182, 191, 214 Asplenium trichomanes, 86, 102, 106 Amphicarpaea bracteata, 136, 155 Aconitum reclinatum, 36, 101 Astilbe biternata, 102, 152, 105, 107, 109 Amsonia 164, 183, 193, 201 Actaea pachypoda, 126, tabernaemontana, 30, Astragalus canadensis, 136, 193 90 136 Actaea podocarpa, 183 Andropogon gerardii, 22, Athyrium asplenioides, 24, Actaea racemosa, 70, 96, 70, 95, 100, 108, 109, 69, 130, 172, 177, 198 102, 122, 131, 183, 201, 169, 191 Aureolaria flava, 107 214 Anemone virginiana, 28, Aureolaria laevigata, 91 Adiantum pedatum, 28, 67, 67, 136 Aureolaria pectinata, 152 70, 74, 85, 96, 102, 107, Angelica triquinata, 21, Autochton cellus, 41, 43 113, 122, 126, 131, 136, 102, 214 Baptisia tinctoria, 84, 91, 152, 164, 168, 183, 193, Aplectrum hyemale, 164 100, 108, 152, 214 201, 216, 220 Arabis laevigata, 22 Betula alleghaniensis, 86, Aesculus flava, 22, 27, 85, Aralia nudicaulis, 21, 101, 101, 177 96, 102, 107, 122, 126, 193 Betula allegheniensis, 21, 144, 152, 159, 164, 173, Aralia spinosa, 29, 61, 144 22, 27, 102, 183, 192, 178, 183, 192, 216 Arisaema triphyllum, 33, 216 Agalinis tenuifolia, 66, 70 78 Betula lenta, 23, 24, 70, Agastache Aristolochia macrophylla, 73, 84, 90, 100, 113, scrophulariifolia, 27, 21 144, 151, 164, 177, 183, 29, 106, 144 Arnoglossum 192, 214, 220 Ageratina altissima, 26, atriplicifolium, 101, 220 Betula nigra, 30, 90 84, 106, 183, 214 Aronia arbutifolia, 90 Bignonia capreolata, 79, Ageratina aromatica, 26, Aronia melanocarpa, 33, 96, 112, 136, 155, 188 62, 136 70, 78, 106 222

Boehmeria cylindrica, 31, Carex intumescens, 31, 78, 130, 151, 163, 169, 172, 32, 79, 91, 139, 152, 132 177, 178, 179, 182, 193, 187, 197 Carex laevivaginata, 31, 214, 215 Bonasa umbellus, 101 139 Castanea pumila, 25, 84, Brachyelytrum aristosum, Carex leptonervia, 103, 100, 108, 182, 214 109 107, 109, 114 Castor canadensis, 77, 187 Brachyelytrum erectum, Carex lupulina, 35 Caulophyllum 24, 106, 131, 172 Carex lurida, 152, 187 thalictroides, 85, 96, Brasenia schreberi, 90, 92 Carex manhartii, 28, 85, 102, 164, 216 Bromus pubescens, 26, 106 86, 103, 144, 145, 172, Ceanothus americanus, 66, Buteo platypterus, 168 178, 179, 185, 193, 194, 220 Calamagrostis porteri ssp. 217 Celastrus scandens, 35, 36, porteri, 36 Carex pensylvanica, 21, 47, 69, 71, 171, 173, Callitriche heterophylla, 22, 29, 95, 96, 101, 106, 174, 192, 194 80, 199 112, 130, 151, 169, 178 Celtis tenuifolia, 125, 136 Callophrys irus, 43 Carex plantaginea, 102, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Calycanthus floridus, 24, 183 31, 32, 35, 66, 78, 91, 30, 80, 90, 113, 122, Carex projecta, 35, 36, 91, 139, 187 164, 168, 173, 216 92 Cercis canadensis, 28, 61, Cambarus acanthura, 43 Carex purpurifera, 28, 34, 67, 95 Cambarus brimleyorum, 36, 47, 69, 71, 143, 144, Chamaecrista fasciculata, 43, 206, 209, 210 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 26, 62 Cambarus nodosus, 43, 169, 191, 193, 194, 201, Chamaelirium luteum, 66, 147, 148 202, 213, 216, 217 215 Cambarus parrishi, 40, 43, Carex rosea, 173 Chasmanthium latifolium, 