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An Inventory of the Significant Natural Areas of Cherokee County, North Carolina

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An Inventory of the Significant Natural Areas of Cherokee County, North Carolina AN INVENTORY OF THE SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREAS OF CHEROKEE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA Edward Schwartzman Inventory Biologist North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Office of Land and Water Stewardship Department of Environment and Natural Resources Raleigh, NC Funding provided by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund and Clean Water Management Trust Fund December 2014 Cover photograph: Mountain camellia (Stewartia ovata), by Ed Schwartzman AN INVENTORY OF THE SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREAS OF CHEROKEE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA Edward Schwartzman Inventory Biologist North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Office of Land and Water Stewardship Bryan Gossage, Director Department of Environment and Natural Resources Raleigh, NC Funding provided by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund and Clean Water Management Trust Fund December 2014 ABSTRACT This inventory of the natural areas, biological communities, and rare species of Cherokee County was funded by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund and the Clean Water Management Trust Fund. This inventory identifies the most significant natural areas in the county, describes their features, and documents all natural communities and rare species of plants and animals associated with them. Habitat conditions, natural processes, and threats are also described. The inventory is intended to provide guidance for land use decisions by the land owners, conservation and land management organizations, and interested citizens. Field work was carried out by Ed Schwartzman of the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program during 2010-2013. Cherokee County is an important area for the biodiversity of North Carolina and the Southern Appalachians. A total of 35 terrestrial and aquatic natural areas are documented in this report. All of these contain important elements of the state’s natural heritage in the form of unique species of plants and animals and natural communities. Of the 35 natural areas, 4 have an Exceptional significance rating and 9 are rated as having Very High significance. Highlights of the county’s natural diversity include the Valley River Mountains and Piercy Range, which contain excellent examples of intact natural communities, principally northern hardwoods, boulderfield forest, and Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens)-dominated communities. Spanning the northern and western edge of Cherokee County are the Snowbird and Unicoi mountains, which comprise a continuous chain of high mountains extending over 40 miles. These mountains contain pockets of calcium-rich rock and allow for the development of highly diverse plant communities, such as cove and rich oak-hickory forest that support several distinctive species not found elsewhere in the county. Cherokee County’s low elevation river valleys are important for the county’s biodiversity and are unique in North Carolina in supporting wildlife species not known elsewhere in the state. Of particular importance to the biodiversity of Cherokee County are the Hiwassee and Valley rivers, which support habitat for several aquatic species that are endangered or threatened in North Carolina. The county’s natural areas support a broad array of natural communities. The 37 community types documented from Cherokee County include pine and hardwood forests, rock outcrops, seeps, and wetlands. Within these communities are found rare and unusual species of plants and animals. Twenty five species of vascular plants with State- or Federal-listed status have been reported from Cherokee County, including 10 recent discoveries and 3 species that were rediscovered after not having been seen in many years. Cherokee County is home to a rich diversity of wildlife and is one of the most important mountain counties for rare aquatic species. The county’s broad valleys and extensive system of rivers and tributaries provide ample habitat for riparian and aquatic species. There are a total of 49 rare animal species listed for Cherokee County, the bulk of which are aquatic taxa, including 10 mussels, 7 fishes, 4 crustaceans, and an aquatic snail. Rare amphibians are also well-represented in the county, with 7 listed species present. Four species of rare reptiles and 4 rare mammal taxa have also been documented, as well 2 birds and 2 terrestrial invertebrates. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks go to the following individuals and organizations for their help with the completion of this county inventory, for this effort would not have been possible without them. Thanks goes to the county’s land conservation organization, the Land Trust for the Little Tennessee (LTLT), which assisted with the identification of high priority areas for survey. Thanks goes to the staff of the Nantahala National Forest, for assisting with site identification and access to the county’s public lands. Surveys by the Mountain Wildlife Diversity team and aquatic biologists of the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission provided much of the documentation of rare animals found in the county. This report would not have been possible were it not for the efforts of many skilled biologists and their prior exploration of Cherokee County. Recent work by the following individuals was particularly useful in completing the inventory: Mike Schafale (N.C. Natural Heritage Program), Gary Kauffman (U.S. Forest Service), Joy O’Keefe (Indiana State University), and Lori Williams (N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission). Wildlife Biologist Reed Rossell dedicated several weeks to the inventory effort and assisted greatly in the documentation of the county’s fauna and many of its natural areas. Special thanks go out to Johnny and Pam Strawn of Hanging Dog Valley Nursery for their valuable advice and support during the survey process. The kind hospitality of John Clark and Karen Hurtubise of Qualla Berry Farm is also greatly appreciated. A number of volunteers kindly provided their time and expertise in assisting with field surveys, including Dr. J.D. Pittillo, Owen Carson (Equinox Environmental), Josh Kelly (Western North Carolina Alliance), and Brent Martin, Jill Gottesman, and Hugh Irvin (The Wilderness Society). Thanks also are extended to the citizens of Cherokee County for providing access to their natural areas and for supporting this effort to document the unique natural diversity that the area possesses. Jame Amoroso, Misty Buchanan, John Finnegan, and Linda Rudd reviewed the draft report and maps and assisted in the production of the final copy. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods....................................................................................................................................... 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ..................................................................................... 6 Climate ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Topography and Physiography ................................................................................................... 6 Cherokee County’s Waterways................................................................................................... 7 Geology and Soils ..................................................................................................................... 11 Land Use History ...................................................................................................................... 14 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 16 Natural Communities ................................................................................................................ 16 Natural Community Diversity across the Landscape ................................................................ 20 Flora .......................................................................................................................................... 34 Fauna ......................................................................................................................................... 40 Natural Areas ............................................................................................................................ 47 Areas for Future Study .............................................................................................................. 51 Conservation Options................................................................................................................ 51 BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LAWS ........................................ 53 Federal Law .............................................................................................................................. 53 State Law .................................................................................................................................. 54 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 55 NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTIONS .......................................................................................... 58 APPALACHIA LAKE OLD-GROWTH SITE ........................................................................ 61 BEAVERS BRANCH WETLAND AND SLOPES
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