MENNONITE

LIFEJUNE 1991 In this Issue

The Mennonite encounter with National Socialism in the 1930s and 1940s remains a troubling event in Mennonite history, even as the memory of World War II and the Holocaust continue to sear the conscience of Western civilization. How could such evil happen? How could people of good will be so compromised? Mennonites have been a people of two kingdoms. Their loyalty to Christ’s kingdom has priority, but they also believe and confess, in the words of the Dortrecht Confession (1632) that “ God has ordained power and authority, and set them to punish the evil, and protect the good, to govern the world, and maintain countries and cities with their subjects in good order and regulation.” The sorting out of heavenly and worldly allegiances has never been simple. Rulers in all times and places, from Phillip II in the Spanish Netherlands to George Bush in the Persian Gulf region, have claimed to fulfill a divine mandate. In his time Adolf Hitler offered protection from anarchy and from communism. There should be no surprise that some Mennonites, especially recent victims of Russian Communism, found the National Socialist program attractive. In this issue three young Mennonite scholars, all of whom researched their topics in work toward master’s degrees, examine the Mennonite response to National Socialism in three countries: Paraguay, Germany, and Canada. John D. Thiesen, archivist at Mennonite Library and Archives at Bethel College, recounts the story as it unfolded in Paraguay. This article is drawn from his thesis completed at Wichita State University in 1990. Jim Lichti did his master’s thesis at San Franciso State University on the German Mennonite response to the Gestapo’s dissolution of the Rhoenbruderhof. Lichti is currently in a doctoral program in European history at the University of California at Los Angeles. Benjamin Redekop’s article on the Canadian Mennonite response to National Socialism comes from his master’s thesis at the University of British Columbia (1990). Redekop is currently employed as a bicycle mechanic and a part-time instructor at Trinity Western University in the History of Science. In the fall of 1991 he plans to return to the University of British Columbia for studies leading to a PhD in history. This issue also includes the annual Radical Reformation and Mennonite Bibliography. MENNONITE

June 1991 Vol. 46 No. 2 LIFE

Editor The Mennonite Encounter with Jam es C. Julmke National Socialism: Book Review Editor The Example of Fernheim 4 John D. Thiesen John D. Thiesen Editorial Assistant Barbara Thiesen The German Mennonite Response to the Circulation Manager Dissolution of the Rhoen-Bruderhof 10 Stanley Voth James Irvin Lichti Front Cover Fernheim colony assembly hall in about 1935. The banner reads: “ The common good before The Canadian Mennonite Response individual gain! Believe and know: the com­ mon work that is begun is the future of our to National Socialism 18 children.” Note photo of Hitler below banner. Benjamin Redekop

Back Cover Fernheim colony administration building in Book Reviews 25 about 1935. Photo Credits Radical Reformation and All photographs, Mennonite Library and Archives. Mennonite Bibliography 28 Barbara Thiesen MENNONITE LIFE (ISSN 0025-9365) is an illustrated quarterly magazine published in March, June, September, and December by Bethel College, 300 East 27th, North Newton, Kansas 67117. Second Class postage paid at North Newton, Kansas 67117. POSTMASTER: Send ad­ dress changes to MENNONITE LIFE, Bethel College, 300 East 27th, North Newton, Kansas 67117.

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Indexed with abstracts in Religion Index One: Periodicals, American Theological Library Association, Chicago, Illinois; Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life, ABC-CIio, Santa Barbara, California; and available online through BRS (Bibliographic Retrieval Services), Latham, New York, and DIALOG, Palo Alto, California. The Mennonite Encounter with National Socialism: The Example of Fernheim by John D. Thiesen

On the evening of 11 March 1944 a were refugees who left the Soviet Union expressed happiness that Germany now group of men assembled in the Men­ in the years 1929 to 1932. A handful had a government “ that freely and nonite colony of Fernheim in Paraguay of Mennonite families from central openly professes God as Creator” and to teach certain “ agitators” a lesson. Poland were also settled there. The col­ “ takes seriously the realization of The people included “ beginning teach­ ony was grouped into 17 villages and Christian principles in social, economic, ers, Sunday School teachers, young and was 52% Mennonite Brethren (MB), and cultural life.” Referring to their older church members, an assistant to 42% Mennoniten-Gemeinde (MG), and own experience with communism, they the Oberschulze with his son, excom­ 6% Evangelical Mennonite Brethren contrasted the New Germany with the municated church members, and non­ (Allianzgemeinde).4 recent past, “ we cannot at all under­ church members” according to the The roots of the minor riot of 11 stand that the earlier governments did elder of the Evangelical Mennonite March 1944 go back to the beginnings not clear away ruinous Communism but Brethren church (EMB or Allianz- of the Fernheim Colony. In its first for years let its undermining influence gemeincle) Nikolai Wiebe.1 The late three years, it had experienced the work upon the German people.” They summer night was clear and well lit, Chaco War, fought between Paraguay thanked God that He had now given just past full moon,2 and the group and Bolivia in Fernheim’s immediate Germany “ men who attacked Com­ made the rounds of its perceived vicinity, and continued to receive new munism with a strong hand.” 6 The let­ enemies. Hans Neufeld gave a perhaps groups of Mennonite refugees. By ter went on to recall the kindness of the overdramatized account of the treatment 1933, however, this initial situation of German people in 1929 and to express of his brother Heinrich: uncertainty and change had ended. gratitude and continued loyalty to My brother, for example, was called out With the political situation stabilized Deutschtum. It was signed by the Ober- [of the house] by the group. Unsuspect­ and its population relatively complete, schulze, or senior colony administrator, ingly he went. It was clear moon light the Fernheimers’ attention could turn to David Löwen, and by the chairman of and my sister Liese could observe and matters closer to their hearts: their own the colony’s clergy, Nikolai Wiebe, the hear the proceedings through the win­ economic progress and the accession of leader of the small EMB group in dow. First fell sharp words of abuse and accusation. Then an energetic and dic­ Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party to Fernheim. tatorial voice asked, “ Are you for or power in Germany. “Although we This greeting to the New Germany against the Oberschulze?" Since Legichn always receive the news very late about has a number of interesting character­ had recently resigned his office, Heinrich the events in our Motherland,” said the istics. Certain absences are noticeable: said, “ We have no Obersdntlze." Im­ June 1933 article in the Fernheim news­ there is no mention of the Nazi Party, mediately he received from all sides paper, the Menno-Blatt, “ yet the heart of the Jews, or of the Führer by name blows on the shoulders and upper arms of the Chaco settler beats faster every so that his shirt was torn and the blood or title. What the Fernheimers re­ ran. Then they yelled, “ And tomorrow time he eventually hears that things in sponded to was the introduction of a you’ll get it better. ” 3 Germany are again on an upward more conservative public morality and At least four other friends of Neufeld course.” 5 “ The renewal movement that the eradication of the Communist Party. were roughed up. At a couple of places, today is going through the whole of This was probably not just a reaction such as Heinrich Warkentin’s, the Germandom, both at home and abroad, to the anti-Bolshevik propaganda of the group was warded off with Firearms. has not been without influence on the Nazis but also to the imprisonment of Compared to the violence taking German-minded (deutschflihlende) Men­ German Communists after the Reichs­ place in the rest of the world, this event nonites in the Chaco.” On 18 May tag fire of 27 February 1933. The resi­ seems trivial: a few young men in a Fist 1933, at a meeting of village represen­ dents of Fernheim seem not to have Fight, no serious injuries. What brings tatives in the colony (Bezirksversamm­ noticed the peculiarity of condemning it to our attention nearly Fifty years later lung), Gerhard Isaak, an elderly MB toleration of Communism by earlier is that it occurred among supposedly preacher, spoke about the “ national German governments and then express­ peaceful Mennonites. revolution” (nationale Erhebung) in ing gratitude for aid from the same Fernheim Colony had a population of Germany. The gathered colony leaders governments. about 2000, the vast majority of whom decided to address a letter of greeting Aside from these relatively vague to the new German government. They well-wishes by the adults of Fernhcim,

4 MENNONITE LIFE the Nazi movement made its first vig­ orous impression among the youth. The young people seem to have been some­ what of a social problem at first. Near the end of 1931 the Casado company, the original owner of the land occupied by Fernheim, had begun work on a large agricultural experiment station at Palo Santo, cast of the Mennonite col­ onies. The Casados hired about twenty young men from Fernheim to work at the station. They were there without supervision and accomplished little useful work. They also began engaging in some kind of illicit activity that the sources of this story never specifically describe.7 Presumably there was drink­ ing and perhaps other moral infractions The last youth group meeting, 7 March 1937, that offended the more pious citizens of before 140 families left Fernheim Fernheim. At the beginning of 1933 the to found the new Friesland colony Casados fired the group, which then in eastern Paraguay. returned to the colony and continued its “ pernicious activities.” " At Easter 1933 the youths held a “ Chacofest” in the village of Rosenort, after which the tian Endeavor Society].11 The second tion for our well-being, provisions which include not only family, occupation, and adults of Rosenort appealed to the col­ weekly meeting of the month was for the study of Mennonite history, using state, but also the nation (Volk). We ony government for punitive action. A believe that in South America we find trial of some sort was held in Philadel­ a recent history of Anabaptism by Swiss ourselves in a peculiar situation where phia, the colony administrative center, historians.12 The third meeting of the the dangers of the future in this respect under the leadership of the Oberschulze month was for “ addresses on the his­ will be much greater than they were David Löwen. Somehow—again the tory and development of Germany in before the World War in Russia, in Poland, and in other countries, and for details are unknown—the colony gov­ the past and in the present.” 13 The fourth meeting, at least during 1934, this reason we are endeavoring to arouse ernment lost the case. and strengthen the national (völkischen) At this crisis point, two of the colony's was spent in the study of etiquette using forces in our midst, so that we shall be school teachers, Friedrich “ Fritz” a book from a German Baptist pub­ strong to resist the forces of degenera­ Kliewer and Julius Legiehn, were en­ lisher.1-1 The occasional fifth meeting in tion which will attack us from the out­ trusted with preparing a program of a month was for singing. Kliewer side. After all we as German-speaking youth work for the colony. Kliewer was wrote, “ Since the choruses of the col­ Mennonites belong to the great German ony are devoted exclusively to spiritual national and cultural group, and we wish a member of the Polish group, having to affirm our participation in “German- been born 29 May 1905 at Deutsch songs the young people's organization dom.” What the Canadian Mennonites Wymyschlc, which was at that time part also studies German folk songs. The of our neighbor colony, who left their of the Russian Empire. From 1921 to need for this arose when we discovered homeland for the sake of maintaining 1926 he studied at a teacher training on our outings and other social gather­ their German schools, rather uncon­ ings that we had no common treasury sciously feel, that we in Fernheim wish school in Lodz, Poland, and from 1926 to make conscious and fruitful in the to 1930 taught at Lwowek, Poland. of songs, and consequently it was decided at one of the leaders' insti­ training of our children and youth. . . . Corning to the Chaco with his parents The Canadian Mennonites no longer and siblings in 1930, he began teaching tutes to have ail the young people’s maintain a living connection with Ger­ school again in 1931.9 Legiehn was groups practice one common song many, but they do maintain in traditional born in the Ukraine on 1 November every month.” 15 faithfulness their religious and national 1899 and came to the Chaco in 1930 Kliewer elaborated on the special character. The Fernheim colony on the other hand endeavors to strengthen the with his wife and three children, im­ characteristics of his youth work in a speech originally presented to the Men­ connections with Germany which were mediately taking up employment as a established at the time of our escape from school teacher.10 nonite World Conference in Amsterdam Russia in 1929-30, and to do this in At a meeting in the village of Fried­ in 1936. cultural as well as in economic respects. ensfeld on 20 August 1933. Kliewer and The chief difference between the young This purpose is also one of the purposes Legiehn presented their comprehensive people's work in Fernheim and the of our young people’s work.16 program. As Kliewer described it in young people’s work which has been During 1933 and 1934 the Jugend­ detail, the youth of each village, called carried on hitherto in other Mennonite bund was quite active, with 350 mem­ an Ortsgruppe, were to meet weekly, communities, is to be found in the fact bers in 13 Ortsgruppen on its first anni­ usually on Wednesday evening. The that it endeavors to promote our Men­ versary.17 Völkisch or nationalist ideas nonite and German cultural heritage as first meeting of the month was devoted well as our spiritual well-being. . . . In were quite prominent. On 2 October to Bible study and prayer. Bible studies addition, since the World War, we have 1933, for instance, the Schönwiese Orts­ followed the outlines of the Jugendbund received a new insight into the signifi­ gruppe celebrated the birthday of Paul ftir entschiedenes Christentum [Chris­ cance of God’s provisions through crea­ von Hindenburg, the president of Ger-

JUNE, 1991 5 many and World War I hero, with mili­ also have been seen as a step closer to given in four villages, showing “ won­ tary and patriotic poems and songs. the non-Christian world since, in keep­ derful landscapes, mostly from the Legiehn talked on the life of Hinden- ing with their religious characteristics Rhineland in South Germany.” 21 burg and the meeting closed with the of pacifism and separation from the Wilhelmy’s own report to the Foreign singing of Hoffman von Fallersleben’s world, Mennonites had generally re­ Ministry gave a more informative and Deutschlandlied, the German national fused political office holding beyond the less innocuous picture of his work. He anthem, “Deutschland, Deutschland, local governance of their own villages commented on the poor economic con­ liber alles; Über alles in der Welt. 8 and settlements. ditions and reported that half the popu­ The strong nationalistic emphasis of After the first few years völkisch lation was ready to leave the Chaco. He the Jugendbund was thoroughly and activities and the Jugendbund receded also reported an unfavorable political sincerely mixed with other religious, into the background. One of the Jugend­ climate among the Mennonites, claim­ social, and educational themes. It was bund' s founders, Kliewer, went to Ger­ ing they were extreme isolationists not a simple-minded, political propa­ many for graduate school, while eco­ hiding behind their “extraordinary ganda movement. The activities that nomic and organizational difficulties, privileges.” Wilhelmy was particularly were the most public and were described including a colony schism in 1937, oc­ disturbed by the lack of anti-Semitism, most frequently in the newspapers, cupied greater public attention. Fern- complaining that Mennonites knew were the ones promoting German eth­ heim lived on the edge of survival for Jewish history in detail and used Jewish nicity. The tone of the völkisch state­ many years. first names. He criticized the Mennon­ ments seems slightly defensive at some Despite its isolated location in the ites’ pacifism and humility [Demut] and points, although whatever opposition western part of Paraguay, Fernheim contrasted them with the Nazi “ will to there was to the Jugendbund has left lit­ received rather frequent visits from out­ action” [Wille zur Tat]. tle record. Kliewer recalled siders. Reports of these visits shed con­ While the ignorant but religiously fanatic Also the church organizations occa­ siderable light on political thinking in farmer makes no secret of his negative sionally caused difficulties in the work the colony. Two visits by outsiders to attitude, the preachers and administrators because many of the elder brethren did Fernheim provide striking vignettes in try to work together on friendly terms not understand the purposes and goals of the course of this encounter. with the embassy and consulate. . . . the work and unjustly attributed various One visitor was Dr. Herbert Wil- Greeting telegrams to the Führer, send­ undesirable intentions to the new organi­ helmy, a lecturer [Privatdozentj at the ing peanuts to Minister President Goring zation. 19 and the VDA stand in crass contradiction University of Kiel. In early 1937, Wil- The reasons church leaders might to the political and ethnic [Völkischen] helmy was conducting a “colonial geo­ attitude of the Mennonites. 22 have opposed the Jugendbund can easily graphic expedition” in South America, be surmised. In the first place, some of Wilhelmy’s only favorable comment funded by the Albrecht Denk Founda­ was that the young people were more the youth activities would have appeared tion of Berlin, the German Research favorable to Nazism than the adults. quite worldly to the more conservative. Society [Deutsche Forschungsgemein­ In particular, the singing of non­ Wilhelmy clearly saw his duties as more schaft), and the Hünsel Foundation of than just geographic field work; he was religious music seems to have become Kiel.20 According to the Menno-Blatt, a continuing object of the “ worldli­ a Nazi evangelist. Among his activities he had spent a week there, had gone to were lectures with titles like “ The New ness” critique. The express loyalty to all the villages and taken many photo­ a particular political movement may Germany and the Foreign Germans,” graphs. Lectures with slides had been “The First and Second Four Year Plans,” “The Reconstruction of the German Economy,” and “ The Tasks of the SA before and after the Acces­ sion to Power.” Perhaps Wilhelmy mistook utter boredom for opposition. Wilhelmy’s negative comments even­ tually filtered back to the colony and generated an angry response, resulting in a colony meeting (BezirksVersamm­ lung) authorizing a written statement. The letter was dated 29 September 1937 and signed by the Oberschulze Jacob Siemens, the colony secretary Heinrich Pauls, and the bookkeeper Abram Loewen. It was directed to Mennonite leaders in Germany. Now a few words about the position of the colony towards the New Germany. Fernheim colony clergy in 1935: Lower row, left to right: Jacob Isaak, Gerhard Yesterday’s meeting devoted one and a Gdtz, Heinrich Unruh, Abraham Penner, Johann Teichgrcif, ? Thiessen (deacon), half hours to discussion of this problem. David Boschmann (deacon) The report of Dr. Wilhelmy about our Upper row, left to right: ? Hildebrandt, Nikolai Kroeker, Kornelius Neufeld life and activities here in Fernheim, (bookkeeper), Jakob Diirksen, Franz D'iick, Franz Wiens (deacon), Joh. Epp, about our “ religious eccentricity” and Joh. Loewen.

6 MENNONITE LIFE our “anti-German attitude” was read. to upgrade and reform the colony’s II. Nazism is totalitarian absolutism. The report gave rise to various impulses. school system. Fritz Kliewer also took III. Nazism destroys personality. We examined ourselves in light of this the leadership of the pro-Nazi move­ IV. Nazism is determined to abolish report and found among ourselves many ment in Fernheim and encouraged the Christianity.27 lacks and weaknesses. We can however also state that the report is greatly exag­ idea that the Mennonites might return Snyder quoted various passages from gerated and that the honorable scholar to Europe under Nazi auspices and Mein Kampf and statements by other spent too little time with us and that his leave behind their unfavorable situation Nazi leaders and set them over against visit came at a very difficult time for us, in Paraguay. Tensions in the colony Bible passages and statements by Ger­ so that the Doctor was able to look us rose. man opponents of Nazism such as Karl over only a little. He also came to Fern- In April 1940 three Mennonite Church Barth and Martin Niemöller. Among heim with prejudgments. . . . He is (MC) missionaries in Argentina, Nelson other things, Snyder is reported to have clearly an enemy of the Mennonites. Lit wilier, Josephus W. Shank, and There was much discussion back and said that Nazism was worse than com­ forth at yesterday’s meeting. Many Elvin V. Snyder, were sent by their munism and described it as “ syphilis of statements were made and quite many mission board on a trip to visit Protes­ the spirit.” 28 viewpoints represented. There was much tant missions in Asuncion. At their own At the end of Snyder’s talk Fritz dispute about our position towards the initiative they decided also to visit the Kliewer and several young men walked New Germany and towards National Mennonites in the Chaco. The three ar­ out of the service. Later while Litwiller Socialism. We asked ourselves earnestly, rived just in time for the colony’s among other things, whether it is com­ was speaking on “ Jesus Christ as Lord patible with Mennonite principles and celebration of Hitler’s birthday. The of my Life,” Abram Harder, the elder our conscience, for example, to sing the North Americans (Litwiller was Cana­ of the MG group, also walked out and Deutschlandlied and the Horst-Wessel- dian, Snyder and Shank were from the remained outside the building talking to Lied and to let our children in the school United States) were completely un­ Kliewer. When Litwiller finished, sing them. In all these questions no vote prepared for the Nazi influence in the was taken, and no absolute unity in Kliewer shouted in from the door of the colony. “ We were simply dumbfounded hall that the Fatherland had been greatly opinions was reached. . . . to discover what we did in the Colony,” And our position towards National insulted and this insult would be an­ Socialism? We are very appreciative of said Litwiller.24 They were invited to swered at the appropriate time. At this it. We know and are thankful that God the celebration on the evening of 20 the high school young men applauded.29 created National Socialism at the time of April. It followed the standard pattern: Snyder’s talk could hardly have been the greatest Bolshevistic danger for devotions by Harder, various recitations Western Europe. Almighty God has less suited to winning friends in Fern- by high school students, biography of heim. Its credibility was automatically made the Führer Adolf Hitler a blessing Hitler by Margarete Kliewer “ in which to many nations and may He preserve weakened by its being given in English, him yet many years for our beloved all the saintly and self denying virtues first of all. Further, a group of people motherland. We love the Führer and of Adolf were painted in their best who had experienced nothing but ter­ honor National Socialism. That shall not colours,” 25 main address by Fritz rorism in the Soviet Union and nothing mislead us to be zealots in this matter, Kliewer, a closing ‘Heil Hitler!' by one but eager helpfulness from the New however. We want to remain neutral and of the students. passive towards politics, since as you The three missionaries spent the rest Germany were not persuaded by the well know it is not compatible with our of the week visiting various sites around statement that Nazism was worse than Mennonite principles to occupy our­ the colony and preaching in the villages. communism. In addition, a coarse selves with politics and participate in metaphor like “syphilis of the spirit,” political parties. Snyder and Shank spoke only English, so Bernhard Epp, who came from Coal- if in fact Snyder actually said such a This position towards National Social­ thing, was likely to offend the moral ism is certainly not universal in our col­ dale, Alberta, and was one of the col­ sensibilities of even Snyder’s potential ony, as you will easily understand. The ony’s missionaries to the Indians, inter­ young generation is more zealous, while preted. Litwiller spoke German. People supporters. One wonders how the inter­ preter Bernhard Epp felt as the mes­ the venerable older ones doubtfully shake “ asked us what we thought and so their heads. The general thinking, though, forth. We were rather careful not to be senger who had to carry Snyder’s seems to be that which is set out in the unwelcome message. above statement.23 too free and felt out the folks as much as we could.” 26 A farewell service was Nevertheless, a few ministers in the Here is perhaps the clearest statement planned for Sunday, 28 April, and the colony felt it as a breath of fresh air. ever of the Paraguayan Mennonites’ The EMB leader Nikolai Wiebe reported three decided that Snyder would preach feelings towards Nazism. In a way it on pacifism while the other two would to MCC confirms Wilhelmy’s accusations. In speak on more general religious sub­ The visit from Argentina was for us a general the Mennonites did not live up jects. blessing. A clear Gospel was preached. to his fanatical standards. “ That shall The service was held in the colony At just the right moment a clear, open not mislead us to be zealots. ...” Be­ word was spoken.30 assembly hall in Philadelphia and Shank ing favorably inclined towards National spoke first on “ Traditional Mennonite Nikolai Siemens also wrote to Snyder Socialism was not enough for him. Virtues.” Then Snyder spoke on “ Non- after the visit to thank him, although Another visit took place more than resistance and the world today.” He Siemen’s Menno-Blatt report does not three years later. During this time, later recorded his outline as follows: even mention the three missionaries’ Julius Legiehn had been elected Ober- names, let alone the Sunday farewell schulze and Fritz Kliewer had returned I. Nazism elevates into a supreme incident.31 The colony’s two mission­ from Germany with a doctorate and a good that which is the source of man’s greatest evil—the abuse of aries to the Indians, Bernhard Epp and wife. The Kliewers began immediately Power. G. B. Giesbrecht, Snyder’s natural col-

JUNE, 1991 7 leagues, especially kept up contact with control over their own schools and and the intervention of Schmidt, Klas­ him after the April visit. economic matters but did not explicitly sen, and Legiehn dissipated a crowd The war years brought some dampen­ deal with local government. that had begun to gather. Apparently ing of enthusiasm and tension over the The person who sparked the incident, John R. Schmidt did not agree with New Germany. The hope of leaving Abram Martens, was a man of Mennon­ Klassen’s calling in the military. Cer­ Paraguay remained, but all awaited the ite background who bore a grudge tainly many Philadelphia citizens did outcome of the war. MCC sent two against the Femheim cooperative be­ not, and Klassen apparently feared Orie long-term workers from Kansas, a GC cause of its competition with a general Miller, the MCC executive secretary, medical doctor, John R. Schmidt, and store he owned at a nearby Paraguayan would not either. “ You may not agree an MB dentist, George S. Klassen. Both military post.32 In February 1944, with what I have done. I take full sympathized with the anti-Nazi minority Martens obtained a copy of the pro­ responsibility upon myself, that is for in Fernheim. posed new cooperative statutes and cir­ getting the soldiers,” he wrote to Within the ranks of the völkisch or culated it in the colony along with a Miller.35 pro-Nazi movement, a conflict broke “ very unchristian and common” letter, A colony meeting on 14 March took out between a youthful, rebellious as MCC worker John R. Schmidt up the Martens affair and the 11 March group known as the Neufeld-Gntppe described it.33 The ensuing controversy riot. Martens was summarily expelled (Neufeld Group), after one of its brought to a head all the accumulated from Fernheim but the discussion of the members, and the majority under the political and economic grievances in riot took more time. John R. Schmidt leadership of Kliewer. A key incident Femheim. On the morning of 11 March spoke and attributed the disturbance to in this conflict involved a burglary of 1944, Legiehn and his two governmental Kliewer. He did not claim that Kliewer the colony administrative office by the assistants decided they had had enough had planned this particular event but Neufeld Group and their publication of and resigned “ under the pressure of that his völkisch movement and teaching an embarrassing letter written by circumstances.” 34 The supporters of had created an atmosphere that allowed Kliewer criticizing Femheim for its lack Legiehn and Kliewer saw this as akin and encouraged the use of force. of enthusiasm for Nazism. The pres­ to a coup and set out in the evening to Schmidt demanded that Kliewer leave ence of these various parties and in­ teach the “ agitators” of the Neufeld- the colony or else he, Schmidt, would terests set the stage for the events of Gruppe, who had nothing directly to do leave, thus cutting off the colony’s March 1944. with Legiehn’s resignation, their lesson. medical service. Schmidt predicted, The climax of Fernheim’s encounter Not surprisingly, the next day, a Sun­ correctly as it turned out, that Kliewer with Nazism came about rather acci­ day, the colony was filled with wild would be removed by the government dentally when a small incident created rumors of the völkisch mob planning to even if he tried to stay in Fernheim.36 by a marginal member of the colony attack again, or of the Neufeld group G. S. Klassen, in a more hot-headed released stored-up tensions. Toward the counterattacking, and of one side or the speech, criticized both Kliewer and end of 1943, Legiehn recommended other arming itself. On the morning of Legiehn for not preventing the riot. that the colony attempt to get legal 12 March G. S. Klassen, the MCC den­ Either one, he said, could have “ raised recognition for its government and also tist, sent a messenger to the Paraguayan one finger” and “ the mob would have update the regulations of the coopera­ military post at Isla Poi, southeast of gone home.” Klassen stated that he tive. The Paraguayan laws relating to Fernheim. Early in the evening a truck would do no more dental work “ until the Mennonite colonies recognized their with four soldiers arrived. This arrival order is restored” and if nothing was done he would move his dental office to Friesland, another Mennonite colony in eastern Paraguay. By restoring order, he meant that Kliewer was to leave Fernheim and that Legiehn’s resigna­ tion as Oberschulze be ratified. Klassen also warned the Neufeld group against taking revenge for the beatings and specifically threatened his two dental apprentices with dismissal if they took part in acts of revenge.37 Legiehn and Kliewer agreed to “ give in to the pressure from outside,” as Legiehn put it, and leave the colony. On 4 June “ some Paraguayan officials from Asuncion, accompanied by several offi­ cials of the United States embassy” arrived in Fernheim and were surprised to find Kliewer and Legiehn still there. They were ordered to leave for intern­ ment at San Pedro within 24 hours, Left to right: John R. Schmidt, Julius Legiehn, ? Friesen, Franz Heinrichs, ? Braun, which they apparently did.38 In this way in Asuncion about 1941. World War II ended for Fernheim Col-

