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Home , Aesculus flava, Ambrosia trifida, Andersonglossum, Arundinaria appalachiana, Asimina parviflora, Berchemia

Preliminary Checklist of the Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

of Cave National Wildlife Refuge

______

Prepared for: Fish & Wildlife Service

Prepared by: J. Kevin England, MAT

David Richardson, MS

Completed: as of 22 Sep 2019

All rights reserved.

Phone: 256-565-4933 Email: [email protected]

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR2

ABSTRACT

I.) Total Biodiversity Data The main objective of this study was to inventory and document the total biodiversity of terrestrial habitats located at Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge (FCNWR).

Table 1. Total Biodiversity of Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., AL, USA Level of Classification Families Genera Lichens and Allied Fungi 14 21 28 Bryophytes (Bryophyta, Anthocerotophyta, Marchantiophyta) 7 9 9 Vascular (Tracheophytes) 76 138 176 (Class Insecta) 9 9 9 Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) 1 1 1 Millipedes (Class Diplopoda) 2 3 3 Amphibians (Class Amphibia) 3 4 5 Reptiles (Class Reptilia) 2 3 3 (Class Aves) 1 1 1 Mammals (Class Mammalia) 2 2 2 Total 117 191 237

II. Vascular Flora (Appendix 3) Methods and Materials To compile a thorough vascular flora survey, several examples of different communities at numerous sites were visited and sampled during the study. Approximately 45 minutes was spent documenting community structure at each site. Lastly, all habitats, ecological systems, and plant associations found within the property boundaries were defined based on floristic content, soil characteristics (soil maps) and other abiotic factors. Flora & Fauna of FCNWR3

The most commonly used texts for specimen identification in this study were Flora of

North America (1993+), Mohr (1901), Radford et al. (1968), Short and Spaulding (2012) and

Weakley (2015). Determinations were reinforced by consulting specimens from the UWAL herbarium and hb. J.K. England. Nomenclature of identifications generally follows Flora of

North America (1993+) and Weakley (2016).

Vascular Flora Results and Discussion

During the current study, a total of 176 unique taxa classified in 138 genera, and 76 families were documented to occur on the property (Table 2) (Appendix 3). The six largest families within the flora were (21 taxa), (13 taxa), Cyperaceae (10 taxa),

Fabaceae (7 taxa), Fagaceae (6 taxa), and Juglandaceae (6 taxa) (Fig. 1). These six families comprise 35.39 percent of the flora. The seven largest genera within the flora were Carex (9 taxa), Quercus (6 taxa), Carya (5 taxa), Acer (4 taxa), Asplenium (4 taxa), (3 taxa), and

Ulmus (3 taxa) (Fig. 2). These seven genera comprise approximately 19.10 percent of the flora.

Approximately 3.98 percent of the flora is considered non-native to Jackson County,

(Table 3). Non-native taxa were commonly found in throughout FCNWR. Five sensitive taxa were encountered on the property (ANHP 2017) (Table 4). County records encountered on the

Refuge only accounted for 0.57 percent of the flora (Table 5). This lower number of county records was primarily due the thesis work by Brodeur (1999) and frequent collections by other botanist. Herbaceous taxa were the typical growth habit encountered which accounted for 54.49 percent of the flora (Table 6).

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR4

Table 2. Vascular Floristics of Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., AL, USA Level of Classification Families Genera Species Lycopodiophyta (Clubmosses) 0 0 0 Monilophyta () 8 10 13 Acrogymnospermae (Extant Gymnosperms) 1 1 1 & Primitive Angiosperms 4 9 10 Monocotyledonae (Monocots) 9 18 31 Eudicotyledonae () 54 100 121 Total 76 138 176

Table 3. Comparison of Non-Native Taxa of the Vascular Plants of the Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., AL, USA

Level of Classification Non-Native % of Flora Lycopodiophyta (Clubmosses) 0 0.00% Monilophyta (Ferns) 0 0.00% Acrogymnospermae (Extant Gymnosperms) 0 0.00% Magnoliids & Primitive Angiosperms 0 0.00% Monocotyledonae (Monocots) 1 0.57% Eudicotyledonae (Eudicots) 6 3.41% Total 7 3.98%

