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Thesis May Be Published Without Proper Acknowledgement Beyond Afro-pessimism? British and French Print Media Discourse on Africa Toussaint Nothias Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Media and Communication August 2015 -2- The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Toussaint Nothias to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ©2015 The University of Leeds and Toussaint Nothias -3- In memory of my grandfather Roger Nothias -4- Acknowledgements I am deeply grateful to my supervisors, Chris Paterson and Giorgia Aiello. They have made my PhD experience both exciting and challenging. From our initial exchanges up to the end, they both showed great support and enthusiasm for the project. They have tremendously enriched the thesis by bringing to it their own areas of expertise. I am grateful for their encouragements, availability and for their sharp criticisms. They have made my time as a PhD student uniquely pleasant. I am grateful to the School of Media and Communication at the University of Leeds for supporting me through a departmental scholarship. The school provided me with an extremely friendly, diverse and stimulating environment and I couldn’t imagine having conducted this research in better conditions. Thanks to Kevin Barhnurst, Neil Benn, Richard Doherty, Lee Edwards, Julie Firmstone, Nathalie Henry, David Hesmondhalgh, Bethany Klein, Katy Parry, Liz Pollard, Adrian Quinn, Andrew Thorpe and Katrin Voltmer. In addition to being friendly colleagues, Kate Oakley and Anamik Saha also gave me extremely constructive feedback during my upgrade. My warm thanks also go to the thriving PhD student community and to Kheira Belkhacem, Modestus Fosu, Heidi Herzogenrath-Amelung, Nur Kareelawati Abd Karim, Krukae Pothong, Caitlin Schindler, Stuart Shaw, Ana Stojiljkovic, Yanling Yang and the others. Special thanks go to Christiaan De Beukelaer for all the good times we shared and the many discussions we had, from the organization of the 2014 MeCCSA PGN Conference to the Rihanna concert in Johannesburg. I am also hugely indebted to the World University Network for providing financial support to undertake fieldwork and a 3 months academic visit at the Centre for Film and Media studies at the University of Cape Town. Many thanks to Martha Evans for supporting my visit, for being so generous with her time, for commenting on so much material and for making it possible to present my research to the departmental community. Thanks also to members of the UCT community who took the time to meet with me or to comment in writing on the thesis: Tanja Bosch, Wallace Chuma, Adam Haupt, Francis Nyamnjoh and Ibrahim Saleh. Finally, many thanks go to Bernadine Jones for all the discussions, for being so welcoming and for reading the entire thesis! I am very grateful to the journalists who have generously given their time to be interviewed. This research would not have been possible without their openness. I hope that my research does justice to their perspectives on the debate on Africa’s media image. Thanks to the support of the School of Media and Communication, I was able to present my work in many conferences. I cannot mention all of those who have contributed to my research in all those occasions, but my special thanks go to: Mel Bunce, David Machin, Martin Scott, Annabelle Sreberny, Theo Van Leeuwen, Kate Wright and Barbie Zelizer. Thanks to Paulo Nuno Vicente and Pieter Van der Houwen for assisting in getting access to some interview contacts. My deepest gratitude and love goes to my family. Thanks to my parents and grandparents for their love and support. To my father, thanks for giving me both a passion for the media and a willingness to make it better. To my mother, thanks for so convincingly encouraging me to pursue the PhD during a walk on the Thames’ bank, and for taking so much pride in me. Thanks to my 3 wonderful brothers: Louis-Felix, for the camaraderie and PhD-solidarity; Ange, for being such an inspiring chef; Ernest, for being so cute and making me forget work. I am also very grateful to my extended family: to Florence, for her enthusiasm and warmth, and to Nestor, for inspiring this research in so many ways. I was extremely lucky to have been welcomed with open arms in Nairobi by Live, Toffi, Mamijo, TJ, Bobo and Zazou. They have my deepest affection and made this fieldwork one of the best times of my life. Finally, thanks to Juliana for embarking with me on this adventure, and with so much joy and determination. Thanks for your love, your humour, your patience, your encouragements and for the million ways you have helped me. -5- Abstract Western media have come under intense scrutiny over the past 20 years for their propensity to marginalise Africa and to rely on colonial stereotypes, images and narratives. Both within and outside academia, commentators appeal to the concept of ‘Afro-pessimism’ to qualify and condemn this phenomenon. And yet, the notion is under-theorised and existing empirical studies insufficiently analyse and explain the phenomenon. Drawing on journalism, critical/cultural and postcolonial studies, this thesis seeks to answer the following questions: What is Afro-pessimism? Is it an adequate characterisation of media coverage, and if so, to what extent? Is media coverage moving beyond Afro-pessimism? In order to answer these theoretical and empirical questions, this thesis develops a conceptualisation of Afro-pessimism and provides a Critical Discourse Analysis of British and French print media. The analysis focuses on British and French broadsheet newspapers and news magazines. I critically analyse the visual and linguistic features of media texts against the background of their context of production and through interviews with foreign correspondents based in South Africa and Kenya. There are two sites of investigation: (1) the press coverage of the 50th anniversaries of independence (2007-2012); (2) the news magazines’ front covers dedicated to continental Africa (2011-2015). In site 1, I assess three recurring claims about Western media coverage of Africa, and investigate the discursive nature of the coverage in relation to Afro-pessimism and postcolonial memory. In site 2, I explore the emergence of an Afro-optimist discourse in media coverage of Africa. Finally, I offer a critical appraisal of the accounts of journalists at the heart of the production of Africa’s media image. -6- Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... 4 Abstract ........................................................................................................ 5 Table of Contents ......................................................................................... 6 List of Figures ............................................................................................ 10 List of Tables .............................................................................................. 11 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 13 “A sense of Afro-pessimism” ............................................................................ 13 Research aims .................................................................................................... 18 Structure of the thesis ........................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 1 - Representation of Africa and Afro-pessimism .............. 24 1.1 Theoretical framework of critical/cultural and postcolonial studies .. 24 1.1.1 Representation ..................................................................................... 24 1.1.2 Discourse ............................................................................................. 27 1.1.3 The ‘Other’ .......................................................................................... 29 1.2 Genealogy of the discursive construction of Africa ............................... 32 1.2.1 Modernity and the idea of Africa ........................................................ 32 1.2.2 The colonial myth of the “Dark Continent” ........................................ 34 1.2.3 Colonial culture and journalism .......................................................... 36 1.3 Afro-pessimism: from a postcolonial phenomenon to a postcolonial concept ................................................................................................................ 41 1.3.1 Emergence of the concept ................................................................... 42 1.3.2 A lack of conceptual definition ........................................................... 44 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 2 - News coverage of Africa and journalism production ... 49 2.1 Features of news coverage ....................................................................... 49 2.1.1 Africa on the map of international news ............................................. 49 2.1.2 “Negativity” as the core value of African news .................................. 53 2.1.3 An “African”
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