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China and the Ancient Mediterranean World: a Survey of Ancient Chinese Sources SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 242 November, 2013 China and the Ancient Mediterranean World: A Survey of Ancient Chinese Sources by YU Taishan Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc. Manuscripts should be submitted as electronic files, preferably in Microsoft Word format. You may wish to use our sample document template, available here: www.sino-platonic.org/spp.dot. Beginning with issue no. 171, Sino-Platonic Papers has been published electronically on the Web at www.sino-platonic.org. Issues 1–170, however, will continue to be sold as paper copies until our stock runs out, after which they too will be made available on the Web. Please note: When the editor goes on an expedition or research trip, all operations (including filling orders) may temporarily cease for up to three months at a time. In such circumstances, those who wish to purchase various issues of SPP are requested to wait patiently until he returns. If issues are urgently needed while the editor is away, they may be requested through Interlibrary Loan. You should also check our Web site at www.sino-platonic.org, as back issues are regularly rereleased for free as PDF editions. Sino-Platonic Papers is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. China and the Ancient Mediterranean World: A Survey of Ancient Chinese Sources YU Taishan Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Yu Taishan, “China and the Ancient Mediterranean World” Sino-Platonic Papers, 242 (November 2013) Contents 1. Tiaozhi, Lixuan, and Da Qin, and Their Geographical Location in the Western Regions 1 2. Records Relevant to the Roman Empire in Ancient Chinese Historical Works 43 A. Official Histories 1 Shiji 史記 43 2 Hanshu 漢書 48 3 Hou Hanshu 後漢書 56 4 Weilüe 魏略 80 5 Jinshu 晉書 114 6 Liangshu 梁書 118 7 Weishu 魏書 121 8 Songshu 宋書 126 B. Historiographical Works Not in the Official Histories 1 Hanji 漢紀 128 2 Hou Hanji 後漢紀 129 3 Tongdian 通典 140 C. Descriptions of Foreign Countries 1 Waiguo Zhuan 外國傳 153 2 Funan Yiwuzhi 扶南異物志 157 3 Nanzhou Yiwuzhi 南州異物志 159 4 Liangzhou Yiwu Zhi 涼州異物志 164 D. Proto-Geographies 1 Sanqin Ji 三秦記 166 2 Guangzhou Ji 廣州記 167 3 Nanyue Zhi 南越志 168 ii Yu Taishan, “China and the Ancient Mediterranean World” Sino-Platonic Papers, 242 (November 2013) E. Naturalis Historia 1 Qibu Fu 奇布賦 169 2 Nanfang Caomu Zhuang 南方草木狀 170 3 Guangzhi 廣志 175 F. Geographical Treatises 1 Kuodi Zhi 括地志 179 2 Qiawen Ji 洽聞記 180 3 Beihu Lu 北戶録 181 G. Supernatural Stories 1 Shenyijing 神異經 183 2 Dongminji 洞冥記 184 3 Bowuzhi 博物志 185 4 Xuanzhongji 玄中記 186 5 Waiguotu 外國圖 188 H. Augural Books 1 Hetu Yuban 河圖玉版 190 2 Hetu Longwen 河圖龍文 192 I. Taoist Scriptures 1 Taiqing Jinye Shendan Jing 太清金液神丹經 193 J. Buddhist Sutras 1 Naxian Biqiu Jing 那先比丘經 200 2 Fo Shi Biqiu Jiazhanyan Shuofa Mojinjie Jing 佛使比丘迦旃延說法沒盡偈經 203 3 Shi’eryou Jing 十二遊經 204 4 Puyao Jing 普曜經 206 5 Fo Benxingji Jing 佛本行集經 207 6 Pusa Shanjie Jing 菩薩善戒經 208 7 Da Niepan Jing 大般涅槃經 209 8 Shisong Lü 十誦律 210 iii Yu Taishan, “China and the Ancient Mediterranean World” Sino-Platonic Papers, 242 (November 2013) 9 Da Baoji Jing 大寶積經 211 10 Gaoseng Zhuan 高僧傳 212 11 Da Zhuangya Jing Lun 大莊嚴經論 213 12 Luoyang Qielan Ji 洛陽伽藍記 214 3. A brief study of the references on the mulberry, the silkworm and silk production in Da Qin in the “Xiyu Zhuan” of the Hou Hanshu (ch. 88) and the “Xirong Zhuan” of the Weilüe 218 4. “Da Qin” as Seen in the Naxian Biqiu Jing and Related Works 226 5. Extracts on Issues Concerning the Name of Lijian 237 Bibliography 250 iv Yu Taishan, “China and the Ancient Mediterranean World” Sino-Platonic Papers, 242 (November 2013) A Study of the Relationship Between the Ancient Mediterranean World and China v 