205, 206, 209, 210 Carex scabrata, 66 125 Campanula aparinoides, Carex swanii, 130, 159, Chasmanthium laxum, 91, 31, 35, 36, 139, 140 214 130, 197, 220 Campanula divaricata, 26, Carex venusta, 131 Cheilanthes lanosa, 23, 61, 85, 91, 100, 122, 169 Carex woodii, 34, 36 95 Campsis radicans, 91 Carpinus caroliniana, 28, Cheilanthes tomentosa, Cardamine diphylla, 21, 30, 33, 67, 69, 90, 111, 125 113, 183, 192 125, 130, 135, 188, 198 Chelone glabra, 70, 108, Carex atlantica, 70 Carya alba, 25 131, 164, 174, 184 Carex austrocaroliniana, Carya cordiformis, 22, 28, Chelone lyonii, 102 74, 96, 107, 113, 131 29, 85, 102, 106, 122, Chiloscyphus Carex biltmoreana, 22, 152, 159, 164, 168, 178, appalachianus, 23, 36, 191, 192 201, 216 155, 156 Carex cherokeensis, 35, Carya glabra, 24, 70, 107, Chimaphila maculata, 96, 36, 111, 112, 114 111, 130, 163, 172, 177, 220 Carex communis, 193, 215 184, 193 Chionanthus virginicus, Carex crinita, 91, 184 Carya ovata, 96, 113 112 Carex debilis, 32, 79 Carya pallida, 22, 61, 131, Chrysopsis mariana, 91, Carex echinata, 80 168 130 Carex folliculata, 30, 90 Castanea dentata, 25, 26, Chrysosplenium 85, 91, 100, 106, 121, americanum, 160

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Cicuta maculata, 31, 78 Cymophyllus fraserianus, Diplazium pycnocarpon, Cinna arundinacea, 32, 79, 34, 160 35, 102, 103, 152, 153, 164 Cynoglossum virginianum, 216, 217 Circaea lutetiana, 112 113, 216 Dryopteris goldiana, 35, Cladrastis kentukea, 34, Cypripedium acaule, 144, 85, 86 143, 145 194 Dryopteris intermedia, 178 Clematis viorna, 29, 144 Cystopteris protrusa, 22, Dryopteris marginalis, 21, Clematis virginiana, 31, 96, 102, 183 73, 184, 192 139 Danthonia sericea, 109, Eclipta prostrata, 35 Clethra acuminata, 26, 130 Elimia christyi, 40, 43, 48, 100, 106, 122, 132, 179, Danthonia spicata, 22, 191 147, 148, 205, 206, 209, 183 Decumaria barbara, 23, 210 Clinostomus sp. 1, 40, 42, 28, 67, 73, 79, 113 Elimia interrupta, 148 48, 205, 206, 209, 210 Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Elliptio dilatata, 43, 147, Clitoria mariana, 26 21, 26, 85, 101, 178, 148, 205, 206 Coccyzus americanus, 168 215, 220 Empidonax virescens, 216 Collinsonia canadensis, Deparia acrostichoides, Endodeca serpentaria, 62, 70, 126, 173, 214 85, 102, 107, 178, 193, 91 Corallorhiza odontorhiza, 201 Epargyreus clarus, 66 86, 91, 92 Desmodium rotundifolium, Ephebe solida, 113 Coreopsis major, 26, 62, 26, 65 Epigaea repens, 74, 84, 101, 107, 122, 169, 178, Desmodium viridiflorum, 144, 193 193 62, 125, 130 Epilobium coloratum, 187 Cornus alternifolia, 101 Desmognathus aeneus, 30, Erimystax insignis, 40, 42, Cornus amomum, 31, 32, 92, 132, 160, 197, 199 205, 206, 209, 210 33, 78, 114, 131, 139, Desmognathus conanti, Erimystax insignis 187, 220 152, 164 eristigma, 40, 42, 205, Cornus florida, 24, 26, 69, Desmognathus monticola, 206, 209, 210 91, 106, 111, 130, 135, 70, 108, 132, 173, 174, Eryngium prostratum, 91 163, 164, 167, 172, 192, 202 Eryngium yuccifolium, 91 215, 219 Dicentra canadensis, 96 Erythronium