Table 4. Sensitive Taxa of the flora of Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., AL, USA State Global Federal Scientific Name Vernacular Name Rank Rank Status Asplenium American Hart's Tongue S1 G4T3 Threatened scolopendrium* Fern kentukea Kentucky Yellow S3 G4 — Cotinus obovata American Smoketree S2 G4 — Jeffersonia diphylla Twinleaf S2 G5 — grandis Great Wood Sorrel S1 G4/G5 — *Extirpated

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR5

Table 5. Comparison of County Records Collected During the Vascular Plants of the Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., AL, USA

Level of Classification Non-Native % of Flora Lycopodiophyta (Clubmosses) 0 0.00% Monilophyta (Ferns) 0 0.00% Acrogymnospermae (Extant Gymnosperms) 0 0.00% Magnoliids & Primitive Angiosperms 0 0.00% Monocotyledonae (Monocots) 0 0.00% Eudicotyledonae (Eudicots) 1 0.57% Total 1 0.57%

Table 6. Comparison of Growth Habits of the Vascular Plants of the Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., AL, USA

Growth Habit Abbrv. # of Taxa % of Flora Herbaceous H 97 54.49% T 50 28.09% V 16 8.99% S 15 8.43% Total 178 100.00%

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR6

25 14.00%

12.00% 20 10.00%

15 8.00%

6.00% 10

4.00% 5 2.00%

0 0.00%

Number of Taxa Percent of Flora

Figure 1. Size comparison of major plant families of the Vascular Flora of the Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., AL, USA

10 6.00%

9 5.00% 8

7 4.00% 6

5 3.00%

4 2.00% 3

2 1.00% 1

0 0.00% Carex Quercus Carya Acer Asplenium Solidago Ulmus

Number of Taxa Percent of Flora

Figure 2. Size comparison of major plant genera of the Vascular Flora of the Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., AL, USA

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR7

III. Lichen and Allied Fungi (Appendix 1) Field and Herbarium Studies

Collecting trips at FCNWR were also spent gathering lichens according to standard collecting procedures using a hammer, chisel, knife and a hand-held pruner (Brodo et al. 2001).

Lichens were placed in folded paper or paper sacks and stored for identification and later processing. Primary literature used for identification included, Brodo (2016), Brodo et al.

(2001), Dey (1978), Esslinger (1978), Harris and Ladd (2005), and Lendemer et al. (2013), and standard spot tests (K, C, P) followed Brodo et al. (2001). Chemical compounds in some specimens were also examined using thin layer chromatography following Culberson and

Kristinsson (1970) in solvents A, B′, and C. The use of standard dissecting scopes and compound light microscopes along with UV light fluorescence were also employed in identification.

In addition to collections made, herbarium records located at AUA and UWAL were searched and a query of the Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria (CNALH 2019) was also made to obtain additional records previously collected from the FCNWR.

Results and Discussion

Table 7. Comparison of Growth Habits of the Lichen and Allied Fungi of the Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson Co., AL, USA Growth Habit Abbrv. # of Taxa % of Lichens & Allied Fungi Flora Crustose CR 9 32.14% Foliose FO 15 53.57% Fruticose FR 4 14.29% Total 28 100.00%

IV. Fauna (Terrestrial) (Appendix 4) Flora & Fauna of FCNWR8

V. Bryophytes (Bryophyta, Anthocerotophyta, Marchantiophyta) (Appendix 2)

VI. Habitats & Plant Communities Many different habitats made up of unique plant communities were encountered within the FCNWR property. Distinct plant habitats documented include disturbed woodlands, wetlands, true aquatic vegetation and ruderal communities. Each habitat is influenced by soil type, topography, moisture levels, and level of human disturbance, and is divided into unique ecological systems. Ecological systems are biological communities found in similar physical environments and influenced by similar ecological processes (Comer et al. 2003). These ecological systems were defined qualitatively during the current study based on distinct plant compositions within a defined habitat. Within each ecological system specific plant community types, or associations, were documented. These associations tend to occur together within areas with similar ecological processes and substrates (Comer et al. 2003). Some of the specific plant associations are considered sensitive by NatureServe (2017). Each habitat, ecological system, and association that could be located is listed below. All rare associations listed below, according to NatureServe (2017), will be designated by the global rankings and a star ().

