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Southern Appalachian Forests

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Southern Appalachian Forests Professional Paper No. 37 Series H, Forestry, 12 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D WALCOTT, DIREcToR THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FORESTS BY H. B. AYRES and W. W. ASHE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1905 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 13 Location 13 Relief 14 Drainage 15 Settlement 15 Natural resources 15 Climate 16 Scenery 16 Water supply 17 Agriculture 17 The forest 18 Injury to the forest 18 Forest fires 18 Lumbering 19 Cleared land Grazing 21 The remaining forest 23 Reforestation 24 Future of the region 25 Tree species 26 Shrubs 40 Rate of growth 42 Description of drainage basins 51 New River basin 57 Big Laurel Creek district 58 Horse Creek basin 59 Helton Creek district 60 Wilson Creek basin 61 Fox Creek basin 62 Guffeys Creek basin 62 Middle Fox Creek basin 63 Dell district 64 Knob Fork district 65 Elk Creek district 66 Peach Bottom Creek district 67 Bridle Creek district 68 Little Fox Creek basin 69 Piney and Potato Creek districts 70 3 4 CONTENTS. Description of drainage basinsContinued. New River basinContinued. Page. Grassy Creek basin 70 Jefferson district 71 Boone district 72 Beverly district 73 Speedwell district 74 Kinser Creek district 75 Cripple Creek district 76 Brush Creek basin 77 South Fork of Hoiston River basin (southern tributaries only) 78 Cressy Creek district 80 Dickey Creek district 81 Rye Valley district 82 Como Creek basin 83 Holston district 84 North side of Holston Mountain 85 Shady Valley district 86 Laurel Bloomery district 87 White Top Creek district 88 Valley Creek district 89 Watauga River basin 90 North end of Buffalo Mountain 92 Little and Stone Mountain districts 93 Gap Creek Mountain 94 Little Doe River and IRipshin Creek districts 95 White Rock Mountain (west side) 96 Laurel Fork district 97 Pond Mountain district 98 Iron Mountain district 98 Stony Creek district 99 Little Doe River basin ioo Roane Creek district ioi Forge Creek district 102 Fish Spring district 104 Buck Mountain district - 105 Hattie district 105 Key Station district 106 Southern tributary basins of Watauga River 107 Western tributary basins of Doe River above Roan Mountain Station 108 Elk Creek district 109 Cove Creek district iii Elizabethton district 112 Nolichucky River basin 112 Cherokee and Buffalo Mountgin districts 114 Limestone Cove district 115 CONTENTS. 5 Description of drainage basinsContinued. Nolichucky River basinContinued. Page. Erwin district 116 North Bald Creek basin 117 Jacks Creek district 118 Caney River district 119 Spive Creek district 120 Rocky Fork district 121 South Indian Creek district 122 Embreville district 123 Indian Creek district 124 South Toe River basin 125 Hollow Poplar and Pigeon Roost Creek basins 127 Caney River basin above Burnsville 128 Doebag Branch district 129 French Broad River basin, above Skyland 131 Puncheon Fork district 132 Little Creek district 133 Foster Creek and Roaring Fork districts 134 Shelton Laurel Creek district 135 Spilicorn Creek district 136 Spring Creek basin below Bluff 137 Spring Creek basin above Bluff 137 Big Pine Creek district 138 Pawpaw and Little Pine Creek districts 139 Sandymush Creek district 140 Wolf Creek basin 141 Paint Creek basin 141 South Fork of Hominy Creek basin 143 Shut-in Creek basin 144 Meadow and Roaring Fork basins 146 Paint Creek basin (Cocke County, Tenn.) 148 Gulf Fork basin 150 Pigeon River basin 152 East, West, and Little East forks of Pigeon River 153 Pigeon River Valley between Canton and Ferguson 154 Cataluchee Creek district 155 Big Creek basin 156 Mountain Creek basin 157 Hurricane Creek basin 157 Crabtree Creek basin 157 Hemphill Creek basin - - 158 Ground Hog and Cold Spring Creek basins 159 East Fork of Pigeon River basin 160 Jonathan Creek basin above IJeiwood 162 West Fork of Pigeon River basin above Lavinia 163 6 CONTENTS. Description of drainage basinsContinued. Pigeon River basinContinued. Page Pigeon River basin between Lavinia and Clyde 165 Fines Creek basin 166 Northwestern slope of Smoky Mountains 167 North slope of White Rock Mountain 169 Briar Cove district 170 Alum Cave Creek district 171 Little River basin above Eli McCarter's 172 Jakes Creek basin 172 Little River basin below Eli McCarter's 173 Middle and West prongs of Little River basin 174 Laurel Creek basin 175 Cades Cove district 176 Abram Creek district 177 Chilhowee Mountain 178 Tennessee Gap 179 Little Tennessee River basin 180 Cat Creek basin Watauga Creek basin 183 Cowee Creek basin 184 Bradley Creek basin 185 Lakey Creek basin 187 Alarka Creek basin 188 Grassy Camp and Norton Creek basins 189 Savannah Creek basin 191 Cullowee River basin 192 East Fork of Tuckasegee River basin 194 Cullasagee River basin from Franklin to mouth of Buck Creek 195 Yellow Creek basin 197 