umbilicatum, Corvus corax, 22, 179, 192 Dichanthelium boscii, 178 198 Corylus cornuta, 26, 29, Dichanthelium Euonymus americanus, 91, 106, 113, 130, 135, clandestinum, 30, 31, 164 144, 167, 172 78, 90 Euonymus obovatus, 102, Corynorhinus rafinesquii, Dichanthelium 192, 216 41, 42 commutatum, 169 Eupatorium sessilifolium, Corynorhinus rafinesquii Dichanthelium latifolium, 23, 69, 131, 136, 169 rafinesquii, 41, 42 107, 183, 215 Euphorbia corollata, 28, Crotalus horridus, 25, 42, Diervilla sessilifolia, 22, 67 47, 100, 105, 108, 109, 192 Eurybia chlorolepis, 22, 214, 216, 217 Diospyros virginiana, 24, 102, 216 Cryptobranchus 25, 30, 79, 90, 144, 172, Eurybia divaricata, 73 alleganiensis, 42, 117, 198 Eurybia macrophylla, 101, 205, 206, 209, 210 Diphylleia cymosa, 103, 121, 193, 214, 220 Cunila origanoides, 66, 96 108, 216

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Eurybia surculosa, 35, Glyceria striata, 31, 78, Hibiscus moscheutos, 32, 100, 103, 108, 109, 130, 139 66 132, 194 Glyphyalinia junaluskana, Hieracium venosum, 24, Eurycea junaluska, 42, 43 95, 107 205, 206 Glyphyalinia pentadelphia, Houstonia purpurea, 183 Fagus grandifolia, 21, 22, 41, 43 Houstonia serpyllifolia, 86 28, 29, 67, 71, 86, 96, Glyptemys muhlenbergii, Huperzia lucidula, 179 101, 102, 106, 107, 112, 42 Hybanthus concolor, 125, 126, 136, 152, 155, 168, Graptemys geographica, 144, 168, 172, 202 197, 198, 216, 220 41, 42, 147 Hydrangea arborescens, Fraxinus americana, 22, Gratiola virginiana, 33, 78 85, 108, 151, 152, 163, 28, 29, 70, 84, 96, 102, Gyrinophilus 168, 183, 192, 201, 214, 106, 107, 112, 121, 122, porphyriticus, 132, 152 220 130, 136, 144, 152, 164, Halesia tetraptera, 22, 28, Hydrangea cinerea, 28, 70, 173, 177, 178, 183, 191, 30, 95, 102, 107, 113, 71, 73, 91, 92, 113, 114, 193, 201, 216, 220 121, 122, 130, 164, 177, 126, 130, 132, 173, 174 Fusconaia barnesiana, 48, 183, 192, 198 Hydrophyllum canadense, 147, 148 Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 183 Fusconaia subrotunda, 43, 41, 42 Hydrophyllum 205, 206, 209, 210 Hamamelis virginiana, 28, macrophyllum, 96 Galactia volubilis, 131 30, 107, 113, 130, 179, Hydrophyllum Galax urceolata, 24, 74, 183, 192, 216 virginianum, 22, 27, 34, 84, 101, 108, 144, 178, Helianthus atrorubens, 27, 86, 102, 216 193, 214, 220 91, 173 Hypericum densiflorum, Galearis spectabilis, 107, Helianthus divaricatus, 61, 32, 66 193 70, 169, 191 Hypericum hypericoides, Galium lanceolatum, 27, Helianthus microcephalus, 70 106, 109, 178, 179 24, 26, 62, 135, 172 Hypericum punctatum, Galium latifolium, 183 Helicodiscus fimbriatus, 107, 169 Galium tinctorium, 32, 66 43 Hypericum stragulum, 220 Gaultheria procumbens, Heliopsis helianthoides, Ilex ambigua, 25, 28, 67, 66, 74, 84, 100, 214, 220 85, 107, 122, 173, 201 74, 100, 108, 130, 144, Gaylussacia baccata, 25, Hemidactylium scutatum, 163, 167, 182, 214 27, 29, 65, 69, 74, 84, 30, 33, 41, 42, 77, 78, Ilex montana, 21, 101, 106, 100, 107, 108, 112, 130, 80, 89, 90, 92 121, 143, 172, 184, 193 131, 143, 152, 164, 167, Hepatica americana, 