MENNONITE LIFE ony, two days before D-Day, the Allied ’Quiring, “Deutsche erscltliessen den Chaco folder “ Paraguay Fernheim Colony 1940,” (Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider, 1936), pp. AMC-IX-6-3. invasion of Normandy. 182-183; Fritz Kliewer, "Mennonite Young Peo­ 29Litwillcr to Bender, 1 May 1940; Snyder to Fernheim’s encounter with National ple’s Work in the Paraguayan Chaco,” Mennonite Yoder, 1 May 1940; J. W. Shank to Orie O. Socialism and its denouement in 1944 Quarterly Review 11 (April 1937): 121. Miller, 30 April 1940, folder 69, box 54, AMC- left a lasting legacy of bitterness. The "Quiring, Deutsche erscltliessen den Chaco, p. Hist. Mss. 1-278; Jacob Siemens to MCC, 30 182. May 1940, folder 384, box 34, P. C. Hiebert above account does not even begin to 9‘‘RE: FRIEDRICH KLIEWER, with aliases Papers, MLA-MS-37, Mennonite Library and tell the entire story and its brevity can Fritz Kliewer, Federico Kliewer,” 5 October Archives, North Newton, Kansas; J. W. Shank, be misleading. It must be remembered 1945, DF 862.20234/11-1545, U.S. State Depart­ 1940 diary, box 1, Josephus Wenger Shank ment decimal files (DF), National Archives, Papers, AMC-Hist. Mss. 1-208. that Nazism looks vastly different from Washington, D.C. 1991 than it did from 1933, 1937, 1940, ’°Nikolai Wiebe to MCC, 7 May 1940, folder I0“ RE: JULIUS FRIEDRICH LEGIEHN, 69, box 54, AMC-Hist. Mss. 1-278. and even 1944. Mennonites in Fern- alias Julius Legiehn,” 30 October 1945, DF ’’Nikolai Siemens to Elvin Snyder, 10 June 862.20234/11-2945. 1940, folder 2/13, AMC-Hist. Mss. 1-113; “ Mis­ heim were attracted by Nazism’s pro­ "For the identification of the German Ent­ gram of conservative public morality sion in Argentinien,” Menno-Blatt, vol. 11, no. schiedenes Christentum with the American "Chris­ 5, May 1940. and anti-communism. In their desire to tian Endeavor” movement see Arno Pagel, “ Ent­ ’’Hans (Juan) Neufeld to John D. Thiesen, 8 return to Europe, they were following schiedenes Christentum," in Franklin H. Littell November 1988, letter in my possession; Julius and Hans Hermann Walz, eds., Weltkirchen Lex­ their own best economic interests and Legiehn to P. C. Hiebert and Orie O. Miller, 14 ikon: Handbuch der Ökumene (Stuttgart: Kreuz- April 1944, folder 431, box 39, MLA-MS-37; in being willing to give up nonresistance Verlag, 1960), p. 335. John R. Schmidt to MCC, 18 March 1944, folder they were keeping company with the •’Samuel Geiser, Daniel Lerch, and Samuel 431, box 39, MLA-MS-37. Interestingly, Martens Geiser, Die Tauf gesinnten-Gemeindeti: Eine kurz- is recorded as a Party member. He is listed as hav­ opinions and practice of European gefasste Darstellung der wichtigsten Ereignisse Mennonites. ing been born 8 October 1903 at Wohldemfürst des Tdufertums (Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider, in the Ukraine and joined the Party on 1 May 1939 Fernheimers could hardly understand 1931). with membership number 7050626. He is de­ what happened to them in 1944. To "Kliewer, "Mennonite Young People's Work,” scribed as a merchant living in Asuncion. A p. 127. them, it looked as though MCC and the Wilhelm Martens, apparently a brother, is also "Albert Hocfs, Was lieblich ist und wohl lautet: listed: born 28 April 1902 at Wohldemfürst, U.S. and Paraguayan governments had ein Buch Uber den guten Ton (Kassel: J. G. joined the Party 1 October 1938, membership connived to deprive them of their best Oncken Nachfolger, n.d.). number 6990793, farmer at Barranqueritas. U.S., "Kliewer, “ Mennonite Young People’s Work,” Congress, Senate, Committee on Military Affairs, leadership. In fact, MCC was as much p. 128. a victim as Fernheim of the govern­ Subcommittee on War Mobilization, Nazi Party l6Kliewcr, "Mennonite Young People’s Work,” Membership Records, Submitted by the War mental actions. Much of the Mennonite pp. 125-127. Department to the Subcommittee on War Mobiliza­ "Kliewer, “ Mennonite Young People’s Work,” tion o f the Committee on Military Affairs, August encounter with National Socialism was p. 125. internal; Mennonites confronted other 1946, Part II, 79th Cong., 2nd sess.. Subcom­ '"Friedrich Kliewer, “ Die Mennoniten im mittee Print (Washington, DC: United States Mennonites. There was clearly a clash Chaco feiern Hindenburgs Geburtstag,” Menno- Government Printing Office, 1946), p. 140. The of cultures between MCC and Fernheim Blatt, vol. 4, no. 11, November 1933. only other apparent Mennonite included in the l9Kliewer, “ Mennonite Young People’s Work,” Senate lists for Paraguay is Heinrich Franz which was unrecognized at the time and p. 122; Heinrich Derksen, Sr., Vom “Paradies ” is little recognized today. Two (or Willms: born 8 April 1910 at Kleefeld, District in die Griine Hölle Paraguays (Asuncion: Adel­ Melitopol, Ukraine, joined the Party 1 April 1933, more) different ways of being Mennon­ heid and Heinrich Derksen, Jr., 1988), p. 83, also membership number 1533127, a mechanic in mentions clergy opposition to the Jugendbund but ite struggled, and the MCC way won. Asuncion. Senate, Nazi Party Membership does not give specifics. A statement by a historian describing Records, part 3, p. 555. 20Manfred Kossok, “ Die Mennoniten-Sied- ’’John R. Schmidt to MCC, 18 March 1944, events much earlier in Russian Men­ lungen Paraguays in den Jahren 1935-1939 (Zur folder 431, box 39, MLA-MS-37. nonite history seems a fitting epitaph on politischen Rolle der Ausländsdeutschen in Süd­ "Legiehn to Hiebert and Miller, 14 April 1944. many other events in Mennonite his­ amerika),” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft "G. S. Klassen to Orie O. Miller, 17 March 8 (1960): 368-371. Kossok, an East German 1944, folder 430, box 38, MLA-MS-37; Legiehn historian, had access to a number of German tory: “ Free from external oppression, to Hiebert and Miller, 14 April 1944. the Mennonites oppressed each other, Foreign Ministry documents from the German ’"Schmidt to MCC, 18 March 1944. in faith, in business, and in society.’’39 Central Archives in Potsdam about Wilhclmy’s ’’Klassen to Miller, 17 March 1944. expedition. These sources do not seem to be ’"Willard H. Smith and Verna Gräber Smith, available in the West. The Menno-Blatt briefly Paraguayan Interlude: Obsenations and Impres­ ENDNOTES mentioned Wilhelmy’s visit, but the rest of our sions (Scottdalc, PA: Herald Press, 1950), p. 79. information comes via Kossok. 'Nikolai Wiebe to MCC, undated, folder 39James Urry, “ The Closed and the Open: 21 “ Verschiedenes,” Menno-Blatt, vol. 8, no. Social and Religious Change amongst the Men­ “ Paraguay Fernheim Colony 1943,” AMC- 2, February 1937. IX-6-3, Archives of the Mennonite Church, nonites in Russia (1789-1889)” (Ph. D. disserta­ ’’Kossok, “ Mennoniten-Siedlungen Paraguays,” tion, Oxford University, 1978), p. 644. Goshen, Indiana. This document, obviously, is p. 369. VDA stood for Volksbund für das in the wrong folder in the archives. Deutschtum im Ausland. This was a private but ’Full moon was on 9 March 1944. Bundesbote pro-Nazi organization that supported ethnic Ger­ Kalender fiir das Jahr unseres Herrn 1944 mans outside of Germany, especially in educa­ (Newton, KS: Mennonite Publication Office, tional matters. The VDA funded Fritz Kliewer’s 11943]), p. 7. graduate studies in Germany. •’Hans (Juan) Ncufeld, Affaire Dr. Fritz Klicwer ’’Jacob Siemens, Heinrich Pauls, and Abram in Fandteim [sicJ 1940-1944 (Asuncion: Hans Loewen to B. H. Unruh, 29 September 1937, Neufeld, 1988), p. 20. folder “ Paraguay Fernheim Colony 1937," 4Peter P. Klassen, Die Mennoniten in Para­ AMC-IX-6-3. guay: Reich Gottes und Reich dieser Welt (Weier­ 24Nelson Litwiller to Harold S. Bender, 1 May hof: Mennonitische Geschichtsverein, 1988), pp. 1940, folder 69, box 54, H. S. Bender Papers, 94-96, 320. The MG group related to the General AMC-Hist. Mss. 1-278. Conference Mennonite Church. ’’Litwiller to Bender, 1 May 1940. 5“ Die Mennonitensiedlungen des paraguay­ ’"Litwiller to Bender, 1 May 1940. ischen Chaco und die nationale Erhebung in ’’Elvin Snyder to S. C. Yoder, 1 May 1940, Deutschland,” Menno-Blatt, vol. 4, no. 6, June folder 2/13, Elvin Snyder Papers, AMC-Hist. 1933. Mss. 1-113. 6“Mennonitensiedlungen . . . und die nationale ’"Julius Legiehn to Orie O. Miller, 9 July 1940, Erhebung.”

JUNE, 1991 9 The German Mennonite Response to the Dissolution of the Rhoen-Bruderhof by James Irvin Lichti

“ Expulsion of Mennonites sponse, in turn, troubled Dutch Men­ German Mennonite perception from Germany” nonites, who had taken in the expelled of the Rhoen-Bruderhof German Hutterites upon their arrival in On April 22, 1937, a Swiss Catholic the Netherlands: Didn’t the Vereini­ When Hitler was appointed chan­ paper, the Basler Nachrichten, ran a gung 's response to the dissolution of the cellor on January 30, 1933, German short article entitled “ Expulsion of Rhoen-Bruderhof constitute the aban­ Mennonites reacted “just like their Mennonites from Germany.” This ar­ donment of a sister denomination? fellow Germans: they were relieved and ticle appeared during Hitler’s fourth In taking on this question, the fun­ cheered Hitler and his Brownshirts with year in power. The paper reported the damental issue is understanding how great hope.” 3 The Rhoen-Bruderhof, arrival in Holland of 31 German Men­ German Mennonites and German Hut­ on the other hand, faced the moment as nonites who had been expelled from terites, both based in the Anabaptist a solemn call to decision. Upon hear­ Germany tradition, pursued opposing forms of ing the news, the community’s leader, Eberhard Arnold (1883-1935), called because—in accordance with their con­ “ accommodation” to life under Na­ victions—they did not want to perform tional Socialism.2 In addition, the his followers together and announced military service. Also, they have con­ Vereinigung ’s response to the dissolu­ that the time had come for each of them sistently refused to employ the Hitler tion of the Rhoen-Bruderhof provides to choose their life’s direction: either greeting. A few days ago Gestapo de­ an unusual opportunity to contrast the accommodation to the new state or non­ tachments appeared, occupied the com­ “ individual” and “ institutional” re­ conformity in the context of a com­ munity buildings and took their occu­ munity of commitment.4 pants to the Dutch border. . . . (Em­ sponses to National Socialism. How­ phasis in original) ever, a look at the initial responses of This commitment initially brought Vereinigung leaders seems to present a together Eberhard Arnold and Emmy The report’s details were largely reli­ more complex picture. Of the three van Hollander (1884-1980), who be­ able: on April 14, 1937, a small reli­ leaders most directly involved at that came his wife. They met in 1907; both gious community had been disbanded point, Benjamin Unruh pressed for were from respectable bourgeois back­ by the Gestapo. It identified with the distance right away, which fell in line grounds, and were influenced by two Anabaptist tradition and was known as with his own uncritical regard for the rather different movements: pietistic the Rhoen-Bruderhof, the Rhoen being Third Reich. The remaining two, Chris­ revivalism, which gave expression to a rather impoverished rural area lying tian Neff and Emil Haendiges, assumed their devout faith, and the German about midway between Frankfurt and positions surprisingly at odds with their Youth Movement, which questioned the Berlin. One detail missed by the Basler respective perspectives. Despite the normative basis of bourgeois German Nachrichten was that community doc­ diversity of response among church life. World War I drew the couple into trines also rejected private property; on leadership, the Vereinigung 's response circles of religious pacifists and reli­ this basis, the Rhoen-Bruderhof came to the Basler Nachrichten fell in line gious socialists; with the coming of under government suspicion both as with the overall pattern of German peace, they joined with others who were “pacifists” and as “communists.” Mennonite accommodation to the Third questioning private property, and seek­ However, it was not an oversight, but Reich. Perhaps the most disturbing ing alternatives to conventional eco­ a specific error which caught the atten­ aspect of this happened in the very pro­ nomic, political and religious institu­ tion of German Mennonite leadership: cess of policy formation: what finally tions. This particular wing of the post- the Rhoen-Bruderhof s affiliation was allowed for policy determination was a World War I German Youth Movement, Hutterite rather than Mennonite. The selective reliance on principles from the called the “ communitarian” move­ Vereinigung der Deutschen Mennoniten- Mennonite tradition. These principles ment,5 enthusiastically embraced Ger­ gemeinden, in which the majority of legitimized a position which “ pro­ man folk culture, but fundamentally German Mennonite congregations were tected” the German Mennonite reputa­ challenged the cornerstones of German represented,1 was anxious to make clear tion under the Third Reich and main­ middle-class society. that “ no Mennonites had been expelled tained an uncritical stance toward the The movement aroused some curiosity from Germany,” and that there was no Gestapo action against the Rhoen- among German Mennonite youth, but affiliation between German Mennonites Bruderhof. those who became actively engaged and the Rhoen-Bruderhof. This re­

10 MENNONITE LIFE were transplanted Russian Mennonites. Hans Klassen and Johannes Harder were examples. Klassen founded a Quaker commune in Thuringia, the “ Neu-Sonnenfelder” ; but since moving to Germany his contacts had been with progressive Baptists rather than German Mennonites. Similarly, Johannes Hard­ er’s contacts with German Mennonites remained rather marginal. He was the only Mennonite to live at the community founded by Eberhard and Emmy Arnold in 1920. Harder stayed at the Rhoen- Bruderhof off and on between 1925 and 1928. Toward the end of his life, Harder kept a few photos on the wall of his study of individuals critical to his intellectual and spiritual development. Eberhard Arnold was among these; but despite this, Harder could not quite bring himself to join the Rhoen-Bruder- hof.6 Eberhard and Emmy’s community developed an increasing awareness of the links between their own goals and the doctrines of the 16th century Hut- terites. They attempted outreach to Ger­ man Mennonites, and met with a mix­ ture of sympathy, admiration and skep­ ticism. Another reason for hesitation was that Rhoen-Bruderhof outreach took the form of an urgent plea for assistance with its desperate financial condition. This issue appears to have become the unfortunate focus of the relationship between German Mennonites and the Rhoen-Bruderhof. To their credit, Ger­ man Mennonites provided occasional Eberhard and Emmy Arnold in 1921. limited assistance to the Rhoen-Bruder­ hof even when German Mennonites folksy “ youth-movement” outfits for Hutterite doctrine and National Socialist were themselves under considerable the rather similar Hutterite garb; others ideology. financial strain; such assistance was ex­ were more difficult, such as dispensing This distance was expressed in Rhoen- tended even during the weeks preceding with folk dancing and musical instru­ Bruderhof literature, which spoke out the Gestapo’s dissolution of the com­ ments—or Eberhard Arnold giving up against militarism, private property, munity. This support was motivated not his cigars. and idolizing German “ folk identity.” only by sympathy—by 1937, the com­ Distribution of such literature was munity was maintaining itself under The Rhoen-Bruderhof and blocked by the Nazi regime, and the near-starvation conditions—but also on the Third Reich Rhoen-Bruderhof attempted to continue respect. There was a very real ambiva­ distribution in neighboring German- lence in the German Mennonite regard Eberhard’s initial assessment of Hitler language countries. During the spring for the Rhoen-Bruderhof. soon proved itself accurate. Increas­ and summer after Hitler came to power, The Rhoen-Bruderhof then turned to ingly, Third Reich policies interfered the Gestapo inspected the community the Hutterian Brethren of North Amer­ with Rhoen-Bruderhof community life. regularly and then stormed the Bruder­ ica. Here they also met with caution; The responses of the Rhoen-Bruderhof hof in November with 120 agents in a but Eberhard was eventually invited to and German Mennonites both lie in a fruitless search for weapons. A month visit the North American Hutterian deeply-held German Protestant respect later, the Third Reich insisted that the communities, and he was received as a for worldly authority. This respect is Bruderhof’s school include Nazi propa­ fresh voice of inspiration. Affiliation more explicit in the Lutheran tradition, ganda in its curriculum. To circumvent was agreed upon by December 1930. but- not without basis in German Men­ this, the community immediately shut­ The Rhoen-Bruderhof went about mak­ nonite tradition. The Rhoen-Bruderhof tled its children off to Liechtenstein, ing the necessary adjustments: some exercised this respect with an awareness where a daughter community, the Alm- were easy, such as exchanging their of the fundamental distance between Bruderhof, was established. With the

JUNE, 1991 11 introduction of conscription in 1935, returned to Russia to teach German and draft-age men were also removed to this religion at the Kommerzschule in Halb- location. Advised by the Liechtenstein stadt. After the Russian Revolution, government that it was not in a position Unruh was in the four-member “ study to shelter draft-age Germans indefin­ commission” that visited European and itely, a second daughter community, the North American Mennonites in 1920 to Cotswold-Bruderhof, was established in explore emigration options for Russian England. This was the ultimate destina­ Mennonites. Although various confer­ tion of members of the Rhoen-Bruderhof ences were interested in helping, there following their expulsion in 1937. was firm resistance to a cooperative, It may seem surprising that the Rhoen- “ inter-Mennonite” effort. Yet this is Bruderhof remained in Germany at all precisely what the Russian Mennonite after Hitler came to power. This was, study commission insisted upon, and it in fact, an on-going question in the is their insistence that led to the found­ community. In the end, they felt it im­ ing of Mennonite Central Committee in portant that their attempt at a Christ- that year. One of Benjamin Unruh’s on­ centered community remain. With this going “ causes” was to challenge the orientation, strategies of accommoda­ barriers blocking inter-Mennonite co­ tion drew the line at principle; in a fun­ operation and communication. damental sense, the Rhoen-Bruderhof After the study-commission’s tour, would have lost its reason for being if Unruh remained in the west. He settled it had prioritized self-preservation Benjamin H. Unruh in about 1930. in the southern German city of Karls­ above preservation of principle. ruhe and became the Vertrauensmann for thousands of Russian Mennonites German Mennonites under the efforts in this direction with consistency making their way out of the Soviet Third Reich and a good measure of success. Union. No other person played as cen­ On the other hand, the record of these tral a role in their resettlement. Unruh’s The fundamental conflict between same denominations on speaking out own gifts were especially well suited to Bruderhof doctrine and National Social­ against Nazi racism and militarism is the tasks of dealing with officials, pro­ ist ideology clearly identified “ which disturbingly weak. The Third Reich’s moting cooperation, and raising the side” German Hutterites were on; were “ respect” for the relative autonomy of necessary funds. His ready rhetorical German Mennonites, then, simply on the German churches was based on the skills combined humor, affability, op­ the “ other” side? German Mennonites strict condition that they confine them­ timism, and a “ childlike” relationship were a less homogeneous community, selves to concerns related to the “ here­ to his faith.7 He was perhaps at the encompassing a broader diversity of after,” leaving the management of zenith of his visibility at the Second positions on issues of faith. Any gen­ “ this life” to National Socialist leader­ Mennonite World Conference in Dan- eralizations on the German Mennonite ship. On the whole, German churches zig/Gdansk. The year was 1930, and response to the Third Reich must be were prepared to meet this condition. the central concern was the devastating qualified, since individual German Men­ In so doing, they indeed parted with a impact of Stalin’s collectivization pro­ nonites indeed responded differently to good measure of autonomy. With this in gram on Russian Mennonites. At the the rise of National Socialism. But if we mind, the German churches’ resistance Conference, Unruh argued that the key vest German Mennonite institutions to National Socialist “ co-ordination” concern was not the incompatible eco­ with the responsibility of speaking for becomes difficult to evaluate: was this nomic structure advanced by the Soviet their constituency, a pattern of accom­ “ resistance” based on the content of Union, but the regime’s violation of the modation to the Third Reich becomes their faith or on an institutional “ sur­ “ historic Mennonite principle of free­ apparent. This pattern is clearest in the vival instinct” ? This is a question to dom of conscience.” 8 Vereinigung. keep in mind in considering the dif­ Considering Unruh's life focus, a The need for the Vereinigung to ac­ ferent responses of German Mennonite sympathy for National Socialism would commodate to the Third Reich indicates leaders to the dissolution of Rhoen- not be surprising. In the late 1920s, a distance between the German Men­ Bruderhof and the relationship between Hitler began reworking his Party’s nonite and National Socialist positions. these responses and the eventual institu­ image to attract a broader electoral The Nazi regime placed demands on all tional response by the Vereinigung. base. This involved a stronger appeal German institutions and forced each to to Christian sentiment, an easing of decide where it would “ draw the line.” Benjamin Unruh: “ They want to anti-semitic rhetoric, and an emphasis The Vereinigung responded in a manner misuse our Mennonite name abroad” on anti-Bolshevic slogans. All of this similar to most German denominations: heightened National Socialism’s recep­ their pattern of accommodation oper­ When Hitler came to power in 1933, tivity among Mennonites. ated within the framework of preserv­ Benjamin Unruh was at the height of his In addition, the German Mennonite ing institutional independence. National influence within the international Men­ sense of ownership in the German peo­ Socialist goals included government nonite community. Born in the Crimea ple was heightened by a “ media event” “ co-ordination” (Gleichschaltung) of in 1881, Unruh received his “ licentiate in 1929. That October, 13,000 desti­ all German institutions. Virtually all in theology” in Church History from tute German peasants—“ refugees” of German churches resisted the regime’s the University of Basel in 1907 and then Stalin’s rural collectivization program-

12 MENNONITE LIFE converged upon Moscow. Ten thousand who think they can use our name in vain ing from a position of intimidation. In of these were Russian Mennonite. Their for the transparent purpose of criticiz­ defending the Third Reich against plight became a “ cause” of the German ing measures undertaken by the German foreign misrepresentation, he also ef­ press and elicited a concrete response. authorities.” 11 fectively defended the domestic reputa­ The German government designated six The German press emphasized the tion of Mennonites under the Third million marks towards their departure “ misrepresentation” of the Third Reich Reich. for the west, with Reichspresident in the foreign press. By using this ap­ Hindenburg personally contributing proach to the Basler Nachrichten's Emil Haendiges: “ There are 200,000 marks, and the German public error, Unruh played into the hands of little flags that rise up . . . sending in one million marks. For Ger­ the regime’s propaganda strategy. The to show us where a priceless man Mennonites, this linked anti- principle that was central to his position treasure has sunken” Bolshevism with an unprecedented on the Russian Mennonites under Stalin sense that the German nation now stood —freedom of conscience—receded into As influential as Unruh was, the behind Mennonites. As Christian Neff the background, and a concern for “ ac­ response to the Basler Nachrichten was put it, curacy in the foreign press” dominated to come from the chair of the Verein­ This is singular in the history of our own the foreground. But at the same time igung, Emil Haendiges. Born in 1881 “ kindred nation” (Brudervolk) that assis­ that he defended the Third Reich, he in Worms, Haendiges was raised in a tance comes to us from the outside. We also defended the domestic reputation Baptist household. In accord with his have always had to rely on assistance of Mennonites under the Third Reich. father’s wishes, he initially pursued a from within our brotherhood. 9 Guiding his response was not intimida­ career in business, but found this un­ Neff sent Unruh the Basler Nach­ tion from without, but intimidation fulfilling. At the encouragement of his richten article. Neff also included an from within. Although he was oblivious mother’s family—who were Palatine article from the Dutch Mennonite paper, to the fact, Unruh yielded to the de­ Mennonite—he entered the ministry. Zondagsbode, which reflected consider­ mands for conformity imposed by the Haendiges completed his theological able sympathy for the German Hutter- totalitarian state. Prior to 1933, Unruh studies in 1912, and began as secretary ites. Unruh felt that the newspaper’s would have been less anxious to press and travelling pastor for the Conference reference to the Rhoen-Bruderhof as the distinction between German Men­ of South German Mennonites; an asso­ Mennonite was the work of Dutch nonites and the Rhoen-Bruderhof. As a ciation of congregations founded at the Mennonites, who had intentionally pro­ Mennonite historian, he had written urging of Christian Neff and reaching moted that association: highly of Hutterian history and would from the French Alsace in the west In my estimation, the Vereinigung should more likely have been amused than through the Palatinate and Baden to stick its neck out and present a very clear angered by a confusion of the two. But Bavaria in the east. In 1918, Haendiges explanation to officials and authorities the National Socialist preoccupation accepted the position at the Ibersheim- and before the public! They now want with who was “ inside” and who was Eppstein-Ludwigshafen congregation, to misuse our Mennonite name abroad not far from his hometown. In 1923, he in the fight against National Socialism. “ outside” the Volksgemeinschaft put a new twist on the distinction between responded to a call from the Elbing con­ He went on to decry the confusion that Mennonites and Hutterites. The new na­ gregation, which moved him from the could result from association with tional ideology had channeled Unruh’s “ Swiss Mennonite” base of the Rhein- “ Arnold-ish experiments.” 10 response. Unruh was arguably respond- land/Palatinate to the “ Dutch Mennon­ Unruh voiced similar opinions in his ite” base of West Prussia (today part response to an inquiry from the German of Poland). He remained in Elbing until Foreign Office. He described the Swiss the end-of World War II. and Dutch articles as “ clearly written This new location exposed Haendiges with propagandizing and agitational in­ to one of the most deeply resented con­ tention” and elaborated on German sequences of the Versailles Treaty. The Mennonite devotion to the fatherland. treaty had been imposed upon Germany He cited their willing sacrifice in the at the close of World War I and was a Great War, the early involvement of target of all conservative German press many “als sehr fniehe Kaempfer (as and political parties. In fostering this very happy fighters) in the National resentment, they promoted the national Socialist Party, and the full integration mood that led to Hitler’s electoral gains of Mennonite youth into Hitler organi­ in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Quite zations. by chance, the treaty’s territorial Unruh did qualify his position by in­ changes had hit German Mennonites forming the German Foreign Office of particularly hard: one out of three Ger­ his denomination’s unconditional sup­ man Mennonites suddenly found that port for “ freedom of conscience.” But their citizenship had changed. Congre­ in contrast to the situation of Russian gations that were formerly united under Mennonites under Stalinism, this was the German Empire now found them­ not the “ key issue” in regard to the selves in either the Weimar Republic, situation of German Hutterites under France, the Free City of Danzig, or a Hitlerism. Instead, German Mennonites resurrected Poland. The situation was “ must guard themselves against those Emil Htindiges in about 1952. most troubling in Haendiges’ new home

JUNE, 1991 13 of West Prussia, where the Mennonite memories of the Franco-Prussian War, population was divided between three and recalled his excitement at seeing different political entities. When Haen- Wilhelm I, the German Empire’s first diges accepted editorship of the Verein­ Kaiser, at the Ludwigshafen train sta­ igung’s monthly, Mennonitische Blaet- tion. While a student in Berlin, he en­ ter, in 1927, he used his opening thusiastically attended Heinrich von editorial to voice his own resentment at Treitsehke’s lectures on Germany. the divisive impact of the Versailles Treitschke is credited with helping to Treaty on German Mennonite fellow­ fan German nationalism. Neff was also ship and communication.12 He was deeply impressed when he heard Bis­ hardly alone in these sentiments. marck address the Reichstag. He de­ This situation increased Mennonite scribed it as “ an historically significant vulnerability to National Socialist rhet­ moment of my life.” 15 During Neff’s oric. Hitler combined resentment over childhood years, Bismarck waged three the World War I settlement with anti- successful wars, which led to the found­ Slavic racism—modulating his emphasis ing of the German Empire in 1871. in accord with his audience—by de­ While all of this had a lasting impact manding the extension of German on the boy’s imagination, the grown Lebensraum (living space) in the east. man’s writings were not significantly Hitler’s own aims involved more than swayed by nationalism. His style ap­ a restoration of the German Empire’s pealed more to reflection than senti­ former borders, but he was selective ment. Lacking Unruh’s speaking skills, with how he phrased his aims. His Christian Neff. Neff compensated by carefully compos­ audiences, in turn, were selective in ing all his sermons and addresses in ad­ line here out of the fear of what could vance; the result was a more finely focusing in on what they wanted to happen. . . . With all their shortcom­ hear. On the surface of things, Men- ings, the brothers are suffering for a prin­ reasoned presentation, “ a crystalline nonites probably would have endorsed ciple for which our forefathers also suf­ clarity, an austere structure, altogether only a conservative rendering of Hit­ fered, but which we have renounced. a linguistic mastery.” 16 His focus re­ ler’s foreign policy goals, but at a “ There are little flags that rise up from mained squarely on the welfare of the deeper and less aware level many also the surface of the ocean to show us where Mennonite community, and he was not a priceless treasure has sunken. ” 14 welcomed the hope, and perhaps even wont to confuse matters of faith with the the “thrill,” offered by Hitler’s Haendiges’ position was significantly fate of the German Volk community, as fanatical militancy. And when Hitler shaped by his talks with Emmy Arnold many other German Mennonite writers finally did invade Poland in September at the 1936 Mennonite World Confer­ of the period did. 1939, there was militancy in Haendiges’ ence in Amsterdam. As was character­ In founding Mennonite World Con­ tone: istic of German Mennonite leaders, ference, Neff combined two of his Haendiges was very “ people oriented,” prime interests: fostering international Our German ethnic communities (Volks­ and Emmy Arnold’s warmth, piety, and gruppen) suffered unspeakable diffi­ contact among Mennonites, and promot­ culties under the Polish yoke during profound commitment made a strong ing Mennonite history. At Neffs initia­ twenty years of foreign domination. The impression. Widowed in 1935, she and tive, the first Mennonite World Con­ worst at the very end. Then God, our fellow Rhoen-Bruderhof members had ference took place in Zurich on January Lord, helped them through the hand of been living under conditions of extreme 25, 1925, to commemorate the 400th our Fuehrer and set them free. We thank poverty. Ironically, it was the founder anniversary of the first adult baptism. our Fuehrer for his feat of liberation! 13 of Mennonite World Conference, Chris­ He remained convenor of Mennonite Haendiges was among those German tian Neff, who would dissuade Haen­ World Conference until his death in Mennonites who had fallen, to a signifi­ diges from his position of solidarity. 1946. cant degree, under the sway of Nazism’s As convenor, Neff demonstrated a appeal, and a number of his editorials Christian Neff: respect for Mennonites with doctrinal could attest to this opinion. Curiously, “ In the Pursuit of Truth” positions different from his own. An ex­ this did not guide his response to the ample of this was nonresistance. In dissolution of the Bruderhof. Instead, Born in 1863, Christian Neff became preparing for the Third Mennonite he was the German Mennonite leader one in a long line of Palatine Mennonite World Conference of 1936, Dutch and most resistant to “ clarifying” the ministers in his family. By 1937 he American Mennonite leaders felt it im­ Basler Nachrichten 's error: celebrated his fiftieth year as pastor of perative that the peace issue be raised. It is infinitely difficult for me to release the Weierhof congregation with a strik­ One reason for this was anxiety over the something to the public along these lines ing list of church accomplishments to impact of Nazism’s militarism in Ger­ because in spite of everything, this has his name. Addressed as “ Vater Neff,” many: Mennonitische Blaetter had pub­ to do with a group of our own Mennonite he enjoyed a remarkably uniform re­ lished sufficient content sympathetic to lineage. . . . It is beyond me that “ Ger­ spect among divergent German Men­ man Mennonites” now back away from the new regime to raise eyebrows these “ Brothers in Need,” that no one nonite circles. abroad. But the question remained as to wants to risk his name in this context, Neff’s background might well have whether attention to the peace issue and then identify it as “ the place of the led to an affinity for German national­ would be self-defeating. Neff under­ Chair of the Vereinigung” to draw the ism. He possessed vivid childhood stood the integral position of nonresis-

