MG Moon Watch Web.Indb

protractor, withhole ping pongball copy ofLunarLayout adhesive, reusable EACH GROUP MATERIALS RESOURCES AND sheet (laminated) NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. license, States United 3.0 NonCommercial-NoDerivs Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Commons aCreative under available made is work This Initiative. + Science Math National ©2013 Copyright marker, Sharpie TEACHER ® T ABOUT THIS LESSON THIS ABOUT with aModel Observing the Lunar Phases Moon Watch Middle Grades:Earth LEVEL Students will: OBJECTIVES predictable fashion. of theMoonarenotrandombutoccurinaregular, Determine thecauseoflunarphasesaswell • as namethephasesusingarepresentativemodel world. Studentswilldiscoverthatthephases for scienti his activityprovidesadeep,richcontext ﬁ c understandingofthenatural Middle Grades Science

i TEACHER PAGES quantities. units appropriatelywhenmultiplyingordividing convert measurementunits;manipulateandtransform line diagrams,orequations.Useratioreasoningto of equivalentratios,tapediagrams,doublenumber mathematical problems,e.g.,byreasoningabouttables Use ratioandratereasoningtosolvereal-world (MATH) 6.RP.3D 35 hours? At whatratewerelawnsbeingmowed? then atthatrate,howmanylawnscouldbemowedin speed. Forexample,Ifittook7hourstomow4lawns, including thoseinvolvingunitpricingandconstant line diagrams,orequations.Solveunitrateproblems of equivalentratios,tapediagrams,doublenumber mathematical problems,e.g.,byreasoningabouttables Use ratioandratereasoningtosolvereal-world (MATH) 6.RP.3B nonnegative rationalnumbers. q andpx=forcasesinwhichp,xareall writing andsolvingequationsoftheformx+p= Solve real-worldandmathematicalproblemsby (MATH) 6.EE.7 STATE STANDARDS CORE COMMON NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. license, States United 3.0 NonCommercial-NoDerivs Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Commons aCreative under available made is work This Initiative. + Science Math National ©2013 Copyright be usedasacheckontheexactcomputation. bar about9inchesfromeachedge;thisestimatecan that is271/2incheswide,youwillneedtoplacethe a towelbar93/4incheslonginthecenterofdoor $2.50, foranewsalaryof$27.50.Ifyouwanttoplace will makeanadditional1/10ofhersalaryhour, or If awomanmaking$25anhourgets10%raise,she computation andestimationstrategies.Forexample: assess thereasonablenessofanswersusingmental any form;convertbetweenformsasappropriate;and operations asstrategiestocalculatewithnumbersin using toolsstrategically. Apply propertiesof any form(wholenumbers,fractions,anddecimals), posed withpositiveandnegativerationalnumbersin Solve multi-stepreal-lifeandmathematicalproblems (MATH) 7.EE.3 content. Write arguments focusedondiscipline-speci WHST.6-8.1 (LITERACY) independently andpro technical textsinthegrades6-8textcomplexityband By theendofgrade8,readandcomprehendscience/ RST.6-8.10 (LITERACY) technical tasks. out experiments,takingmeasurements,orperforming Follow preciselyamultistepprocedurewhencarrying RST.6-8.3 (LITERACY) research Distinguish amongfacts,reasonedjudgmentbasedon RST.6-8.8 (LITERACY) fi ndings, andspeculationinatext. Middle Grades Science –MoonWatch fi ciently. fi c ii TEACHER PAGES www.heywhatsthat.com/eclipses.html lunar eclipses,pastandfuture. “HeyWhatsThat: Eclipses.”Simulationsofsolarand occur. information describinghowsolarandlunareclipses Espenak, Fred.“Mr. Eclipse.”Background REFERENCES Sharpie ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS our website: The followingadditionalassessmentsarelocatedon this activity: The followingtypesofassessmentsareembeddedin ASSESSMENTS Newell RubbermaidCompany. Moon anddifferent teachingmethods. misconceptions studentshaveaboutthephasesof the Review ofresearchstudiesthatfocusonthe Astronomy EducationReview A Guidefor Teachers andCurriculumDevelopers.” “Learning aboutPhasesoftheMoonandEclipses: Kavanagh, Claudine,Lori Agan, andCarySneider. ShortLesson Assessment: Moon Watch • MiddleGrades Assessment: SpaceScience— • Summativeassessmentactivity • Formativeassessmentquestions • • Pre-lab discussion Assessmentofpriorknowledge • Earth-Moon-Solar System www.mreclipse.com ® isaregisteredtrademarkofSanfordL.P., A NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. license, States United 3.0 NonCommercial-NoDerivs Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Commons aCreative under available made is work This Initiative. + Science Math National ©2013 Copyright . 