183 Ilex opaca, 25, 28, 29, 30, 193, 214 Heracleum maximum, 29, 66, 74, 79, 90, 112, 126, Gaylussacia ursina, 24, 34, 144 129, 135, 174, 197, 219 178, 182, 215 Heuchera americana, 61, Ilex verticillata, 32, 33, 66, Geum fragarioides, 151, 91, 112, 125, 136 70, 78, 90, 114, 131 152, 153 Heuchera villosa, 122, Impatiens capensis, 164, Glechoma hederacea, 78 179, 214, 215 197 Gleditsia triacanthos, 30, Hexastylis arifolia, 24, 66, Impatiens pallida, 103 90 80, 96, 113 Iris cristata, 112, 152, 163 Glyceria melicaria, 32, 79 Hexastylis heterophylla, Isotria medeoloides, 36, 152 181

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Itea virginica, 30, 31, 32, Ligusticum canadense, 74, Magnolia acuminata, 28, 66, 90, 132 96, 178 29, 84, 95, 102, 106, Juglans cinerea, 21, 27, Ligustrum sinense, 32, 79, 130, 159, 177, 193, 216 28, 34, 102, 103, 106, 95, 102, 113, 126, 131, Magnolia fraseri, 23, 29, 109, 136, 137, 140, 144, 188, 219, 220 70, 74, 100, 111, 122, 145, 168, 169, 192, 194, Lilium michauxii, 21, 74, 144, 173, 177, 193, 201 216, 217 101, 193, 215 Magnolia tripetala, 28, 30, Juglans nigra, 30, 125, Lilium superbum, 28, 29, 67, 74, 113, 132, 198 173 86, 106, 122, 168 Maianthemum canadense, Juncus effusus, 31, 78, 187 Lindbergia brachyptera, 21, 102, 179 Juncus gymnocarpus, 66 36 Maianthemum racemosum, Juncus subcaudatus, 32, Lindera benzoin, 28, 32, 28, 67, 74, 121, 163, 66 70, 85, 96, 107, 113, 168, 184 Juniperus virginiana, 22, 122, 126, 130, 136, 152, Malus angustifolia, 188 95, 125 164, 168, 192, 197, 201, Manfreda virginica, 23, Kalmia latifolia, 21, 24, 216 35, 61, 62 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 65, Liquidambar styraciflua, Melampyrum lineare, 130, 69, 74, 84, 90, 91, 100, 20, 23, 28, 30, 67, 79, 184 106, 108, 111, 121, 130, 90, 96, 102, 108, 113, Melanerpes carolinus, 78 136, 144, 151, 164, 169, 126, 130, 173, 187, 198 Melanerpes 172, 178, 182, 193, 202, Liriodendron tulipifera, erythrocephalus, 20, 26 214, 220 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 33, Melanthium parviflorum, Krigia montana, 22, 113, 67, 69, 73, 85, 90, 95, 26, 69, 101, 106, 122, 192 99, 107, 111, 121, 126, 178 Lampsilis fasciola, 43, 130, 135, 144, 152, 164, Melanthium virginicum, 205, 206, 209, 210 167, 173, 178, 183, 192, 172, 178, 193, 214 Laportea canadensis, 152 198, 201, 216, 219 Meleagris gallopavo, 27, Lasmigona holstonia, 40, Lithobates clamitans, 66 106, 219 43, 209, 210 Lithobates palustris, 31, 78 Melica mutica, 91, 112 Lechea racemulosa, 109, Lobelia amoena, 33 Menispermum canadense, 191 Lobelia cardinalis, 70, 197 31, 112, 125, 139, 201 Leersia oryzoides, 31, 66, Lobelia spicata, 28, 67 Menziesia pilosa, 215 78, 139 Lonicera japonica, 30, 31, Micranthes Leersia virginica, 70, 168 78, 90, 112, 125, 126, micranthidifolia, 103, Lespedeza frutescens, 62 131, 187, 197 131, 164 Lespedeza hirta, 25, 130, Ludwigia palustris, 31, 32, Microstegium vimineum, 136, 152, 182 66, 78, 187 30, 32, 66, 79, 90, 126, Lespedeza procumbens, 62 Luxilus chrysocephalus, 131, 152, 172, 173, 