1. XXXX

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR9

APPENDIX

Species entry set-up is as follows: species Authority; State/Global/Federal Rankings; Common Name; Growth Habit; {Notes} Specific designations are as follows: County Record (*) (Genus species Authority are all in bold.) State Designations: Rare Species (), Non-native species (‡), Invasive () Growth Habit (Lichens & Allied Fungi): Crustose (CR), Foliose (FO), Fruticose (FR) Growth Habit (vascular plants): Herbaceous (H), Shrub (S), Tree (T), Vine (V)

Appendix 1. Lichens and Allied Fungi

CALICIACEAE Buellia erubescens Arnold; Black-dot lichen; CR

COLLEMATACEAE Enchylium coccophorum (Tuck.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin; Tar-jelly lichen; FO Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) C.W. Dodge; Dixie jelly lichen; FO Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb.; Blue jelly-skin lichen; FO

GRAPHIDACEAE Graphis scripta (L.) Ach.; Common script lichen; CR

LECIDEACEAE Clauzadea chondrodes (A. Massal.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux; Blackspot Lichen; CR Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph; Smokey-eyed Boulder lichen; CR

LOBARIACEAE Crocodia aurata (Ach.) Link; Green speckle-belly lichen; FO Sticta carolinensis McDonald; Carolina Moon Lichen; FO

PARMELIACEAE Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale; shield lichen; FO Parmotrema perforatum (Jacq.) A. Massal.; Perforated ruffle lichen; FO Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy; Netted ruffle lichen; FO Parmotrema tinctorum (Delise ex Nyl.) Hale; Palm ruffle lichen; FO Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog; Rough speckled shield lichen; FO Usnea strigosa (Ach.) Eaton; Bushy beard lichen; FR

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR10

PELTIGERACEAE Dendriscocaulon intricatulum (Nyl.) Henssen; Olive thorn lichen; FR Peltigera pratextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf; Scaly pelt lichen; FO

PERTUSARIACEAE Pertusaria paratuberculifera Dibben; Spotted wart lichen; CR Pertusaria texana Müll.Arg.; Texas wart lichen; CR

PHYSCIACEAE Anaptychia palmulata (Michaux) Vain.; Shaggy-fringed lichen; FO Physcia millegrana Degel.; Mealy rosette lichen; FO Physcia pumilior R.C. Harris; Spotted rosette lichen; FO Physciella chloantha (Ach.) Essl.; Cryptic rosette lichen; FO

PLACYNTHIACEAE Placynthium nigrum (Hudson) Gray; Black-thread lichen; CR

RAMALINACEAE Ramalina americana Hale; Sinewed ramalina; FR

STEREOCAULACEAE Lepraria finkii (B. de Lesd.) R.C. Harris; Fink’s dust lichen; CR

TELOSCHISTACEAE Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup; Sulphur-firedot lichen; CR

VERRUCARIACEAE Dermatocarpon muhlenbergii (Ach.) Müll.Arg.; Muhlenberg’s stippleback lichen; FR Flora & Fauna of FCNWR11

Appendix 2. Bryophytes (Bryophyta, Anthocerotophyta, Marchantiophyta)

BRACHYTHECIACEAE Bryoandersonia illecebra; Spoonleaf Moss

CLIMACIACEAE Climacium americanum; American Tree Moss

FRULLANIACEAE Frullania sp.; Scalewort

LEUCODONTACEAE Forrstroemia trichomitria; — Leucodon julaceus; Catkin Squirrel-tail Moss

ORTHOTRICHACEAE Ulota sp.; Pincushion Moss

THELIACEAE Thelia sp.; Trailblazer Moss

THUIDIACEAE Anomodon sp.; Tree-apron Moss Thuidium sp.; Fern Moss

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR12

Appendix 3. Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes)

MONILOPHYTA (Ferns)

ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium platyneuron (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenburg; Ebony Spleenwort; H Asplenium resiliens Kunze; Blackstem Spleenwort; H Asplenium rhizophyllum Linnaeus; Walking Fern; H Asplenium scolopendrium Linnaeus var. americanum (Fernald) Kartesz & Gandhi; S1/G4T3 - Federally Threatened; American Hart's Tongue Fern; H; {Extirpated; Most recent collection, from herbaria located in Alabama, was collected by Michael A. Ray (Michael A. Ray 68, JSU105213) on 20 Dec 1982. Habitat was noted as “bottom of 20 m pit facing a cave ent.(-rance)”}