1. Tiaozhi, Lixuan, and Da Qin, and Their Geographical Location in the Western Regions Determining the geographical location of Tiaozhi, Lixuan and Da Qin is one of the problems in which the historians of the relations of East and West have taken the most interest. This discussion has been going on for more than three centuries. The core of the problem is the location of Da Qin in the Han–Wei period. The various theories can be divided roughly into five types; in these, Da Qin is identified respectively with: (1) the Roman Empire,1 (2) Macedonia,2 (3) Syria,3 (4) Egypt,4 (5) Arabia.5 Of these, the first, third, and fourth theories have had the greatest influence. 1 The earlier scholars who adhered to this theory were Richthofen (1877, pp. 469–473), and so on, but the evidence offered is insufficient. So far as I know, later only Miyazaki 1939’s exposition is comparatively systematic. In my opinion, Miyazaki’s view is correct. However, it is a pity that in the full text he does not write a single word on Lixuan, and in the studies on geography concerning Da Qin, points that are not properly developed. Miyazaki’s views quoted in my text all come from this paper. The main representative of the Chinese scholars to hold this theory is Cen Zhongmian; see Cen 1958, pp. 222–234; Cen 1981, pp. 178–189. Quotations of Cen’s views in the following paper all come from these provenances. 2 Ogawa 1939, pp. 376–404. Ogawa’s views quoted in this paper all come from this provenance. 3 Hirth 1885 can be taken as a sample of this theory. Hirth’s views quoted in this paper all come from this provenance. In my opinion, Hirth’s conclusion is wrong, but some of his views are admissible. Shiratori (see note 4) has criticized his theory extensively, and his views can be read for reference. 4 Shiratori 1971(1–5). Shiratori’s views quoted in this paper all come this provenance. Shiratori worked harder on the problem of Da Qin. His conclusion is unconvincing, but many of his particular observations can be adopted. 5 Hermann 1927 suggests that Da Qin should be identified with Arabia Felix. Yu Taishan, “China and the Ancient Mediterranean World” Sino-Platonic Papers, 242 (November 2013) The identity of Tiaozhi and Lixuan is closely related to the problem of Da Qin. Regarding Tiaozhi, the various theories can be divided roughly into three types. Their basic bifurcation is the location of the “Western Sea” seen in the Chinese historical books in Han–Wei times. These types posit respectively that: (1) The “Western Sea” is identified with the Caspian Sea, thus Tiaozhi is looked for in the Caspian Sea littoral region. (2) The “Western Sea” is identified with the Persian gulf, thus Tianzhi is looked for in the Persian gulf littoral region. (3) The “Western Sea” is identified with the Mediterranean, thus Tianzhi is looked for in the Mediterranean littoral region. Of these, the various theories belonging to the first type no longer are considered seriously.6 Those that are relatively influential are the Fars theory,7 the Chaldaea theory,8 the Hira theory,9 the Charax theory,10 the Susiana theory,11 all of which belong to the second type, and the Syria theory,12 which belongs to the third type. Regarding Lixuan, because in the “Xiyu Zhuan” of the Hou Hanshu the comment is made: “the state of Da Qin 大秦: it is also called Lijian 犂鞬,” many scholars examine the implications of this statement and base their positions on it when considering the Da Qin 6 For example: Richthofen 1877, pp. 451–452, Allen 1886, and so on. 7 Fujita 1943(1) can be taken as a sample of this theory. Both Shiratori and Cen have put forward criticisms of his theory, and their views can be read for reference. Matsuda 1975 has reasserted Fujita’s views. In my opinion, Matsuda’s theory is also unconvincing.
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