14 MENNONITE LIFE tance in the faith of many foreign Men- Just between you and me, Brother Haen­ a commitment to an uncompromised nonites and would not question the rais­ diges, I would like to say that I do not honesty, and this commitment proved ing of an issue close to the heart of an share your emotion-based perspective on more durable among German Mennon­ this matter. This is simply a matter of important part of the “ brotherhood.” setting the facts straight, which seems ites than the principle of nonresistance. This perspective was apparently not necessary simply in die pursuit of truth;... When Hitler revived conscription in shared by most German Mennonites. As always, our sympathies are with the 1935, considerable efforts were made They had largely distanced themselves brothers [of the Bruderhof]. But we . . . to secure for Mennonite youth the op­ from nonresistance over the course of decided against a connection with them tion of “ pledging” rather than “ swear­ the 19th century, although congrega­ on principle.19 ing” their loyalty to the Fuehrer.20 tions still supported the minority who In apparent acquiescence, Haendiges Neff could have stressed or incorpor­ served as non-combatants in World War wrote the Basler Nachrichten. Respond­ ated other principles, such as “ freedom I. But when Hitler became chancellor, ing to the article’s small headline, “ Ex­ of conscience,” but Unruh had already various church organs were quick to pulsion of Mennonites from Germany,” modeled a selective emphasis on this draw a line between German Mennon­ he emphasized that “ no Mennonites principle, lending it “ center stage” in ites and nonresistance. Strongly for­ have been expelled from Germany.” reference to Russian Mennonites under mulated statements emphasized that But was the central concern here “ clari­ Stalin, but shifting it toward the back­ German Mennonites would no longer fication,” or what seemed to engage the ground in reference to German Hutter­ request “ special privileges” related to bulk of Haendiges’ letter: a distancing ites under Hitler. The positioning of the military service. Although these state­ from principles that would impair the principle appears gauged by just how ments said that the final decision re­ domestic reputation of German Men­ self-evident the “ brotherhood” of the mained a matter of individual con­ nonites? targeted population might be. It receded science, they made it clear that church The same question surfaced in the with the Rhoen-Bruderhof and disap­ support would stop where conflict with article Neff prepared for Mennonite peared even from the background with government policy began. These state­ periodicals. Entitled “ A Necessary the frequent and concurrent sentencing ments appeared with'an unwarranted Correction,” Neff’s initial draft began of Jehovah’s Witnesses to concentration urgency, since conscription was not by presenting the foreign press’s inac­ camps for rejection of military service. introduced for another two years. curate use of “ Mennonite,” and then Nor did Mennonites raise the freedom Among the few defending those with went on to stress the distinctions be­ of conscience issue in regard to the nonresistant principles in Mennonitische tween German Mennonites and German growing number of regulations, direc­ Blaetter was Christian Neff: Hutterites: tives, and prohibitions placed upon the Particularly this point—the rejection of Jewish population. I only want to say this: I affirm military military service—identifies a significant service. . . . But I regret that there is so Neither Haendiges, Unruh, nor Neff difference, even contrast between the denied or concealed their admiration for little understanding left in our circles for members of the Bruderhof and German the question of nonresistance. Even Mennonites of today. . . . the piety and commitment of Rhoen- though we have given up the strict prin­ We have a high esteem of the members Bruderhof members. At the same time, ciple of nonresistance . . . we should of the Bruderhof and their upstanding, they did not explicitly object to the nonetheless . . . stand up for those who genuine Christian convictions, but reject Gestapo action which dissolved that reject bearing arms and reject war based —along with their position on military on a crisis of conscience. . . ,17 community. They settled for “ clarify­ service—their religiously based com­ ing” the situation, allowing “ honesty” Despite Neff’s openness and readi­ munist institution. to outrank “ solidarity,” and ultimately ness to broach the peace issue at the Before Neff’s article was published, he effecting Unruh’s original agenda: an 1936 World Conference, he was less revised the last sentence, substituting explicit distancing of German Mennon­ open to the attendance of Rhoen- “ life in common” for “ communist.” ites from the Rhoen-Bruderhof. Bruderhof members at that same World This initial word choice used National Conference. He wrote to a Dutch Men- Socialist vocabulary to describe a Hut- When principle colludes with nonite pastor that there had been “ ab­ terite principle, perhaps signaling where accommodation; the dynamics solutely no mention” of inviting the Neff’s concern was in fact directed. guiding policy creation Rhoen-Bruderhof at the joint prepara­ Although entitled “ a necessary correc­ tory meetings, and that if there had tion,” the effect of Neffs article was Neff was Slo focused on the principle been, he would have certainly voiced a distancing of German Mennonites of “ clarification” that he lost sight of his reservations, “ although it goes from principles or ideologies that were the role he was playing. It was as if he without saying that that would have not taboo under the Third Reich. were “ playing into the hands” of an in­ been along the lines of an outright This had been a part of Unruh’s sidious institutional dynamic within the objection.” 18 But he here conjectured original agenda, which was then church structure guiding policy toward in retrospect. It is difficult to determine countered by Haendiges’ “ call for institutional ' self-preservation. This whether this would have been his solidarity.” On the surface, Neff dynamic generally characterizes human opinion prior to World Conference or seemed to be striking a middle ground institutions. In the case of the Rhoen- whether it reflected his consternation at of sorts. In stressing “ the pursuit of the Bruderhof, “ self-preservation” was the consequence of Emil Haendiges’ en­ truth,” Neff had shifted the focus by outranked by principle,' because the counter with Emmy Arnold. alluding to a historic Mennonite prin­ principles they would have had to aban­ Neff responded to Haendiges’ mis­ ciple: that “ our ‘aye’ be an aye and our don to survive would have destroyed givings immediately: ‘nay’ be a nay” (Matthew 5:37). The their reason for existence. And when principle of rejecting the oath prompted the Rhoen-Bruderhof was then dis-

JUNE, 1991 15 solved, Neff believed he was acting in suppressed or fade into the background. post-war era; in addition, his response accord with the principle of “ uncom­ This dynamic of response continued to the dissolution of the Rhoen-Bruder­ promised honesty,” but what in effect during the escalation of the Rhoen- hof is more of an abberation from a occurred was a selective reliance on Bruderhof controversy. Dutch Mennon­ critical distance that was stronger than principle which then legitimized a ites accused German Mennonites of in­ that evidenced by most other German policy that served institutional and com­ deed neglecting the principle of “ free­ Mennonite leaders. Emil Haendiges’ munity self-preservation. dom of conscience,” and of failing to call for solidarity was also an aberra­ Perhaps the most disturbing aspect demonstrate sufficient solidarity with a tion; at the Fourth Mennonite World here is how leadership remained un­ sister denomination. At this point, col­ Conference in 1948, he publicly re­ aware of the dynamics at play. These lusion with the Gestapo deepened. The pented his uncritical response to Naz­ were masked by the relative complexity Third Reich chose to distance itself ism, forthrightly “ prostrating” himself of German Mennonite church leaders’ from the more convoluted issue of before the gathering in a manner seldom initial response. They did not respond religious principle, suppressing the demonstrated by those in positions of like robots, reacting reflexively to the Gestapo’s primary motive and promot­ institutional authority. In this he whims of the totalitarian state; instead, ing an entirely different basis for the presented a model to emulate. Of the they challenged each other in an appar­ Rhoen-Bruderhof’s dissolution: the three men, perhaps the heaviest cloud ently open exchange of opinion. There Hutterites were accused of gross finan­ would remain over Benjamin Unruh, was at least some potential for the cial mismanagement, for which the and here the failure of the international policy to have taken on a different form. government seized the community’s Mennonite community is clarified: we But it did not. The institutional position property in the interest of its creditors. have failed to make a place for a man which emerged fell in line with the pat­ German Mennonites contradicted the whose contribution has been enormous, tern of institutional accommodation that Rhoen-Bruderhof s own. account and because he “ allied” himself with a was seeking to “ find a place” for Ger­ aligned with the regime’s position: the movement that has captured the 20th man Mennonites within the context of stigma associated with poor manage­ century imagination as the incarnation the Third Reich. The fact that a poten­ ment joined with Mennonite steward­ of evil. And there was indeed a basis tial for irregularity existed helped to ship norms to provide a legitimizing for Nazism having caught our imagina­ maintain the illusion that they were basis for the Gestapo’s account.21 In this tion in that manner. responding “ freely” and on the basis manner, a selective reliance on religious Many stood by Unruh, for both good of principle and overshadowed the role tradition placed a legitimizing stamp on and bad reasons. For those of us with played by (1) intimidation by the state church policies which either ignored, a more critical perspective, it is not and (2) fundamental dynamics of insti­ sidestepped, or even colluded with simply a question of whether or not to tutional self-preservation. Third Reich policy. “ stand by” such an individual, but There is always a line which cannot neither do we have a coherent alterna­ be crossed, i.e., where accommodation How to forgive and not forget? tive. Perhaps it refers to a fundamental would undercut the institution’s very tension that has no clear resolution. As reason for being. For the Rhoen- We can analyze the context sufficient­ always, we are called to forgive, and Bruderhof, nonresistance, community ly to understand why the German Men­ forgive we must as a part of our own of goods, and adoption of Nazi cultural nonite leaders took the positions they declaration of faith; but it is with equal forms, such as the “ Heil Hitler!” greet­ did. But is this sufficient? Recent con­ conviction that we dare not forget. Have ing, constituted such lines, while for troversy among German historians of we really learned how to do both at the German Mennonites and most German the Third Reich has challenged the same time? churches the most critical line was empathetic approach of “ historicism,” ENDNOTES i.e., of understanding a historic period resisting government coordination and 'In addition to the Vereinigung there was the maintaining institutional autonomy. by promoting “ identification” with Verband deutscher Mennonitengemeinden, which Unfortunately, the line drawn by Men­ those living during that period. In was composed of German Mennonite congrega­ nonites fueled the dynamics guiding in­ understanding German social life under tions, most of which were located east of the Rhine in what is today Baden Wuerttemburg and stitutional self-preservation, thus falling the Third Reich, a focus on “ identifica­ Bavaria. These congregations should be examined in line with the mindset guiding the tion” and “ empathy” tends to shift the separately, as they arc distinguished by a stronger Vereinigung's response to the dissolu­ compelling moral issues raised by Nazi emphasis on pietism and a greater readiness to maintain distance from mainstream German tion of the Rhoen-Bruderhof. One of the crimes into the background. In denomi­ culture. In addition, the Konferenz sueddeutscher “ blinders” on the agenda seeking insti­ national history, the historicist emphasis Mennoniten linked south German congregations tutional autonomy was concessions made can result in apolegetics rather than in the Vereinigung and the Verband with Alsatian reflection, self-justification rather than Mennonite congregations. in preserving the form of autonomy. 2 A striking contrast between German Mennonite There is nothing surprising in reli­ self-examination. and “ German Hutterite” responses to the Third ance on tradition in pursuing institu­ At the same time, the attention placed Reich was made by Hans-Juergen Goertz in tional self-preservation. Doctrine and here on “ individual” German Mennon­ “ Nationale Erhebung und religioeser Niedergang: Missglueckte Aneignung des tauferischen Leit­ tradition are part of the institutional ites under the Third Reich also draws bildes im Dritten Reich,” (Umstrittenes Taettf- structure, and either might be employed attention to one aspect of the “ broken­ enwn 1525-1975, edited by Hans-Juergen Goertz —selectively—to defend the overall in­ ness” characterizing our attitude toward (Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1977), German Mennonites after the war. p. 279. See also Dieter Goetz Lichdi, “The Story stitution. As a result of a selective of Nazism and its Reception by German Mennon­ reliance on tradition, certain principles Christian Neff was less touched by this, ites,” Mennonite Life, March 1981, pp. 24-31. become emphasized while others are since he did not live to experience the 'Dieter Goetz Lichdi, Ueber Zuerich und Wit-

16 MENNONITE LIFE marsum nach Addis Abba: Die Mennoniten in uHaendiges to Neff, Unruh, Crous and Braun, The Rhoen-Bruderhof in 1933 or 1934. Geschichte und Gegenwart (Maxdorf: Agape 5.10.37. Geschaeftsfuehrung binder, Mennon­ Verlage, 1983), p. 162. itische Forschungsstelle, Weierhof. ■•Interview with Herbert Sorgius, ex-Rhoen- ,5See Paul Schowalter’s obituary of Christian Bruderhof member, January 29, 1986, near Rot­ Neff, Gemeinde-Kalender 1951, pp. 17-21. tenburg, Germany. I have paraphrased Sorgius 16Ibid., p. 25. remarks; he recalled Arnold as telling his com­ 1’Christian Neff, “ Menno Simons in seiner munity members they must choose “ either this Bedeutung fuerdie Gegenwart,” Mennonitische way, or that way.” Blaetter, September 1935, p. 69. 5This term draws on Ulrich Linse, Zurueck, 0 l8Neff to Gorter (a Dutch Mennonite leader), Mensch, zur Mutter Erde: Landkommunen in 7.24.37. Neff Correspondence files, Mennonitische Deutschland 1890-1933 (Munich: dlv, 1983). Forschungsstellc, Weierhof. 6lbid., p. 268ff; Johannes Harder interview, 19Neff to Haendiges, 5.19.37; note was in­ Schlucchtcrn, Germany, December 13, 1986. cluded with a draft of “ Eine notwendige Bericht­ 7See Abraham Braun's obituary for Unruh in igung,” which explained the German Mennonite Mcnnonitischer Gemeinde-Kalender, 1961, pp. position and was published in the June 1937 issue 16-24. of Mennonitische Blaetter. Mennonitische For­ BMennonitische Welt-Hilfs-Konferenz vom 31. schungsstelle, Weierhof. August bis 3. September 1930 in Danzig, edited 30Dieter Goetz Lichdi, Mennoniten im Dritten by Christian Neff (Karlsruhe: Verlag Heinrich Reich. Dokumentation und Deutung (Weierhof: Schneider, 1930), pp. 83-86. Schriftenreihe des Mennonitischen Geschichts­ 9lbid., pp. 19-20; Mennonitische Blaetter, vereins Nr. 9, 1977), p. 87-92. December 1929, p. 106; John B. Toews, Czars, 31 Here I am only discussing the initial German Soviets & Mennonites (Newton: Faith and Life Mennonite response to the dissolution of the Press, 1982), p. 133. The German government’s Rhoen-Bruderhof. Controversy in fact became funds enabled about 5,500 of the refugees to get more heated, and German Mennonites had to to the west. reformulate their position, using stewardship 10Unruh to Pastor Kraemer, Krefeld, 30.4.37. norms as a legitimizing basis. I presented this Geschaeftsfuehrung binder, Mennonitische For­ analysis in "Linking ‘Bread and Sweat' to Blut schungsstelle, Weierhof. und Boden,” presented at the “ Anabaptist/ “ Unruh to die Kulturabteilung des Auswaertigen Mennonite Faith & Economics: Breaking the Amtes, z.H. des Herrn Legationsrats Dr. Kundt, Silence" Conference in Waterloo, Ontario, May 5.6.37. Geschaeftsfuehrung binder, Mennonitische 26, 1990. Conference results are due to be Forschungsstelle, Weierhof. published. 1 introductory article by Emil Haendiges as the new editor, Mennonitische Blaetter, January 1927, p. 1. l3Emil Haendiges, “ Zur Heimkehr der be­ freiten Volksgenossen ins Reich," Mennonitische Blaetter, October/November 1939, p. 65.

JUNE, 1991 17 The Canadian Mennonite Response to National Socialism by Benjamin Redekop

National Socialism aroused consider­ zenship and their Germanic cultural and The new immigrants found them­ able support among Canadian Mennon- religious identity was lost at this time. selves in a society which had recently ites during the 1930s, support qualified The war and the subsequent revolu­ become suspicious of both Mennonites by significant opposition to its more tion were disastrous for Mennonites in and Germans. Prior to the First World militant aspects and its more strident Russia, as they watched the steady War, ethnic Germans had been con­ Mennonite supporters. Pro-Nazi senti­ destruction of all they had built in the sidered among the best of citizens; but ments were most evident among Russ- previous 150 years. Many made the dif­ the war and the Mennonite education laender Mennonites, or those who had ficult decision to emigrate, as it became crisis of the late teens and early twenties migrated to Canada during the 1920s clear that their way of life was doomed. combined to discredit pacifist and from the chaos and oppression of Bol­ The bulk of the 20,000 Mennonites who German-speaking “ enemy aliens” in shevik Russia. There were many factors immigrated to Canada came between the minds of many Canadians. An on­ contributing to this support, not the least 1923 and 1926, and the majority of the going feature of Russlaender experience of which was the apparent promise held immigrants settled in the western prairie in the thirty years after their arrival in out by the “ new Germany” of galvan­ provinces. Migration trends during the Canada was both ap external and internal izing the exiled Mennonite community 1930s and thereafter were to Ontario pressure for Anglo-conformity. This through an invigorated “ German” and British Columbia. By 1939, thirty pressure, coupled with the scattered identity.1 percent of immigrants resided in these nature of Russlaender settlement, posed The roots of the Canadian Mennonite two provinces, while the rest remained an immediate and serious threat to the affinity for National Socialism go back in the prairie provinces of Manitoba, Russlaender ethno-religious identity. at least as far as the Mennonite sojourn Saskatchewan, and Alberta.2 Further, the Russlaender were eager in Prussia, where Dutch was assiduously The Canadian Mennonite population to carve out a niche for themselves in preserved as a congregational language prior to this migration numbered 59,000 Canadian society, both economically in some cases for as long as 200 years. and was concentrated in the five west­ and socially, and they quickly set about In Russia, Mennonites spoke Low and ernmost provinces.3 This number was the task with a vitality that astonished High German dialects acquired while in divided into eighteen congregational the more diffident and conservative Prussia, while Russian was reserved for families, with Mennonites of Swiss Kanadier and troubled many reflective intercourse with “ outsiders” and farm South-German origin predominating in Russlaender. Would Mennonites be animals. After Russification pressures Ontario, and those of Dutch North- able to perpetuate their distinctive iden­ began to be imposed in the 1870s, the German descent (i.e. former Russian tity and social solidarity? As the forces Germanic aspects of Mennonite identity colonists) inhabiting the prairies.4 The of assimilation and acculturation ab­ were reinforced by way of reaction. Swiss Mennonites had generally adopted sorbed them into Canadian society with The relationship with Germany, how­ the English language, while the Russian great rapidity, the Russlaender saw ever, was primarily of a cultural and Mennonites on the prairies (referred to their ethno-religious community not religious nature, as a steady supply of as Kanadier because of their early only fragmented, but dissolving before German educational and devotional arrival in Canada) conversed in Low their very eyes.5 materials flowed into the colonies. German among themselves, normally Canadian Mennonite support for Mennonite political allegiance, when it reserving High German for church, German National Socialism must be was acknowledged, rested with the Czar school and written communication. The viewed against this backdrop. Historical and the Russian fatherland, as events relatively educated and literate Russ- circumstances had brought about the surrounding the outbreak of the First laender immigrants of the 1920s had dissolution of the Russian Mennonite World War demonstrated. This attitude become increasingly “ Germanized,” commonwealth at the same moment that was to change during the course of the culturally, in the period after their more a powerful movement of “ Volk-unifica- war and revolution, as evidenced by the conservative brethren emigrated from tion” began to emanate from Germany. welcome accorded the invading German Russia in the 1870s, and tended to speak It was very easy to appropriate the ideas army in April 1918. The delicate bal­ more (and better) High German than the and rhetoric of this movement and apply ance between Mennonites’ Russian citi­ Kanadier. them to Mennonites who found them-

18 MENNONITE LIFE selves spread across 2000 miles of Mennonite papers that presented a pro- needs, and that Germans had even western Canada. Pro-Germanism in this Nazi slant and is a key source for shown love to the refugees: “ It is im­ context meant not only separation from understanding Mennonite Germanism possible to describe. There is no way the “ worldly” Anglo-Canadian envi­ during the 1930s. we’ll be able to pay them back.” 9 A ronment, but the possible reintegration The Rundschau was brought to Win­ letter of thanks to German president of the scattered remnant on a linguistic, nipeg in 1923 from Scottdale, Penn­ Hindenburg (who had personally do­ religious, and ideological basis. Thus sylvania and quickly became an organ nated 200,000 Reichsmarks for Russian- while Nazi-Germany became a surrogate of the newly-arrived Russlaender, par­ German relief) was drafted at the 1930 fatherland for some, it also became an ticularly the Mennonite Brethren. Its Mennonite World Conference in Dan­ important symbol in the struggle to circulation and readership was broad, zig. The fact that Germany was actively maintain the socio-religious integrity however, the Rundschau being read by involved in furthering donations for and identity of the Russlaencler.6 Mennonites from across North and Russia relief (e.g., via the German con­ At a basic level, the pride in all things South America and Europe. It func­ sulate in Winnipeg) could only add to German which was a part of the Nazi tioned as an important medium of com­ the general sense of gratitude towards movement was an important encourage­ munication and connection for the Germany. Mennonites were admonished ment to German-speakers who, living newly-scattered Mennonites, featuring never to forget what the Germans had in non-German environments, feared a high proportion of contributions by done for them. the loss of their cultural and linguistic readers and serving as a forum for All of this moved Rundschau editor identity. An unconscious emotional at­ discussion of all topics of concern. Hermann Neufeld to trace his ancestry tachment to the German language and While it is impossible to analyze the back to Prussia and apply for German customs should not be underestimated content of the paper in much detail here, citizenship. Although very few people as an important factor in Canadian it is important to identify some of the went this far, it is clear that Germany’s Mennonite Germanism during the 1930s major themes present in the paper dur­ positive example helped to make it a and beyond. In addition, German be­ ing the Nazi era. strong reference point for Mennonite nevolence towards Mennonites, along It is significant that pro-German sen­ identity after the breakdown of the Rus­ with Nazi anti-communism, were key timents preceded pro-Nazi ones in the sian Mennonite commonwealth. Expres­ factors in Mennonite Germanism. For paper, and this was related to the on­ sions of concern over the fragmentation many Mennonites, Hitler became a going tragedy in Soviet Russia, an issue of Mennonite society were present divinely-appointed figure sent to right which dominated the pages of the throughout the thirties and were coupled previous wrongs and save Germany and Rundschau in the early 1930s. It was with laments over being a “ people the rest of the world from communism. becoming apparent that those Mennon­ without a homeland.” A poem illus­ It was the combination of all the fore­ ites remaining in Russia had nowhere trates well how Germanism was iden­ going factors which gave Canadian to turn and were doomed to virtual ex­ tified as a positive, unifying character­ Mennonite Germanism its particular in­ tinction as a religious people. Pathetic istic, and how the German nation was tensity during the 1930s. letters from Mennonites who were sent seen as a kindly father welcoming home The National Socialist movement in to Siberia appeared in the paper, along his wayward children: Canada was itself weak and never with reports of horrors in the colonies When in every land, the German Volk able to gain a large following among themselves and general articles abhor­ is scattered, German-Canadians. Although signifi­ ring the atheism and communism of the so hold tight the bonds, of loyalty and cant numbers of ethnic Germans prob­ new Soviet regime. Some of the editor’s unity. ably sympathized with Hitler’s cause in siblings wrote from Germany, glad to Great among the nations—the German one way or another, Nazism was too be out of Russia; one of his sisters, homeland. unrelated to Canadian social and eco­ however, wasn’t so lucky. It reaches gladly from afar, to its own nomic realities, and ethnic Germans It would be difficult to overemphasize the hand. identified too strongly with Canadian the effect of these events on the Rus­ To nurture unity, in joy or pain, that institutions, for it to appeal to large sian Mennonite psyche. The sense of is the German blessing.10 numbers of them, despite the efforts of tragedy and loss was overwhelming. the approximately 100 Nazi-Party mem­ Understandably, Germany came to be If the German “ homeland” seemed bers to gain a following.7 seen as the great savior and protector attractive to some, “ German” ethnicity The focal point of Nazi activity was of the Mennonites, having agreed to was perceived to be of special value to in the prairie provinces of Manitoba, temporarily house and eventually Mennonites. This alleged “ German” ethnic background was seen by some Saskatchewan, and Alberta, which had relocate approximately 6,000 refugees absorbed some 70,000 German-speaking during the attempted mass exodus of individuals as having been responsible immigrants (including most of the 1929-30. Expressions of gratitude were for the Mennonite ability to make im­ 20,000 Russlaender) during the 1920s. unbounded: provements on the land wherever they There were seven German-language settled.11 Given the traditional Men­ In heaven will it be reckoned, the great nonite reserve towards nation-states, it newspapers published on the prairies things Germany has done. By it the poor during the thirties, and of these, five ex­ and persecuted, were pulled from the is understandable that this sort of stress pressed pro-Nazi sentiments. Three of clutches of the evil one. Bless, O God, on ethnicity became a more prominent these were Mennonite publications, and the German land, protect it with your and widespread means of identification almighty hand. 8 a fourth, Der Nordwesten, was widely with Germany. And more importantly, read by Mennonites. The Mennon- A refugee wrote from Hamburg that this growing sense of Mennonite “ Ger­ itische Rundschau was the largest of the Germany had provided for all possible manness” came to be seen as the key