4.1(2005):19–52. . causes thephasesofMoon. that demonstrateshowtheSun-Earth-Moonangle University ofNebraska–Lincoln.Onlinesimulation Lunar PhaseSimulator. Astronomy Educationat NEXT GENERATION SCIENCE STANDARDS http://astro.unl.edu/naap/lps/animations/lps.html 2-the-challenge http://sciencenetlinks.com/tools/lunar-cycle-1-calendar students canusetocreateaMoonwatchjournal. Science. Resourceforgeneratingcalendarsthat American Association forthe Advancement of “Lunar Cycle1:Calendar.” Moon phases. predict thephaseofMoonbasedonpastand future Science. Onlineactivitythatchallengesparticipantsto American Association forthe Advancement of “Lunar Cycle2: The Challenge.” ESS1: THEUNIVERSE DEVELOPING AND USING MODELS PATTERNS Middle Grades Science –MoonWatch . http://sciencenetlinks.com/tools/lunar-cycle- Science NetLinks Science NetLinks . . . . iii TEACHER PAGES I sky (FigureB). Moon facesEarthandthe“disappears”from new moonoccurswhentheunilluminatedhalfof face theSun,onlysun-facinghalfisilluminated. A Moon. However, becauseonlyhalfofanyobjectcan solar systemareilluminatedbytheSun,including radiates inalldirections,thereforeobjectsthe plane canalunareclipseoccur. LightfromtheSun Only whentheSun,Earth,andMoonareinsame (Figure A). Moon thatcausestheMoon’s changingappearance an eclipse,itistheanglebetweenSun,Earth,and through theshadowofanothercelestialbodycauses shadow. Although thepassingof acelestialbody the resultofMoonpassingthroughEarth’s and adultsalikebelievethephasesofMoonare Still, misconceptionsabouttheMoonpersist.Students celestial neighborcontinuetothisday. is thelunarlanding,andefforts tovisitourclosest our greatestscienti our lunarfascinationhasnotwaned.Indeed,oneof ascribe thephasesofmoontoactivitiesdeities, waxes andbecomesfull. Although wenolonger thinner. When heeatsandisreinvigorated,themoon moon, Annigan isweakfromthechaseandbecomes TEACHING SUGGESTIONS TEACHING When thefullmoonwanesandbecomenew his sisterMalina,thesungoddess,throughsky. nuit legendtellsofthemoongod Annigan chasing NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. license, States United 3.0 NonCommercial-NoDerivs Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Commons aCreative under available made is work This Initiative. + Science Math National ©2013 Copyright fi c andengineering achievements conduct theactivity. Itisalsodif be unwieldyowingtotheamountofspaceneeded illustrates theprocessofMoon’s phases,butitcan Sun, Earth,andMooncausethephases. This model demonstrate howthechanginganglebetween model usesalightsourceandsphericalobjectsto nothing tohelpstudentslearnhowtheyoccur. Another students torecognizetheMoon’s phasesbutdoes the moonphases. This activityisgreatforgetting cookie halvesandscrapeawaythecreamtorecreate chocolate sandwichcookies.Studentsseparatethe occur. Oneofthemostpopularanddelicioususes your studentsexplorehowthephasesofMoon dif Understanding thephasesofMooncanbequite uniformly. all yourstudentsareabletoseetheMoon’s phases Figure A. TheorbitoftheMoonistilted5degreeswithrespectto fi cult, andthereareanumberofmodelstohelp the planeofEarth’s orbitwiththeSun. Middle Grades Science –MoonWatch fi cult toensurethat iv TEACHER PAGES piece. their photostoyouforuseinasummativeassessment take digitalimagesoftheMoon,askthemtoe-mail attention tothetimeandlocation.Ifyourstudents as possiblewhentakingtheirpictures,payingclose their observations,encouragethemtobeasconsistent them outtoolateatnight.Howeverthestudentsmake make observationsaroundsunsettoavoidhaving comments. You maywanttosuggestthatyourstudents the appearanceofMoonandprovideanyancillary students withacalendartemplateroomtosketch smartphones. Otheroptionsincludeprovidingyour a digitalcameraortheavailableonvarious journal, studentscantakepicturesoftheMoonusing before thestartofactivity. Inlieuofkeepinga go outsideandobservetheMoonsixtoeightweeks prior knowledgeabouttheMoon,askyourstudentsto To preparestudentsforthisactivityandascertain again. waning gibbous,crescent,andthecyclebegins crescent, quartermoon,waxinggibbous,full and moongiverisetothemoon’s phases: continuum. The changinganglebetweenthesun,earth to fullmoonandbackagain,thephasesareseenasa perspective. As themoonorbitsearth,new “sun,” andthentheyviewthemoonfromanearthly the illuminatedsideofmoonalwaysfaces “moon” onthelunarlayoutsheet,makingsurethat space ofthelightsourcemodel.Studentsplace and seehowtheyoccurwithoutneedingallthe the studentsareabletorecognizeMoon’s phases addresses thedisadvantagesofpreviousmodels: The pingpongballmodelusedin“Moon Watch” TEACHING SUGGESTIONS (CONTINUED) NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. license, States United 3.0 NonCommercial-NoDerivs Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Commons aCreative under available made is work This Initiative. + Science Math National ©2013 Copyright fi rst waxing Figure B.WhentheMoonappearsfull,isopposite Sun andthefullilluminatedportionofMoonisvisible Middle Grades Science –MoonWatch v TEACHER PAGES “illuminated.” half ofthespherewillalwaysbewhite,andthus of the“Moon”isalwaysilluminated. With thismodel, seen whatisintended,andiftheyunderstandthat half the phasefromcorrectangle,iftheyhaveactually but itisdif a spheretomodeltheMoon’s changingappearance, Many lunarphasesactivitiesusealightsourceand phases oftheMoon. the fullilluminatedportion,andgivesriseto