193, Leucothoe fontanesiana, 40, 42, 48, 147 197 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 67, Lyonia ligustrina, 25, 27, Mikania scandens, 32, 35, 73, 79, 90, 108, 113, 30, 84, 90, 100, 107, 66 132, 155, 188, 198, 202 108, 130, 136, 144, 173, Mimosa microphylla, 26, Liatris squarrulosa, 35, 178, 182, 193, 214 66 36, 135, 137 Lysimachia quadrifolia, Mimulus ringens, 32, 66 Libellula incesta, 66 101, 107, 112, 151, 215, Mitchella repens, 24, 73, 220 80

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Mniotilta varia, 21 Oxalis grandis, 28, 67, Percina squamata, 40, 43, Monarda clinopodia, 28, 122, 216 117, 209, 210 29, 86, 106 Oxydendrum arboreum, Phaseolus polystachios, Monarda didyma, 86, 103 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 65, 23, 131 Monotropsis odorata, 35, 69, 74, 84, 100, 106, Phegopteris 36, 47, 213, 214, 217 111, 126, 130, 136, 151, hexagonoptera, 28, 67, Morus rubra, 28, 126, 130 163, 167, 173, 177, 182, 69, 113, 131, 136, 168, Moxostoma sp. 2, 40, 42, 193, 198, 214, 219 193 48, 117, 205, 206, 209, Oxypolis rigidior, 31, 70, Pheucticus ludovicianus, 210 132, 136, 168, 174, 184, 159, 168, 178, 193 Muhlenbergia sylvatica, 220 Phlox amplifolia, 29, 85, 62, 136, 137 Packera aurea, 108 86, 144, 145, 164, 165 Muhlenbergia tenuiflora, Packera obovata, 102 Phlox stolonifera, 107 163 Panax quinquefolius, 28 Phryma leptostachya, 28, Murdannia keisak, 32, 66, Panax trifolius, 35, 92, 67, 69, 126, 131, 159, 91 113, 114 169 Myotis leibii, 41, 42 Papilio cresphontes, 43 Picea rubra, 20 Myotis septentrionalis, 41, Papilio glaucus, 66 Pinus echinata, 20, 22, 23, 42, 197, 199 Paravitrea lamellidens, 41, 25, 28, 29, 61, 65, 69, Myotis sodalis, 41, 42, 48, 43 74, 95, 108, 111, 125, 143 Paravitrea umbilicaris, 41, 129, 135, 151, 171 Neotoma floridana, 27, 61, 43 Pinus pungens, ii, 20, 25, 62, 84, 86, 129, 132, Parkesia motacilla, 79 47, 99, 105, 108, 143, 172, 174 Parnassia asarifolia, 131 144, 181, 213 Neotoma floridana Parthenium integrifolium, Pinus rigida, 27, 65, 83, haematoreia, 27, 61, 62, 152 105, 106, 144, 152, 193 84, 86, 129, 132, 172, Parthenocissus Pinus strobus, 23, 24, 25, 174 quinquefolia, 21, 23, 28, 29, 30, 33, 62, 69, 73, Notropis micropteryx, 40, 69, 106, 112, 122, 125, 79, 90, 95, 108, 111, 42, 117, 205, 206, 209, 131, 144, 151, 184, 192, 129, 152, 155, 168, 173, 210 216 197, 198, 202 Nyssa sylvatica, 24, 25, 26, Passerina cyanea, 31, 139 Pinus virginiana, 22, 74, 27, 32, 62, 65, 69, 79, Passiflora lutea, 62, 91, 83, 96, 112, 125, 167, 84, 91, 95, 100, 107, 102, 122, 131 172, 182, 191, 214, 219 111, 129, 136, 144, 151, Patera clarki, 41, 43 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 163, 167, 172, 177, 182, Patera clarki clarki, 43 187 214 Pedicularis lanceolata, 36 Piptochaetium avenaceum, Obolaria virginica, 96 Pegias fabula, 40, 43, 209, 26, 62 Oclemena acuminata, 21 210 Piranga olivacea, 21, 178 Osmorhiza claytonii, 164 Peltandra virginica, 32, Piranga rubra, 20 Osmorhiza longistylis, 172 33, 78 Pituophis melanoleucus, Osmunda claytoniana, 28, Peltigera hydrothyria, 102, 41, 48 29, 86, 106, 122, 214 103, 160, 179 Pituophis melanoleucus Ostrya virginiana, 22, 95, Penstemon smallii, 35, 61, melanoleucus, 41, 48 112, 126, 135, 184 62, 70, 71, 125, 126, Pityopsis graminifolia, 25, 169, 172 66, 112, 136, 182