JUNE, 1991 19 to the reintegration, both socially and Russian colonies who had settled in but drew the line at threats to Mennonite spiritually, of the Mennonite commun­ Germany and who espoused National doctrinal integrity and half-baked ideas ity on Canadian soil. Socialist and voelkisch ideas throughout of some kind of new Mennonite com­ The emerging German voelkisch the 1930s, helped to “ introduce” Hitler monwealth. movement, manifested most forcefully to Canadian Mennonites in 1932, claim­ Lack of space prevents a full exposi­ in the rhetoric of the National Socialists, ing that Hitler was in favor of “ positive tion of this discussion here, but some played a significant role in this process Christianity” and the furtherance of of the main currents deserve mention.15 of identity reconstitution. For example, Deutschtum throughout the world. Although Hitler’s accession to power a prominent elder of a newly-formed When Hitler came to power, he would evidently did not bring about great jubi­ Mennbnite congregation in Winnipeg remember Germans everywhere, help­ lation among Mennonites, enough inter­ submitted an article to the Rundschau ing to right past wrongs against them est was present for speeches given by in 1931 by a German writer which so they could breathe easier.14 Hitler to be reprinted on the back pages argued that the German Volk could Other Russian Mennonites who voiced of the Rundschau during 1933 and only be helped through a rebirth of support for Nazism from a German base 1934, while the twenty-five point pro­ specifically “ German” culture and were B. H. Unruh and Walter Quiring, gram of the National Socialists ap­ religion—all non-German elements were both of whom had ties to the German peared in September 1933.16 Through­ to be expunged.12 The implication for government during the Nazi era. Part out this early period in the Hitler Mennonites was clear. The Rundschau of the problem in gauging the Canadian regime, letters were submitted by Men­ followed events in Germany quite Mennonite response to National Social­ nonites and others, either travelling or closely, indicating that the ‘‘voelkisch ism lies in determining just how far living in Germany, extolling the great rebirth” of the German nation was of Canadian readers were in agreement changes taking place there, including prime interest. Even rather militaristic with the strident opinions of these indi­ the suppression of communism. News news concerning Germany was featured, viduals, who tended to dominate discus­ articles on the communists "getting such as reports that the Stahlhelm sions of Nazism and Germanism in the their comeuppance” from the Nazis Veterans Organization and the SA (a Mennonite press, includ ng Der Bote, would have been read with approval. Nazi paramilitary organization) were a smaller paper published in Rosthern, One Mennonite, whose family had been being allowed to wear uniforms again, Saskatchewan. exiled somewhere in the Soviet Union, and that Hitler had proclaimed that Ger­ And discussions there were. From the shared the widespread illusion of many mans would have to be ready to sacri­ time Hitler came to power in Germany Germans that Hitler carried a Bible in fice their lives if Germany were to in January 1933 until the outbreak of the his breast-pocket, was trusted by every­ regain its “ place in the sun.” 13 This Second World War, the related issues one, and had done a good job of clean­ sort of reportage garnered little negative of Germanism, National Socialism, and ing up the “ social-democratic, atheistic response from its “ pacifist” Mennonite Mennonite unity were intensely dis­ communist mess.” 17 readership. cussed in the Rundschau, as a number There continued to be much news on In the period immediately before of competing claims were made on developments in Germany, and almost Hitler came to power, opinions about Mennonite identity and purpose. A all of it had a positive slant. Press him and the National Socialists were clamor of voices put forward a whole releases from the German consulate either undecided or positive. Heinrich host of ideas and opinions on these were printed, and statements by the Schroeder, a schoolteacher from the topics, some of them remarkable for German Consul in Winnipeg, Heinrich their extremism and deviation from Seelheim, appeared frequently . Much of traditional Mennonite quietism, pac­ the “ news” must have originated from ifism, and apoliticism. Hardly anyone pro-German and pro-Nazi sources.18 disputed the importance of the German The Rundschau reprinted a speech identity in perpetuating the Mennonite given by Consul Seelheim at the 1933 Volkstum as it had emerged in Rus­ “ German Day” in Winnipeg (a cultural sia; but differences existed as to the event which took on political overtones degree Canadian Mennonites were will­ during the thirties), in which he spoke ing to make Germanism the defining of the “ voice of the blood” drawing feature of Mennonite identity. A few Germans together and of the need for became ardent German nationalists, ad­ Germans everywhere to be true to their vocating renunciation of traditional Volkstum. 19 Mennonite principles such as nonresis­ Articles by strident pro-Germans and tance and even incorporation into the pro-Nazis appeared frequently in the German Reich. More felt that some Rundschau throughout this period. kind of reintegration along the lines of Heinrich Schroeder was allowed to hold a German-Mennonite Mennostaat (au­ forth on his ideas of a synthesis between tonomous Mennonite state) was in Nazism and Christianity and of a plan order, to prevent the complete dissolu­ for a Mennonite “ traditions-colony” tion of Mennonitentum. The majority named “ Friesenheil,” to be located identified with events in Germany and somewhere in Germany. Hindrances promoted non-political forms of Ger­ like the principle of nonresistance were manism at home as a way of maintain­ to be cast off, the divisions within Men- Walter Quiring in 1961. ing Mennonite identity and solidarity, nonitism would be ignored to ground a

20 MENNONITE LIFE single “ Volks-church” of “ racially tant, it was now necessary to become services. This was but an opening volley pure Knights of the Third Reich.” 20 full citizens of Canada.25 Given the fact in what was to become a long battle Schroeder was drawing on the voelkisch that the majority of Mennonites became against the encroachment of the English tradition of a “ Germanic utopia” for Canadian citizens in relatively short language. By 1936 both the German- his ideas, which had some parallels order, this would seem to be a represen­ English (Mennonite) Academy at Ros- with Mennonites’ own utopian vision.21 tative point of view.26 But the problem thern, Saskatchewan, and the Mennon­ Although Schroeder’s ideas were dis­ of too-rapid acculturation and assimila­ ite Collegiate Institute at Gretna, Mani­ missed incredulously by some, others tion into Canadian society remained and toba, were reporting problems with stu­ felt compelled to remonstrate critics for was what motivated people like Janz to dent knowledge of, or willingness to being too “ scornful” of his proposals.22 argue for the relevance of the cultural learn, German. It is safe to say that From his home in Karlsruhe, Germany, Germanism, at least as a common within ten years of their arrival in Benjamin Unruh submitted numerous denominator among Mennonites. The Canada, the threat of anglicization had pretentious articles to the Rundschau Mennonite faith and sense of people- become very real for the Russlaender.28 supporting the Nazi ideology and argu­ hood was perceived to be closely tied At this point in time, the German ing that Russian Mennonites were to the German language and “ charac­ language (not least the Low-German ethnic Germans. ter,” and hence a rapid changeover to dialects) and culture were some of the All of this did not go without re­ English, the local “ worldly” language few remaining common attributes sponse from Canadian Mennonite lead­ seemed to spell the demise of Men- among Mennonites from the lost Rus­ ers, however, as a consensus began to nonitism. A middle way was needed sian commonwealth. Laments for this emerge among Canadian Mennonites, between militant Germanism, on the lost community, coupled with fears of and Mennonite Brethren in particular, one hand, and the total loss of the Ger­ the imminent demise of the Mennonites rejecting the more militant ideas being man identity, on the other, if the socio­ as a distinct “ people,” were uttered espoused and steering a middle way be­ religious integrity of the group was to throughout the 1930s. One person tween extremist Germanism and the be retained. wrote: total renunciation of the German iden­ The fear of assimilation and accul­ Scattered must we perish, as happens to tity. Brethren leader B. B. Janz was the turation, of Verenglischung, was a us in all the world, most prominent individual to do this, prevalent feature of Canadian Mennon­ when our brother-love in unity is lost. and the Rundschau printed a number of ite life during the First two-thirds of this Systematically they take our mother- pieces from his pen on the question of century, and was very evident in the tongue away, which our Creator gave to us, to harmon­ Germanism and Mennonite identity. Rundschau during the 1930s. In 1933 ize what we say. 19 Janz initially published a few short a Mennonite wrote bitterly of the effects articles on the Dutch origins of Men­ of Canadianization and the “ melting A Russian Mennonite who had settled nonites and Mennonite pacifism; he pot” on Mennonites: together with the in Holland reflected sadly on the loss subsequently produced a 15,000 word loss of a closed community, these forces of a world: “ O, this feeling of being cut article-series entitled “ Wherefrom and were responsible for a growing Men­ off—externally but not internally—with Whereto: Spotlights on the Mennonite nonite crime rate and the imminent such uncertainty as to whether we’ll not Past, Present and Future,” which ran demise of Mennonite organization and eventually drift away or become foreign in the Rundschau during April and May discipline. A mother complained that to each other.” Others echoed this basic of 1935. This article-series was a water­ although she had spoken German to her desire for reunification. Some turned an shed in the Germanism debates of the children from the cradle onward, they envious eye to the emerging sense of thirties, as Janz posed the historic “ faith still ended up speaking English among community in the new Paraguayan of the fathers” directly against the Na­ themselves. Not only that, but the older Mennonite colony, while others praised tional Socialist ideology and German­ ones were being tempted away to Hitler for bringing unity to the German ism as normative for Mennonite iden­ English Bible schools. How would Volk.30 tity, thus clarifying the issues at stake. youth be able to join the Mennonite One particularly concerned individual The principle of nonresistance, in par­ church if they lost the German lan­ asserted that through “hundreds” of ticular, could not be sacrified in favor guage?27 private conversations he had sensed the of the militant German ideology. But Others decried the “ wild” and “ un­ longing for Mennonite reunification. He although Janz made a strong distinction healthy” aspects of the “modern” noted that all Mennonites had watched between the universality of the Chris­ English evangelicalism, like night-time Hitler’s success with expectation and tian faith and the particularity of cul­ meetings and a generally superficial ap­ joy. Hitler had taught Germans to be tures, he was in the end subtly ambiv­ proach. One Winnipeg Brethren leader true to themselves and strengthened alent about the superiority of the Ger­ warned of modernism-and the teaching their self-assurance and feeling of com­ man language and culture as a special of the theory of evolution in English mon identity. Germans everywhere were carrier of Mennonite identity.23 schools, which had turned four “ Ger­ holding fast to the motherland as never Others combined the same elements man youth” (most likely Mennonites) before—perhaps when Germany re­ of warmth for the German cultural iden­ at the Univeristy of Manitoba towards gained some of her lost colonies, Men­ tity with staunch rejection of its political atheism. The neglect of “ our magnifi­ nonites should start an “ independent aspects.24 There was a feeling that cent mother-tongue” was a further colony under German protection?” 31 although the “ high cultural and moral danger for Mennonite youth, who con­ Winnipeg resident J. J. Hildebrand values” which Mennonites had “in­ sequently found English “ fun spots” also tried to generate interest in starting herited” from Germany were impor­ more attractive than Mennonite church a new autonomous Mennonite commun-

JUNE, 1991 21 ity, or Mennostaat, during 1933 and Commenting in 1939 on the continued politics and be loyal Canadian citizens. 1934, making the retention of the Ger­ insistence by one individual that a per­ Epp counted reprints from 15 German- man language and culture a prime com­ son could be both a Nazi and a Mennon­ language periodicals in Der Bote and ponent of the projected autonomous ite, a Kanadier Mennonite wrote that contributions from 21 non-Mennonite, Mennonite state.32 Hildebrand’s plan this combination was “ impossible and ethnic Germans, including Adolf Hitler elicited a fair amount of support in some unthinkable for Kanadier as well as and Joseph Goebbels. Many of the press quarters, while others liked the idea but Russlaender Mennonites, “ with very releases for German-oriented events in felt it to be impracticable. At least one few exceptions.” 35 Canada came from the German League, other individual put forth an all-encom­ The other Canadian Mennonite news­ while Bernard Bott contributed much on passing vision for a Mennonite society, paper which featured a pro-Nazi stance cultural Germanism. The German Con­ this one not necessarily geographically during the thirties, Der Bote, presents sul Seelheim also contributed articles. separate, but economically and culturally a picture similar to the Rundschau, Interestingly, 26% of all Mennonite independent. Here, too, the German although the editorial policy of D. H. contributions espousing Germanism language and culture figured as “ a com­ Epp tended to give the paper a slightly came from two individuals living in pletely indispensable factor in our stronger pro-Nazi tone.36 Der Immi- Germany, B. H. Unruh and Walter Mennonitentum.” 33 granten-Bote began publication in 1924, Quiring. Although my study of the Although the general reaction to these its name being shortened to Der Bote Rundschau was not quantitative, a simi­ fanciful ideas was negative, few dis­ in 1925. This was primarily a Russian lar proportion of Germanist content in puted the notion that Germanism was Mennonite immigrant newspaper, spon­ that periodical can be attributed to an important aspect of Mennonite iden­ sored initially by the Central Mennonite Unruh and Heinrich Schroeder. Epp tity, and there was general approbation Immigrant Committee in Rosthern, concluded that: of Nazism as a political movement, Saskatchewan, where a number of Russ­ albeit one in which Mennonites were The immigrant newspaper was a fairly laender had settled. While aimed at all representative reflection of the Mennon­ not to participate. David Toews, a the Russian immigrants, the paper ap­ ite immigrant mind, which in the 1930’s General Conference Mennonite leader pealed more to General Conference was very strong on nurturing and preserv­ equal in stature to B. B. Janz, felt the Mennonites, eventually becoming the ing cultural Germanism as essential to instruction of “ German and religion” official GC organ in 1947.37 the Mennonite way of life, strong . . . in its identification with (ethnic) German­ to be “ enduring goods” of the Men­ Historian Frank H. Epp undertook a nonites, and also gave his qualified sup­ ism, and though ambivalent on the ques­ quantitative analysis of Germanism con­ tion by and large also sympathetic to the port to the National Socialist transfor­ tent in Der Bote for the 1930s and found political Germanism of the Third Reich.39 mation of Germany, after a visit there that over five percent of all published A central feature distinguishing Der in 1936. The highly-regarded Mennon­ space was devoted to Germanism, with Bote from the Rundschau during the ite Brethren figure, C. F. Klassen, ap­ 83% favorable and 17% unfavorable. 1930s is the fact that Walter Quiring plauded the National Socialist “ house­ He classified Germanist contributions tended to dominate its pages, openly cleaning” in 1933, and in 1939 went on in terms of political, cultural and ethnic challenging Mennonite principles such record as being proud of the graduates subject matter, finding that 54% of Ger­ as nonresistance, espousing voelkisch of the Mennonite Brethren Bible school manist writings dealt with political sub­ and National Socialist ideals, and vi­ in Winkler, Manitoba, who “ weren’t jects, 29% was euturally oriented, and ciously. attacking anyone who disagreed ashamed of either the Gospel or their 17% dealt with ethnicity. Of the politi­ with him.40 Quiring argued that Men­ Deutschtum.” Klassen maintained that cal Germanism, Epp found that 71% nonites were not a distinct religious Germanism was, along with the Men­ was favorable in some way toward Ger­ people, rather they were a segment of nonite faith, a key source of Mennonite man political events, while the balance the German Volk with a particular accomplishments: “ It is good if we was unfavorable. The cultural content religious perspective. Mennonites, he always remember that religion and was almost completely pro-German, felt, were missing the chance of their Deutschtum were the sources out of while the ethnic segments were 92% lives by not actively taking part in the which we have, until now, been able to pro, and 8% con. The majority of space great rebirth of the German nation; accomplish much, and remain the devoted to cultural Germanism was they were surely going to lose their sources for future accomplishments.” concerned with preservation of the Deutschtum, their religion, and their Others expressed variations on the language, a “ missionary zeal” often identity as Mennonites because of this theme that Germanism bore a positive being evident. The importance of the neglect.41 Epp counted 45 separate en­ relationship to Mennonite religion, and German language for Mennonite reli­ tries by Quiring in Der Bote during the that loss of the German language led to gious identity is indicated by the fact 1930s, which works out to about one loss of character.34 that 38% of all references to the lan­ article for every ten issues published In sum, reports of great things hap­ guage used the phrase “ German and throughout the decade.42 pening in Nazi Germany may have religion.” 38 While at least one other person stimulated wistful thoughts in many, but Epp noted that critics of political Ger­ besides Quiring and Heinrich Schroeder relatively few individuals actively pro­ manism seemed to feel “ uneasy” about challenged the Mennonite principle of moted the Nazi cause, and they made what they were doing, often making nonresistance, there was a significant much noise. One gets the sense of a concessions of one type or another to negative response to Quiring and his receptive majority of Mennonites look­ their opponents. On the other hand ideas, in contradiction to the impression ing on in interest and affirmation, but there were, as in the Rundschau, given by Epp’s analysis.43 A number of eventually rejecting the more militant defenses of nonresistance and injunc­ individuals argued that Quiring’s per­ expressions of Germanism and Nazism. tions for Mennonites to stay out of spective was not shared by North Amer-

22 MENNONITE LIFE ican Mennonites, and B. B. Janz openly in the local organization of the Canadian anti-Nazi arsonists and later raided by challenged Quiring’s “ fanatical, one­ Nationalists.49 police, while another was vandalized as sided and scornful attitude.” 44 Privately, The “ Canadian Nationalist Party” was an anti-Nazi protest.54 Three Mennonite Quiring made contact with Janz and a Winnipeg-based fascist organization, churches in Alberta and Manitoba were acknowledged Janz’s leading position led by William Whittaker, which iden­ set on fire after the outbreak of war, among Mennonites. He argued that tified with the Nazis. Attempts were causing the Coaldale, Alberta Mennon­ Mennonites, now scattered all over the also made by the group to organize in ite Brethren congregation to post a world, were safer from unhealthy in­ the largely Mennonite Brethren com­ watchman at the door of their new fluences if they rooted themselves in munity of Yarrow, British Columbia, church building for a time. As B. B. their German Volkstum. Janz replied in early 1934, but there is little evidence Janz put it, “ Although the war was that Mennonites needed to be rooted in of much success. On the other hand, thousands of miles away, we felt the the Gospel.45 Rundschau editor Neufeld published ungrounded mistrust towards us as new Jacob H. Janzen, prominent GC Whittaker’s periodical The Canadian immigrants with a strange tongue.”55 leader and Germanist himself, first Nationalist, as well as Nazi party- It is understandable that, given the ex­ gently upbraided Quiring for his Na­ member Bernard Bott’s Deutsche Zeit­ pressions of pro-Germanism and pro- tional Socialist views, but eventually ung fiter Kanada, which was the official Nazism being made by some Mennon­ became frustrated and answered Quir­ organ of the German League. ites during the 1930s, mistrust towards ing’s diatribes with one of his own. He In Winnipeg during the summer of them would be evident once war broke made a strong distinction between cul­ 1934, the most notorious Canadian out. But for the vast majority of Men­ tural and political Germanism, asserting Mennonite encounter with fascism took nonite immigrants, such mistrust was that Mennonites were cultural Germans place. As reported in Der Bote, young indeed “ ungrounded.” only. As well, “ We all firmly believe Mennonite “ hotheads” took part in a In conclusion, my aim has been to that Hitler is the right man for Ger­ June 5 scuffle between Whittaker’s understand the Canadian Mennonite many, but we are becoming troubled by “ Brownshirts” and Communists, and response to National Socialism in its the way people are divinizing him.” had sustained (and likely inflicted) some broadest outlines, seeing it as a part Further, Nazism was a violent move­ injuries. The most significant aspect of of the total immigrant experience, full ment which appealed to mass instincts; the whole affair was that there was of struggles and feelings of dislocation and behind Quiring’s writings stood the widespread sympathy among Mennon­ and loss. As Wagner has pointed out, “ Nazi-fist” challenging the reader to ites for the Brownshirts. This seems to Nazism in Canada took on anti-assimila- disagree with, him.46 Other contributors have been due to a general wish to tionist overtones and appealed to those made the same distinction between see the communists “ get their just who felt themselves being treated as in­ political and cultural Germanism, and deserts.” 50 feriors or the victims of injustice or between wishing Germany well and There are also indications that a few discrimination.56 bowing down to the altar of National young Mennonite men enlisted in the This was certainly true of the Cana­ Socialism.47 National Socialist cause and travelled to dian Mennonite encounter with National Finally, it should be noted that other Germany sometime during the thirties, Socialism. Having suffered the destruc­ prominent Mennonites, like the histor­ and that an undisclosed number of On­ tion of their Russian colonies at the ian Cornelius Krahn and eastern Men- tario families sympathetic to the Third hands of “ godless communists,” and nonite leader John Horsch, joined the Reich also migrated there.51 Steinbach, finding themselves succumbing to the many voices rejecting militant German­ Manitoba Mennonites turned out in forces of Anglo-Canadian assimilation ism and supporting the principle of non- significant numbers to hear the Nazi­ and acculturation, the scattered Men­ resistance. Most of the individuals propagandist Karl Goetz in 1936, and nonites sensed the imminent demise of writing in favor of nonresistance in some Manitoba Mennonites were pres­ their socio-religious identity and cul­ 1934-35 did it in the context of the ent on occasion at the provincial “ Ger­ ture. These factors, along with German fierce Germanism debates then taking man Day” in Winnipeg.52 In general, benevolence towards Mennonites, Nazi place, which were instigated primarily overt involvement of Canadian Men­ anti-communism, and the apparent by Quiring, and thus were responding nonites with fascist groups was mini­ similarity between some Nazi and Men­ negatively to the militant Germanism mal, although constituting enough of a nonite tenets, combined to put Mennon­ advanced by Quiring, whether it was threat to bring forth condemnations ites in a receptive position for the explicitly mentioned or not.48 from Mennonite leaders.53 A more per­ cultural, political and ethnic ideas The extent of actual Canadian Men- vasive and widely cited occurrence was associated with the “ new Germany.” nonite participation in Nazi or other the purchase of shortwave radios to But by the mid-thirties a distinction fascist activities was minimal, although receive broadcasts from Germany. began to be made between political and noteworthy. The high-water mark for There was some negative reaction by cultural Germanism, the former becom­ this activity was reached in 1934. Early Anglo-Canadians to Mennonite pro- ing rejected as a valid “ Mennonite” in that year a Brethren leader from Germanism and pro-Nazism. In Ontario, position. The events of the Second Winkler, Manitoba, reported in the despite the desire of most Mennonite World War delivered the final blow to Rundschau that: immigrants to become established Cana­ Canadian Mennonite support for Na­ dians, there were rumors that Mennon­ tional Socialism, but the communal, Here in our little town a movement is ites were Nazi sympathizers, and that cultural, and religious associations of becoming noticeable. Hitler is known as they stored weapons in their churches. Germanism with Mennonitism would a striving, Christian young man, and we One Ontario church was set on fire by continue to be made into the 1950s.57 hope that the same qualities are present

JUNE, 1991 23 ENDNOTES gruendung einer Erbhofsiedlung,” MR, 12 Sep­ •“Walter Quiring, “ Mcnnonitisches ‘Volk’?” tember 1934, p. 3. 'For a detailed discussion of this subject see Der Bote, 23 May 1934, p. 2. 21 For more on the voelkisch "Germanic 42Epp, "An Analysis of Germanism and Na­ Benjamin Wall Redekop, ‘‘The German Identity Utopias” see George L. Mossc, The Crisis of Ger­ tional Socialism," p. 220b. of Mennonite Brethren Immigrants in Canada, man Ideology (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 4’Epp's quantitative approach obscures as much 1930-1960” (M.A. Thesis, University of British 1964), Chapter 6. A sense of community and as it illuminates the subject. Important criteria like Columbia, 1990), 223 pp. ideological mission and purity, were some of the stature of the writer, general interest in the sub­ 2 Frank H. Epp, Mennonite Exodus: The Rescue parallels between these two very different move­ ject, timeliness, rhetorical strategics, and variable and Resettlement o f the Russian Mennonites Since ments. terminologies are all submerged, in Epp’s study, the Communist Revolution (Altona, Manitoba: D. 22Ein Beobachter, “ Zu dem Schroederischcn in favor of physical measurements of news W. Friesen & Sons Ltd., 1966), p. 282, 307. Projekt einer Erbhofsiedlung," MR, 3 October columns. 1 Sixth Census o f Canada, 1921 (Ottawa: The 1934, p. 3; Frau M. Klassen, MR, 17 October 44B. B. Janz, "Warum schlaegst du Deinen King’s Printers, 1924), Vol. I., pp. 568-69. 1934, p. 6. Naechsten?” Der Bote, 19 September 1934, pp. ••Frank H. Epp, Mennonites in Canada, 21 For a detailed discussion of Janz's article- 2-3. 1920-1940: A People's Struggle for Survival series, see Redekop, “ The German Identity,” p. 45Letters of January 28, 1935, and February 13, (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1982), pp. 66ff. 1935. B. B. Janz Collection, Centre for Men­ 20-21. 2JA. A. Toews, MR, 14 November 1934, p. 5. nonite Brethren Studies (CMBS), Winnipeg, Box 5Studies dealing with this dilemma include 25H. Thiessen, “ Unser Kampf,” MR, 8 7, Folder 97. Henry Paetkau, ‘‘Russian Mennonite Immigrants November 1933, p. 5. 46J. H. Janzen, "Ein Bekenntnis,” Der Bote, of the !920’s: A Reappraisal” (Journal o f Men­ 26See Epp, Mennonite Exodus, p. 319ff. Prac­ 1 November 1934, p. 2; J. H. Janzen, Ibid., 30 nonite Studies 2, 1984): 72-85; and Joanna R. tically all Russlaender became citizens within five November 1925, pp. 2-3. Buhr, "Pursuit of a Vision: Persistence and Ac­ years of their arrival in Canada. 47"Zu ‘Kampf oder Friedhofsruhe’,” Der Bote, commodation Among Coaldalc Mennonites from 27B. Warkentin, “ Mennoniten und Verbrechen,” 5 December 1934, pp. 2-3; "Dem Fragesteller the Mid-Nineteen Twenties to World War II” MR, 22 February 1933, pp. 2-3; "Zu, De goadi in Nr. 50,” Der Bote, 2 January 1935, pp. 3-4. (M.A. Thesis, University of Calgary, 1986). oli Tied,” MR, 4 July 1934, pp. 3-4. ••“Cornelius Krahn, “ Menno Simons’ Kampf Frank Epp’s work also of course deals with this 2B"Ungesundes in der modernen Evangclisa- problem, as the subtitle of his book indicates (see fuer die Reinheit des Wortes Gottes,” Der Bote, tionspraxis,” MR, 1 May 1935,4; F. C. Thiessen, 20 February 1935, p. 1; John Horsch, "Menno above note 4). "Offener Brief," MR, 12 September 1934, p. 5; Simons ueber die Gottheit Christi,” Ibid., 9 6The insights of sociologist Edward Sapir and MR, 22 July 1936, p. 3; MR, 18 November 1936, social/religious theorist H. Richard Niebuhr pro­ January 1935, p. 1; John Horsch, "Is Unsere p. 7. In addition to sources cited elsewhere in this Werhlosigkeit preiszugeben?” Ibid., 6 March vides a theoretical framework for understanding article, Henry Paetkau’s M.A. Thesis stands out the role of language and cultural identity in pro­ 1935, p. 1. A few examples of other articles as an excellent local study charting the assimila- defending nonresistancc and either implicitly or moting the socio-religious solidarity of groups like tion/acculturation problem. See Henry Paetkau, explictly rejecting militant Germanism include: the Mennonites. See Edward Sapir, “ Language,” “ A Struggle for Survival. The Russian Mennonite "Um hohen Preis,” Der Bote, 27 June 1934, pp. Encyclopedia o f the Social Sciences IX (New Immigrants in Ontario, 1924-39” (M.A. Thesis, 2-3; “ Wehrlosigkeit,” Ibid., 17 October 1934, York: Macmillan, 1933), pp. 155-68; and H. University of Waterloo, 1977). Richard Niebuhr, Ihe Social Sources o f Denomi- p. 3; Johann Rcmpel, "Die Wehrlosigkeit auf­ 29J. J. Hildebrand, MR, 19 April 1933, p. 12. geben?” Ibid., 20 March 1935, p. 1; P. P. Dyck, nationalism (Hamden, CT: The Shoestring Press, 1954). For an extended discussion of analytical 30Jak. Thiessen, “ Sind wir Mennoniten ein­ "Wehrlosigkeit,” Ibid., 15 May 1935, p. 1; J. J. ander entfremdet?" MR, 17 July 1935, pp. 4-5; Klassen, “ Die biblische Begrucndung der Wehr­ frameworks for understanding phenomena like J. B. W., MR, 26 April 1933, p. 4; J. C., MR, losigkeit und ihre Durchfuchrung im Leben,” Mennonite Germanism, see Redekop, “The Ger­ 10 May 1933, p. 1; “ Nachtrag zum Plaut- man Identity,” Introduction and Chapter 7. Ibid., 21 August 1935, p. 1. dictsch,” MR, 25 July 1934, pp. 4-5; “ Deutscher 49P. H. Penner, MR, 7 February 1934, pp. 5-6. ’Jonathan Wagner, Brothers Beyond the Sea: Geist in Chaco,” MR, 29 April 1936, p. 7; J. P. National Socialism in Canada (Waterloo: Wilfred 50“Um hohen Preis,” Der Bote, 27 June 1934, Klassen, "Tag der nationalen Arbeit,” MR, 8 pp. 2-3. Laurier Press, 1981), pp. 59, 145-46. May 1935, p. 7. 8J. P. Klassen, "Dem deutschen Volk,” Men- 51 Epp, Mennonite Exodus, p. 324; Paetkau, “ A 3IB. W., “ Analyse zum mennonitischen Prob­ Struggle for Survival,” p. 169. nonitische Rundschau, 26 March 1930, pp. 2-3. lem,” MR, 4 April 1934, p. 2. 52Wagner, Brothers Bevondthe Sea, pp. 4648; Further citations of the Rundschau will be given 32B. Warkentin and J. J. Hildebrand, “ Men- as MR. 95. nostaat,” MR, 29 March 1933, pp. 4-6; J. J. s’Thc Canadian Conference of Mennonite ‘’MR, 15 January 1930, p. 13. Hildebrand, “ Vereinigung des Mennonitcntums,” Brethren passed a resolution in July of 1934 which I0P. P. Isaak, "Dem deutschen Volk!” MR, MR, 30 May 1934, pp. 4-5. 23 July 1930, p. 5. condemned “ some brothers (who) take part in ” J. P. Dyck, MR, 30 October 1935, pp. 5-7. Volk-movcments in which force is used.” 1934 "P. P. Kornelsen, “ Volk ohne Heimat,” MR, ’•‘David Toews, “ Unsere Probleme fuer 1935,” 19 February 1930, p. 1. Mennonite Brethren Northern District Conference I2E. Sengler, “ Die voelkische Bewegung,” MR, 16 January 1935, p.. 5; Ibid., “ Einige Yearbook (Hillsboro, KS: Mennonite Brethren Reisecindrueckc,” MR, 30 September 1936, pp. MR, 8 July 1931, pp. 2-3. Publishing House), p. 77. Coming a month after 13MR, 17 December 1930, p. 15. There are 5-6; C. F. Klassen, “ Gegen die geistlose Juden­ the Winnipeg incident, the resolution was likely hetze,” Der Bote, 19 April 1933, p. 2; Ibid., referring to it. many examples of this kind of militaristic news "Das war gut,” MR, 5 April 1939, p. 7; Ibid., which could be given here. S4Paetkau, "A Struggle for Survival,” pp. “ Der Weg der praktischen Hilfe,” MR, 18 l4Heinrich Schroeder, "Die Juden,” MR, 3 181-82. August 1932, pp. 3-4. February 1931, p. 2. Lack of space again prevents “ Minutes of the Coaldale Mennonite Brethren citation of further examples. Church business meetings, December 27, 1940, ,3For a full treatment of the Rundschau during 35P. P. H., “ Es interessiert mich,” MR, 15 Folder BA 501, 129. Center for Mennonite the 1930s, see Redekop, "The German Identity March 1939, p. 7. of Mennonite Brethren Immigrants,” Chapter 2: Brethren Studies (CMBS), Fresno, California. 36For more on Epp’s editorial policy see “ Wagner, Brothers Bevondthe Sea, pp. 29-30; Germanism in the Mennonitischc Rundschau, Redekop, “ The German Identity,” Chapter 3. 1930-39; pp. 45-92. 102; 146-47. ’’Frank H. Epp, “ An Analysis of Germanism 57Scc Redekop, “ The German Identity,” 16The first Hitler text printed in the Rundschau and National Socialism in the Immigrant News­ Chapters 4 through 6. occurred earlier and was entitled, appropriately paper of a Canadian Minority Group, the Men­ enough, "Kampf gegen den Bolschewismus.” nonites, in the I930’s,” (Ph.d., dissertation. MR, 13 June 1933, p. 4. University of Manitoba, 1965), p. 208, 310. ” C. Martens, "Meine Beobachtungen und Ein- ’“Epp, “ An Analysis of Germanism and Na­ druecke in Deutschland,” MR, 30 September tional Socialism,” passim. 1933, pp. 6-7. ’“Ibid., p. 291. '“Wagner documents the relationship between JUSome examples of Quiring’s writings include: Rundschau editor H. H. Neufeld and the Nazi “ Kampf oder Friedhofsruhe?” Der Bote, 21 Foreign Press Office in Wagner, Brothers Beyond November 1934, p. 2; "Bankrott der Wehrlosig­ the Sea, p. 104. keit?" Ibid., 5 December 1934, p. 2; “ Der I9H. Seelheim, "Festreden des deutschen Kon­ deutsche Gruss,” Ibid., 24 October 1934; "Im suls auf dem deutschen Tag in Winnipeg,” MR, fremden Schlepptau,” Ibid., 5 September 1934, 12 July 1933, p. II, 14. p. 3; "Warum Schlaegstdu deinen Naechsten?" ’“Heinrich Schroeder, "Entwurf fucr die Be- Ibid., 31 October 1934, pp. 2-3.