side. Ourearthlyperspectivepreventsusfromseeing half willremainwhitetorepresenttheilluminated unilluminated portionoftheMoon. The remaining moon willbepaintedblacktodemonstratethe half oftheMoonatalltimes,pingpong vantage pointonearth.BecausetheSunilluminates the earthandsketchmoon’s appearancefromtheir will moveapingpongmoonthroughitsorbitaround The mechanicsof“Moon Watch” aresimple.Students used duringyourpre-labdiscussion: chronological order. The followingquestionscouldbe to takeafewminutesandviewtheirpicturesin During yourpre-labdiscussion,directstudents TEACHING SUGGESTIONS (CONTINUED) What doyouthinkcausesthechanging • Isthereacorrelationbetweenthetimeof • WhatpatternsdoyouseeinthewayMoon • WheredoestheMoongetitslight? • Whatwordscouldyouusetodescribetheway • appearance oftheMoon? month andthephaseofMoon? looks atnight? the Moonlooks? NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. license, States United 3.0 NonCommercial-NoDerivs Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Commons aCreative under available made is work This Initiative. + Science Math National ©2013 Copyright fi cult todetermineifallstudentshaveseen include: the activityandbeforeConclusionQuestionsmay Formative assessmentquestionsyoucanuseduring lps/lps.html the ballwillbepainted. tape alongthisseam. This willensurethatonlyhalfof along themid-lineandlaypainter’s tapeormasking When lookingatthepingpongball, white, usepermanentmarkerorblackspraypaint. pulls. To colorthepingpongballhalfblackand ball, suchasapolystyreneballorwoodendrawer another smallspheretotaketheplaceofpingpong suppliers orotherdiscountstores. You maysubstitute Ping pongballscanbepurchasedatsportinggoods Astronomy EducationGroup( created bytheUniversityofNebraska–Lincoln location. You mayalsousethelunarphasessimulator their cardbyplacingthepingpongballincorrect card andreproducethephaseofMoonpicturedon Place thecardsinacontainer, andhavestudentspicka using theirphotostocreatecardsshowingthephases. their understandingofthephasesMoonby At theendofactivity, havestudentsdemonstrate Dotheterms • Doeseverywaxingcrescentlookthesame? • Canyouthinkoffactorsnotaccountedforinthis • Whatisthedifference betweenanewmoonand • speci Every waninggibbous? model? full moon? fi , FigureC). c phaseofthe Moon? Middle Grades Science –MoonWatch crescent and http://astro.unl.edu/naap/ gibbous fi nd theseam refertoa vi TEACHER PAGES Layout sheetwillwork. “Moon” tositinthecorrect orientationontheLunar use tape. Any materialthatwilltemporarily allowthe Lunar Layoutsheetsare laminated, thestudentscould that holdspostersonwalls,modelingclayor, ifyour ball inplace. This adhesive couldbethematerial The reusableadhesiveisusedtokeepthepingpong connects the“Moon”and“Earth.” head levelwiththepaper, andlookalongthelinethat sheet. They mustobserve thepingpongballwiththeir standing onEarthinthemiddleofLunarLayout Also, studentsmustobservetheMoonphaseasif aligned withtheverticallineateachlocation. students tokeepthemid-lineofpingpongball positioned. Onewaytohelpwiththissetupistell facing thesideofpaperwhere“Sun”is Students musthavethewhitehalfof“Moon” TEACHING SUGGESTIONS (CONTINUED) NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. license, States United 3.0 NonCommercial-NoDerivs Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Commons aCreative under available made is work This Initiative. + Science Math National ©2013 Copyright Figure C.Byturningoffthemoonphasedisplay, youcanprojectthesimulationandplacemoon in variouspositionsandhavethestudentspredictphaseofmoon. A fewnotesofexplanation: once theymeasurepast180°. 360°. Inotherwords,theyshouldnotstartoverat 0° that measurementsshouldrangefrom0°toalmost given angles. The importantthingtoremindthemis asking studentshowtousetheprotractorormeasure and mayrequirehelp. Test theirpriorknowledgeby Some studentsmaynotbefamiliarwithprotractors Theanglemeasuresforthedifferent phasesare • Therearemultiplewaxing andwaningphasesto • cannot simply not equalincrements.Usingthissetup,astudent moon, andquartermoons. or waningphasesbetween thenewmoon,full emphasize thatthereexist acontinuumofwaxing increment toavoidusingtheprotractor. Middle Grades Science –MoonWatch fi nd thepatternandadd vii TEACHER PAGES DATA OBSERVATIONS AND KEY ANSWER NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. license, States United 3.0 NonCommercial-NoDerivs Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Commons aCreative under available made is work This Initiative. + Science Math National ©2013 Copyright oiinSec fMo nl esr PhaseName AngleMeasure Sketch ofMoon Position 12 10 11 5 4 3 1 2 9 8 7 6 Table 1.PhasesoftheMoon 2°Waning crescent Waning crescent 326° Thirdquarter 304° Waning gibbous 270° Waning gibbous 258° Fullmoon 230° Waxing gibbous 180° Waxing gibbous 141° 120° 0 Firstquarter Waxing crescent 90° Waxing crescent 67° 23° °Newmoon 0° Middle Grades Science –MoonWatch viii