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Plagiochila ludoviciana, Prenanthes serpentaria, 173, 178, 179, 183, 184, 36 112 192, 193, 214, 216, 220 Plagiochila sullivantii, 36 Prunus serotina, 22, 28, Quercus stellata, 22, 27, Plagiochila sullivantii var. 29, 79, 85, 106, 144, 29, 91 sullivantii, 36 178, 192, 201, 216 Quercus velutina, 100, Platanthera clavellata, 86, Pseudacris brachyphona, 125, 129, 182, 193 168 31, 32, 40, 42, 77, 80, Radula sullivantii, 23, 155, Platanthera flava, 32, 33, 139, 140, 187, 188 156 35, 36, 65, 66, 67, 77, Pseudacris crucifer, 31, 78 Rhododendron 78, 80 Pteridium aquilinum, 25, calendulaceum, 21, 24, Platanthera flava var. 26, 65, 66, 74, 91, 100, 26, 85, 101, 106, 112, herbiola, 32, 33, 35, 36, 107, 108, 112, 136, 169, 121, 143, 151, 159, 172, 65, 66, 67, 77, 78, 80 178, 182, 214, 220 178, 183, 193 Platanthera integra, 36 Pueraria montana, 130 Rhododendron Platanthera integrilabia, Pycnanthemum catawbiense, 22, 34, 36, 51 clinopodioides, 35, 217 102, 214 Platanus occidentalis, 30, Pycnanthemum incanum, Rhododendron maximum, 198 66, 107, 168 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, Plethodon aureolus, 42, Pycnanthemum montanum, 31, 67, 71, 73, 80, 84, 143 69, 151 100, 106, 108, 111, 132, Plethodon chattahoochee, Pycnanthemum 136, 152, 155, 173, 178, 41, 42, 151, 152, 153 tenuifolium, 61, 95 182, 192, 198, 202, 213, Plethodon shermani, 21, Pyrularia pubera, 26, 74, 220 101, 103 84, 91, 106, 107, 111, Rhododendron viscosum, Plethodon teyahalee, 27, 121, 125, 130, 136, 151, 32, 79 106, 159, 168, 214 163, 167, 193, 215, 220 Rhus copallina, 23, 91, 95, Pleurobema oviforme, 43, Quercus alba, 23, 24, 25, 152 205, 206 26, 28, 30, 61, 65, 69, Rhus glabra, 29, 65 Podophyllum peltatum, 28, 74, 79, 84, 91, 95, 101, Ribes cynosbati, 21, 22, 29, 86, 106, 113, 144, 106, 111, 121, 125, 136, 29, 86, 102, 106, 192, 152, 164, 168, 178, 198 143, 151, 155, 159, 163, 216 Polygonatum biflorum, 22, 167, 177, 181, 202, 214 Robinia hispida, 25, 84, 28, 67, 74, 91, 101, 112, Quercus coccinea, 108, 100, 182, 215 151, 184, 191 130, 193 Robinia hispida var. Polymnia canadensis, 131, Quercus falcata, 29, 65, hispida, 25 132, 143, 145, 164, 165, 85, 112, 135, 198, 219 Robinia pseudoacacia, 85, 173, 174 Quercus marilandica, 100, 101, 107, 219 Polypodium 152, 214 Rosa multiflora, 139, 188, appalachianum, 22, 192, Quercus montana, 24, 25, 193, 220 193 27, 84, 95, 100, 107, Rosa palustris, 31, 32, 78, Polypodium virginianum, 125, 136, 163, 167, 171, 139 27, 73, 100, 183 182, 193, 202, 213, 219 Rubus allegheniensis, 22, Polystichum Quercus rubra, 21, 22, 24, 62, 69, 85, 106, 108, acrostichoides, 26, 85, 96, 100, 101, 102, 107, 122, 172, 191, 201 107, 112, 113, 164, 183, 122, 130, 152, 164, 168, Rubus canadensis, 159 220 Rubus flagellaris, 70