24 MENNONITE LIFE an ill-fated trek of Mennonites hoping Jay Beaman, Pentecostal Pacifism: The Book Reviews to settle in Tashkent. The 1920’s story Origin, Development, and Rejection of war, bandits, starvation, and Com­ o f Pacific Belief among the Pente- Margaret Epp, Chariots in the Smoke. munist oppression begins disjointedly costals. Hillsboro, KS: Center for Winnipeg and Hillsboro: Kindred and depends on readers that are some­ Mennonite Brethren Studies, 1989. Press, 1990. Pp. 380. ($15.95). what familiar with the history. The Pp. 142. chapter told in a journal by 14-year-old A novel that tries to trace the history George, and completed by his older Beaman’s pioneering work is based of the Dutch-Prussian-Russian Mennon- sister Helena, is all in the same voice. upon his Master of Divinity thesis sub­ ites in 380 pages is bound to be frag­ None of the family except the saintly mitted to North American Baptist Semi­ mentary, to spread itself thin over too Eduard have personalities of their own; nary in 1982. The book is an important many characters and settings. As I their sufferings represent the whole start in exploring peace sentiment in glanced over the Table of Contents of community, even when the horrifying non-peace church traditions. Beaman is Chariots in the Smoke, I was sure the details are seen close up. Juxtaposed to be commended for his diligence in novel couldn’t succeed. It was off with these chapters of grief, the ideal­ uncovering sources difficult to locate balance: the whole first half was ized joviality of the final chapter about and his suggestive interpretations of devoted to the 16th-century set of George, Helena, and their descendants Pentecostal pacifism. His explorations characters, leaving only one chapter for in Canada 65 years later is almost at times are rich and sometimes far too the 17th century, one for the 18th cen­ shocking. shallow, but they all point toward more tury, and two chapters for the Russian Margaret Epp is an experienced areas for research. revolution, civil war, famine, and writer, with some 40 books to her The book has six chapters that overall migration to Canada. Yet as I read the credit, including novels, children’s attempt to cover Pentecostal pacifism book I couldn’t help admiring how stories, and missionary biographies. chronologically from its origins to its quickly Margaret Epp could paint a The editors at Kindred Press did not rejection. The content of individual vivid scene, build suspense, and bring serve her well: frequent typographical chapters is not always organized chron­ characters to moments of high emotion. errors include a howler on the first ologically which sometimes creates an The first half of the book is based on page, where there is “ a burst of excre­ uneven style and repetitive content. an unlikely character and an even more tions and incredulous laughter” from The first chapter traces the origins of unlikely premise of plot. A dashing the gallant Spanish riders. Pentecostal pacifism to the holiness young Spanish officer, Felipe de Silva Each part of Chariots in the Smoke movement of the 19th century. Holiness (whose Spanishness is clumsily por­ brings up issues of doctrine, ethics, groups rejected hopeful postmillennial- trayed), is tricked into traveling to spirituality, and the contentions in the ism and took a pessimistic premillen- Freiburg, Germany, to escort a chained Mennonite churches of the period, as nial stance. War was a sign that society group of Swiss Anabaptists to stand trial well as describing local customs. What would not progress into perfection. under the Spanish Inquisiton at Ghent the novel lacks in literary form and Many holiness groups made official in Flanders. Aided by love for a beauti­ historical depth it compensates with its statements condemning war. These ful girl among his Anabaptist prisoners variety of action, information and in­ holiness groups were the foundation for and by discovery that his own Flemish spiration. In spite of my misgivings, I the Pentecostal revival of the early 20th relatives are secret Anabaptists, Felipe enjoyed reading this book. century and became a direct source of becomes Philip Dirkzoon, a Mennonite, Pentecostal pacifism. Anna K. Juhnke and lives to old age as a preacher. The Chapter 2 attempts to show the extent Professor of English Anabaptist girl’s vision of the Lord’s of Pentecostal pacifist beliefs by exam­ Bethel College mighty hosts as “ Chariots in the ining the official statements of various smoke” (Psalm 68) while she is burned Pentecostal denominations. Often these at the stake becomes the theme story of statements are the only evidence avail­ the book, being repeated all the way to able about the pacifist position of a par­ 1990 in Canada. Despite some implaus­ ticular group. Beaman supplies the ible details, Felipe’s slow conversion reader with brief explanations and tables permits an idealizing “outside” view­ categorizing the different varieties of point on the Anabaptists, together with Pentecostal denominations and their much action, suspense, and discovery. beliefs. A few sharp vignettes represent the Chapter 3 explores key statements intervening centuries before entry into about major Pentecostal leaders who Russia, but the family links across the were pacifists. Beaman briefly argues generations are easily forgettable. In that four things inform their pacifist Russia the story becomes fuller again worldview: 1) their premillennial views as it follows Eduard Hildebrandt from that God will intervene and overthrow his orphaned childhood, through his the powers of this world and establish becoming teacher and elder, to the dis­ a just society, 2) their missionary im­ integration of his village in Chortitza pulse which gave them an anti-national­ colony in the 1920’s. That sequence is istic outlook because they thought the interrupted by a long series of letters to gospel was for all nations, 3) their low Eduard’s young wife from a friend on social status which helped them to see

JUNE, 1991 25 war as a means for the rich to exploit tinued and finally in 1967 the Assem­ ers were jailed or arrested. Most of the the poor, and 4) their restorationist im- blies of God officially changed their other church publications, preachers, pluse which led them to hold up the pacifist stance and affirmed their loyalty and rank and file members supported ethic of peace found in the Sermon on to the U.S. government. the war effort from its start. By World the Mount. Beaman’s book sets the stage for War II most members of the Churches Chapter 4 explores those leaders who several intriguing questions about pac­ of Christ were not pacifists and those moderated and rejected pacific beliefs. ifism in Pentecostalism and other non­ who were supported the non-combatant Several leaders moved away from ab­ peace churches. Beaman notices the position. One hundred ninety-nine men solute pacifism and argued that non- restorationist or primitivist impulse of from the Churches of Christ were in combatant roles were allowable. The Pentecostalism, the effort to restore or Civilian Public Service which is roughly pressures of both World Wars attenuated recover Christianity found in the New equivalent to the number of Pentecostal pacifism as well. As the U. S. Govern­ Testament. Clearly this emphasis pacifists in CPS. Churches of Christ ment began to silence anti-war sentiment helped Pentecostals to take seriously the and Pentecostal men in CPS were not with the Alien and Sedition Acts during ethic of peace found in the Gospels. supported by their traditions. As the World War I, E. N. Bell, editor of a Yet, while Pentecostals still are restora- Churches of Christ became more af­ leading Assemblies of God periodical, tionists, they are not pacifists. Has their fluent, the tradition’s pacifism faded. warned pacifists about speaking out vision of restorationism attenuated to The vision of restorationism narrowed against war. Later he encouraged Pente- focus solely on spiritual gifts? to exclude the ethic of the Sermon on costals to buy Liberty Bonds and give Beaman also noticed the anti-capital- the Mount and focused solely upon the to the Red Cross. Another leader of the istic strains of Pentecostal pacifism forms and structures of the primitive Assemblies of God worked in military before World War I. Frank Bartleman, church. The social and theological camps under the auspices of the a holiness leader in the Azusa Street parallels of the Churches of Christ and Y.M.C.A., a “ conspicuously military revivals in Los Angeles, thought that Pentecostalism need more exploration organization.” During World War II socialism would play an important part and comparison with other restoration­ some Pentecostal leaders counseled in the final apocalyptic conflict. Both ist traditions. members not to take an absolutist stand Christians and socialists would oppose Beaman’s book should be read by all against war. the apostate church which he identified those interested in pacifism and peace Chapter 5 explicitly explores the in­ as “ the autocratic, ruling, capitalistic studies. I hope it will spur more re­ fluence of both World Wars on Pente- classes.” James Green, Southwest search about pacifism in non-peace costalism. Here Beaman all too briefly Socialism: Radical Movement in the churches. explores five cases of Pentecostals who Southwest, 1895-1943 (Baton Rouge: Michael Casey were investigated or tried for violating Louisiana State University Press, 1978), Associate Professor of Communication the Alien and Sedition Acts of World found that Pentecostal and holiness Pepperdine University War I. Also, he briefly lists names and people were supporters of the socialist Malibu, California numbers of COs in England and the party. Some Pentecostal preachers be­ U.S. He covers World War II in less came active promoters of the socialist than a page. He tells the number of cause. Pentecostal arguments about war Pentecostals in the Civilian Public Serv­ exploiting the poor for the benefit of the ice and cites one appeal in a periodical rich are identical to socialist arguments of the Assemblies of God for money to against war. What are the connections help CPS men financially. More needs between Pentecostals and socialists? to be done to tell the story of Pente­ Comparisons between Pentecostal costals and CPS and the overall impact and other restorationist groups also is of World War II upon Pentecostals. needed. For example, the parallels be­ The last chapter explores the loss of tween the pacifism of the Churches of pacifism within the Pentecostals. First, Christ of “ Campbellites” and the the Pentecostals changed their social Pentecostals are striking. While the status and moved into the mainstream restorationism of the Churches of Christ of society. This made it difficult for the focused upon the structure or forms of average member to remain at odds with the primitive church rather than the society over the war question. Beaman spiritual gifts, they also appealed to the found that at least 76,000 men from the ethic of the Sermon on the Mount to Assemblies of God were on active duty argue it was wrong for Christians to for the U.S. military during World War fight in a war. Many in the Churches II. Second, in World War II Pentecostal of Christ were active in the Socialist chaplains were appointed. Finally, the party before World War I. Also, World Assemblies of God were admitted to the War I severely tested the pacific beliefs National Association of Evangelicals in of the Churches of Christ. The govern­ 1942 primarily because Pentecostals ment threatened to shut down the Gos­ and Evangelicals encountered each pel Advocate, the largest periodical of other in the military during World War the Churches of Christ, for its stance II and developed mutual respect for against war. It changed its editorial each other. This pro-war trend con­ stance to support the war. Many preach­

26 MENNONITE LIFE Pioneers and Pilgrims: The Mennonite standing of Russian Mennonite history. What Plett reveals through his own Kleine Gemeinde in Manitoba, Ne­ The latest volume (and more are careful genealogical work is the im­ braska and Kansas, 1874 to 1882. promised) consists of five separate parts mense importance of understanding kin­ Steinbach, MB, D.F.P. Publications each containing between five and ten ship ties and marriage links in inter­ (Box 1960, Steinbach, MB, Canada), chapters. In the first part Plett includes preting events in Mennonite history. I 1990, 604 pp., (The Mennonite letters of pioneers involved in the have learnt a great deal from looking Kleine Gemeinde Historical Series, migration from Russia to Canada and through the information he presents on Volume 5). C$39.95. the USA (Nebraska). In the second the close links between the leading reli­ there are a number of personal accounts gious and political families of Flemish This is the fifth volume produced by of migration and settlement, most writ­ Mennonites in Prussia and Russia. My Delbert Plett, a lawyer in Steinbach, ten after the event, a few of which ap­ understanding of the religious scruples Manitoba, on the history of the Kleine peared in German in various published and intellectual concerns of the early Gemeinde (KG) in Russia and North sources. The third part contains a mixed KG has been enhanced through seeing America. All the volumes so far pro­ bag of essays on various topics includ­ their links with these leading figures. duced combine primary source material ing a polemical piece by Plett counter­ The only trouble is that one needs to in the form of letters, sermons, poems, ing the arguments that the emigration have read all the volumes and to hold etc., with genealogical information and from Russia to North America was a mass of diverse information in one’s Plett’s own interesting, if sometimes motivated by economic circumstances. head to realize the true importance of idiosyncratic, interpretation of the There is also detail on Steinbach, much of this material. Some kind of material and its context. The first schools in Canada, the economic devel­ synthesis will be needed at the end to volume, History and Events, built opment of the East Reserve in Manitoba draw this diverse material together. In around the collection of the Elder Peter (by G. Wiebe) and details of the KG fire the mean time, however, for those Toews appeared in 1982. This was insurance system (by Henry Fast). Part Mennonites who love their history followed in 1985 by the volume The four provides important genealogical peopled by family and relations, plenty Golden Years which traced the forma­ material on KG and related families. In­ of dates, religious sincerity and the oc­ tion and flowering of the KG in Russia cluded are details on Barkmans, Epps, casional touch of humor, there are up to 1850. I critically reviewed this Esaus, Fasts, Harders, Harms, Heide- hours of enjoyment to be had from these volume in the Journal o f Mennonite brechts, Schellenbergs, Warkentins and volumes. Genealogists might come to Studies in 1986 (volume 4) and Plett Wiens along with a mass of other realize that they can widen their hori­ replied in an appendix to his Profile o f families related to these “ core” groups zons, and scholars of Russian and North the Mennonite Kleine Gemeinde 1874 through marriage. Finally various con­ American Russian history will neglect the following year. In between appeared temporary and later accounts of the these new sources at their peril. Storm and Triumph which took the KG 1882 schism of the KG under the im­ James Urry story from 1850 up to 1874 when most pact of the teachings of Holdeman are Victoria University of Wellington emigrated to North America. The latest presented. The book has an excellent in­ New Zealand volume, the largest yet, deals with the dex of Mennonite names mentioned in move from Russia to North America the text. and contains new primary source mate­ One of the most interesting parts of rial, essays and genealogical material on the book is that dealing with family various KG families. genealogies. I am aware that some Fascinating new material and other archivists, librarians and historians information is presented in each of these shudder when an eager genealogist ap­ volumes, but there has been an increas­ pears in their midst. Scholars do real ing quality in the presentation of the research; genealogists are hopeless, material as the volumes have pro­ narrow-minded amateurs. But in my ex­ gressed. From a rather amateurish first perience genealogists are considerably volume, the later books have grown in more dedicated, tenacious and imagi­ quality and the standard of editing par­ native researchers than many so-called ticularly has improved. Plett has be­ scholars who breeze into libraries and come more professional in his presen­ archives for a few hours work a couple tation and understanding of Mennonite of times a year. What is more the in­ history and has, through his enthusiasm formation genealogists uncover often is and example, encouraged others to of times a year. What is more, the in- assist him in the task of discovering new ing of life and events in the Mennonite sources, translation and publishing. past. Agreed one could often wish that While I still disagree with Plett over the genealogist would widen their vision some of his interpretations, there is no and be more concerned with place and denying that his discovery of new context rather than in securing the exact material and his work in translating date of birth or exact relationship of a documents, providing good editorial long dead ancestor. But genealogists comment and his identification of the must be encouraged to expand their people involved has been of great horizons by those who often despise significance in expanding our under­ their activities, not casually dismissed.

JUNE, 1991 27 Radical Reformation and Mennonite Bibliography, 1990

Compiled by Barbara Thiesen

Assisted by Harold E. Huber, Menno Simons Historical Library/Archives, Eastern Mennonite College (EMC); Kevin Enns-Rempel, Center For Mennonite Brethren Studies (FRESNO); Lawrence Klippenstein, Mennonite Heritage Centre (MHC); Ina Ruth Breckbill, Mennonite Historical Library, Goshen College (MHL); and Angie Goering Miller, Mennonite Library and Archives, Bethel College (MLA).

1990 et de la terre / Philippe Montuire. L ’eglisc The country songbird quilt. Intercourse, Pa.: dans le monde: line perspective biblique / Good Books, 1990. Pp. 104. MHC, MHL. 200th anniversary, Martinsburg Mennonite Neal Blough. (Cahiers de Christ Seul; Bergen, Marvin and Mario Buscio. Index to Church. Martinsburg, Pa.: The Church, 1990/2) Montbdiiard: Cahiers de Christ obituaries in the Christian Leader, 1941- 1990. 1 v. EMC. Seul, 1990. Pp. 104. EMC, MHL, MLA. 1984. Fresno, Calif.: Center for Mennonite 1990 Indiana & Michigan director}’ o f the ... Anderson, Alan B. German settlements in Brethren Studies, 1990. 1 v. FRESNO, Old German Baptist Church. N. Saskatchewan: the origin and development MHL. Manchester, Ind.: Indiana Directory o f German Catholic, Lutheran, Baptist, Bioethics and the beginning o f life: an Committee, 1990. Pp. 108. MHL. Mennonite and Huttcrite communities. Anabaptist perspective. Roman J. Miller Ackerman, Susan Yoder. Copper moons. Saskatoon: Saskatchewan German Council, and Beryl H. Brubaker, eds. Scottdale, Pa.: Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 1990. Pp. 56. FRESNO. Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 227. MHL, MLA. 263. MHL, MLA. Augsburger, Myron S. and Marcia Bittinger, Emmert F. Allegheny passage. Adrian, Victor and Donald Locwen, eds. Augsburger Kincanon. The Deacon. Camden, Me.: Penobscot Press, 1990. Pp. Committed to world mission: a focus on Winnipeg: Kindred Press, 1990. Pp. 133. 856. MHL. international strateg}’. Winnipeg: Kindred FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Blackburn, Richard. Congregational conflict: Press, 1990. Pp. 129. EMC, FRESNO, Baecher, Claude. L'affaire Sattler. an annotated bibliography. Lombard, 111.: MHL, MLA. Montbdliard: Editions Mennonites, 1990. Lombard Mennonite Peace Center, Allemang, Peter. Around the world in six Pp. 120. MHL. [1990?]. Pp. 5. MHL. stories. Goshen, Ind.: Pinchpenny Press, Baker, Robert J. County road 13. Scottdale, Borkholder, Manas and Lydia Borkholder. 1990. Pp. 59. MHL. Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 152. MHL, Family history o f Mose Schrock and Lydia Allen, Gordon and Calvin W. Redekop. Old MLA. (Miller) Schrock, 1864-1990. Wilton, Wis.: Colony Mcnnonitcs in Mexico: migration Batdorf, Virginia Faust. The Batdorf family Authors, 1990. Pp. 214. MHL. and inbreeding. [S.l.]: Social Biology, history. Pottstown, Pa.: Charles R. Batdorf, Bomtrager, Mary Christner. Rachel: a sequel [1990?]. Pp. 167-179. EMC. 1990. Pp. 261. MHL. to Ellie and Rebecca. Scottdale, Pa.: Amsterdam: centrum voor onderwijs en Bender, Wilbur J. Nonresistance in colonial Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 158. MHL, MLA. ondcrzock in doperse theologic en Pennsylvania. Lititz, Pa.: Eastern Braght, Thieleman J. van. Der blutige gcschiedcnis: ecu gids. Amsterdam: Mennonite Publications, 1990. Pp. 31. Schauplatz, oder, Märtyrer-Spiegel der Doopsgezind Seminarium & de EMC. Taufgesinnten, oder Wehrlosen Christen.... Doopsgezinde Bibliotheck, 1990. Pp. 15. Benner, Cheryl A. A mother's notebook: an Aylmer, Ont.: Pathway Publishers, 1990. MHL illustrated journal. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Pp. 635. MHL, MLA. Amsterdam, European center o f Mennonite Books, 1990. 1 v. EMC, MHL. Brandt. Di. Agnes in the sk}’. Winnipeg: studies: a guide to institutions for ______. A notebook o f memories. Turnstone Press, 1990. Pp. 65. MHC. theological training and historical research Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. 1 v. Braun, Lois. The pumpkin-eaters. Winnipeg: in the tradition o f Anabaptism and MHL. Turnstone Press, 1990. Pp. 259. FRESNO, Mcnnonitism. Amsterdam: Mennonite ______. A quitter's notebook. MHL. Theological Seminary, 1990. Pp. 16. EMC, Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. 1 v. Britton, Wiley. The Civil War on the border. MHL, MLA. EMC, MHL. Lawrence, Kan.: Kansas Heritage Press, Anabaptist-Mcnnonitc identities in ferment. ______. A quilter's notebook II. 1990. 2 v. MLA. Leo Driedger and Leland Harder, eds. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. 1 v. Brunner, Raymond J. That ingenious business: (IMS Occasional papers; 14) Elkhart, Ind.: MHL. Pennsylvania German organ builders. Institute of Mennonite Studies, 1990. Pp. Benner, Cheryl A. and Rachel T. Pellman. Birdsboro, Pa.: Pennsylvania German 190. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. The country lily quilt. Intercourse, Pa.: Society, 1990. Pp. 248. MHL, MLA. Les Anabaptistes ct la reformc a Strasbourg en Good Books, 1990. Pp. 104. EMC, MHL, Brüsewitz, J. Gcloven vragenderwijs: aanzet 1532: (Pilgram Marpeck, Martin Buceret les MLA. tot gcmccnschappclijk doopsgezind bclijdcn. rapports entre eglise et ctat). Citoyens du del Benner, Cheryl A. and Rachel T. Pellman. Amsterdam: ADS, 1990. Pp. 104. EMC.

28 MENNONITE LIFE Burkholder, Paul Z. Family history o f Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Epp, Frank I I. Mcnnonitcs in Canada, 1786- Christian Burkholder, 1746-1990. Harrisonburg, Va.: Authors, 1990. Pp. 485. 1920. Altona: Mennonite Historical Society Gordonville, Pa.: Gordonville Print Shop, EMC. of Canada, 1990. Pp. 480. MHL. 1990. Pp. 537. EMC. Diirksen, Heinrich. Dass du nicht vergessest Epp, Margaret. Chariots in the smoke. Byler, Bennie, Mrs. A woman for God's glory. der Geschichten: Lcbcnscrinncrungcn von Winnipeg: Kindred Press, 1990. Pp. 379. Kalona, Iowa: Calvary Pub., 1990. Pp. 263. Heinrich Dürkscn. Filadclfia, Paraguay: EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MHL. MHL. ASCIM, 1990. Pp. 235. EMC, FRESNO, Erb, Plenty L. Descendants o f David Erb. Cassel, Daniel Kolb. A genealogical history o f MHL. Gordonville, Pa.: Gordonville Print Shop, the Kolb, Kulp or Culp family, and its Dyck, Arnold. Collected works: Vol. 4. 1990. Pp. 659. EMC, MI-IL. branches in America: with biographical Winnipeg: Manitoba Mcnnonitc Historical Erdci, J,1nos. Transylvanian Unitarian Church: sketches o f their descendants from 1707 to Society, 1990. Pp. 504. EMC, FRESNO, chronological history and theological essays. the present time, including Diclman Kolb in MHC, MLA. Chico, Calif.: Center for Free Religion, Germany. Reprint of 1895 ed. Swarlhmore, Dyck, Ernest J. Courage, courage, the Lord 1990. Pp. 74. MHL. Pa.: Glenn H. Landis, 1990. Pp. 584. will help: the family history of Johann P. Estep, William R. The revolution within the EMC, MHL. Diick and descendants from Schönfcld, revolution: the First Amendment in Cemeteries o f Elkhart County, Indiana: Vol. Southern Russia. Leamington: John II. historical context, 1612-1789. Grand 1. Elkhart, Ind.: Elkhart County Dick, 1990. 1 v. MHC. Rapids, Mich: Eerdmans, 1990. Pp. 214. Genealogical Society, 1990. Pp. 406. MHL. Dyck, John. Obcrschulzc: Jakob Peters (1813- MHL, MLA. Chester Mcnnonitc favorites. Wooster, Ohio: 1884): Manitoba pioneer leader. Steinbach: Estes, Steven R. The 1875 conference in Chester Mcnnonitc Church, 1990. Pp. Hanover Steinbach Historical Society, Sutter's bam. Metamora, 111.: Author, 1990. 239+. EMC. 1990. Pp. 138. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, Pp. 18. MHL. Christian education resources on disability. MHL. Ethnic demography: Canadian immigrant, Akron, Pa.: Mcnnonitc Developmental ______. Working papers o f the East racial and cultural variations. Shiva S. Disability Services, 1990. 1 portfolio. Reserve village histories, 1874-1910. I-Ialli, Frank Trovato, Leo Driedger, eds. MHL. Steinbach: Hanover Steinbach Historical Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990. The church as theological community: essays Society, 1990. Pp. 229. EMC. Pp. 497. MHL, MLA. in honour o f David Schrocdcr. Harry John Dyck, Peter J. The great shalom. Scottdale, Evans, Shirlec. A life apan. Scottdale, Pa.: Hucbner, ed. Winnipeg: CMBC Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 96. FRESNO, Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 175. MHL. Publications, 1990. Pp. 313. EMC, MHC, MHL, MLA. ______. Winds o f promise. Scottdale, Pa.: FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. ______. A leap o f faith: true stories for Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 222. MI-IL. Claassen, Ernest G. The Heinrich IViebe young and old. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Everyone counts. Akron, Pa.: Mennonite family: Germany, Central Asia and America. Press, 1990. Pp. 112. FRESNO, MHC, Central Committee, 1990. 1 vidcocassette. [S.l.]: Claassen, 1990. Pp. 70. MLA. MHL, MLA. FRESNO. Clapp, Steve. The Bible and major issues. Early Amish land grants in Berks Co., Exploring new religious movements: essays in Elgin, 111.: FaithQuest, Brethren Press, Pennsylvania. Gordonville, Pa.: Pequea honour o f Harold W. Turner. A. F. Walls 1990. Pp. 145. MHL. Bruderschaft Library, 1990. Pp. 43. EMC. and Wilbert R. Shenk, eds. Elkhart, Ind.: Clapp, Steve and Jerry O. Cook. Youth Earnest, Corinne. The genealogist's guide to Mission Focus Publications, 1990. Pp. 215. workers handbook. Elgin, 111.: Brethren fraktur: for genealogists researching German- EMC. Press, 1990. Pp. 264. MHL. American families. Albuquerque, N.M.: Felt, Judy Clark. High fertility o f Old Colony Cobcr, Louis O. Missions manual for the Russell D. Earnest Assoc., 1990. Pp. 48. Mennonites in Mexico. [S.l.]: Human local congregation. Mt. Joy, Pa.: Brethren MHL, MLA. Biology, 1990. Pp. 689-700. EMC, MHL. in Christ World Missions, 1990. Pp. 119. Earthen vessels: American evangelicals and Flory, Mary E. 1990 central states director)’. EMC. foreign missions, 1880-1980. Joel A. Baldwin City, Kan.: Author, 1990. Pp. 32. A collection o f songs and hymns: suited to the Carpenter and Wilbert R. Shenk, eds. MHL. various occasions o f public worship and Grand Rapids, Mich.: Ecrdmans, 1990. Forest, James I I. Religion in the new Russia. private devotion. Westford, Mass.: Murray Pp. 350. MHL, MLA. New York: Crossroad, 1990. Pp. 217. Printing, 1990. Pp. 383. EMC, MLA. Eicher, Clara and Mary N. Schwartz. MLA. A Cook’s notebook. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Descendants o f John J. Schwartz and Fresno Pacific College. The Pacific alumni Books, 1990. 1 v. MHL. Catherine (Borkholdcr) Schwartz, 1862- association directory: 1990. White Plains: Crowe, Avis and Dyckman W. Vermilye. The 1990. Monroe, Ind.: Authors, 1990. Pp. Bernard C. Harris Publishing Co., 1990. ministry o f presence: without agenda in 167. MHL. Pp. 113. FRESNO. South Africa. (Pendle Hill pamphlet; 293) Eller, Geraldine Crill. A potpourri o f people. Friedmann, I. M. Helping resolve conflict: tnie Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill Publications, Wenatchee, Wash.: Author, 1990. Pp. 97. experiences o f a Christian anthropologist. 1990. Pp. 39. MHL, MLA. MHL. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 94. DeFehr, A. A. The A.A. DcFchr heritage on Embracing the world: two decades o f FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. the 200th anniversary o f the first Mcnnonitc Canadian Mcnnonitc writing a selection o f including Benjamin or Cornelius DcFchr writings from the Mcnnonitc Mirror. Friesen, Abraham. Thomas Mucntzcr, a moving from Pntssia (East Germany) to the Winnipeg: Mennonite Mirror, 1990. Pp. destroyer o f the godless: the making o f a Ukraine, 1789-1989. Winnipeg: Author, 112. FRESNO, MHC. sixteenth-century religious revolutionär)’. 1990. Pp. 58. MHL. Enninger, Werner. Diskussionsforum. Essen: Berkeley: University of California Press, Denig, Ludwig. The picture-Biblc o f Ludwig Author, 1990. Pp. 3. MHL. 1990. Pp. 331. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Dcnig: a Pennsylvania German emblem ______. Zu Möglichkeiten und Grenzen Friesen, Helena Goossen. Daydreams book. Don Yoder, ed. New York: Hudson historischer Diskursanalysc. Leipzig: VEB, nightmares: life on the Wmtcrgnicn estate. Hills Press, 1990. 2 v. MHL, MLA. 1990. Pp. 14. MHL. Winnipeg: CMBC Publications, 1990. Pp. Driedger, Leo. Mcnnonitcs in Winnipeg. Enns, Mary. Seltna Rcdekopp: an unusual 92. EMC, MHC. Winnipeg: Kindred Press, 1990. Pp. 95. woman. Steinbach: Estate of Henry W. Friesen, Mary Giesbrccht. A time to say "I EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. Rcdekopp, 1990. Pp. 128. FRESNO. three". Winnipeg: Rcgehr's Printing, 1990. Driver, Carolyn C. and Bertha D. Gassetl. Ens, Gerhard John. Die Schule muss sein: a Pp. 91. MHL, MLA. Descendants o f Ludwig Treiber (Lewis history o f the Mcnnonitc Collegiate Institute. Friesen, Steve. A modest Mennonite home. Driver) and Barbara Sprenkle in the Gretna, Man.: MCI, 1990. Pp. 286. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. Pp. FRESNO, MIIC, MLA. 128. EMC, FRESNO, MHL.