TEACHER PAGES CONCLUSION QUESTIONS (CONTINUED) KEY ANSWER 3. A waningcrescentisvisiblefor7.4days. 2. Eachlunarcycleincludesonenewmoon.Every 1. digits. 282.9° withthecorrectnumberofsigni The actualmathematicalvalueis282.86°,or waning crescent. (29.5 ×¾)toDay29.5wouldbe7.4daysof halfway throughthecycle.FromDay22.1 the 29.5-daycycle,andafullmoonwouldbe quarter moonisthreequartersofthewaythrough a newmoonareallwaningcrescents. A third The phasesbetweenathirdquartermoonand 29.5 days,weobserveanewmoonfromEarth. 4dy 22days days 14 x x 1 as 2 as(8 ) days)(180 (22 (14 days) 180  90days 3960 NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. license, States United 3.0 NonCommercial-NoDerivs Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Commons aCreative under available made is work This Initiative. + Science Math National ©2013 Copyright  14 days    x 282.9 ﬁ cant . Thelunarcycleis29.5dayswhereasmost 6. Answerswillvarybutmayincludelackof 5. To showthelunarcyclein the Sou 4. thern have asecondfullmoonbeforethemonthisover. within the months are30or31days.Ifafullmoonoccurs bodies. model, andtherelativedistancebetweencelestial rotation oftheMoononitsaxis,size (1, 12,11, 10…2). around theLunarLayoutinreverseorder Hemisphere, youwouldmovethepingpongball Middle Grades Science –MoonWatch ﬁ rst threedaysofamonth,wewould ix TEACHER PAGES Middle Grades MiddleScience Grades – Moon Science Watch Moon Watch Observing the Lunar Phases with a Model

