Zoological Studies 48(3): 402-417 (2009)

Five New Indo-Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus (Aulopiformes: Synodontidae) John E. Randall Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA

(Accepted August 7, 2008)

John E. Randall (2009) Five new Indo-Pacific lizardfishes of the genus Synodus (Aulopiformes: Synodontidae). Zoological Studies 48(3): 402-417. The following 5 new species of lizardfishes of the genus Synodus are described: S. fasciapelvicus, 1 market specimen, Lombok, Indonesia and 2 from 26-29 m in the Philippines; S. isolatus, 9 specimens from Easter I. in 10-18 m, and 1 from about 250 m; S. mundyi, 2 specimens from 84 to about 200 m in the Hawaiian Is.; S. pylei, 2 specimens from 90-96 m in Fiji; and S. sanguineus, 1 specimen from about 100 m in Manado Bay, Sulawesi. The specimens were initially identified as S. doaki Russell and Cressey, type locality New Zealand. The 5 species are differentiated from S. doaki and one another principally by fin-ray, scale, and vertebral counts, the shape of the flap on the anterior nostril, and nuances in life color. In addition, the specimen identified as S. doaki from 250 m in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea by Baranes and Golani (1993) is reidentified as S. randalli Cressey, type locality, Sudan, Red Sea. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/48.3/402.pdf

Key words: Synodus, Synodontidae, New species, Indo-Pacific.

A revision of the Indo-Pacific species of (2007) reported their S. amaranthus to be a lizardfishes of the genus Synodus was published synonym of S. dermatogenys Fowler, and their S. by Cressey (1981) as an outgrowth of his research janus, known from 1 specimen collected in 1901 on parasitic copepods of Indo-Pacific synodontid with no information on depth of capture or life color, fishes (Cressey and Cressey 1979). Finding as a probable synonym of S. falcatus Waples and different species of poecilostome copepods of the Randall. genus Metataeniacanthus in specimens labeled Baranes and Golani (1993: 303, pl. 3, fig. 10) as Synodus variegatus (Lacepède) suggested reported Synodus doaki from 1 specimen taken that more than 1 species of Synodus was being in 250 m off Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea). The identified as S. variegatus. Cressey’s revision specimen (HUJ 15157, 114 mm SL) was sent of Indo-Pacific Synodus proved this to be true. on loan by the Hebrew Univ. in Jerusalem and His paper included 21 species, 6 of which were is reidentified here as S. randalli Cressey, type described as new, and are still valid. locality Port Sudan, Red Sea, collected from 146 m. Waples and Randall (1988) reviewed the Errors in the original description and figure of Hawaiian Synodus, recognizing 12 species. They S. randalli may have been responsible for the regarded the species identified as S. variegatus misidentification. The holotype ofS. randalli (BPBM by Cressey to be S. dermatogenys Fowler, and 24807, 113 mm SL), has 9 instead of 8 anal rays, his S. englemani as the true S. variegatus. They 5½ instead of 4 scales below the lateral line to described 4 species as new; however, Randall the anal-fin origin, and 15 instead of 13 predorsal

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402 Randall – Five New Indo-Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus 403 scales. Its color photograph is shown here as represented by 3 specimens from the Philippines figure 1. and Indonesia; one from a single specimen from Two paratypes of S. doaki (USNM 218793, Sulawesi; one from 2 specimens from Fiji; one 91, 92.5 mm SL) taken by trawl off the coast of from 2 specimens from the Hawaiian Is.; and one Kenya at a depth of 140 m are missing from the from 10 specimens from Easter I. The present fish collection of the Smithsonian Institution and paper provides the descriptions of these 5 new presumed lost. They may have been S. randalli. species. Russell in Carpenter and Niem (1999) Three lots of small specimens identified as reviewed the synodontid fishes of the Western S. doaki from Mahé, Seychelles (SAIAB 76380, Central Pacific. He provided a key and drawings 77091, and 79058) were sent on loan by the South to the 15 species of Synodus that occur within the African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. These region from Japan to southeastern Australia, east were reidentified as S. binotatus Schultz. to the islands of Oceania. Chen et al. (2007) described S. taiwanensis as a new species from 3 specimens collected from MATERIALS AND METHODS 80 m off Taiwan, bringing the total number of Indo- Pacific species of Synodus to 25. The type specimens for this study have been Examination of specimens in the Bishop variously deposited at the Australian Museum, Museum’s fish collection identified only as Synodus Sydney, Australia (AMS); Biodiversity Research sp., or misidentified as S. doaki Russell and Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (ASIZP); Cressey, revealed 5 undescribed species: one Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH);

Fig. 1. Holotype of Synodus randalli Cressey, BPBM 24807, 113 mm SL, off Port Sudan, Red Sea. Photograph by John E. Randall.