CYSTOPTERIDACEAE protrusa (Weatherby) Blasdell; Lowland Bladder Fern; H

DRYOPTERIDACEAE Polystichum acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott; Christmas Fern; H

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrypus virginianus (Linnaeus) Michaux; Rattlesnake Fern; H Sceptridium dissectum (Sprengel) Lyon; Cut- Grape Fern; H

POLYPODIACEAE michauxiana (Weatherby) Hickey & Sprunt; Resurrection Fern; H

PTERIDACEAE Adiantum pedatum Linnaeus; Northern Maidenhair Fern; H Pellaea atropurpurea (Linnaeus) Link; Purple Cliffbrake; H

THELYPTERIDACEAE Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michaux) Fée; Broad Beech Fern; H

WOODSIACEAE Woodsia obtusa (Sprengel) Torrey var. obtusa; Blunt Lobe Cliff Fern; H

ACROGYMNOSPERMAE (Gymnosperms)

CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus virginiana Linnaeus var. virginiana; Eastern Red Cedar; T

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR13

MAGNOLIIDS AND PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS

ANNONACEAE parviflora (Michaux) Dunal; Small Pawpaw; S (Linnaeus) Dunal; Common Pawpaw; T

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE canadense Linnaeus; Common Wild Ginger; H Endodeca serpentaria (Linnaeus) Rafinesque; Snakeroot; H arifolia (Michaux) Small; Little Brown Jug; H Isotrema tomentosum (Sims) H. Huber; Woolly Dutchman's-pipe; V

LAURACEAE Lindera benzoin (Linnaeus) Blume; Northern Spicebush; S Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Nees; Sassafras; T

MAGNOLIACEAE Liriodendron tulipifera Linnaeus; Tulip-tree; T Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus; Cucumber Magnolia; T

MONOCOTYLEDONAE (Monocots) ARACEAE Arisaema triphyllum (Linnaeus) Schott; Common Jack-in-the-pulpit; H

COMMELINACEAE Tradescantia subaspera Ker-Gawler; Wide-leaved Spiderwort; H

CYPERACEAE Carex albursina Sheldon; White Bear Sedge; H Carex basiantha Steudel; Basal Sedge; H Carex cherokeensis Schweinitz; Cherokee Sedge; H Carex cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral, & Bryson; Cumberland Sedge; H Carex grayi Carey; ’s Sedge; H Carex kraliana Naczi & Bryson; Kral's Sedge; H Carex leavenworthii Dewey; Leavenworth's Sedge; H Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willdenow; Eastern Few-fruited Sedge; H Carex virescens Muhlenberg ex Schkuhr; Downy Green Sedge; H Scleria oligantha Michaux; Few-flowered Nutrush; H

DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea villosa Linnaeus; Common Wild Yam; V Flora & Fauna of FCNWR14

HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis hirsuta (Linnaeus) Coville; Common Stargrass; H

POACEAE appalachiana Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark; Hill Cane; S (Walter) Muhlenberg; River Cane; S Bromus pubescens Muhlenberg ex Willdenow; Common Eastern Brome; H Chasmanthium latifolium (Michaux) Yates; River Oats; H Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (Poiret) Yates var. sessiliflorum; Longleaf Spikegrass; H Danthonia sp. ; H Dichanthelium sp.; H Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould; Variable Witchgrass; H Elymus hystrix Linnaeus; Eastern Bottlebrush Grass; H Festuca sp.; H Festuca sp.; H Melica mutica Walter; Two Flower Melic Grass; H ‡Microstegium vimineum (Trinius) A. Camus; Japanese Stilt-grass; H; {Large populations found throughout lower portions of FCNWR.}

RUSCACEAE Maianthemum racemosum (Linnaeus) Link ssp. racemosum; False Solomon's-seal; H

SMILACACEAE Smilax bona-nox Linnaeus var. bona-nox; Catbriar; V Smilax rotundifolia Linnaeus; Common Greenbriar; V