JUNE, 1991 29 Furcha, E. J. Papers from the 1990 Mennonite World Conference, 1990. Pp. Mennonite family. Marietta, Pa.: Hiestand Symposium on Truth & Tolerance. 109. MHL. Publishers, 1990. Pp. 498. EMC, MHL. Montreal: McGill University, 1990. Pp. ______. Mennonite World Conference Hildebrandt, Georg. Wieso lebst du noch? Ein 184. MHL. study book. (Chinese) [S.l.]: Fellowship of Deutscher im Gulag. Stuttgart: Verlag Dr. Geiser, Linea Reimer. I need peace: children Mennonite Churches in Taiwan, 1990. Pp. Bernhard Abend, 1990. Pp. 302. o f the Holy Land: mission education 120. MHL. FRESNO. materials for grade school age children. ______. Tcstißcando a Cristo cn cl Hill, Stanley G. Stories o f peace and service. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Board of mundo de hoy. Carol Stream, 111.: Colorado Springs, Colo.: Author, 1990. Pp. Missions, 1990. Pp. 64. MI IL. Mennonite World Conference, 1990. Pp. 125. MHL. Gelldrd, Imre. A burning kiss from God to 82. MHL. Historical highlights, 1890-1990: Bethel preach truth: four centuries o f Transylvanian ______. Witnessing to Christ in today’s Mennonite Church, Mountain Lake, Unitarian preaching. Chico, Calif.: Center world. (Japanese) Carol Stream, 111.: Minnesota. Mountain Lake, Minn.: The for Free Religion, 1990. Pp. 91. MHL. Mennonite World Conference, 1990. Pp. Church, 1990. Pp. 57. MLA. 88. MHL. ______. Truth liberates you: the message The History o f Stephenson County, Illinois. o f Transylvania’s first Unitarian bishop, Harms, Orlando. The Lord is my shepherd: a Reprint of 1880 ed. Chicago: Western Francis David. Chico, Calif.: Center for devotional study o f the Twenty-third Psalm. Historical Co., 1990. Pp. 783. MHL. Free Religion, 1990. Pp. 104. MHL. Hillsboro, Kan.: Center for Mennonite Hochstetler, Dan A. Daniel J. Hochstctler and Gerber, Hansulrich. Program (4 information: Brethren Studies, 1990. Pp. 84. FRESNO, Barbara C. Miller and their descendants Mennonite World Conference Assembly 12. MHL. from 1842-1990. Topeka, Ind.: Author, Carol Stream, 111.: Mennonite World Hartzier, Lloyd. Aparicncia personal cn la 1990. Pp. 644. MHL. Conference, 1990. Pp. 96. FRESNO. Luz de la Palabra dc Dios. Harrisonburg, Hochstetler, Moses Lee. The still small voice. Gerber, Samuel. La discipline dans Peglise. Va.: Christian Light Publ., 1990. Pp. 14. Nappanee, Ind.: Author, 1990. Pp. 20. (Cahiers de Christ Seul; 1990/1) MHL. MHL. Montbdliard, France: Cahiers de Christ Haury, Frederick Wilhelm. Jakob Ilaury Hoellwarth, Qithryn Clinton. The underbed. Seul, 1990. Pp. 91. EMC, MHL, MLA. descendants. Albuquerque, N.M.: Author, Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. Pp. 1990. Pp. 41. MLA. 24. MHL. ______. Mit Freuden Wasser schöpfen: I-Iayama Missionary Seminar (31st: 1990: Hofer, Sam. Soups and borschts. Saskatoon: Europäische Mcnnonitischc Bibclschule, Amagi Sanso) Heisci: a new era or more Hofer Pub., 1990. Pp. 99. MHL. 1950-1990. Liestal: Europäische of the samel Robert Lee and Barry L. Hoffman, Richard Peter. A Pennsylvania Mennonitische Bibelschule Bienenberg, Ross, eds. Tokyo: I-Iayama Seminar, 1990. German prccisionist: the art o f Richard 1990. Pp. 165. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, Pp. 120. MHL, MLA. Peter Hoffman. Birdsboro, Pa.: MLA. Hayes, Kathleen. JustLifc/90: a study guide Pennsylvania German Society, 1990. Pp. Gingerich Stoner, Andrd. Entering Samaria: for justice, life, and peace. Philadelphia: 112. MHL, MLA. peace ministry among U.S. military Just/Life Education Fund, 1990. Pp. 26. Hofmann-Hegc, Charlotte. Alles kann ein personnel in West Germany. Akron, Pa.: MHL. Herz ertragen: die weite Lcbcnsrcisc der Mennonite Central Committee, 1990. Pp. Health risk factors among the Amish: results Elisabeth Thicsscn. 3. Aufl. Heilbronn: 31. MHL, MLA. o f a sun'cy. New York: John Wiley & Eugen Salzer-Verlag, 1990. Pp. 185. MLA. Good, Elaine W. Fall is here! I love it\ Sons, 1990. Pp. 13. MHL. Holt, Daniel D. Kansas preservation plan: Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. Pp. Hecht, Linda Hueberl. Faith and action: the study unit on A time o f contrasts: progress, 32. MHL. role o f women in the Anabaptist movement prosperity, and the Great Depression, 1900- Gräber, Emma and Amanda M. Hilly. o f the Tirol, 1527-1529. Thesis (M.A.)~ 1940: a study guide. Topeka, Kan.: Historic Descendants o f Samuel C. Schwartz. University of Waterloo, 1990. Pp. 143. Preservation Department, Kansas State Gordonville, Pa.: Gordonville Print Shop, MHL. Historical Society, 1990. Pp. 91. MLA. 1990. Pp. 32. MHL. I-Ieisey, Nancy and Paul Longacre. Horst, Isaac R. Until Jacob comes. Mt. Gräber, Roberta. John Liecluy (1825-1895) Mennonite international study project: final Forest, Ont.: Author, 1990. Pp. 168. and Catherine Yoder (1831-1903) and their report. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Board of MHC, MHL. descendants. West Liberty, Ohio: Author, Missions, 1990. Pp. 75. EMC, FRESNO, Hostetler, Wilbur. The Lapps o f Nebraska. 1990. Pp. 356. MHL. MHL. Goshen, Ind.: Author, 1990. Pp. 93. MHL. Graham, Maureen. Women o f power and ______. Mennonite international study Houk, Margaret. That very specialperson-mc. presence. (Pendle Hill pamphlet; 294) project: what next in mission? Elkhart, Ind.: Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill Publications, Mennonite Board of Missions, 1990, Pp. 138. MHL. 1990. Pp. 40. MHL, MLA. 44. EMC, FRESNO, MHL. Huber, Ray S. Hammer Creek Mennonite Graybill, Mildred Resh. Mildred’s memoirs. Helmuth, Orva S. Arthur Mennonite Church: Church, 1819-1913-1990. [Lititz, Pa.]: The Freeport, III.: Author, 1990. Pp. 125. an historical profile, 1940-1990. Arthur, III.: Church, 1990. Pp. 102. EMC. MHL. Author, 1990. Pp. 92. MHL. Hull, Robert. A s conscience and the church Great short stories about parenting. Philip Hengartner, Thomas. Gott und die Weh im shall lead. Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonite Osborne and Karen Weaver Koppenhaver, Emmental. Bern and Stuttgart: Verlag Paul Publishing House, 1990. Pp. 47. MHC, eds. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. Haupt, 1990. Pp. 304. MHL. MHL. Pp. 288. EMC, MHL, MLA. Herold, Ann Bixby. The hard life o f Seymour Human sexuality in the Christian life. Newton, Grove, Ella. Adventures o f Mohan. Crockett, E. Newton. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, Kan.: Faith and Life, 1990. Pp. 168. MHL. Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1990. Pp. 144. EMC. 1990. Pp. 96. MHL. Huntington, Gertrude Endes. A United States Hanimann,Thomas. Zürcher Nonkonformistcn Herr, J. Daniel. Intcrcultural study and Amish immigrant community in Canada im 18. Jahrhundert. Zürich: Theologischer service. Goshen: Goshen College, 1990. articulating values and behavior. Ann Verlag, 1990. Pp. 343. MHL. Pp. 265. MHL. Arbor: Author, 1990. Pp. 12. MIIL. Harder, Geraldine and Milton Harder. Miele, G. J. J. van. Drickwart ecuw Hurd, James P. The white buggy Amish: Christmas goose. Newton, Kan.: Faith and Doopsgczindc Gcmccntc Bussum-Naardcn lifestyle and the boundaries o f reciprocity. Life Press, 1990. Pp. 77. EMC, FRESNO, C.A., 1914-1990. [S.l.]: The Church, 1990. St. Paul: Author, 1990. Pp. 9. MHL. MI-IC, MHL, MLA. Pp. 56. EMC. International directory’ o f Mennonite Harder, Helmut. Christus bezeugen in der Hiestand, Esther M. L. Pitchforks and communicators. 2nd ed. (Akron, Pa.: heutigen Welt. Carol Stream, 111.: pitchpipcs: a portrait o f a Lancaster County

30 MENNONITE LIFE Mennonite Central Committee], 1990. Pp. Klcinsasser, Walter F. Memoirs o f the Line, Pa.: Mennonite Historical Assn, of 12. EMC, MHL. Kleinsasser siblings. [S.I.J: Author, 1990. the Cumberland Valley, 1990. Pp. 98. Jantzen, Matilda Mueller. The biographical Pp. 148. FRESNO. EMC. genealogy o f John Jacob and Magdalena Klimuska, Edward S. Amish otic-room Lehman, James O. Uncommon threads: a (Funk) Schowalter, 1859-1990. Newton, schools: lessons for the plain life. Lancaster, centennial history o f Bethel Mennonite Kan.: Author, 1990. Pp. 98. MLA. Pa.: Lancaster New Era, 1990. Pp. 31. Church. West Liberty, Ohio: The Church, Janzen, William. Limits on liberty: the MHL. 1990. Pp. 247. EMC, MI-IL, MLA. experience o f Mennonite, Ilutterite, and Kline, David. Great possessions: an Amish Lehman, Paula Diller. Journey with justice. Doukhobor communities in Canada. farmer's journal. San Francisco: North Newton, Kan.: Faith and Life Press, 1990. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Point Press, 1990. Pp. 235. EMC, Pp. 99. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MHL, 1990. Pp. 375. EMC, FRESNO, MLA. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. MLA. ______. Mennonite submissions to the Klippenstein, Lawrence and Jim Suderman. Lehmann, Karl and Wolfhart Pannenberg. Canadian government. Ottawa: MCC Directory o f Mennonite archives and The condemnations o f the Reformation era. Canada, 1990. Pp. 69. MHL. historical libraries. Winnipeg: Mennonite Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990. Pp. 214. Janzen, William and Frances Greaser. Sam Heritage Centre, 1990. Pp. 46. FRESNO, MHL. Martin went to prison: the story o f MHC, MHL, MLA. Lehn, Cornelia. Histoircs d'hicr ct conscientious objection and Canadian Knoop, I-Iedi. Wilder Honig: eine vcmügliche d'aujourd'hui. (Cahiers de Christ Seul; military service. Winnipeg: Kindred Press, Geschichte aus Heide und Moor. Melle: 1990/4) Montbdliard: Cahiers de Christ 1990. Pp. 64. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, Verlag Ernst Knoth, 1990. Pp. 192. Seul, 1990. Pp. 85. EMC, MLA. MHL, MLA. FRESNO. LeVan, Russell George. Early immigrants Jesus Christ and the mission o f the church: Koch, Robert. The deserter. Scottdale, Pa.: from Germany and Switzerland to eastern contemporary Anabaptist perspectives. Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 301. FRESNO, Pennsylvania. Baltimore: Gateway Press, Eriand Waltner, ed. Newton, Kan.: Faith MHC, MHL, MLA. 1990. Pp. 595. MHL, MLA. and Life Press, 1990. Pp. 141. EMC, Kraybill, Donald B. Constmcting social fences: Lichdi, Diether Götz, ed. Mennonite world FRESNO, MHL, MLA. differentiation among Lancaster's Old Order handbook: Mcnnonitcs in global witness. Jones, Linda K. Fear strikes at midnight. Amish. Elizabethtown, Pa.: Author, 1990. Carol Stream, III.: Mennonite World Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. Pp. 12. MHL. Conference, 1990. Pp. 440. EMC, 127. MHL. ______. The puzzles o f Amish life. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. Joost Hiddes Halbertsma (1789-1869): leven (People’s Place book; 10) Intercourse, Pa.: Lind, Hope Kauffman. Apart & together: en werk. Leeuwarden: Fries Museum, 1990. Good Books, 1990. Pp. 112. EMC, Mennonites in Oregon and neighboring Pp. 40. MHL. FRESNO, MHL. states, 1876-1976. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Kaethler, Marjorie. Quilts o f Waterloo ______. The upside-down kingdom. Press, 1990. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. County: a sampling. Waterloo, Ont.: Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. Lind, Millard C. Monotheism, power, justice: Author, 1990. Pp. 64. EMC, FRESNO, 312. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. collected Old Testament essays. (IMS text MHC, MLA. Kraybill, Nelson and Ellen Kraybill. reader series; 3) Elkhart, Ind.: Institute of Kaiser, Grace H. Detour. Intercourse, Pa.: Miscarriage: a quiet grief. Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonites Studies, 1990. Pp. 274. EMC, Good Books, 1990. Pp. 188. EMC, MHL, Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 16. MHL. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. MLA. Krehbiel, Letha. Easy quilting with your Linked in caring community: pursuing Kant, Joanita. The Ilutterite community sewing machine. Newton, Kan.: mutuality with persons experiencing cookbook. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, Wordsworth, 1990. Pp. 36. MHL. prolonged mental illness. Elgin, III.: 1990. Pp. 224. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, Kreider, Eleanor. Enter his gates: fitting Brethren Health and Welfare Assoc., MLA. worship together. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald 1990. Pp. 12. MHL. Kasdorf, Hans. Gustav Warnccks Press, 1990. Pp. 220. MHC, MHL, MLA. Locust Grove Mennonite School, 1939-1989. missiologisches Erbe: cine biographisch­ Kreider, Lucille. Summit Christian Smoketown, Pa.: The School, 1990. Pp. 96. historische Untersuchung. Basel: Brunnen EMC, MHL. Fellowship/Summit Mennonite Church: the Lowe, Stephen. Peace plays: two. London: Verlag, 1990. Pp. 488. FRESNO, MHL. first 25 years. Barberton, Ohio: The Methuen, 1990. Pp. 160. MHL. Kauffman, Daniel. Managers with God: Church, 1990. Pp. 35. EMC, MHL. Lowry, James W. Thimingala Garbhamulo. continuing the work Christ began. Scottdale, Landis, Mary M. Anthony gets ready for [Kakinada: Johny S. Raju], 1990. Pp. 105. Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 196. church. Crockett, Ky: Rod and Staff, 1990. EMC, MHL. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Unpaged. EMC. Luebke, Frederick C. Gentians in the New Keim, Albert N. The CPS story: an illustrated ______. God's wonderful trees. Crockett, World: essays in the history o f immigration. history o f Civilian Public Service. Ky: Rod and Staff, 1990. Unpaged. EMC. Champaign, III.: University of Illinois, Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. Pp. ______. God’s wonderful water. Crockett, 1990. Pp. 198. MLA. 128. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MI IL, MLA. Ky: Rod and Staff, 1990. Unpaged. EMC. MacDonald, George. George MacDonald: Kemp, Thomas J. Vital records handbook, ______. My thank you book. Crockett, selections from his greatest works. New international. Baltimore: Genealogical Ky: Rod and Staff, 1990. Unpaged. EMC. York: Victor Books, 1990. Pp. 185. MHL. Publishing Co., 1990. Pp. 355. MLA. Längin, Bernd G. Die Amischcn: vom MacMaster, Richard K. Mennonites in the King, Michael A. Trackless wastes and stars Geheimnis des einfachen Lebens. American Revolution. [Paris, France]: to steer by: Christian identity in a homeless [München]: Paul List Verlag, 1990. Pp. Publications de la Sorbonne, [1990]. Pp. age. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 335. MHL. 193-203. EMC, MHL. 192. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. Lapp, Ben Stephen. Nota für das Ausbund. Map o f Yellow Creek District Old Gentian Klassen, Doreen Helen. International Oxford, Pa.: Author, 1990. Pp. 33. MHL. Baptist Brethren annual conference 1990. songbook. Carol Stream, 111.: Mennonite Lehman, Daniel R. Mcnnonitcs o f the [S.I.: s.n.j, 1990. MHL. World Conference, 1990. Unpaged. EMC, Washington County, Maryland, and Franklin Maresca, Charles A., Jr. N1SBCO draft FRESNO, MHL. County, Pennsylvania, Conference. Lititz, counselor's manual. 5th ed., 1990 update Klassen, Herbert and Maureen Klassen. Pa.: Eastern Mennonite Publications, 1990. no. 2. Washington, D.C.: NISBCO, 1989- Ambassador to his people: C.F. Klassen and Pp. 644. EMC, MHL. 1990. 1 v. EMC. the Russian Mennonite refugees. Winnipeg: Lehman, J. Irvin. Spots on my trousers: stories Marquis, Donald M. Finding Buddy Bolden, Kindred Press, 1990. Pp. 261. EMC, from the life and loves o f a Mennonite first man o f jazz. Goshen, Ind.: Pinchpenny FRESNO, MHL, MLA. minister. Martin W. Lehman, cd. State Press, 1990. Pp. 72. MHL.

JUNE, 1991 31 Martin, Cleon, Mrs. Footprints in the sand. ______. Thad and Charly Dick. Penner, Erwin. The power o f God in a broken Aylmer, Ont.: Pathway Publishers, 1990. Gordonville, Pa.: Pequea Pub., 1990. Pp. world: studies in Ephesians. Winnipeg: Pp. 288. EMC, MHL, MLA. 254. MHL. Kindred Press, 1990. Pp. 198. FRESNO. Martin, John R. Calling the called. Scottdale, Miller, N. Emerson. Ihe Cherokee blood Penner, Mil and Carol Schmidt. Prairie: the Pa.: Herald Press, 1990, Pp. 56. MHL. trickles on. Bluffton, Ohio: Evangel Press, land and its people. Inman, Kan.: The Mathies, Ronald J. R., Harold F. Miller and 1990. Pp. 92. MHL. Sounds of Kansas, 1990. Pp. 224. MHL. Menno Wiebe. The Horn o f Africa project: Miller, Wendy. Around the world with God’s Penner, Vic and Ted Friesen. Altona: a modeling alternative conflict resolution. friends. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Board of pictorial history. Altona: Friesen Printers, (MCC occasional paper; 11) Akron, Pa.: Missions, 1990. Pp. 24. MHL. 1990. Pp. 203. MHC. Mennonite Central Committee, 1990. Pp. Miranda, Carlos R. The Stroessncr era: Peters, Alan. 77ie registry o f Dutch-Prussian- 23. EMC, MHL, MLA. authoritarian rule in Paraguay. Boulder, Russian Meruionitc and Hutterite families: McGrath, William R. A devotional study o f Colo.: Wcstview Press, 1990. Pp. 177. a compendium o f genealogical research A 1 and 2 Thcssalonians. Carrollton, Ohio: MLA. collection o f research finding regarding Moomaw, Robert A. Moomaw-Mumma- Amish-Mennonite Publications, 1990. Pp. surnames which appear frequently in Mumaw-Mumaugh genealogy. Houston, 76. EMC, MHL. Mennonite church and family records. Tex.: Author, 1990. Pp. 541. EMC. Mennonite artist: the insider as outsider: an Section 224: Spätst. Fresno, Calif.: Author, Moore, Ruth Nulton. Mystery at the Spanish exhibition o f visual art by artists o f 1990. Pp. 41+ . FRESNO. castle. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Mennonite heritage. Priscilla Reimer, ed. Peters, Victor and Jack Thiessen. Pp. 120. MHL. Winnipeg: Manitoba Mennonite Historical Plautdietschc Jeschichten: Gespräche, Neagles, James C. The Library o f Congress: Society, 1990. Pp. 60. EMC, FRESNO, interviews, Erzählungen. Marburg: N.G. MHC, MHL, MLA. a glide to genealogical and historical Eiwert Verlag, 1990. Pp. 317. MHC. Mennonite Camping Association directory research. Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1990. Philadelphia Mennonite directory 1990. Pp. 381. MLA. 1990. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Camping Philadelphia: Philadelphia Mennonite Neufeld, Elsie K. Dancing in the dark: a sister Assoc., 1990. Pp. 12. EMC, FRESNO. Council, 1990. Pp. 34. MHL. gieves. Waterloo: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. Mennonite encyclopedia, vol. 5. Scottdale, Pa.: Plett, Delbert F., ed. Pioneers and pilgims: 200. MHC, MHL, MLA. Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 961. FRESNO, the Mcruionite Kleine Gemeinde in MHL, MLA. Nicholson, S. Francis. Quaker money. (Pendle Manitoba, Nebraska, and Kansas, 1874- Hill Pamphlet; 290) Wallingford, Pa.: 1882. (Mennonite Kleine Gemeinde Mennonite Publishing House supplement to Pendle Hill Publications, 1990. Pp. 44. the Chicago manual o f style. Scottdale, Pa.: historical series; 5) Steinbach: DFP MHL, MLA. Publications, 1990, Pp. 604. EMC, Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 51. FRESNO, Niswander, Jeanne Vercler. The Verclcrs o f FRESNO, MHC, MLA. MHL. Illinois. Bluffton, Ohio: Author, 1990. Pp. ______. Pioneers and pilgrims: the story Mennonite World Conference (12th: 1990: 234. MHL. o f the Mennonite settlement in Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.). Doopsgezind Nyce, Dorothy Yoder. Jesus’ clear call to Wereldcongres 24-29 juli 1990, 1Vtnnipcg: justice. (Peace and justice series; 11) 1874-1877. Steinbach: Crossway Publications, 1990. Pp. 100. EMC, dc berichtgeving door hcl ANP. Den Haag: Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 95. Sticht, Alg. Ned. Persbur., 1990. Pp. 17. MHL, MLA. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA Plett, Henry. Wing of hope. Scottdale, Pa.: EMC. Olsen, Gregg. Abandoned prayers. New York: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 150. MHC, MHL, ______. Information handbook and tour Warner Books, 1990. Pp. 373. EMC, MLA guide, Assembly 12. Lawrence Klippenstein MLA. Prairie fire: a magazine o f Canadian writing. and Ken Reddig, eds. Winnipeg: Olshan, Marc A. Affinities and antipathies: Winnipeg: Prairie Fire Magazine, 1990. Mennonite World Conference, 1990. Pp. the Old Order Amish in New York state. Pp. 224. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA 34. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. New York: Author, 1990. Pp. 21. MHL. Pray for the peace o f Jerusalem. Elkhart, Ind.: Orlean, Susan. Saturday night. New York: Mennonite your way directory VI: for the years Mennonite Board of Missions, 1990. 1 Alfred A. Knopf, 1990. Pp. 258. MHL. 1990, 1991, 1992. Salunga, Pa.: Mennonite portfolio. MHL. Ott, Bernhard. Schalom: das Projekt Gottes. Your Way, 1990. Pp. 104. FRESNO, The Prcheim family record, 1845-1990. Liestal: Worte des Lebens, 1990. Pp. 60. MHL. Freeman, S.D.: Preheim Family Record Merritt, Bruce E. The Patmos conspiracy. MHL. Oyer, John S. and Robert S. Kreider. Mirror Book Committee, 1990. Pp. 263. MHL, Nappanee, Ind.: Evangel Press, 1990. Pp. MLA o f the Martyrs: stories o f courage inspiringly 287. EMC. Prieb, Wesley. Peter C. Hieben: he gave them told, o f 16th centtay Anabaptists who gave Miller, DeVon. Wisconsin Amish director,' bread. Hillsboro: Center for Mennonite their lives for their faith. Intercourse, Pa.: with Rcxford, Montana, 1990. Millersburg, Brethren Studies, 1990. Pp. 149. Good Books, 1990. Pp. 96. EMC, Ohio: Author, 1990. Pp. 98. EMC, MHL. FRESNO, MLA FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. Raschka, Christopher. R andjf: a story about Miller, Fredric. Arranging and describing Pankratz, Alvina Jean. Lifelines: a quilted archives and manuscripts. (Archival w o alphabets. Elgin, 111.: Brethren Press, portrayal o f life. Winnipeg: Author, 1990. 1990. 1 v. MHL. fundamentals series) Chicago: SAA, 1990. Pp. 46. MHL. Ratzlaff, Gerhard, ed. Deutsches Jahrbuch für Pp. 131. MLA. Passenger and immigration lists index: a glide Miller, Joyce. War-tom valley. Crockett, Ky.: Paraguay 1990. Asunciön: Author, 1990. to published arrival records o f more than Pp. 134. FRESNO, MLA Rod and Staff, 1990. Pp. 256. EMC. 1,775,000 passengers who came to the new Miller, Lewis B. The Barnaby claim. Rcdekop, Benjamin Wall. The German world between the sixteenth and the early identity o f Mennonite Brethren inutiigants Gordonville, Pa.: Pequea Pub., 1990. Pp. twentieth centuries: 1990 supplement. 124. MHL. in Canada, 1930-1960. Thesis (M.A)-- William Filby, ed. Detroit: Gale Research, University of British Columbia, 1990. Pp. ______. Flint and steel. Gordonville, Pa.: 1990. Pp. 660. MHL, MLA. Pequea Pub., 1990. Pp. 331. MHL. 223. FRESNO, MI-IL, MLA Pellman, Rachel T. and Kenneth Pellman. A Redekop, Vernon W. A life for a life?: the ______. Fort Blocker boys. Gordonville, treasury o f Amish quilts. Intercourse, Pa.: death penalty on trial. Scottdale, Pa.: Pa.: Pequea Pub., 1990. Pp. 270. MHL. Good Books, 1990. Pp. 128. EMC, ______. The king o f Texas. Gordonville, Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 104. FRESNO, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. MHC, MHL, MLA. Pa.: Pequea Pub., 1990. Pp. 367. MHL. Penner, Abe. Bethel Place, 1980-1990. ______. Saddles and lariats. Gordonville, Redekopp, Henry W. and Susan Hiebert. A Winnipeg: [Bethel Place], 1990. Pp 72. place o f kindness. Steinbach: Henry W. Pa.: Pequea Pub., 1990. Pp. 192. MHL. MHC, MHL. Redekopp Estate, 1990. Pp. 77. FRESNO.