Table 1. Fin-ray and lateral-line scale counts of new species of Synodus

Dorsal rays Anal rays Pectoral rays Lateral-line scales

11 12 13 14 15 9 10 12 13 14 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 fasciapelvicus 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 isolatus 6 4 5 5 2 7 1 2 3 5 mundyi 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 pylei 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 sanguineus 1 1 1 1 404 Zoological Studies 48(3): 402-417 (2009)

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, USA count of circumpeduncular scales was made in a (BPBM); Natural History Museum of Los Angeles vertical zigzag line. County, CA, USA (LACM); and United States Synodontid fishes lack distinctly protruding National Museum of Natural History, Washington gill rakers; instead they have low but discrete DC, USA (USNM). patches of cteni. Waples and Randall (1988: fig. Lengths of specimens are given as standard 2) recorded counts of the lower-limb gill rakers on length (SL), measured from the median anterior the 1st gill arch only on the ceratobranchial, where point of the upper lip to the base of the caudal fin the joint with the more anterior basibranchial (posterior end of the hypural plate); body depth is (with gill rakers of diminishing size) provides a measured vertically from the origin of the pelvic clear stopping point. The upper-limb gill-raker fins, and from the origin of the anal fin; body width count for the species treated here could not be is taken at the upper base of the pectoral fins; made with accuracy because the raker patches head length (HL) from the front of the upper lip to become progressively smaller anteriorly. Even the posterior end of the opercular membrane, and with staining, the counts could not be reproduced. snout length from the same anterior point to the Therefore, only the hypobranchial count is recorded nearest bony edge of the orbit; orbit diameter is here. the greatest bony diameter, and interorbital width Counts of vertebrae include the hypural. the least bony width; upper-jaw length is measured Anderson et al. (1975) noted for Atlantic Synodus from the front of the upper lip to the posterior end that the count of lateral-line scales is close to that of the maxilla; caudal-peduncle depth is the least of the number of vertebrae, with most specimens depth, and caudal-peduncle length the horizontal having more lateral-line scales. The species distance between verticals at the rear base of described below have the same (or ± 1) number of the anal fin and the caudal-fin base. Lengths of vertebrae as the lateral-line scale count. spines and rays were measured from the point All of the new species have a broad posterior where they depart from the contour of the body; pelvic process (as in fig. 1b of Cressey 1981). caudal-fin length is the horizontal length of the Black peritoneal spots are large and obvious longest ray, and caudal concavity the horizontal on larvae of species of the Synodontidae, but very distance between verticals at the tips of the small in adults, where they lie in a series of up longest and shortest caudal rays. Pectoral- and to 14 on each side. Cutting the entire length of pelvic-fin lengths were measured from the most the peritoneal cavity is necessary for this count. anterior point of the base of the fin to the tip of the This count does not seem to be as diagnostic as longest ray. Tables 1 and 2 