he Moon goes through a continuous repetition of its phases as it orbits Earth. The average duration of one cycle is 29.5 days. A lunation, or Tcomplete cycle of the moon phases, begins with a new moon. A new moon is the phase when the Moon is not visible; the illuminated side of the Moon is MATERIALS facing away from Earth. Except during a lunar eclipse, half of the Moon is always adhesive, reusable illuminated. copy of Lunar Layout sheet The different phases are caused by the illuminated surface of the Moon not always (laminated) being visible from Earth. The halfway point of a lunation is a full moon, when the ping pong ball entire illuminated side of the Moon is visible from Earth. The other phases are all protractor, with hole in-between steps of the cycle from new moon to full moon to new moon. When we can see more of the illuminated side than the previous night, the Moon is considered to be in its waxing phases. When the illuminated portion is smaller than the previous night, the Moon is considered to be in its waning phases. For example, if you can see half of the Moon one night and the next night you can see more than half, the Moon is waxing. Another pair of descriptive terms used in naming lunar phases are gibbous and crescent. A gibbous moon occurs when the Moon is more than half visible, and a crescent moon occurs when the Moon is less than half visible (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Gibbous and crescent moons

Gibbous Crescent

Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/deed.en_US. 1 Middle Grades Science – Moon Watch

In the northern hemisphere, a new moon becomes illuminated from the right to the left and a full moon becomes dark from right to left. If you see a moon that looks similar to the gibbous diagram shown in Figure 1, you know it must be a waning gibbous as the illumination on the Moon is moving toward a new moon, not a full moon. If you see a moon similar to the crescent in Figure 1, you know it is a waxing crescent as the illumination is starting from the right and is moving toward a full moon.

Figure 2. First and third quarters

First Quarter Third Quarter

Halfway between a new moon and full moon there is a phase where the right half of the Moon appears illuminated. This phase is known as the ﬁ rst quarter (Figure 2). Halfway between the full moon and new moon, the left half of the Moon appears illuminated. This phase is known as the third quarter (sometimes known as the last quarter). There are several days of waxing crescents but only one ﬁ rst quarter. The same applies for all crescent and gibbous moons.

PURPOSE

You will use a model to determine the cause of the lunar phases, as well as name the phases.

PROCEDURE

1. Place the small amount of adhesive on the ping pong ball in one place where the white and black sections meet (see Figure 3).

ping pong ball Figure 3. Colored ping pong ball reusable adhesive

2. Place the ping pong ball (adhesive side down) on the circle at Position 1 of the Lunar Layout sheet where the straight line and arc of the circle intersect. The white part of the ping pong ball should be facing the direction of the Sun at all times. Align the mid-line of the ping pong ball with the vertical line at Position 1. This signiﬁ es that half of the Moon is always illuminated even though we do not always see the illuminated side. 3. Observe the ping pong ball from the level of the paper, looking along the straight line from the location of Earth to Position 1 as if you were standing on Earth. Fill in the circle on your data sheet so that it reﬂ ects the image you observe. The angle measurement for Position 1 will be 0°. For the remainder of the positions, you will use your protractor to measure the angle based on Position 1. Position 8 through Position 12 will have angle measures greater than 180°. Based on the introductory descriptions of the different phases and the image you observed, name the lunar phase modeled at Position 1. 4. Remove the ping pong ball from Position 1 and, using the adhesive, mount the ping pong ball at Position 2. Remember to orient the white side of the ping pong ball so it faces the side where the Sun is positioned (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Position of ping pong ball

5. Complete Step 3 and Step 4 with the ping pong ball positioned at all 12 locations. Be sure to always observe the ping pong ball while looking along the line from the location of Earth to the position of the ball.

DATA AND OBSERVATIONS

Table 1. Phases of the Moon

Position Sketch of Moon Angle Measure Phase Name 1

CONCLUSION QUESTIONS

1. A friend says there are two new moons during any given lunar cycle. Explain why you agree or disagree.

2. Calculate the number of days during any given lunar cycle when a waning crescent is visible. Show your work.

3. If a full moon is approximately Day 14 of the lunar cycle, what would the angle measure be for Day 22? Use your angle measure for a full moon to set up a proportion, and show your work and all units.

CONCLUSION QUESTIONS (CONTINUED)

4. While the Northern Hemisphere is experiencing a waxing crescent from the right, the Southern Hemisphere is experiencing a waxing crescent from the left. Both hemispheres experience a new moon or a full moon on the same day, but the rest of the phases are seen from opposite directions. How could you use the model (the ping pong ball and Lunar Layout sheet) to show the lunar cycle as experienced in the Southern Hemisphere?

5. What are three limitations of the model used in this activity?

6. Approximately every 2.7 years, we experience a blue moon, or a second full moon in one month. How is this possible?