TRILLIACEAE Trillium cuneatum Rafinesque; Little Sweet Betsy; H

EUDICOTYLEDONAE (Eudicots) caroliniensis (J.F. Gmelin) Steudel; Carolina Wild-petunia; H

ACERACEAE Acer negundo Linnaeus var. negundo; Eastern Box Elder; T Acer rubrum Linnaeus; Eastern Red Maple; T Acer saccharinum Linnaeus; Silver Maple; T Acer saccharum Marshall; Sugar Maple; T

ADOXACEAE Viburnum rufidulum Rafinesque; Southern Black Haw; T Flora & Fauna of FCNWR15

ALTINGIACEAE Liquidambar styraciflua Linnaeus; Sweet Gum; T

AMARANTHACEAE * rhizomatosa Standley; Bloodleaf; H; {Common along lower trail in alluvial floodplain of Paint Rock River.}

ANACARDIACEAE Cotinus obovata Rafinesque; S2/G4; American Smoketree; T; {Common on middle slopes along limestone benches and boulder fields. Plot study revealed C. obovata as an important mid-story and canopy species where common on the Refuge.} Toxicodendron radicans (Linnaeus) Kuntze; Eastern Poison Ivy; V

APIACEAE Cryptotaenia canadensis (Linnaeus) A.P. de Candolle; Canadian Honewort; H canadensis Linnaeus; Canadian Black Snakeroot; H

AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex decidua Walter var. decidua; Possum-haw; S

ARALIACEAE Aralia spinosa Linnaeus; Devil's Walkingstick; S

ASTERACEAE Ageratina altissima (Linnaeus) King & H.E. Robinson; Common White Snakeroot; H Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linnaeus; Common ; H Ambrosia trifida Linnaeus; Giant Ragweed; H Bidens aristosa (Michaux) Britton; Midwestern Tickseed Sunflower; H coelestinum (Linnaeus) A.P. de Candolle; Blue Mistflower; H carolinianus Räuschel; Leafy Elephant's-foot; H Elephantopus tomentosus Linnaeus; Common Elephant’s-foot; H Erigeron sp.; H sp.; H incarnata (Walter) King & H.E. Robinson; Pink Thoroughwort; H floridana (Linnaeus) Gaertner; Woodland Lettuce; H Nabalus sp.; H canadensis Linnaeus; White-flowered Leafcup; H uvedalia (Linnaeus) Mackenzie; Bearsfoot; H Solidago auriculata Shuttleworth ex Blake; Eared Goldenrod; H Solidago caesia Linnaeus; Wreath Goldenrod; H Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (Linnaeus) A.& D. Löve; Calico Aster; H alternifolia (Linnaeus) Britton ex Kearney; Common Wingstem; H Flora & Fauna of FCNWR16

Verbesina virginica Linnaeus; White Crownbeard; H ASTERACEAE; H ASTERACEAE; H

BERBERIDACEAE Jeffersonia diphylla (Linnaeus) Persoon; S2/G5; Twinleaf; H; {Rare along lower trail just past refuge gate on west-facing slope with limestone outcrops/boulders.} ‡Nandina domestica Thunberg; Nandina; S Podophyllum peltatum Linnaeus; May-apple; H

BETULACEAE Betula nigra Linnaeus; River Birch; T Carpinus caroliniana Walter var. virginiana (Marshall) Fernald; Inland American Hornbeam; T Ostrya virginiana (P. Miller) K. Koch; American Hop-hornbeam; T

BIGNONIACEAE capreolata Linnaeus; Cross-vine; V Campsis radicans (Linnaeus) Seemann ex Bureau; Trumpet-creeper; V Catalpa bignonioides Walter; Southern Catalpa; T

BORAGINACEAE Andersonglossum virginianum (L.) J.I. Cohen; Wild Comfrey; H Lithospermum tuberosum Rugel ex A.P. de Candolle; Southern Stoneseed; H

CAMPANULACEAE americana Linnaeus; Tall Bellflower; H

CANNABACEAE laevigata Willdenow; Southern Hackberry; T

CAPRIFOLIACEAE ‡Lonicera japonica Thunberg; Japanese Honeysuckle; V; {Scattered populations throughout property.} Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench; Coralberry; S