contain the meristic indicated by Cressey (1981); 10 specimens of the data for the new species of Synodus. Tables 3-7 new species from Easter I. have peritoneal-spot present the morphometric data as percentages counts of 1-8. of SL. Proportional measurements in the text are rounded to the nearest 0.05. Data in parentheses in the descriptions with more than 1 type specimen Synodus fasciapelvicus sp. nov. refer to paratypes. Counts of tubed lateral-line (Table 3, Figs. 2, 3) scales do not include those on the caudal-fin base posterior to the hypural plate (the tubed scales on Holotype: BPBM 29790, female, 97.0 mm, the caudal-fin base angle sharply downward). The Indonesia, Lombok, Tanjung Luar fish market, J.E. uppermost scale above the lateral line to the base Randall and F. Wörner, 30 Jan. 1984. of the dorsal fin is often about 1/2 the size as the Paratypes: USNM 391165, 65.0 mm and lower ones; it is designated a 1/2 scale (1/2). The BPBM 22134, 56.5 mm, Philippines, Sumilon I. (east of southern end of Cebu), rubble and sand, 26-29 m, rotenone, J.E. Randall, 26 Aug. 1977. Table 2. Vertebrae of new species of Synodus Diagnosis: Dorsal rays 11 or 12; anal rays 9; 55 56 57 58 59 60 pectoral rays 12 or 13; lateral-line scales 58-60; scales between lateral line and base of dorsal fin fasciapelvicus 1 2 isolatus 6 4 4½; median predorsal scales 18; vertebrae 58 or mundyi 1 2 59; peritoneal spots 9 or 10; anterior palatine teeth pylei 1 1 of inner row much longer than posterior teeth; sanguineus 1 preopercle not scaled posterior to corner of mouth; Randall – Five New Indo-Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus 405 membranous posterior flap of anterior nostril 12 on other side (12), upper 2 and lowermost triangular, with a slightly attenuate tip, reaching unbranched; pelvic rays 8, rays with a slender to above posterior nostril when laid back; body posterior branch, except first and last; principal depth 6.6-7.35 in SL; pectoral fins reaching a line caudal rays 19, upper and lower unbranched; connecting dorsal- and pelvic-fin origins, fin length upper and lower procurrent caudal rays about 2.4-2.6 in HL; color in alcohol pale yellowish with 9 17; lateral-line scales 58, 59 on right side (59 or irregular light brown circles along lateral line, each 60), not including 3 tubed scales curving ventrally linked narrowly to an irregular, slightly oblique, on caudal-fin base; scales between lateral line brown bar to lower side of body; tip of dorsal part and dorsal fin 4½; scales below lateral line to of snout with a pair of small brown spots; color origin of anal fin 7½; median predorsal scales 18; when fresh light orangish brown dorsally, white circumpeduncular scales 19; lower-limb gill rakers ventrally, dark markings a mixture of orange and on basibranchial 15 (17 or 18); vertebrae 59 (58 or dark brownish red; pelvic fins crossed by 6 dark 59); peritoneal spots 10 (9). orangish brown bands twice as broad as white Body slender, depth at pelvic-fin origin 7.2 interspaces. (6.6-7.35) in SL; body width 6.95 (6.9-7.2) in Description: Dorsal rays 12 (11 or 12), SL; HL 3.25 (3.25-3.35) in SL; snout length 4.3 branched except for first 2, the last branched to (4.2-4.25) in HL; orbit diameter 5.75 (4.3-4.95) in base; anal rays 9, unbranched except the last, HL; interorbital space a broad V-shaped concavity branched to base; pectoral rays 13, holotype with when viewed anteriorly, least bony width 10.0