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Rubus odoratus, 214 Scutellaria saxatilis, 27, Solidago nemoralis, 91 Rudbeckia laciniata, 30, 34, 36, 47, 181, 183, Solidago odora, 26, 65, 91, 70, 79, 90, 107, 197 184, 213, 216, 217 108, 130, 136 Saccharum alopecuroides, Scutellaria serrata, 145 Solidago patula, 31, 70, 62 Sericocarpus asteroides, 78, 131, 197 Saccharum giganteum, 23, 91, 130 Solidago puberula, 35, 109 131, 136 Setophaga caerulescens, Solidago rugosa, 122 Sagittaria latifolia, 32, 79 21, 178 Solidago speciosa, 61, 112 Salix nigra, 31, 32, 78, Setophaga cerulea, 179 Solidago sphacelata, 23, 139, 187 Setophaga citrina, 31, 139 70, 95, 125, 169 Sambucus canadensis, 33, Setophaga fusca, 178 Sorghastrum nutans, 23, 78, 139, 197 Setophaga pinus, 30, 90 24, 25, 27, 61, 131, 152, Sambucus racemosa, 22, Silene ovata, 27, 34, 36, 173, 182 29, 102, 106, 144, 183, 105, 109, 121, 122, 159, Sparganium americanum, 216 160 31, 78, 187 Sambucus racemosa var. Silene stellata, 163, 193 Speyeria diana, 172, 174, pubens, 22, 29, 102, Silene virginica, 172, 214 179, 202 106, 144, 183, 216 Silphium asteriscus, 163 Sphenopholis intermedia, Sander canadensis, 40, 43 Silphium compositum, 172, 112 Sanguinaria canadensis, 220 Sphenopholis 122, 126, 131, 173 Sitta canadensis, 27, 173, pensylvanica, 31, 139 Sanicula odorata, 164, 168 174 Spigelia marilandica, 35, Sanicula smallii, 152 Sitta pusilla, 16, 20, 26, 36, 129, 130, 132 Sassafras albidum, 25, 26, 100 Spilogale putorius, 42 27, 29, 65, 69, 84, 95, Smallanthus uvedalia, 23, Spiraea japonica, 131 100, 106, 111, 121, 125, 113, 126, 131, 216 Stachys clingmanii, 28, 129, 136, 143, 151, 163, Smilax bona-nox, 91 159, 160, 183, 185 167, 172, 173, 177, 182, Smilax glauca, 220 Stachys latidens, 164 193, 214 Smilax herbacea, 28, 29, Stellaria corei, 86, 102, Sayornis phoebe, 113 85, 106 103, 179 Sceptridium jenmanii, 36 Smilax laurifolia, 33 Stellaria pubera, 113, 198 Schizachyrium scoparium, Smilax rotundifolia, 69, 85, Stenanthium gramineum, 22, 24, 25, 26, 61, 70, 172, 178, 182, 184, 214 26, 85, 101 84, 91, 95, 100, 107, Solidago arguta, 22, 109, Sternotherus minor, 41, 42, 108, 112, 130, 152, 169, 151, 192 147 173, 182, 191 Solidago bicolor, 24, 144, Stewartia ovata, ii, 28, 35, Scirpus atrovirens, 31, 139 178 36, 73, 74, 95, 96, 111, Scirpus cyperinus, 31, 78, Solidago curtisii, 101, 106, 112, 113, 114, 125, 126, 187 193, 214 129, 131, 132 Scirpus polyphyllus, 70 Solidago flaccidifolia, 70, Streptopus lanceolatus, Scutellaria elliptica, 70, 84, 113, 121, 131, 143, 102 131, 178 172, 193, 201, 216 Streptopus lanceolatus var. Scutellaria ovata, 74, 172, Solidago flexicaulis, 21, lanceolatus, 102 174 85, 102, 107, 144, 192, Stylosanthes biflora, 23, 216 131 Solidago juncea, 62 Sus scrofa, 173, 193