CELASTRACEAE americanus Linnaeus; Strawberry-bush; S

CORNACEAE Cornus Linnaeus; Flowering Dogwood; T

CRASSULACEAE ternatum Michaux; Mountain Stonecrop; H Flora & Fauna of FCNWR17

EBENACEAE Diospyros virginiana Linnaeus; American Persimmon; T

ERICACEAE Oxydendrum arboreum (Linnaeus) A.P. de Candolle; Sourwood; T

EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia sp.; H

FABACEAE Cercis canadensis Linnaeus; Eastern Redbud; T Cladrastis kentukea (Dumont de Courset) Rudd; S2/G4; Kentucky Yellow-wood; T; {Rare with only one occurrence on mid-slopes along limestone benches and boulder fields.} Desmodium sp.; H Gleditsia triacanthos Linnaeus; Honey Locust; T Lespedeza sp.; H Robinia pseudoacacia Linnaeus; Black Locust; T marilandica (Linnaeus) Link; Wild Senna; H

FAGACEAE Quercus alba Linnaeus; Northern White Oak; T Quercus montana Willdenow; Rock Chestnut Oak; T Quercus muehlenbergii Engelmann; Chinquapin Oak; T Quercus nigra Linnaeus; Water Oak; T Quercus shumardii Buckley; Shumard Oak; T Lamarck; Black Oak; T

HIPPOCASTANACEAE flava Solander; Yellow Buckeye; T

HYDRANGEACEAE Hydrangea arborescens Linnaeus; Wild Hydrangea; S

HYPERICACEAE Hypericum frondosum Michaux; Limestone St. John's Wort; S

JUGLANDACEAE Carya carolinae-septentrionalis (W.W. Ashe) Engler & Graebner; Carolina Shagbark ; T Carya cordiformis (Wangenheim) K. Koch; Bitternut Hickory; T Carya glabra (P. Miller) Sweet; Pignut Hickory; T Carya ovata (P. Miller) K. Koch; Common Shagbark Hickory; T Flora & Fauna of FCNWR18

Carya tomentosa (Lamarck) Nuttall; Mockernut Hickory; T nigra Linnaeus; Black Walnut; T

LAMIACEAE americana Linnaeus; American Beautyberry; S ‡Perilla frutescens (Linnaeus) Britton; Beefsteak-plant; H lyrata Linnaeus; Lyreleaf Sage; H ovata Hill ssp. ovata; Heartleaf Skullcap; H

MALVACEAE Tilia americana Linnaeus; American Basswood; T

MENISPERMACEAE carolinus (Linnaeus) A.P. de Candolle; Carolina Coralbeads; V

MORACEAE Morus rubra Linnaeus; Red Mulberry; T

NYSSACEAE Nyssa sylvatica Marshall; Black Gum; T

OLEACEAE Fraxinus americana Linnaeus; White Ash; T Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall; Green Ash; T Fraxinus quadrangulata Michaux; Blue Ash; T ‡Ligustrum sinense Loureiro; Chinese ; S; {Common along lower trail with other scattered populations throughout the refuge.}

OROBANCHACEAE Conopholis americana (Linnaeus) Wallroth; American Squawroot; H

OXALIDACEAE Oxalis grandis Small; S1/G4G5; Great Yellow Wood-sorrel; H; {Rare with only one occurrence along lower limestone boulder fields.} Oxalis sp.; H

PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora lutea Linnaeus; Eastern Yellow Passionflower; V

PHRYMACEAE Phryma leptostachya Linnaeus; American Lopseed; H

PHYTOLACCACEAE Flora & Fauna of FCNWR19

Phytolacca americana Linnaeus; Common Pokeweed; H

PLATANACEAE Platanus occidentalis Linnaeus; Sycamore; T

POLYGONACEAE virginiana (Linnaeus) Gaertner; Jumpseed; H

RANUNCULACEAE Actaea racemosa Linnaeus; Common Black Cohosh; H acutiloba A.P. de Candolle; Sharp-lobed Hepatica; H Thalictrum thalictroides (Linnaeus) Boivin; Rue ; H

RHAMNACEAE scandens (Hill) K. Koch; Alabama Supplejack; V caroliniana (Walter) A. Gray; Carolina Buckthorn; S