32 MENNONITE LIFE Register o f periodicals at the Centre for Scott, Stephen and Kenneth Pellman. Living Stucky, Naomi R. Sara’s summer. Scottdale, Mennonitc Brethren Studies, Winnipeg, without electricity. (People’s Place booklet; Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 140. MHC, Manitoba. Winnipeg: Centre for 9) Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990, MHL, MLA. Mennonite Brethren Studies, 1990. Pp. Pp. 128. EMC, FRESNO, MLA. Stutzman, Ervin R. Welcome!: a biblical and 299 + 3.5" diskette. MHL. Sdguenny, Andrd, ed. Bibliotheca dissidentium practical guide to receiving new members. Reimer, Margaret Loewen. One quilt, many XII. Baden-Baden: Valentin Koemer, Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. pieces. 3rd rev. ed. Waterloo: Mennonite 1990. Pp. 174. MHL. 174. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. Publishing Service, 1990. Pp. 57. MI-IC. Sen-ants o f the word: ministry in the believers Sunny daydreams notebook. Intercourse, Pa.: Rempel, John and William Harms. Atlas of churches. Elgin, III.: Brethren Press, 1990. Good Books, 1990. 1 v. MHL. original Mennonitc villages, homesteaders Pp. 252. MLA. Sweger, Jayne Kennedy. Marriage licenses in and some burial plots o f Mennonitc West Shank, Aaron M. The moral purity imperative. Whiteside County, Illinois, 1872-1882. Rcscnx, Manitoba. Altona: Authors, 1990. Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1990. Pp. Nowata, Okla.: Author, 1990. Pp. 57. Pp. 147. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MHL, 122. EMC. MHL. MLA. Shott, James R. Leah. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Tann, Herman. The story o f PIPKA. Goshen, Rich, Elaine Sommers. Prayers for everyday. Press, 1990. Pp. 159. MHL. Ind.: Author, 1990. Pp. 13. MHL. Newton, Kan.: Faith and Life Press, 1990. Showalter, Roy M. History o f Salem Ridge Thiescn, John D. The Mennonite encounter Pp. 95. EMC, MHL, MLA. Mennonite Church: presented at the with National Socialism in Latin America, Robinson, Sara Tappan Doolittle Lawrence. redcdication sen-ice, Sept. 23, 1990. [S.l.]: 1933-1944. Thesis (M.A.)-Wichita State Kansas: its interior and exterior life: Author, 1990. Pp. 16. EMC. University, 1990. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. including a full view o f its settlement, Shutt, Joyce M. Steps to hope. Scottdale, Pa.: Thiessen, Hermann. Peter Hcydcbrccht und political history, social life, climate, soil Herald Press, 1990. Pp. 128. MHC, MHL, seine Nachkommen. Burgdorf: Author, productions, scenery, etc. Lawrence, Kan.: MLA. 1990. Pp. 426. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Kansas Heritage Press, 1990. Pp. 366. Smucker, Barbara. Incredible Jumbo. New Thiessen, Jack. The eleventh commandment: MLA. York: Viking Press, 1990. Pp. 177. EMC, Mennonitc Low Gentian short stories. Rohrer, Martha. Do it carefully. Crockett, MHL. Andreas Schroeder, ed. Saskatoon: Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1990. Pp. 64. EMC. Staudt, Ricardo W., trans. Palatine church Thistledown Press, 1990. Pp. 115. MHC, Rohrer, Ruth G. A mosaic o f memories o f visitation, 1609. Baltimore: Clearfield Co., MHL, MLA Tiessen, Hildi Froese, ed. The new quanerly: the Millersi'ille Mennonite Church. 1990. Pp. 136. MHL. Millersville, Pa.: The Church, 1990. Pp. 21. Stauffer, Enos E. Die Briefe an David new directions in Canadian writing (special EMC. Stauffer: David M. Stauffer (1834-1889) issue: Mcnnonitc/s writing in Canada). Waterloo: [s.n.], 1990. Pp. 326. FRESNO. Roth, Olivia and Lorraine Roth. Family Snyder County Pa.: his incoming Toews, Aaron A. Mennonite martyrs: people history and genealogy o f Magdalena Roth correspondence covering the years o f 1863- who suffered for their faith, 1920-1940. and Frank Smelter, Mary Roth and Daniel 1889. Port Trevorton, Pa.: Author, 1990. J. Troyer, Kathrync Roth and Martin J. Pp. 752. EMC, MHL, MLA. Winnipeg: Kindred Press, 1990. Pp. 263. Eicher. Baden, Ont.: Authors, 1990. Pp. Stauffer, Louella S. Record o f members o f the FRESNO, MHC, MHL. 82. MHL. Stauffer Mennonitc Church at the present Troyer, Ora. Fain-icw Mennonite Church, Schaefer, Paul J. Heinrich FI. Ewcrt: teacher, time, 18-15-1990. 2nd ed. Port Trevorton, Fain-iew, Michigan (Oscoda County): a congregational history. Fairview, Mich.: educator and minister o f the Mcnnonitcs. Pa.: Author, 1990. Pp. 102. EMC, MHL. Winnipeg: CMBC Publications, 1990. Pp. Stauffer, M. Irene. John Rohrer Stauffer (Sept. Author, 1990. Pp. 266. MHL. 128. EMC, MHC, MHL. 3, 1844-May 27, 1929) direct lineage and Van Dyck, Harry R. Exercise o f conscience: Schlabach, Gerald. And who is my neighbor?: descendants, 1579-1989. Paradise, Pa.: a World War 11 objector remembers. poverty, privilege, and the gospel o f Christ. Author, 1990. Pp. 84. MHL, MLA. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1990. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. Steere, Douglas Van. Prayer in the Pp. 250. EMC, MHL, MLA. 212. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. contemporary world. (Pendle Hill pamphlet; Van Dyck, Nicholas B. and G. Edwin Schlimbach, Susanne M. Das Bild der 291) Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill Bontrager. Called to be friends: a how-to Amischcn in den Massenmedien, 1930-1990. Publications, 1990. Pp. 32. MLA. guide for inviting and incorjtorating friends Frankfurt am Main: Author, 1990. Pp. 86. Steiner, Donovan D. and Jane I-Ioober into your church. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite MHL. Pcifer. Teaching the at-risk student: a guide Board of Missions, 1990. Pp. 41. EMC, MHL. Schräg, Dale R., John D. Thiescn, David A. for teacher educators. Harrisonburg, Va.: Vogt, Esther Loewen. Edge o f dawn. Haury. The Mcnnonitcs: a brief guide to Education Dept., Eastern Mennonite Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. information. North Newton, Kan.: Bethel College, 1990. Pp. 64. EMC. 198. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. College, 1990. Pp. 20. MHL, MLA. Stieglitz, Thomas V. Kirche als Bruderschaft: Voth, Norma Jost. Mennonitc foods and Schroeder, Andreas. The Mcnnonitcs: a das huttcrischc Kirchenbild bei Eberhard folkways from South Russia: vol. 1. pictorial history o f their lives in Canada. Arnold aus heutiger katholischer Sicht. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. Pp. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1990. Thesis (Th.D)-Paderborn, 1990. Pp. 419. 480. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Pp. 181. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MLA. MHL. Waite, Gary K. David Joris and Dutch Stoll, Joseph. The Lord is my shepherd. Schroeder, William and Helmut T. Huebert. Anabaptism, 1524-1543. Waterloo: Wilfrid Mennonitc historical atlas. Winnipeg: Aylmer, Ont.: Pathway Publishers, 1990. Pp. 204. MLA. Laurier University Press, 1990. Pp. 235. Springfield Pub., 1990. Pp. 134. EMC, EMC, MHL. FRESNO, MHC, MHL. Stollzfus, Rachel. Invitation: come to the Walker, Ludlow. Escape from the New Age Schuster, Rolf-Rüdiger. Ja zur Familie. welcome table: an Easter to Pentecost materialism: delivered to proclaim victory Liestal: Quelle des Lebens, 1990. Pp. 62. resource. Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonite in Christ. Minerva, Ohio: Christian MHL. Publishing House, 1990. Pp. 76. EMC, Printing Mission, 1990. Pp. 39. EMC. ______. Ein neuer Anfang: Betrachtungen MHL. Weaver, Clair R. The Swiss Anabaptists: a zum Buch Esra. Liestal: Quelle des Strite, Amos and Carrie Strite. The directory brief summary o f their history and beliefs. Lebens, 1990. Pp. 37. MHL. o f the families o f the Mennonitc Christian Lititz, Pa.: Eastern Mennonite Schuytvlot, A. C. Coomhert 1522-1590: Brotherhood. 4th ed. Mt. Crawford, Va.: Authors, 1990. Pp. 140. EMC. Publications, 1990. Pp. 124. EMC, catalogus van een tcntoonstclling van Stucky, Nancy. Abraham J. Nikkei genealogy, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. brieven.... Amsterdam: Univers. Bibi. v. 1858-1990. Goessel, Kan.: Author, 1990. Weaver, Dorothy Jean. Matthew's missionary Amsterdam, 1990. Pp. 63. EMC. Pp. 124. MHL, MLA. discourse: a literary critical analysis.

JUNE, 1991 33 Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1990. Yoder, Andy and Millie Yoder. Amish Bader, Robert Smith. Hayseeds, moralizers Pp. 250. FRESNO, MHL. country cooking. Oconto, Wis.: Authors, .andMethodists. Lawrence: University Press Weaver, Joseph O. History’. Ephrata, Pa.: 1990. Pp. 282. EMC. of Kansas, 1988. Pp. 241. MLA. Author, 1990. Pp. 32. EMC, MUL. Yoder, Catherine Beachy. Hold them near. Baerg, Ronald Lawrence. The relationship of Wenger, Ray M. Divine design for die family. New Paris, Ind.: Step Ahead, 1990. Pp. faith and good works in the thought of Winona Lake, Ind.: BMH Books, 1990. 136. MHL. Martin Luther and Merino Simons. 'Diesis Pp. 216. EMC, MHL. Yoder, Don. Discovering American folklifc: (M.A.)--University of Manitoba, 1989. Pp. Wheeler, Mary Bray. Directory o f historical studies in ethnic, religious, and regional 409. FRESNO. organizations in the United States and culture. (American material culture and Baker, Holly Cutting and Amy Kotkin. Canada. Nashville: American Association folklife series) Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Family folklore: intemewing guide and for State and Local History, 1990. Pp. Research Press, 1990. Pp. 314. EMC, questionnaire. Washington, D.C.: 1088. MLA. MHL. Smithsonian Institute, 1989. Pp. 8. MHL. White, Neva L. and Mildred White Park. A Yoder, Elmer S. I saw it in the Budget. Balzer, Waldo H. The wonderful story o f the White family history. Manhattan, Kan.: Hartville, Ohio: Diakonia Ministries, 1990. Balzcrs. [S.l.]: Author, 1989. Pp. 123. Authors, 1990. Pp. 251. MHL, MLA. Pp. 392. EMC, MHC, MHL. MLA. Beaman, Jay. Pentecostal pacifism: the origin, Widmer, Pierre. L'cthique du disciple. Yoder, Kevin. Family history o f Joas D. Yoder development, and rejection o f pacific belief (Cahiers de Christ SeuI; 1990/3) and Elizabeth Stutzman and descendants. among Pcntccostals. Hillsboro, Kan.: Montbdliard: Cahiers de Christ Seul, 1990. Gordonville, Pa.: Gordonville Print Shop: Center for Mcnnonite Brethren Studies, Pp. 78. EMC, MHL, MLA. Author, 1990. Pp. 135. MHL. 1989. Pp. 142. MHL. Wiebe, Viola Bcrgthold and Marilyn Wiebe Yoder, Paton and Silas J. Smucker. Jonathan Bender, Delmer. The Christian Ruby family. Dodge. Sepia prints: memoirs o f a P. Smucker, Amish Mcnnonite bishop. 2nd ed. New Hamburg, Ont.: Author, missionary in India. Winnipeg: Kindred Goshen, Ind.: S.J. Smucker, 1990. Pp. 94. Press, 1990. Pp. 173. FRESNO, MHC, EMC, MHL, MLA. 1989. Pp. 222. MHL. Bontrager, Edna. An angel on this side of MHL, MLA. Yoder, Sara J. Becky. Aylmer, Ont.: Pathway heaven. LaGrange, Ind.: Author, 1989. Pp. Wiens, Peter. Geschichte der Publishers, 1990. Pp. 90. EMC, MHL, 34. MHL. Mennonitcngemeindc Femhcim, 1930-1990. MLA. Border, Ronald J. The Christian view of Fernheim, Paraguay: Mention. Fernheim, Yoder, Thomas, ed. Exposition 11: a competitive sports. Carrollton, Ohio: 1990. Pp. 124. EMC, MHL. collection o f student essays. Goshen, Ind.: Amish-Mennonite Publications, 1988. Pp. Wind, James P. Places o f worship: exploring Pinchpenny Press, 1990. Pp. 77. MHL. 19. MHL. their history’. (Nearby history; 4) Nashville: Yoder, Verna. Family record o f Amos Jay Boshart, Stella. Thoughts o f a lifetime. American Association for Stale and Local Miller and Barbara D. (Bontrager) Miller. Wellman, Iowa: Horizon Pub., 1989. Pp. History, 1990. Pp. 176. MLA. Dover, Del.: Author, 1990. Pp. 56. MHL. 104. MHL. Wise, Ruth Ann and Lucille H. Martin. Yungblut, John R. On hallowing one’s Bötte, Gerd-J. The first century o f German Dircctoiy o f the members and their families diminishments. (Pendle Hill pamphlet; 292) language printing in the United States of who attend the Wcavcrland Conference Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill Publications, America: a bibliography based on studies o f Mcnnonite Churches located in 1990. Pp. 31. MHL, MLA. Oswald Scidcnsticker and Wilbur II. Oda. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Missouri, New York, Zehr, Howard. Changing lenses: a new focus (Publications of the Pennsylvania German and Wisconsin: also including historical for crime and justice. (Christian peace Society; 21) Göttingen: Niedersächsische sketches o f the Wcavcrland Conference shell) Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, 1989. 2 Mcnnonite congregations. 2nd ed. Pp. 271. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MHL, v. MLA. Womelsdorf, Pa.: Authors, 1990. Pp. 629. MLA. Boulding, Elise. One small plot o f heaven: EMC, MHL, MLA. reflections on family life by a Quaker Within the perfection o f Christ: essays on peace sociologist. Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill, and the nature o f the church in honor o f 1988-1989 1989. Pp. 225. MHL, MLA. Martin H. Schräg. Terry L. Brensinger and Bowman, Carl F. Beyond plainness: cultural E. Morris Sider, eds. Nappanee, Ind.: Amstutz, Susan F. Amstutz: Switzcrland- transformation in the Church o f the Evangel Press, 1990. Pp. 266. EMC, MHL. Amcrica, 1673-1989. [S.l.]: Author, [1989?]. Brethren 1850 to the present. Thesis Wittmer, Joe. The gentle people: personal Pp. 224. EMC. (Ph.D.)--University of Virginia, 1989. Pp. reflections o f Amish life. Minneapolis, Anderson, Alan B. German, Mcnnonite and 911. MHL. Minn.: Educational Media Corp., 1990. Pp. Huttcritc communities in Saskatchewan: an Bowman, Dale M. The Bowman family history 136. EMC, MHL. inventory of sources. Saskatoon: (1707 to 1988). 2nd ed. Plattsmouth, Neb.: World winds: meditations from the blessed of Saskatchewan German Council, 1988. Pp. Author, 1988. Pp. 394. MHL. the earth. Earl Martin and Pat Hostctter, 32. MHL. Brachlow, Stephen. The communion o f saints: eds. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990. Pp. Anderson, Lawrence C. Huttcritc directory’ radical Puritan and separatist ecclcsiology, 87. MHL, MLA. 1989. Mankato, Minn.: Author, 1989. Pp. 1570-1625. New York: Oxford University Wyse, Monroe B. and Dora M. Short Wyse. 16. MHL. Press, 1988. Pp. 293. MHL. Atanasoff, Stevan E. How to suivivc as a teen Not my will, but thine be done. Brenneman, John M. Pride and humility: a Harrisonburg, Va.: Authors, 1990. Pp. 99. when no one understands. Scottdale, Pa.: discourse, setting forth the character o f the EMC. Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 136. MHL. proud and the humble. Hagerstown, Md.: Yamada, Katherine Peters. Thicscn family The Atlas o f Pennsylvania: a cooperative James W. Lowry, 1988. Pp. 43. EMC. update, 1990: the history o f the Jacob J. project o f the three Commonwealth research Brink, Jean R., ed. The politics o f gender in universities, Temple University, University o f and Katharina Thicscn family traced from early modem Europe. Kirksvillc, Mo.: Pittsburgh, The Pennsylvania State Holland, Prussia, and Russia to Nebraska Sixteenth Century Journal, 1989. Pp. 168. University. Philadelphia: Temple University and California. Glendale, Calif.: Author, MLA. 1990. Pp. 112. FRESNO. Press, 1989. Pp. 288. MLA. Brubaker, John W. Old German Baptists in Year o f the storms: the destructive Kansas Augsburger, David W. Sustaining love: Civilian Public Service. West Alexandria, weather o f 1990. Howard Inglish, ed. healing & growth in the passages o f Ohio: Author, 1989. Pp. 288. MHL. Hillsboro, Kan.: Hearth Publishing, 1990. marriage. Ventura, Calif.: Regal Books, Brumbaugh, Owen. Horse behavior problems: Pp. 120. EMC, MHC, MLA. 1988. Pp. 227. MHL. questions and answers. Bradford, Ohio: Author, 1989. Pp. 48. MHL.

34 MENNONITE LIFE Buckwalter, Leoda A. The chief’s son. Congregational leadership training Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1989. Pp. 12. Nappanee, Ind.: Evangel Press, 1989. Pp. opportunities in the Mem ionite Church. MHL. 136. MI-IL. Elkhart, Ind.: Theological Education Enninger, Werner and Christa Schwcns. Burchill, Christopher J. The Heidelberg Committee, Mennonite Board of Friedhöfe als kulturelle Texte. Tübingen: Antiirinitarians. (Bibliotheca dissidentium; Education, [1989?]. Pp. 12. EMC. Stauffenburg Verlag, 1989. Pp. 45. MHL. 11) Baden-Baden: Valentin Koerner, 1989. Consultation on the Horn o f Africa, 21 to 23 Erb, Peter C. Pietists, Protestants, and Pp. 308. MHL. November 1986: edited proceedings. mysticism: the use o f late medieval texts in Burgert, Annette K. Colonial Pennsylvania Waterloo, Ont.: Conrad Grebel College, the work o f Gottfried Arnold (1666-1714). immigrants from Freinsheim in the 1988. EMC. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989. Palatinate. Myerstown, Pa.: AKB Daniel, David P. and Charles P. Arand. A Pp. 329. MLA. Publications, 1989. Pp. 35. MHL, MLA. bibliography o f Lutheran confessions. St. Die ernsthafte Christenpflicht: enthaltend Burgert, Annette K. and Henry Z. Jones, Jr. Louis: Center for Reformation Research, schöne geistreiche Gebete. Bloomfield, 111.: Westerwald to America: some 18th century 1988. Pp. 216. MHL. Brookside Pub., 1989. Pp. 213. MHL. German immigrants. Camden, ME: Picton Dart, Martha. To meet at the source: Hindus Falcön, Rafael. La emigraeiön a Nueva York Press, 1989. Pp. 272. MHL. & Quakers. (Pendle Hill pamphlet; 289) en el cuento puertoniqueno: El tana del Burkhardt, Ferne. A mighty flood: the House Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill Publications, negro en cl cuento pucrtorriqucfio. [Madrid, o f Friendship story. Kitchener, Ont.: House 1989. Pp. 31. MHL, MLA. Spain: Centro Iberoamericano de of Friendship of Kitchener, 1989. Pp. 219. Dasenbrock, J. Henry. To the beat o f a Cooperaciön], 1988. Pp. 24. MHL. EMC, MHL. different drummer: a decade in the life o f The Family history and genealogy' o f Jacob Byers, Ann. Suzanna: the true story o f a a World War II C.O. Haverford, Pa.: Wagler and Magdalena Gardner and teenage girl in troubled times. Fresno, Author, 1989. Pp. 247. EMC. Barbara Lcbold: sesquicentennial 1839-1989 Calif.: The Family, 1989. Pp. 131. de Zayas, Alfred M. Nemesis at Potsdam: the commemorating 150 years since Jacob FRESNO, MI-IC. expulsion o f the Germans from the East. Wagler’s birth. Wellesley, Ont.: Jacob Byler, Dennis. Como un grano de mostaza: Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Wagler Family Book Committee, 1989. Pp. orientaciones y bosquejos para programas Press, 1989. Pp. 270. MLA. 422. MHL. de jövencs. Barcelona: Libras Clie, 1988. Deer hunting: is it for a Christian? Family mission thanks-giving. Elkhart, Ind.: Pp. 323. MHL. Pleasantville, Tenn.: True Faith Mennonite Board of Missions, 1989. 1 Byler, Saloma J. Family record o f John K Contenders, 1988. Pp. 3. MHL. packet. EMC. Fisher, 1854-1989. Dewittville, N. Y.: Detweiler, Robert. Breaking the fall: religious Family record o f David S. Yoder and Eliza Author, 1989. Pp. 105. MHL. readings o f contemporary fiction. San Stutzman. Kalona, Iowa: Kalona Graphics, Caretakers: earth stewardship for children: an Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989. Pp. 198. 1989. Pp. 121. MHL. MCC children’s project. Akron, Pa.: MCC, MHL, MLA. Fast, George, ed. Fragile: handle with care: [1989]. Pp. 12. EMC, MHL. Dix, Katharine F., comp. 1767 Berks Count)’, an earth keeping handbook. Kitchener, Carey, Frank. The Kansas cookbook: recipes Pennsylvania archives. Apollo, Pa.: Closson Ont.: Agricultural Concerns Committee, from the heartland. Lawrence, Kan.: Press, 1989. Pp. 33. MHL. MCC Ontario, 1989. Pp. 36. EMC, MHL. University Press of Kansas, 1989. Pp. 476. Doopsgczind werkbock liturgie. Amsterdam: Fast, Karl. Lass dir an meiner Gnade MLA. Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit, 1988. genügen. Winnipeg, Man.: Canzona Caskey, Douglas Liechty. A descriptive study Pp. 70. MHL. Publishing, 1989. Pp. 138. EMC, MHC, o f the oral reading o f Scripture in Dream & nightmare: celebrating 200 years of MHL, MLA. Mcnnonitc worship services as cultural Mcnnonites in Russia. Akron, Pa.: MCC, Ferg, Mr. Justice Patrick. Reasons for performance. Thesis (M.A.)--Bowling 1989. 1 videocassette. FRESNO, MHL, judgment delivered. Winnipeg: Plough Pub. Green State University, 1989. Pp. 121. MLA. House, 1989. Pp. 18. MHL, MLA. MHL. Dumbaugh, Donald F. Brethren and Fisher, John and Emma Fisher. Hope + trust Cassel, Daniel Kolb. A genealogical history o f Moravians in colonial America. Hamburg: = strength for any crisis. Ronks, Pa.: the Cassel family in America. Reprint of Friedrich Wittig Verlag, 1989. Pp. 17. Authors, 1989. Pp. 24. MHL. the 1896 ed. Kokomo, Ind.: Selby MHL. Flake, G. Raymond. Index to History o f Bucks Publishing, 1989, Pp. 463. EMC, MHL. ______. New understandings of County, Pennsylvania. Doylestown, Pa.: Christian peacemaker packet: sackcloth and Anabaptism and Pietism. Elizabethtown, Bucks County Genealogical Society, 1989. ashes, vine and fig tree. Chicago: Christian Pa.: Center for the Study of Anabaptist Pp. 102. MHL. Peacemaker Teams, 1989. 1 portfolio. and Pietist Groups, 1988. Pp. 12. MHL. Fortune, Marie M. Domestic violence and its MHL. ______. Pragmatic prophet: the life of aftermath. Elkhart, Ind.: MCC, 1989. Pp. The Church and the faith. Moundridge, Kan.: Michael Robert Zigler. Elgin, 111.: Brethren 18. MHL. Gospel Pub., 1989. Pp. 77. MHL. Press, 1989. Pp. 416. FRESNO, MHL, Friesen, Abraham. The birth o f Anabaptism. Civil rights in imperial Russia. New York: MLA. Fresno, Calif.: Historical Committee of the Oxford University Press, 1989. Pp. 321. Early German churches (before 1900) of Mennonite Brethren Conference, 1989. 1 MLA. Illinois. Quincy, III.: Illinois Chapter - videocassette. MHL, MLA. Claassen, Ron and Howard Zehr. VORP Palatines to America, 1989. Pp. 77. MLA. Friesen, Lauren. The love o f John. Revised. organizing: a foundation in the church. Elliott, Wendy L. Ohio genealogical research [S.I.: s.n.], 1989. Pp. 54. MLA. Elkhart, Ind.: MCC, 1989. Pp. 15. MHL. guide. Rev. ed. Bountiful, Utah: American ______. Our learning environment: Clapp, Steve. Plain talk about church growth. Genealogical Lending Library, 1988. Pp. proceedings o f the faculty workshop, August Elgin, 111.: Brethren Press, 1989. Pp. 181. 32. MHL. 24-28, 1987. Revised. Goshen, Ind.: MHL. Emmanuel Mcnnonitc Church, 1939-1989. Goshen College, 1989. Pp. 148. EMC, Colletta, John Philip. They came in ships. Salt Reinholds, Pa.: The Church, 1989. Pp. 12. MLA. Lake City: Ancestry, 1989. Pp. 65. MLA. MHL. Friesen, Leonard George. New Russia and Conflict resolution in the Horn o f Africa: Enninger, Werner. Clothing. Essen, Germany: the flssuring o f rural society, 1855-1907. envisioning alternative futures. Horn o f Author, 1989. Pp. 8. MHL. Toronto: Author, 1988. Pp. 301. MHL. Africa Project Consultation: edited ______. "Dem Rod seine geil': zum Friesen, T. E. Genealogy o f Margaretha proceedings, Nov. 24-27, 1988. Waterloo, Vordringen des possessiven Dativs in die Klippenstein, 1842-1909 and Martin Friesen, Ont.: Conrad Grebel College, 1989. Pp. Morphologie des informellen 1838-1910. Altona, Man.: Author, 1989. 170. EMC. Schriftdeutschen der Amischen. Bern, Pp. 87. MHL.