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Symphyotrichum Toxicodendron radicans, Vaccinium hirsutum, 22, cordifolium, 26, 106, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 67, 27, 35, 114, 130, 132, 214 70, 91, 96, 106, 112, 144, 145, 172, 174, 179, Symphyotrichum 125, 131, 136, 144, 151, 191, 193, 194, 202 lanceolatum, 91 168, 173, 183, 192 Vaccinium pallidum, 25, Symphyotrichum patens, Tradescantia subaspera, 27, 74, 91, 95, 100, 108, 70, 91, 130 66, 91, 107, 169, 193 151, 164, 167, 182, 214 Symphyotrichum shortii, Trientalis borealis, 21, 34, Vaccinium simulatum, 215 28, 34, 36, 47, 143, 144, 36, 121, 122, 191, 194 Vaccinium stamineum, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, Trillium catesbaei, 24, 172 100, 131, 169, 178, 214, 169, 171, 172, 174, 201, Trillium cuneatum, 96, 113 220 202 Trillium erectum, 102 Vaejovis carolinianus, 29, Symphyotrichum Trillium grandiflorum, 48, 66, 67 urophyllum, 131 107, 172 Verbesina virginica, 23, Symplocos tinctoria, 23, Trillium rugelii, 74, 131, 35, 111, 114, 125, 126 25, 29, 62, 65, 66, 74, 132 Vermivora cyanoptera, 26, 130, 135 Trillium simile, 35, 36, 47, 41, 42, 77, 80 Taenidia integerrima, 27, 177, 179 Viburnum acerifolium, 21, 106 Trillium undulatum, 101 69, 101, 112, 125, 143, Tephrosia virginiana, 26, Trillium vaseyi, 152, 201 151, 172, 201 65, 130, 136 Triosteum aurantiacum, Viburnum cassinoides, 30, Thalictrum clavatum, 32, 29, 85, 86, 107, 109, 90 70, 108, 113, 152, 164 144, 145, 164, 165, 168, Viburnum lantanoides, 22, Thalictrum macrostylum, 169, 202 34, 102 31, 33, 35, 36, 77, 78, Tsuga canadensis, 23, 24, Viburnum nudum, 31, 33, 80, 139, 140 28, 29, 30, 67, 70, 73, 79, 131, 136 Thalictrum pubescens, 28, 85, 96, 100, 108, 111, Viburnum prunifolium, 220 29, 85, 106, 178 130, 152, 155, 171, 182, Vicia caroliniana, 168 Thaspium barbinode, 29, 192, 198, 216 Villosa iris, 43, 147, 148, 144 Typha latifolia, 31, 78 205, 206, 209, 210 Thelypteris Ulmus alata, 22, 61, 70, Villosa trabalis, 43, 147, noveboracensis, 21, 26, 91, 95, 125, 131, 136 148 30, 85, 90, 101, 107, Ulmus rubra, 102, 112 Villosa vanuxemensis, 40, 121, 130, 178, 193, 197, Ursus americanus, 21, 43, 205, 206 215 105, 183, 219 Viola blanda, 74, 113, 131, Thermopsis villosa, 179 Uvularia grandiflora, 102, 179 Tiarella cordifolia, 113, 107, 164 Viola canadensis, 22, 102, 220 Uvularia puberula, 26, 85 107, 152, 164, 193 Tilia americana, 27, 28, Vaccinium arboreum, 22, Viola hastata, 79, 112, 215 96, 102, 107, 112, 126, 25, 29, 61, 65, 70, 91, Viola labradorica, 30, 90, 144, 164, 173, 183, 192, 95, 112, 125, 135, 219 92, 113, 114, 140 216 Vaccinium corymbosum, Viola pedata, 91 Tilia americana var. 28, 30, 32, 67, 70, 79, Viola rostrata, 113, 126 heterophylla, 27, 28, 96, 90, 121, 122 Viola striata, 96 102, 107, 112, 126, 144, Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Viola walteri var. 164, 173, 183, 192, 216 21, 22, 101, 216 appalachiensis, 179

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Vireo solitarius, 21 Vitis labrusca, 31, 32, 79, Woodwardia areolata, 31, Vitis aestivalis, 21, 131, 139 33, 78, 79, 132, 136 172, 192, 201 Vitis rotundifolia, 29 Xanthorhiza simplicissima, Vitis cinerea, 70, 122 Woodsia obtusa, 61, 136 30, 79, 132, 220

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