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The Middle Woodland Occupations of the Kankakee River Valley and Beyond

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The Middle Woodland Occupations of the Kankakee River Valley and Beyond THE MIDDLE WOODLAND OCCUPATIONS OF THE KANKAKEE RIVER VALLEY AND BEYOND The Goodall Tradition Revisited and Reinterpreted William L. Mangold Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology Indiana University September 2009 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee Christopher S. Peebles, Ph.D. Dennis Conway, Ph.D. Anya Peterson Royce, Ph.D. Mark R. Schurr, Ph.D. Karen D. Vitelli, Ph.D. March 6, 2009 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Only in sports and politics is a single person credited for the success of an endeavor, even though that individual may have contributed only a small portion of what was needed. A relief pitcher may be called in at the start of the ninth inning and pitch one inning but is credited with the win. In football, the credit goes to the winning quarterback, even though there were at least several dozen other players that contributed everything from simply doing their job to intercepting what could have been a game winning touchdown. Considering the amount of time that has been devoted to this project, the list of individuals who contributed to its completion could actually run longer than the dissertation itself. While it is not possible to name them all, it does not mean that their help was unappreciated or unimportant. From the field school students and avocational archaeologists, especially those of the Northwest Indiana Archaeological Association, to all my colleagues who provided insights and prodded me to think beyond the boundaries, I am very grateful. Several individuals must, however, be singled out. First of all, my committee of Chris Peebles (Chair); Anya Royce; Karen Vitelli; Dennis Conway, all of Indiana University, and Mark Schurr of the University of Notre Dame deserves a great deal of thanks for steering this work towards a successful completion. Mark should especially receive a larger share of the pie. We spent a lot of time together in the fields along the Kankakee River and in the archaeology lab at Notre Dame. He was also always there, at the other end of cyber space, with guidance on a great number of concerns. iii Three people who were instrumental in its theoretical development and regional focus, but not members of my committee, were Elizabeth Garland, Janet Brashler and Ken Farnsworth. Betsy, Jan, and Ken, with their own research into the Middle Woodland and Hopewell, could always be counted on to encourage or restrain my new lines of thought. Larry Binn and his family of Wilmington, Illinois allowed me access to his collections and extensive knowledge of the archaeology of the lower Kankakee River valley. Without his help, the lower “K3” would still be terra incognita. Various museums, universities, government agencies, and institutions graciously provided access to their collections and records. The Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University, the Center for American Archaeology, and the Illinois State Museum allowed destructive analyses on ceramic sherds from various sites throughout the upper Illinois and Kankakee river valleys. Without this information, the degree of research on intersite relationships would not have been as complete. Dr. James Mills of DePauw University, Geology and Geography Department, conducted the physical processing of the ceramic thin sections and shared his knowledge of their contents. The Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program (ITARP) and the Spurlock Museum at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, allowed access to the archaeological materials from the Utica mound group. The U. S. Department of the Interior, Midwest Archaeological Center in Lincoln, Nebraska, shared important data on the archaeological investigations conducted at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The numerous members and attendees of the Midwest Archaeological Conference shared their ideas, concerns, and suggestions freely over the long life of this project. iv Then, there are the members of the Archaeology Section of the Indiana Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Rick Jones, Amy Johnson, and all the others helped to hammer out the various theoretical problems with pointed debates over the dividers of our office cubicles. My brother Don spent many days with me in the vast number of fields we surveyed for potential sites. His knowledge of land surveying; outdoor skills, and his companionship were very valuable, then and now. The axiom of “Behind every great man, there is a great woman” could not be any more correct than in this instance. Over the years, my wife Kathleen was always there to encourage me when my resolve waivered and to put me back on track. She also accepted my absences for classes and field work. The typing and editing of the final text is the product of her skills. The completion of this work is as much her success as it is mine. Thanks, Hon. At the very beginning of this journey was my father Gordon. He encouraged my interests in ethnography and archaeology at a young age. Dad also supported my decision to enter graduate school to pursue those interests at a time in most men’s lives when major career changes were not encouraged. I wish that he had been alive to share in all that led up to this. Even with the help of all these great people, the theories and conclusions presented here, and any errors they may contain, are the sole responsibility of the author. v ABSTRACT William L. Mangold THE MIDDLE WOODLAND OCCUPATIONS OF THE KANKAKEE RIVER VALLEY AND BEYOND The Goodall Tradition Revisited and Reinterpreted The Middle Woodland period in the Midwest with its mysterious earthen mounds and highly-crafted artifacts has drawn the interest of collectors and archaeologists for centuries. One of the described Middle Woodland cultures in Michigan and Indiana was the Goodall focus, which was redefined into the Goodall tradition. However, additional questions remain. This research addresses such issues as subsistence and settlement patterns, internal and external social relationships, and if the Goodall traditional can be areally delineated. The Goodall tradition is a much smaller cultural expression than those found in the Illinois River valley. Its study, therefore, could shed insight into the activities of the larger Middle Woodland regional expressions. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: The Project and Its Background ........................................................................1 Chapter 2: Physiography of the Study Area .....................................................................31 Chapter 3: The History of Middle Woodland Archaeology in the Kankakee River Basin and Adjacent Areas — The Early Years ..............................................74 Chapter 4: The History of Middle Woodland Archaeology in the Kankakee River Basin and Adjacent Areas — Modern Research ..........................................121 Chapter 5: Findings and Interpretations ..........................................................................162 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................228 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Research Area ............................................................................................7 Figure 2. Environmental Zones in the Research Area ......................................................8 Figure 3. Entrenched Kankakee River Bed near Wilmington, Illinois ...........................37 Figure 4. Extent of Kankakee Marsh, c. 1897 ................................................................44 Figure 5. Duck Hunter, Boat, and Decoys in the Kankakee Marsh, c. 1900 ..................45 Figure 6. Poling a Boat in the Kankakee Marsh, c. 1900 ...............................................45 Figure 7. Dune Succession ..............................................................................................52 Figure 8. Young’s Map of Goodall Site and Mounds, 1948 ...........................................79 Figure 9. “Picasso Pot” from Mound 22, 12LE9 .............................................................82 Figure 10. Allman Mound (left); Franz-Green Mound (right) in the Upp-Wark Mound Group, Porter County, Indiana ...........................................................92 Figure 11. Allman Mound Profiles ...................................................................................93 Figure 12. Harvey Franz on Mound after Clearing, Franz-Green Mound, Porter County, Indiana ...............................................................................................94 Figure 13. Harvey Franz with Shovel Indicating Depth of Tomb, Franz-Green Mound, Porter County, Indiana ......................................................................95 Figure 14. Sketch of Tomb by Amos Green, Franz-Green Mound, Porter County, Indiana ............................................................................................................96 Figure 15. Modified Human Mandibles, Franz-Green Mound, Porter County, Indiana.............................................................................................................99
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