JUNE, 1991 35 Fugei, Adolf. Tauflehre und Taufliturgie bei two: a sequel to the 1979 histoty o f Adams Museums für Deutsche Geschichte Berlin, Huldrych Zwingli. Bern, Switzerland: Peter County, Indiana. Decatur, Ind.: Adams 8. Dezember 1989 bis 28. Februar 1990. Lang, 1989. Pp. 524. MHL. County Historical Society, 1989. Pp. 370. Berlin: Henschelverlag, 1989. Pp. 186. Gaddis, Audie. How to grow a happy family. MHL. MHL. Nappanee, Ind.: Evangel Press, 1989. Pp. Hensen, Steven L. Archives, personal papers Ilg, Karl. Das Deutschtum in Paraguay und 144. EMC. and manuscripts: a cataloging manual for Peru. (Eckartschriflen; 108) Wien: Geddert, Timothy J. Watchwords: Mark 13 archival repositories, historical societies, and Österreichische Landsmannschaft, 1989. in Markan eschatology’. Sheffield, England: manuscript libraries. 2nd ed. Chicago: SAA, Pp. 123. MHL, MLA. JSOT Press, 1989. Pp. 352. FRESNO, 1989. Pp. 196. MLA. Isaac, Joseph. Martyrs mirror excerpts: MHL. Hershey, Henry. Hcrshey family history. selections from Martyrs mirror. Moundridge, Gibble, Kenneth L. The Groacher file: a Kokomo, Ind.: Selby Pub., 1989. Pp. 291. Kan.: Gospel Publishers, 1988. Pp. 335. satirical exposd o f detours to faith. San MHL. MHL. Diego, Calif.: LuraMcdia, 1988. Pp. 143. Hershey, John W. Descendants o f Peter and Janssen, Ruth. Wherever you go. Neerlandica, MHL. Barbara Buckwalter Hershey. Gordonville, Alta.: Ruth Janssen History, 1989. Pp. Gingerich, Noah. The story o f the missing Pa.: Gordonville Print Shop, 1989. Pp. 102. MLA. Jewels: Ida, Paul and Moses. Uniontown, 100. MHL, MLA. Janzen, Marianne. The first Mennonite settlers Ohio: Author, 1988. Pp. 11. MHL. History o f Clymer, New York, 1976-1988. in Russia (1789). Winnipeg: Author, 1988. Gingerich, Paul L. History o f Peter K Gordonville, Pa: Gordonville Print Shop, Pp. 153. MLA. Lehman and Elizabeth A. Weaver and their 1989. Pp. 60. MHL. Janzen, Russel IT. Janzen, 1780-1989: a descendants. Myerstown, Pa.: Author, 1989. Hochstetler, Martin and Susan Hochstetler. family history and genealogy o f Jacob F. Pp. 56. EMC, MHL. Farm life in the hills. Coalgate, Okla.: and Susanna (Baerg) Janzen, their ancestors Glick, Amos S. Taken from the diary and Authors, 1989. Pp. 152. MHL. and their dcsccndcnts. Bountiful, Utah: ledger o f David L. Glick, son o f Samuel Hockman, Cynthia, ed. Returning home: Family History Publishers, 1989. Pp. 271. and Barbara (Lantz) Glick. Lancaster, Pa.: SSTers talk about the re-entry experience. MHC, MHL, MLA. [s.n.J, 1989. Pp. 8. MHL. Goshen, Ind.: Pinchpenny Press, 1989. Pp. Johns, Helen. Life with God: basics for new Goertz, Hans-Jürgen. Die Täufer: Geschichte 39. MHL. Christians. Nappanee, Ind.: Evangel Press, und Deutung. 2nd cd. München: C.H. Hoeppner, Tina. Abram J. and Maria Tocws 1988. Pp. 64. EMC, MHL. Beck, 1988. Pp. 277. MHL. family. Winnipeg: Author, 1989. Pp. 104. ______. Life with God: love in action. ______. Thomas Müntzer: Mystiker, MHL. Nappanee, Ind.: Evangel Press, 1989. Pp. Apokalyptiker, Revolutionär. München: C.I-I. Hoffman, Warren L. The secret o f the harvest: 64. EMC, MHL. Beck, 1989. Pp. 215. MHL. mobilizing for team evangelism. Nappanee, ______. La vida con Dios. Nappanee, Gritsch, Eric W. Thomas Müntzer: a tragedy Ind.: Evangel Press, 1988. Pp. 239. EMC. Ind.: Evangel Press, 1989. Pp. 64. MHL. o f errors. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, Hoffman, William N. Going Dutch: a visitor's Johns, Helen and Robert A. Leadley. 1989. Pp. 157. MHL, MLA. guide to the Pennsylvania Dutch country. Choices: a stewardship study for teens. Grout, Phil. Seeds o f hope: a faith journey. New Rochelle, New York: Spring Garden Nappanee, Ind.: Evangel Press, 1989. Pp. Elgin, 111.: Brethren Press, 1989. Pp. 77. Pub., 1989. Pp. 313. MHL. 32. MHL. MHL. Hofmann-Hege, Charlotte. Alles kann ein Jost, Esther and Emily Brandt. Tyinya Farzhi: The Growing silver resource: functional Herz ertragen: die weite Lebensreise der children’s verses. Hillsboro, Kan.: Kindred approach for congregational involvement Elisabeth Thicsscn. Heilbronn: Eugen Press, 1989. Pp. 30. FRESNO, MHC, with the elderly. North Newton, Kan.: Salzer-Verlag, 1989. Pp. 190. MHL. MHL. Western District Conference, 1989. 1 Holland, Grace and Gracie Kalute. Estudic Kämpen, I I. Heimatbuch der Deutschen aus portfolio. MHL. por si mistno el Evangclio de Marcos. Alta R ussland, 1985-1989. Stuttgart: Guengerich, S. D. A memorial history o f Verapaz, Guatemala: Iglesia Evangelica Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Daniel Schüttler Sr. and his father-in-law, Menonita, 1989. Pp. 268. MHL. Russland, 1989. Pp. 221. FRESNO, MHL. Christian Schwartzendruber Sr. Kokomo, Hostetler, J. C. and J. Kenneth Hostetler. Kasdorf, Hans. Die Umkehr: Bekchntng in Ind.: Selby Pub., 1989. Pp. 119. MHL. Descendants o f Hairy Jackson Hostetler. ihren theologischen und kulturellen Guenter, Jacob G. Franz and Anna Guenther Revised. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Authors, Zusammenhängen. Bielefeld: Logos, 1989. and their descendants, 1761-1989. 1989. Pp. 33. MHL. Pp. 234. FRESNO. Saskatoon: Author, 1989. Pp. 231. MHL. Hostetler, J. Michael. Effects o f the Great Kaufman, Paul. The first step. (Bible Guide to the churches o f the Southeast Depression on private higher education: correspondence course) Farmington, N.M.: Mennonite Conference 1989. Sarasota, Fla.: impact on private college and university Lamp & Light Publishers, 1989. 4 v. Southeast Mennonite Conference, 1989. planning. Thesis (Ed.D.)—Western MHL. Pp. 32. MHL. Michigan University, 1989. Pp. 197. MHL. Kinsey, Marjorie Blocher. Blough family Hand-built earthen micro-dams: appropriate Hostetler, Michael J. Illustrating the sermon. history. Evansville, Ind.: Author, 1989. Pp. technologies for village self-development. (Craft of preaching series) Grand Rapids: 264. EMC. Burkina Faso: MCC, 1988. Pp. 146. MHL. Ministry Resources Library, 1989. Pp. 87. Kinsinger, Susan. Family and history< o f Lydia Harder, Helmut. Gctuigcn van Christus MHL. Be achy’s descendants, 1889 to 1989. vandaag: ecu studieboek voor doopsgezinden Hostettcr, Morris D. The descendants of Gordonville, Pa.: Author, 1988. Pp. 204. in de hele wereld. Amsterdam: Algemene Jacob Hostetler o f Franklin Co., Pa.: Vol. MHL. Doopsgezindc Societeit, 1989. Pp. 80. 1 - David K. Hostetler. Littleton, Colo.: Klassen, Clara. Klassen genealogy’: from the MHL. Author, 1989. Pp. 335. EMC, MHL. land o f revolution and war to the land o f Harris, Maurine and Glen Harris. Ancestry's Hsia, R. Po-chia. Social discipline in the freedom and peace. Abbotsford, B.C.: concise genealogical dictionary. Salt Lake Reformation: Central Europe, 1550-1750. Author, 1989. Pp. 636. MHL. City: Ancestry, 1989. Pp. 259. MLA. New York: Routledge, 1989. Pp. 218. Klassen, Peter. Das Mcnnonitcntum und die Headings, Nona, ed. The Miller cookbook MLA. Mcnnoniten. Alma-Ata, Kasachstan: and Aunt Verna's volume recipes. Hunsbcrger, Gordon. The way I sec it.... Deutsches Lektorat, 1989. Pp. 96. MHL. Willamette Valley, Ore.: [s.n.], 1989. Pp. Winfield, B.C.: Wood Lake Books, 1989. Klimuska, Edward S. Lancaster County: the 169. MHL. Pp. 160. EMC. (ex?) garden spot o f America. Lancaster, Heller, David B. and Lawrence Bcckmcycr. Ich, Thomas Müntzer eyn knecht gottes: Pa.: Lancaster New Era, 1988. Pp. 56. History o f Adams County, Indiana, volume historisch-biographische Ausstellung des MHL.

36 MENNONITE LIFE Kreider, Andrew. Let the shout go up in ______. Devotional study on the Holy Musselman, Glenn E. Louvor vivo. Campinas, Zion!: songs. London: Author, 1989. Pp. Spirit: person, work, and et'idcnccs. S.P., Brazil: Assoc. Evang61ica Menonita, 18. MI-IL. Carrollton, Ohio: Amish-Mennonite 1989. 1 score. MHL. Kuby, Alfred Hans. 1833 thru 1906, Palatine Publications, 1989. Pp. 80. MHL. My story, my song: life stories by Brethren in emigrants from Edcnkobcn (in Rheinland ______■ Paraphrases on the idolatry of Christ missionaries. E. Morris Sider, ed. Pfalz, West Germany) to North America. our times. Carrollton, Ohio: Amish- Grantham, Pa.: Brethren in Christ World Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Pennsylvania Chapter Mennonite Publications, 1989. Pp. 12. Missions, 1989. Pp. 574. EMC, MHL. of Palatines to America, 1989. Pp. 98. MHL. Mylin. [S.I.: s.n.], 1988. Pp. 80. MHL. MHL. Menno Simons. Opera omnia thcologica, of Nisley, Melvin and Betty Nisley. Descendants Lambo, A. Occumennismc. Amsterdam: alle de godtgclcerde werckcn. Amsterdam: o f Peter C. Nisley, 1820-1989. [Millersburg, Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit, 1989. De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1989. Pp. 642. Ohio]: Authors, 1989. Pp. 1146. MHL. Pp. 214. MHL. EMC, MHL, MLA. Northey, Wayne. Biblical/thcological works Landis, Elizabeth Gerhard. Tell me stories A Middle East reader. Akron, Pa.: MCC, contributing to restorative justice: a about your grandparents' farm. New York: 1989. Pp. 12. EMC, MHL. bibliographic essay. (New perspectives on Vantage Press, 1989. Pp. 106. MHL. Mierau, Thomas B. Structuring for special crime and justice; 8) Elkhart, Ind.: MCC, Landis, Marvin and Betty Ann Landis. students' success: classroom management 1989. Pp. 77. MHL. Martin //. Heller family history. for learning and behavior disorder programs Otto, Henry J. and Mary L. Otto. Memories Elizabethtown, Pa.: Authors, 1989. Pp. 97. in middle schools and junior high schools. o f the Otto family: oh, than good old days, EMC, MHL. Wichita, Kan.: Fairview Books, 1989. Pp. 1896-1989. Arthur, 111.: Echo, 1989. Pp. Lawson, Suzy. Amish patchwork: full-size 273. MHL. 192. MHL. patterns for 46 authentic designs. New Miller, Alfred L. The autobiography o f Alfred Ouwersloot-Bert, Louise. Over cn tot levcn: York: Dover, 1988. Pp. 137. MHL. L. Miller. Partridge, Kan.: Author, 1989. poczic voor icderecn. Beverwijk: Lederach, John Paul. O f nets, nails and Pp. 23. MLA. Doopsgezinde Gemeente Beverwijk, 1989. problcmas: a folk vision o f conflict in Miller, John W. Biblical faith and fathering: Pp. 45. MHL. Central America. Thesis (Ph.D.)-University why we call God "Father*'. New York: Parsons, William T. Heckler, Harley and of Colorado, 1988. Pp. 387. MHL. Paulist Press, 1989. Pp. 165. EMC, MHL. Landes letters, 1780-1802. Collegeville, Pa.: Lilburn, Tim. From the great above she Miller, Karen P. Disciplines for spiritual Chestnut Books, 1989. Pp. 34. MHL. opened her car to the great below. growth. Elgin, III.: Brethren Press, 1989. ______. Mountain Mary legends. Coldstream, Ont.: Brick Books, 1988. Pp. Pp. 47. MHL. (Pennsylvania German folk culture series) 39. MHL. Miller, Lewis B. Domi the Sabine. Collegeville, Pa.: Chestnut Books, 1989. Lind, Jane. Gathie Falk. Vancouver Douglas Gordonville, Pa.: Pequea Pub., 1989. Pp. Pp. 102. MHL. & McIntyre, 1989. Pp. 40. MHL. 275. MHL. Paul, Frederic and Jeffrey Howell. Berks Longacre, Doris. More with less cookbook. Miller, Rachel and Amelia Jones. Ancestors County, Pennsylvania births, 1705-1800. Reprint. Oxford, England: Lion Publishing, and descendants o f Nathan and Emclia Volume two: 1760-1770. Reading, Pa.: HP 1989. Pp. 239. EMC. (Kauffman) Jones (1855-1940). Nappanee, Publishing, 1989. MHL. Lowry, James W. A Yorktown surrender Ind.: Albert Jones, 1989. Pp. 176. MHL. Peachey, Samuel W. Amish o f Kishacoquillas flag-symbolic object. Harpers Ferry, W. Miller, Randall M. States o f progress: Valley, Mifflin Count)', Pa. Reprint of 1930 Va.: National Park Service, 1989. Pp. 63. Germans and Blacks in America over 300 ed. Belleville, Pa.: [s.n., 1989]. Pp. 48. EMC. years. Philadelphia: German Society of EMC. Luchetti, Cathy. Under God’s spell: frontier Pennsylvania, 1989. Pp. 101. MHL. Penner, Dave. Echoes o f Christmas, No. 2. evangelists, 1772-1915. San Diego, Calif.: Miller, Wayne. Footprints o f Noah and Rosenort, Man.: PrairieView Press, 1988. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989. Pp. 243. Dccmy Yoder. Harrisburg, Ore.: Author, Pp. 140. EMC, MHL. MLA. 1989. Pp. 286. MHL. Penner, Lydia. Hct lammekc ondcr dc wolven: Markx-Veldhuijzen, F. The right o f asylum: Miller, William and Mary Miller. Family de doperse opvatting van dc verhouding selective bibliography = Lc droit d'asile: record o f Eli S. Schrock and Sarah V. Staat cn kerk 1600-1650: met ccn Bibliographic selective. The Hague: Peace Yoder and their descendants from 1877 to vergclijking met Hugo dc Groot. Palace Library, 1989. Pp. 74. MLA. 1988. Kalona, Iowa: Enos Miller, 1988. Pp. Amsterdam: Author, 1989. Pp. 17. MHL. Martin, Erla M. Monroe K. Garman’s 60. MHL. Persons, Charlene Louise. Languages used in descendants, 1856-1989. Gordonvillc, Pa.: Milner-Gulland, Robin. Cultural atlas o f the music o f the Old Order Amish. Thesis Gordonvillc Print Shop, 1989. Pp. 107. Russia and the Soviet Union. New York: (M.A.)—University of Texas at Arlington, EMC, MHL. Facts on File, 1989. Pp. 240. MLA. 1988. Pp. 158. MHL. Martin, Erwin Gehman. Martin: Christian S. Minutes o f Old Order Amish Steering Petersheim, Amos. Our Canada trip to Martin family. [New Holland, Pa.]: Author, Committee, Sept. 9, 1987 to Sept 13, 1989. Niagara Falls, July 10, 1989. Gordonville, 1989. Pp. 39. EMC. Gordonville, Pa.: [s.n., 1989] Pp. 58. MHL. Pa.: Gordonville Print Shop, 1989. Pp. 6. Martin, Mildred A. Wisdom and the Millers. Mock, Ron. The role play book. Akron, Pa.: MHL. Minerva, Ohio: Christian Fountain Press, Mcnnonite Conciliation Service, 1988. Pp. Petri, Franz and Alfred Hartlieb von 1989. Pp. 159. MHL. 114. MHL. Wallthor. Fortschritte der Forschung und Martinson, Steven D. Between Luther and Mombert, Jacob Isidor. Authentic history o f Schlussbilanz. Münster Aschendorffsche, Münzer: the peasant revolt in German Lancaster County Pennsylvania. 1989. Pp. 494. MHL. drama and thought. (Frankfurter Beiträge Laughlintown, Pa.: Southwest Pennsylvania Petro, Nicolai N., ed. Christianity and Russian zur Germanistik; 24) Heidelberg: Carl Genealogical Services, 1988. Pp. 833. culture in Soviet society. (CCRS series on Winter, 1988. Pp. 198. MHL. MLA. change in contemporary Soviet society) McCloud, Bill. What should we tell our Münzer, Thomas. The collected works o f Boulder: Westvicw Press, 1989. Pp. 244. children about Vietnam? Norman: Ihomas Müntzer. Peter Matheson, ed. MLA. University of Oklahoma Press, 1989. Pp. Edinburgh, Scotland: T & T Clark, 1988. Platt, LaVonne Godwin. Bela Bancrjcc: 155. MLA. Pp. 490. EMC, MHL, MLA. bringing health to India 's villages. Newton, McGrath, William R. Christian discipline. ______. Deutsche evangelische Messe Kan.: Wordsworth, 1988. Pp. 173. MHL. Carrollton, Ohio: Amish-Mennonite 1524. Siegfried Brauer, ed. Berlin: Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Poland: a historical Publications, 1989. Pp. 40. MHL. Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1988. Pp. 135. atlas. New York: Dorset, 1989. Pp. 321. MHL, MLA. MLA.

JUNE, 1991 37 Postei, Rainer and Franklin Kopitzsch. Rütte, Hans von. Bäuerliche Frömmigkeit und Spaans, Johanna Willemina. Haarlem na dc Reformation und Revolution. Stuttgart: kommunale Reformation: Referate, gehalten Reformatic: stcdclijke cultuur en kerkelijk Franz Steiner, 1989. Pp. 21. MHL. am Schweizerischen Historikertag vom 23. Inert, 1577-1620. (Holiandse historische Preparing for Christian weddings and godly Oktober 1987 in Bern. Basel: Schwabe, reeks; 11) Gravenhage: Stichling homes. Lititz, Pa.: Eastern Mennonite 1988. Pp. 122. MHL. Holiandse Historische Reeks, 1989. Pp. Pub., 1989. Pp. 34. MHL. Sangrey, Abram W. The Sangrey family 323. MHL. Prewitt, Terry J. Gcrman-Amcrican settlement history: the desccndcnts o f Mary and John Springstein Mennonite Church. Memories, in an Oklahoma town: ccologic, ethnic and Sangrc)', 1788-1838. Lancaster, Pa.: Author, 1938-1988. Springstein, Man.: The Church, cultural change. New York: AMS Press, 1989. Pp. 175. MHL. 1989. Pp. 144. FRESNO, MHL. 1989. Pp. 280. MLA. Schmidt, Agathe Loewen. 1835-1943, Stafford, William. A scripture o f leaves. Elgin, Proceedings o f the 1989 General Assembly. Gnadenfeld, Molotschna. Kitchener, Ont.: 111.: Brethren Press, 1989. Pp. 78. MHL. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Church General Author, 1989. 1 v. MLA. Steenberg, Sven. Die Russland-Deutschen: Assembly, 1989. Pp. 51. MHL. Schrader-Muggenthaler, Cornelia. The Alsace Schicksal und Erleben. München: Langen Ramseyer, Robert and Alice R. Ramseyer. emigration booh vol. 1. Apollo, Pa.: Müller, 1989. Pp. 207. MHL, MLA. Mennonites in China. Revised printing. Closson Press, 1989. Pp. 211. MHL. The Sutter bam raising. [S.l.]: Illinois Winnipeg: China Educational Exchange, Schräg, Adina Flickncr. Taking inventory: the Mennonite Historical Society, 1989. 1 1989. Pp. 114. EMC. life o f David J. and Adina Flickncr Schräg. videocassette. MHL. Rarick, Vivian Short. More Raricks: an Norwich, Kan.: Author, 1989. Pp. 90. Tepper, Michael. American passenger arrival addition to the genealogical history o f the MLA. records: a guide to the records o f descendants o f Conrad Rarick and Henry Schrock-Hurst, Luke. Consulta: rcclutamicnto immigrants arriving at American ports by Rarick and others. Syracuse, Ind.: Author, militar forzoso, objccion de concicncia, y sail and steam. Baltimore, Md: 1989. Pp. 360. MHL. sen’icio. [S.l.]: MCC, 1988. Pp. 79. MHL. Genealogical Pub. Co., 1988. Pp. 134. Recipes o f the Benjamin Nickel family. [S.I.: Schrock, Jonas and Ben D. Miller. Family MLA. s.n., 1988]. 1 v. MLA. record o f Ben P. Miller and Sarah Schrock. Theological forum papers on the church and Reeser, Robert L. The Rccser family history: Millersburg, Ohio: Highland Printing of dn'alued persons. [S.l.: s.n., 1989]. MHL. a detailed account o f immigrant John Berlin, 1989. Pp. 140. MHL. Thompson, Mildred Snider. Marshall County, Reeser and his descendants, other Reeser Schwartz, Margie. Through the years with Indiana, marriages, 1889-1904. Plymouth, pioneers o f American and Recscrs o f early Fannie. Lancaster, Pa.: Stauffer Printing Ind.: Author, 1989. Pp. 271. MHL. Europe, including spelling variations, the Service, 1989. Pp. 96. EMC, MHL. The Tobias J. Krchbicl family record, 1671- most common being Rccsor, Risscr, Resser. Scott, Tom. Thomas Müntzer: theology and 1989. Hesston, Kan.: Hesston Prestige Strasburg, Pa.: Author, 1989. Pp. 485. revolution in the Gentian Rcfonnation. New Printing, 1989. 1 v. MLA. EMC, MHL. York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. Pp. 203. Troyer, Lydia E. Family record o f Andrew J. Regulations and guidelines for Amish MHL, MLA. Troyer, 1855-1923 and Magdalena parochial schools o f Indiana. Gordonville, Scnsenig, Leonard E. The ancestors and Schmucker, 1863-1940's. Gordonville, Pa.: Pa.: Gordonville Print Shop, 1989. Pp, 14. descendants o f Michael and Lydia Scnsenig Gordonville Print Shop, 1988. Pp. 71. MHL. 1814-1989. McAIislerville, Pa.: Author, MHL. Reimer, Johannes. In den Höhlen von [1989?]. Pp. 86. EMC, MHL. Twisck, Pieter Jans. The peaceable kingdom Gcrussi. Bielefeld: Christliche Literature, Shaftcr Mennonite Brethren Church Joy o f Christ: an exposition o f Revelation 1989. Pp. 125. MHL. Fellowship cookbook. Shafter, Calif.: twenty. William R. McGrath, tr. Religion and culture in the Renaissance and Shafter Mennonite Brethren Church, 1989. Carrollton, Ohio: Amish-Mennonile Reformation. Steven Ozment, ed. Pp. 156. MHL. Publications, 1989. Pp. 38. EMC. (Sixteenth century essays and studies; 11) Shearer, Loda R. The Shearer family, 1800- Unruh, Judy. John and Anna Ducrkscn Kirksville, MO: 16th Century Journal, 1988: descendants o f John and Elizabeth Krause genealogy. Hillsboro, Kan.: Author, 1989. Pp. 136. MHL, MLA. Shearer o f Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 1989. Pp. 149. MLA. A Reviciv o f conflict resolution agenda in the Mt. Joy, Pa.: Author, 1988. Pp. 42. MHL. Dc vcrzamcling Van F.cghcn: Amstcrdamsc Horn o f Africa. Edited consultation Showalter, Harry R. Hymns o f tribute II. tekeningen 1600-1950. Amsterdam: proceedings, April 22-24, 1988. Menno Columbiana, Ohio: Elmer Showalter, 1988. Gemeentearchief Amsterdam, 1988. Pp. Wiebe, ed. Waterloo, Ont.: Conrad Grebcl Pp. 25. EMC. 43. MHL. College, 1989. Pp. 91. EMC. Sider, E. Morris. A stewardship o f heritage: Visser, Pieter. Van offer tot opera: Riffey, Alva C. Vindicator obituary index, all history-keeping in the congregation. Doopsgezindcn en hoist in dc zcvcnticndc issues to November 1989. Westphalia, Kan.: Grantham, Pa.: Author/Evangclical Visitor, ceuw. Amsterdam: Algemene Bibliotheek Author, 1989. Pp. 60. MHL. 1989. Pp. 32. EMC. Univcrsiteitsbibliotheck, 1989. Pp. 57. Rohrer, Marvin. En pos del principe de paz. Sider, Ronald J. Non-violence, the invincible EMC, MHL, MLA. Farmington, N.M.: Lamp & Light, 1989. 4 weapon? Dallas, Tex.: Word Publishing, Waite, Frances Wise. Bucks County v. MHL. 1989. Pp. 119. EMC, FRESNO, MHL. tombstone inscriptions: Bcdminstcr and Roper, Lyndal. The holy household: women Sinner, Peter. Germans in the land o f the Haycock townships. Doylestown, Pa.: Bucks and morals in Reformation Augsburg. Volga. Lincoln, Neb.: AHSGR, 1989. Pp. County Genealogical Society, 1988. 1 v. (Oxford studies in social history) Oxford: 125. MLA. MHL. Clarendon Press, 1989. Pp. 296. MHL. Smith, Debra D. and Frederick S. Weiser, Wells, Agnes Mower. Index to deaths o f Rosenberger, Mary Sue. The Lord’s prayer. eds. Trinity Lutheran Church records, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, 1743-1907. Elgin, 111.: Brethren Press, 1989. Pp. 48. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Vol. 1: 1730-1767. Huntsville, Ohio: Author, 1989. Pp. 98. MHL. Apollo, Pa.: Closson Press, 1988. Pp. 484. MHL. Roth, Sherri and Tracy Klopfenstein, eds. MHL. Wenger, Hilda. Good food, better health. Exposition 10. Goshen, Ind.: Pinchpenny Smith, Richard G. Early land records o f Manheim, Pa.: Author, 1989. Pp. 263. Press, 1989. Pp. 67. MI IL. Wayne County, Ohio. Wooster, Ohio: MML. Ruebsaat, Gisela. The first freedom: freedom Wayne County Genealogical Society, 1988. Wer die Hand an den Pflug legt: Delta, 1955- o f conscience and religion in Canada. Pp. 210. MHL. 19 88: Die G eschichte der (Freedom of conscience series; 2) Smoker, Art. Praying as Jesus taught us. Mennonitcnkolonie Delta aus der Sicht ihrer Victoria, B.C.: Conscience Canada, 1989. Goshen, Ind.: Berkey Avenue Mennonite Darsteller. Montevideo, Uruguay: Hcgil, Pp. 40. MLA. Fellowship, 1989. Pp. 12. MHL. 1988. Pp. 100. MHL, MLA.

38 MENNONITE LIFE Wiebe, Menno. Tuned to a hurting world: Women in leadership ministries, 1985. Date Unknown Mention!te Central Commit tee Canada its Revised. Elkhart, Ind.: Committee on formation and its service: for presentation Women in Leadership Ministries, 1989. 1 Birkey, Velma K. Songs o f faith: a collection at the 25th anniversary celebration MCC portfolio. MHL. o f songs. Kokomo, Ind.: Howard-Miami Canada and the Provincial MCC annual Yaguchi, Yorifumi. Jesus. Goshen, Ind.: Church, [n.d.] Pp. 50. MHL. meetings 1989. Winnipeg: MCC Canada, Pinchpenny Press, 1989. Pp. 83. MHC, Enscrianzas del cvangelio dc Juan. Nairobi, 1989. Pp. 126. MHL. MHL. Kenya: Evangel Pub. House, [n.d.] Pp. Wiebe, Rudy. Playing dead: a contemplation Yoder, Paul. Un tries con Los Sabios. 3 3 8 . MHL. concerning the Arctic. Edmonton: NeWest, Farmington, N.M.: Lamp & Light, 1988. Kriebel, Marvin. Life after death. Lititz, Pa.: 1989. Pp. 123. FRESNO, MLA. Pp. 81. MHL. Eastern Mennonite Publications, [n.d.] Pp. Wider, Diana J. Dad boy. Toronto: Douglas Yoder, Perry. Shalom. London: Hodder & 14. MHL. & McIntyre, 1989. Pp. 191. MHL. Stoughton, 1989. Pp. 153. MHL. Salmon, T. 1-1. Neglected truth facts; "Binding Wine, Jeanine M. Silly Tillie. Intercourse, Zielinski, John M. Amish children across and loosing o f Satan"; "Camels and doves". Pa.: Good Books, 1989. Pp. 32. EMC, America: at home. Revised. (Amish across Carrollton, Ohio: Amish-Mennonite MHL. America series; new series) Iowa City, Publications, [n.d.] Pp. 32. MHL. Wintle, Michael. Zeeland and the churches. Iowa: Amish Heritage Publications, 1989. Schnedler, Larry. Gula para la consejeria pre­ Middelburg: Commissie Regionale Pp. 64. EMC. marital. Guatemala: SEMILLA, [n.d.] Pp. Geschiedbeoefening Zeeland, 1988. Pp. Zietz, Karyl-Lynn. An Amish portrait. 52. MHL. 316. MHL. University Park, Pa.: Penn Stale Zuercher, Melanie A., ed. It’s up to us: broad Wipf, Jacob P. Lchrcrleut Iluttcrian Brethren University, 1989. 1 videocassettc. MHL. form deeds in Kentucky. Prestonsburg, Ky: church family records. Choteau, Mont.: Zimmermann, Katharine. Die Furggc. Bern: KFTC, [n.d.] Pp. 52. MHL. Author, 1988. Pp. 318. MHL. Zytglogge, 1989. Pp. 255. MHL. Wirth, Günter. A history o f the Christian Zochert, Donald. Yellow dogs. New York: Peace Conference. Prague: CPC, 1989. Pp. Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989. Pp. 215. 217. MHL. MHL. Witmer, Dallas. Lc fc por la cual vale morir. Zorrilla, C. Hugo. Estudiando y Farmington, N.M.: Ldmpara y Luz, 1989. comprendiendo la Biblia. Guatemala City: Pp. 67. MHL. Ediciones Semilla, 1989. Pp. 138. FRESNO.

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