Fig. 2. Holotype of Synodus fasciapelvicus sp. nov., BPBM 29790, 97 mm SL, Lombok, Indonesia, market specimen. Photograph by John E. Randall.

Fig. 3. Paratype of Synodus fasciapelvicus sp. nov., USNM 391165, 65 mm SL, Sumilon I., Philippines, 26-29 m. Photograph by John E. Randall. 406 Zoological Studies 48(3): 402-417 (2009)

(10.2-12.4) in HL; caudal-peduncle depth 5.4 converging anteriorly, tips of longer anterior teeth (5.05-5.3) in HL; caudal-peduncle length 3.3 touching when depressed; about 35 posteriorly (2.95-3.15) in HL. depressible teeth in 4 irregular rows on anterior Mouth terminal and slightly oblique, forming part of tongue, followed by numerous very small an angle of about 15° to horizontal axis of body; teeth. mouth very large, extending more posterior to eye Anterior nostril on a line from upper edge of than anterior, upper-jaw length 1.5 (1.55-1.6) in HL; orbit to tip of snout, 1/2 way to base of upper lip; teeth in jaws needle-like, the largest arrow-tipped, membranous posterior flap of anterior nostril nearly about equal in length to pupil diameter, and angling an equilateral triangle with slightly concave sides, medially and anteriorly, except for a few teeth at pointed tip reaching to above posterior nostril when front of jaws; teeth of upper jaw in 2 closely set laid back; posterior nostril nearly round, with only rows, those of outer row fixed, about ½ length a slight rim at front, directly behind anterior nostril, of inner teeth, and largely covered by lip; teeth internarial distance about equal to posterior nostril of inner row inwardly depressible; teeth in lower diameter. jaw in 3 closely set rows, becoming progressively Predorsal scales extending forward to a smaller laterally, all inwardly depressible, outer vertical 1 orbit diameter behind eye; postorbital row hidden by lip; palatine teeth in 2 or 3 rows, scales on head above upper lip becoming becoming progressively longer medially, angling progressively smaller posteriorly, not extending medially and posteriorly; anterior 5-7 teeth of inner beyond a vertical at end of maxilla; a row of 7 row of palatine teeth very long, 3rd-6th about twice scales anteriorly on opercle, each crossed by as long as posterior teeth; bands of palatine teeth a sensory canal with 2 or 3 pores, the 1st in preopercular canal; remaining scales on opercle large and embedded, except for a few small scales Table 3. Proportional measurements of type dorsally; no scales on dorsal, anal, or paired fins; specimens of Synodus fasciapelvicus as a broad central zone of scales basally on caudal fin, ending in a pair of very large pointed scales, percentages of the standard length 1 in each lobe, nearly reaching margin of fork of Holotype Paratypes fin; a triangular scaly process of about 11 scales midventrally at base of pelvic fins. BPBM BPBM USNM Predorsal length equal to distance from 29790 22134 391165 dorsal-fin origin to rear base of adipose fin, 2.35 Sex female ? male (2.3-2.35) in SL; dorsal-fin base 1.9 in HL; 2nd Standard length (mm) 97.0 56.5 65.0 dorsal ray longest, 2.1 (1.9-1.95) in HL; anal-fin Body depth (P2 origin) 14.1 13.6 15.0 base 3.4 (3.3-3.4) in HL; 3rd anal ray longest, 4.1 Body depth (A origin) 9.3 9.6 9.9 (3.9-4.0) in HL; caudal fin forked, lobes pointed, Body width 14.4 14.5 13.9 longest rays broken on holotype (1.6-1.65 in HL); Head length 30.9 29.7 30.7 caudal concavity (3.4-3.7 in HL); pectoral fins just Snout length 7.2 7.1 7.1 reaching a line connecting origins of dorsal and Orbit diameter 5.4 6.9 6.2 Interorbital width 2.8 2.4 3.0 pelvic fins, fin rounded when spread, 2.6 (2.4-2.5) Upper-jaw length 20.2 18.3 19.7 in HL; 6th pelvic ray longest, 1.2 (1.15-1.2) in HL. Caudal-peduncle depth 5.7 5.6 6.1 Color in alcohol (pattern nearly faded): Pale Caudal-peduncle length 9.3 10.1 9.8 yellowish with 9 irregular light brown circles along Predorsal-fin length 42.7 42.9 42.7 lateral line, each linked narrowly to an irregular, Preanal-fin length 79.7 78.5 79.2 slightly oblique, brown bar extending to dorsal Preadipose-fin length 83.0 82.4 83.0 edge; dorsal part of head with faint transverse rows Prepelvic-fin length 35.1 34.9 35.1 of small brown blotches; tip of dorsal part of snout Dorsal-fin base 16.1 15.5 16.0 with a pair of small brown spots at base of upper Longest dorsal ray 14.9 15.6 15.8 lip; a broad brown bar below eye, crossing lips and Anal-fin base 9.1 9.0 9.1 ventral part of head; fainter bars across anterior Longest anal ray 7.5 7.6 7.7 and posterior part of lips and ventrally on head; Caudal-fin length broken 18.8 18.4 oblique dark bars of dorsal and pelvic fins in fresh Caudal concavity - 8.8 8.3 specimens no longer apparent in preservative. Pectoral-fin length 11.8 12.4 12.4 Color of holotype when fresh shown in figure Pelvic-fin length 25.5 26.3 26.1 2, and that of 65 mm paratype in figure 3. Randall – Five New Indo-Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus 407