ROSACEAE Agrimonia rostellata Wallroth; Woodland Agrimony; H canadense Jacquin; White Avens; H Prunus serotina Ehrhart var. serotina; Wild Black Cherry; T

RUBIACEAE circaezans Michaux; Forest Bedstraw; H Galium triflorum Michaux; Sweet-scented Bedstraw; H

RUTACEAE ‡Citrus trifoliata Linnaeus; Trifoliate Orange; S; {Rare with the only occurrence along lower slopes.}

SAXIFRAGACEAE virginiensis (Michaux) Small; Early Saxifrage; H Linnaeus var. austrina Lakela; Southern Foamflower; H

SCROPHULARIACEAE marilandica Linnaeus; Maryland Figwort; H

SIMAROUBACEAE ‡Ailanthus altissima (P. Miller) Swingle; Tree-of-Heaven; T; {Infrequent on lower slopes and along lower trail with many individuals found in disturbed areas along trail and canopy gaps.}

STAPHYLEACEAE Flora & Fauna of FCNWR20

Staphylea trifolia Linnaeus; Bladdernut; T

ULMACEAE Ulmus alata Michaux; Winged ; T Linnaeus var. americana; American Elm; T Ulmus rubra Muhlenberg; Slippery Elm; T

URTICACEAE canadensis (Linnaeus) Weddell; Wood-nettle; H

VIOLACEAE sp.; H

VITACEAE cordata Michaux; Raccoon Grape; V Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michaux) Small var. rotundifolia; Muscadine; V Nekemias arborea (L.) J. Wen & Boggan; Peppervine; V Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Linnaeus) Planchon; Virginia Creeper; V cinerea (Engelmann in A. Gray) Engelmann ex Millardet var. baileyana (Munson) Comeaux; Possum Grape; V

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR21

Appendix 4. Fauna (Terrestrial)

CLASS CHILOPODA (CENTIPEDES) SCOLOPENDRIDAE Hemiscolopendra marginata Say; Eastern Bark Centipede

CLASS DIPLOPODA (MILLIPEDES) SPIROBOLIDAE Narceus americanus Palisot de Beauvois; American Giant Millipede

XYSTODESMIDAE Brachoria sp.; SNR/G1-G3; Appalachian Mimic Millipedes Cherokia georgiana Bollman; SNR/G4; Flat-backed Millipede

CLASS INSECTA (INSECTS) CALOPTERYGIDAE Calopteryx maculata Palisot de Beauvois; Ebony Jewelwing

COCCINELLIDAE ‡Harmonia axyridis Pallas; Asian Lady Beetle

COENAGRIONIDAE Argia tibialis Rambur; Blue-tipped Dancer

COREIDAE Acanthocephala terminalis Dallas; Leaf-footed bug

EREBIDAE retecta Grote; Yellow-Gray Underwing

IXODIDAE Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus; Lone Star Tick

NYMPHALIDAE Vanessa atalanta Linnaeus; Red Admiral

PAPILIONIDAE Battus philenor Linnaeus; Pipevine Swallowtail

PENTATOMIDAE Chinavia hilaris Say; Green Stink Bug Flora & Fauna of FCNWR22

CLASS AMPHIBIA (AMPHIBIANS) BUFONIDAE Anaxyrus fowleri Hinckley; Fowler's Toad

PLETHODONTIDAE Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque; S4/G5 Cave Salamander Plethodon glutinosus Green; Northern Slimy Salamander

RANIDAE Lithobates clamitans Latreille; Green Frog Lithobates sphenocephalus Cope; Southern Leopard Frog

CLASS REPTILIA (REPTILES) COLUBRIDAE Coluber constrictor Linnaeus ssp. priapus Dune & Wood; Southern Black Racer Thamnophis saurita Linnaeus; Eastern Ribbon Snake

EMYDIDAE Terrapene carolina Linnaeus; Eastern Box Turtle

CLASS AVES (BIRDS) PHASIANIDAE Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus; Wild Turkey

CLASS MAMMALIA (MAMMALS) CERVIDAE Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann; White-tailed deer

SCIURIDAE Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin; Eastern Gray Squirrel

Flora & Fauna of FCNWR23

Acknowledgments

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