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The Career of Maurice Papon from Vichy France to the Algerian War

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The Career of Maurice Papon from Vichy France to the Algerian War Duty, Death and the Republic: The Career of Maurice Papon from Vichy France to the Algerian War Stephanie Hare London School of Economics and Political Science June 2008 Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in International History, Department of International History, LSE. 1 UMI Number: U613400 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U613400 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Library of Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract This thesis examines the career of Maurice Papon from his appointment as secretary-general of the prefecture of the Gironde in 1942, through his terms as a prefect in Morocco and Algeria, to the end of the Algerian War in 1962 when he was prefect of police in Paris. Throughout this period, Papon’s career was marked by controversy: in the Gironde on account of his involvement in the detaining and deportation of Jews, which led to his conviction in 1998 for crimes against humanity; in North Africa on account of the use of torture and summary execution by units of the army within his jurisdiction; and in Paris on account of the harsh methods used by the police to suppress the Algerian nationalist movement. Papon, who was extensively interviewed for the thesis, regarded himself as a loyal civil servant who was simply doing his duty. The thesis carefully examines his relations to the State, his actions and the circumstances in which he carried them out. In doing so, it presents an historical portrait of Papon and the State which employed him, and an assessment of what both understood by the concept of a civil servant’s duty to obey. 3 Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 7 Illustration credits ....................................................................................................................... 8 Illustrations .................................................................................................................................. 10 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 29 Chapter One: The Making of a Servant of the State, 1910-1945........................................................................................................ 50 Chapter Two: Obedient action, independent thought: Papon, the State and Islam, February 1938 toMay 1956 ............................................................................ 79 Chapter Three: Papon’s Relations with the Army during the Algerian War, May 1956-March 1958 ................................................................................... 108 Chapter Four: Papon’s Revolution: Policy and Reform in Eastern Algeria, May 1956-March 1958 .................................................................................. 138 Chapter Five: Papon and the Battle of Paris, March 1958-July 1962 ....................................................,.............................. 168 Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 209 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 219 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 232 4 Acknowledgements It is a great pleasure to thank the institutions and people who helped bring this project to fruition. The Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), the University of London’s Central Research Fund, the Royal Historical Society, the Society for the Study of French History, and the International History department of the London School of Economics all provided generous financial support. Paxton and Whitfield, the Up and Cuming Consultancy, and the Godolphin and Latymer School all provided employment during the years it took to complete this project. I would like to thank Dr Robert Boyce, who supervised this thesis with great care, dedication and patience. Also at the LSE, Dr Alan Sked has been a steady source of enlightenment and support, and Professor MacGregor Knox shared advice and criticism. Several archivists guided me through their collections: Andre Brochier at the Centre des Archives d’Outre-Mer; Frangoise Gicquel and Claude Chariot at the Archives de la Prefecture de Police de Paris; the staff at the Office Universitaire de la Recherche Socialiste; Frangoise Aujogue at the Centre Historique des Archives Nationales; Dominique Parcollet at the Archives d’Histoire Contemporaine at Sciences Po. I also thank the family of Rene Mayer for granting me access to files requiring special permission. I am grateful to Maurice Papon’s lawyers, MaTtres Jean-Marc Varaut and Francis Vuillemin, who transmitted my request to interview their client. Given the events of his later years, it would have been quite understandable if Maurice Papon had refused all interviews upon his release from prison in 2002. However, not only did he agree to be interviewed, he shared documents and photographs from his career, some of which have never been analysed before. Following Papon’s death in February 2007, his nephew, Michel Prieur, showed similar generosity by sharing some of La mort dans I’ame, Papon’s as-yet unpublished memoirs. Papon’s support for my investigation into his career led to interviews with some of his remaining colleagues: Pierre Somveille, and his wife Andree Somveille; Claude Grandperrin; Raymond Montaner, and Pierre de Roujoux. I thank them all for sharing their time, memories and photographs. In addition, I would like to thank Jean-Daniel Gil of the Association des Anciens Prdfets et Hauts Fonctionnaires, who arranged interviews with former prefects Paul Boutheiller and Jean-lzmile Vi§ to discuss the role of senior civil servants in the Algerian War during the Fourth Republic. A number of historians went out of their way to help me in various ways. John Paul Keane, Emmanuel Blanchard, R6my Valat, Neil MacMaster, Jim House, Louisa Zanoun, Gil-Li Vardi and Benn Williams shared their advice and perspectives. Professor Maurice Vai'sse of the Institut des Etudes Politiques discussed this project at mid-point and advised on the historiography of the Algerian War. Professor Leila Sadat of Washington University Law School answered my questions on crimes against humanity. Professor Colin Jones of University of London Queen Mary gave me the opportunity to present some of my findings at the Modern French History 5 \ seminar at the Institute of Historical Research, and Professor Robert Gildea did the same at the History Faculty of the University of Oxford. Professor Martin Evans of the University of Portsmouth was an exceptionally supportive colleague who invited me to write for his website and offered the unparalleled opportunity to travel to the Santa Fe Institute to present at a workshop on counterinsurgency. A circle of dear friends sustained me throughout this project. Sinead Ni Mhuircheartaigh, Jennifer S. Fraser and Tara O’Carroll went above and beyond the call of duty. I am also grateful to James Gilpin, Marc Schonagen, Ed Husain, Louise Grace Shaw, Hussein Nasser, Cath Barr, John Payne, Brigid Fyr, Paul Tabour, Joel Freedman, Juliana Y. Wong, David R. Shannon, Yann Lepant, and Celine de Andria. Fellow PhD students Tanya Harmer, Gil-Li Vardi, Louisa Zanoun, Louise Woodroofe, Elizabeth Benning, Garret Martin, and Alex Wieland set a high standard. Debbie Charles listened and helped me to think differently about things. I am especially indebted to Yoel Sano, Shehnaz Suterwalla Azhar and Richard Allen Greene, who all gave their time and attention to a full draft and thereby enriched my thinking. To Richard I am truly thankful for the opportunity to share some of my research with a wider audience on BBC online and BBC Radio 4 ’s The Today Show and Last Word. Lastly, I thank my family for their support and encouragement. In the Hare clan: my parents believed unflaggingly in this project and its author; Amber, Gene, Amanda, Jordan, Jackson and Jason always welcomed me home; and my aunt and uncles Jan, Rick, Tom, Stephen
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