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Negotiating Imperial Rule Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-Century Black Sea Steppe

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Negotiating Imperial Rule Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-Century Black Sea Steppe Negotiating Imperial Rule Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-Century Black Sea Steppe Julia Malitska SÖDERTÖRN DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Negotiating Imperial Rule Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-century Black Sea Steppe Julia Malitska Subject: History Research Area: History and Archaeology School: Historical and Contemporary Studies and the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) Södertörn University Södertörns högskola (Södertörn University) The Library SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications © Julia Malitska Cover Image: Mondhare, Louis Joseph Wyd, Carte du Théâtre de la Guerre Présente entre les Turcs, les Russes et les Confédérés ou se trouvent la Turquie d'Europe, la Pologne, la Hongrie, la Russie méridionale, la Tartarie et la Géorgie. A Paris: Chez Mondhare, 1769. Biblioteka Narodowa, ZZK 38 904. Retrieved from: https://polona.pl/item/18371414/0/ Cover Layout: Jonathan Robson Graphic Form: Per Lindblom & Jonathan Robson Printed by Elanders, Stockholm 2017 Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 135 ISSN 1652–7399 ISBN 978-91-87843-92-1 (print) ISBN 978-91-87843-93-8 (digital) To my Grandmothers Abstract After falling under the power of the Russian Crown, the Northern Black Sea steppe from the end of eighteenth century crystallized as the Russian government’s prime venue for socioeconomic and sociocultural reinvention and colonization. Vast ethnic, sociocultural and even ecological changes followed. Present study is preoccupied with the marriage of the immigrant population from the German lands who came to the region in the course of its state- orchestrated colonization, and was officially categorized as “German colonists.” The book illuminates the multiple ways in which marriage and household formation among the colonists was instrumentalized by the imperial politics in the Northern Black Sea steppe, and conditioned by socioeconomic rationality of its colonization. Marriage formation and dis- solution among the colonists were gradually absorbed into the competencies of the colonial vertical power. Intending to control colonist marriage and household formation through the introduced marriage regime, the Russian government and its regional representatives lacked the actual means to exert this control at the local level. On the ground, however, imperial politics was mediated by the people it targeted, and by the functionaries tasked with its implementation. As the study reveals, the paramount importance was given to functional households and sustainable farms based on non-conflictual relations between parties. Situated on the crossroads of state, church, com- munity, and personal interests, colonist marriage engendered clashes between secular and ecclesiastical bodies over the supremacy over it. The interplay of colonization as politics, and colonization as an imperial situation with respect to the marriage of the German colonists is explored in this book by concentrating on both norms and practices. Another important consideration is the ways gender and colonization constructed and determined one another reciprocally, both in legal norms and in actual practices. Secret divorces and unauthorized marriages, open and hidden defiance, imitations and unruliness, refashioning of rituals and discourses, and desertions – a number of strategies and performances which challenged and negotiated the marriage regime in the region, were scholarly examined for the first time in this book. Keywords: colonization, imperialism, imperial borderlands, German colonists, migration, marriage regime, agency, marriage, household for- mation, Ukraine, Black Sea steppe, Russian empire. Sammanfattning (Summary in Swedish) År 1804 formulerade tsar Alexander I:s regering nya riktlinjer för rysk migrationspolitik. Invandrare från de krigshärjade tyska länderna skulle värvas till kolonisering av stäppen norr om Svarta havet i en omfattande kampanj orkestrerad av den ryska staten. Dessa nykomlingar, som av myndigheterna kategoriserades som “tyska kolonister,” etablerade kolonier i hela regionen inom ett par årtionden. Boken presenterar den första studien av hur äktenskap och hushålls- formering användes som instrument i den ryska koloniseringspolitiken i området, och hur dessa faktorer primärt styrdes av koloniseringens socioekonomiska rationalitet. Stabila hushåll och jordbruk som genererade avkastning eftersträvades in i det längsta. Ibland ledde detta till konflikter mellan den sekulära och den andliga makten om tolkningsföreträde rörande äktenskapets upplösning och ingående. Genom analys av både normer och praxis blottläggs samspelet mellan