Otter Creek basin 199 Wine Spring Creek basin 200 Jarrett Creek basin 202 Chogee Creek basin 204 Burningtown Creek basin 205 Tellico Creek basin 207 White Oak Creek basin 209 Caney Fork basin 210 Buck Creek basin 211 Wayah Creek basin 313 Soco Creek basin 214 Oconalufty River basin above forks 216 Oconalufty River basin below forks i7 Twentymile Creek basin 218 Eagle Creek basin 220 Hazel Creek basin 221 ILL US T II A TI ON S. Page. 14 PLATE I. Relief map of Southern Appalachian region, showing distribution of themountains. Original forest, northwest slope of Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee 22 A, Schoolhouse,Little Tennessee Gap, western end of Great Smoky Moun- tains, Tennessee; B, French Broad River, Paintrock, N C 30 Cascades near head of Catawba River, North Carolina 38 A, Appalachian mountain field completely ruined by erosion;B, Driftwood left on fields, the soil being washed away, near Erwin, Term 46 A, Soil removed and white sand spread over surface Catawba Riverlowlands; B, Sand spread over fertile soil, Catawba River lowlands 54 A, Erosion checked by covering gulleys with brush, Longcreek, Va.;B, Ero- sion checked by brush dams, Walnutrun, N. C 62 A, Bald of Big Yellow Mountain, Mitchell County, N. C.; B, Badlywashed mountain field in the Southern Appalachian region 70 Forests reduced by fire and grazing, Doe River gorge, Tennessee 78 Whiteside Mountain, southeast profile, North Carolina 86 Gorge of Linville River, south of the Blue Ridge 94 .XII. Water-power development and cotton mills at Columbus, Ga 102 Upper Falls of Whitewater River, southwestern North Carolina 110 Damages from forest fires in Southern Appalachians 118 A, Base of pine tree burned by forest fires; B, Sprouts from baseof oak killed by forest fires 126 A, Sawing large timber at a small mill in the mountain forest; B,Binding poplar lumber for export, Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee 134 A, Slightly culled mixed forest, near Linville, N. C.;B, Excessively culled white-pine forest, Shady Valley, Tennessee 142 Forest clearings for farming on the Southern Appalachian Mountains 150 A, Newly cleared mountain field, planted in corn, rapidly washing away;B, Recently cleared field, impoverished and abandoned 158 Large poplar tree growing in mountain ravine, western slope ofGreat Smoky Mountains, Tennessee 166 A, Spruce forest near summit of White Top Mountain, Virginia; B,Over-mature and dying spruce forest, Grayson County, Va 174 9 10 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE XXII. A, Grassy bald and border of spruce forest on White Top Mountain, Vir- ginia; B, Reproduction of white-pine forest, Graham County, N. C 182 A, Cutting white-pine timber, Shady Valley, Tennessee; B, Destruction of forest on mountain ridges for pasturage purposes 190 Damage by floods, May, 1901: A, Wreck of sawmill and log boom, Linville River, western North Carolina; B, Destruction of railroad bridge, Unaka Springs, Tenn 198 Damage by floods: A, Ruined public road, Mitchell County, N. C.; B, Destruc- tion of an Appalachian mountain valley 206 A, Waste in sawing at a small mill in Southern Appalachian Mountains; B, Tops left among trees in logging 214 A, Hauling logs to the mountain sawmill; B, Hauling mountain lumber to the railway station 222 XX\nIII. A, Culledforest, BriarCove, Tennessee;B, Forest injured by fire,near Gregory Bald, Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee 230 A, Transporting lumber by water; B, Flood damages to railroad and mining settlement, Keystone, W. Va 236 A, Unnecessary forest destruction along a snaking trail;B, Second growth of oak, French Broad Valley, south of Asheville, N. C 242 Tallulah Falls, Ga 248 A, Wagon road south of Sapphire, N. C.; B, Land erosion near Marion, N. C. 245 Forests on south slopes of Blue Ridge, about Mount Toxaway, in the Sapphire country, North Carolina 260 A, White pine deadened in clearing land, Mitchell County, N. C.; B, Protection against erosion by parallel ditches 266 Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina, the highest point on the Blue Ridge - 272 Swannanoa River near Asheville, N. C 278 Map of a part ofSouthern Appalachian region, showing classificationof lands In pocket. FIG. 1. Diagram showing the rates of diameter growth of the shortleaf and white pines - - - 44 2. Curves showing the rates of height growth of yellow poplar and chestnut on good soil 51 CONTENTS. 7 Description of drainage basinsContinued. Little Tennessee River basinContinued. Page. Forney Creek basin 222 Noland Creek basin 223 Brush Creek basin 224 Big Creek basin 225 Tennessee River basin between Bushnell and the State line 227 Tuckasegee River (south side) between Webster and Bushnell 228 Deep Creek basin 229 Panther Creek basin 231 Stekoah Creek district 231 Little and Big Snowbird Creek basins 232 West Buffalo Creek basin 233 Santeetla Creek district 234 Little Santeetla Creek
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