kolonisering som politik, och kolonisering som en imperiesituation, där äktenskapet och hushållet omförhandlades i skärningspunkten mellan myndigheter, kyrkosamfund, lokalsamhälle och enskilda. Studien visar att den ryska centralmakten och dess regionala represen- tanter saknade verktyg för att utöva den effektiva kontroll som eftersträvades över kolonistäktenskap och hushållsformering på lokal nivå. Denna slutsats stöds genom att ett antal strategier och handlingsmönster som utmanade och bidrog till att omförhandla äktenskapsregimen i regionen identifieras och diskuteras. Acknowledgments My fascinating journey of producing this doctoral dissertation has happily been completed. It would not have been possible without many people whom I met and who inspired me. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors, Per Bolin and Mark Bassin, for their encouragement and belief in me, for the freedom that I was given to find my way, for your inspiration and patience during all this years. Thank you, Per, for your support in times when I got lost, for your brilliant eye for detail, for challenging me to go further in my interpretations, make assertive conclusions, and tackle the most controversial questions. Thank you very much for your careful and critical reading of the final manuscript. Thank you, Mark, for constantly reminding me about thinking big and for broadening my perspective, for our fundamental discussions, which at times frightened me. Thank you for your inspiration. I am thankful to the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Östersjöstiftelsen) which financed my project. This book has been made possible by the generous funding received from the Swedish Institute, Helge Ax:son Johnsons Stiftelse and the School of Historical and Contemporary Studies that granted me fellowships for the book. The first year of doctoral studies I spent at the Baltic and East European Graduate School and I thank Anu Mai Köll, Ann-Cathrine Jungar, Helene Carlbäck, Charlotte Bydler, Joakim Ekman, Rebecka Lettevall, Thomas Lundén, Irina Sandomirskaja, Nina Mörner for creating an inspiring and truly interdisciplinary environment there. I also thank Lena Arvidson, Nina Cajhamre, Ewa Rögström, Karin Lindebrant, for resolving all administrative matters perfectly. Many thanks go to Michal Bron and Dace Lageborg for granting access to the most fruitful literature for my project. At the School of History and Contemporary Studies, where I spent most of my doctoral time, I want to thank Lars Ekdahl, Kekke Stadin, Heiko Droste, Martin Wottle, Beatriz Lindqvist, Jenny Gunnarsson Payne, Madeleine Hurd, Anne Hedén, Maria Nyman, Andrej Kotljarchuk, Yulia Gradskova and Norbert Götz, for creating a stimulating milieu. I thank Calle Aaro, Ann Mellquist and Lisa Stålnacke for taking care of administrative questions in the best way. Special thanks go to people who read my manuscript, or parts of it, at different stages. I am indebted to David Gaunt, who was my half-time seminar opponent, and Serhii Plokhii, who examined my final manuscript. I am very thankful to Christina Douglas and Yuliya Yurchuk who read the draft of this book and gave their valuable comments. I would like to thank to all my fellow doctoral students whom I met, got to know and became friends during these years. Thank you Jenni Rinne, Michał Salamonik, Rahel Kuflu, Marco Nase, Maarja Saar, Jenny Ingrids- dotter, Francesco Zavatti, Olena Podolian, Roman Horbyk, Liudmila Voronova, Yuliya Yurchuk, Ann-Judith Rabenschlag, Nadezda Petrusenko, Patrik Höglund, and Martin Andersson for all the pleasant moments spent together. Thank you all for your comments and our discussions. Thank you, Karin Jonsson, for sharing office, for your good company and our long dialogues that often went far beyond science. I am very much indebted to people in Ukraine who smoothed my archival search and brought me closer to my findings. I am limitlessly grateful to the staff of the state archives of Dnipro and Odesa for their professionalism, devotion and interest in my research. Thanks go to Liliia Bilousova, the director of the State Archives of Odesa Region, for creating there such a warm and welcoming atmosphere of cooperation between researchers and archivists. I am very indebted to Svitlana Herasymova for her enthusiasm. She guided me through the Odesa archival holdings placed in the building of an old synagogue and facilitated my finds of the most unique and scholarly untapped materials. Thank you, Svitlana, for your interest and dedication. I am grateful to Svitlana Bobyleva, my first teacher at Dnipro Alma Mater. It was you who encouraged me to choose the scientific path. Thank you for your unconditional trust in me, for teaching me the historical craft, for planting seeds of scientific scepticism in me and for connecting me with people who have changed my life significantly. My warmest gratitude goes to my parents and family. For a family of engineers and chemists
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