Etymology: This species is named S. Synodus isolatus sp. nov. fasciapelvicus from the Latin for the broad (Table 4, Figs. 4, 5) dark cross bands on the pelvic fins in fresh specimens, noteworthy in the pigment being on the Synodus doaki (non Russell and Cressey) Randall, Cea and membranes as well as rays. Meléndez 2005: 44 (Easter I.). Remarks: This species would be identified as S. doaki Russell and Cressey in the key of Holotype: BPBM 39162, female, 241 mm, Cressey (1981) based on the pectoral-fin length Easter I., west side, off Motu Tautara, 10 m, spear, relative to the origins of the dorsal and pelvic fin. It J.E. Randall, 6 Feb. 1985. is easily distinguished from S. doaki in having 11 or Paratypes : AMS I.44590-001, 114 mm, 12 instead of 13-15 dorsal rays, lacking scales on Easter I., west coast, off south end of Hanga the preopercle posterior to the end of the maxilla, Roa, rock and sand bottom, 12 m, rotenone, J.E. and in having a short triangular flap on the anterior Randall and G.R. Allen, 10 Feb. 1969; BPBM nostril instead of a long slender one. 39163, 117 mm, same data as for holotype except The holotype was a market specimen, so the depth 12 m; BPBM 39232, 2: 129-153 mm, Easter habitat is unknown. The 2 paratypes from Sumilon I., west coast, off Tahai, sand patch in reef, 18 m, I. in the Philippines were collected from a rubble rotenone, J.E. Randall and A. Cea Egaña, 15 Feb. and sand bottom in 26-29 m. 1985; ASIZP 69356, 202 mm; BMNH, 145 mm; LACM 56782-1, 140 mm; and USNM 392613, 252 mm, all with same data as for BPBM 39232; BPBM 31052, 226 mm, Easter I., west side, about 250 m (depth of 100 fathoms estimated by fisherman),

Table 4. Proportional measurements of type specimens of Synodus isolatus as percentages of the standard length

Holotype Paratypes

BPBM BPBM BPBM LACM BPBM ASIZP BPBM USNM

39162 39163 39232 56782-1 39232 69356 31052 392613

Sex female ? ? male male male female female Standard length (mm) 241 117 129 140 153 202 226 252

Body depth (P2 origin) 13.7 14.7 13.7 13.4 14.4 14.6 14.7 15.1 Body depth (A origin) 9.8 10.2 10.0 10.1 9.7 10.4 10.4 10.9 Body width 15.3 14.8 14.3 15.0 14.1 16.5 15.1 16.3 Head length 30.4 29.7 30.1 28.5 29.5 28.4 28.9 30.5 Snout length 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.9 7.5 7.6 8.0 Orbit diameter 4.7 6.0 5.9 5.5 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.8 Interorbital width 3.7 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.6 Upper-jaw length 20.0 19.8 19.6 18.5 19.7 18.6 19.0 20.6 Caudal-peduncle depth 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.6 Caudal-peduncle length 11.4 11.7 12.2 12.3 11.6 11.5 11.0 11.3 Predorsal length 41.4 41.3 40.7 40.1 41.6 39.8 41.4 41.7 Preanal length 79.8 77.2 77.3 77.7 77.9 78.3 79.0 80.8 Preadipose length 82.5 80.6 80.2 80.6 80.5 81.6 82.8 84.4 Prepelvic length 37.4 35.0 37.0 34.8 35.2 36.2 36.8 37.2 Dorsal-fin base 20.6 20.2 20.8 20.7 17.6 19.8 18.6 19.3 Longest dorsal ray 12.3 15.2 14.7 14.3 14.0 13.3 13.2 12.5 Anal-fin base 9.6 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.8 9.4 9.7 9.8 Longest anal ray 9.2 9.3 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Caudal-fin length 15.6 16.9 broken broken 16.1 16.2 16.0 15.9 Caudal concavity 6.0 7.5 - - 6.5 7.4 6.3 6.1 Pectoral-fin length 12.8 13.7 13.3 12.8 13.1 13.4 12.8 12.6 Pelvic-fin length 24.9 27.7 27.6 26.4 26.1 26.2 25.2 25.8 408 Zoological Studies 48(3): 402-417 (2009)

hook and line, R. Ika for J.E. Randall, 13 Feb. 57-59; scales between lateral line and base of 1986. dorsal fin 4½ or 5; median predorsal scales 15 Diagnosis: Dorsal rays 14 or 15; anal rays or 16; vertebrae 59 or 60; predorsal vertebrae 15 9 or 10; pectoral rays 12-14; lateral-line scales or 15.5; peritoneal spots 1-8; 3 anterior palatine

Fig. 4. Holotype of Synodus isolatus sp. nov., BPBM 39162, 241 mm SL, Easter I., 10 m. Photograph by John E. Randall.

Fig. 5. Paratype of Synodus isolatus sp. nov., BPBM 31052, 226 mm SL, Easter I., 275 m. Photograph by John E. Randall.

Fig. 6. Paratype of Synodus doaki, BPBM 14655, 151.5 mm SL, Ball’s Pyramid, Lord Howe I., 31 m. Photograph by John E. Randall. Randall – Five New Indo-Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus 409 teeth of inner row distinctly longer than posterior (4.8-5.45) in HL; caudal-peduncle length 2.7 (2.65) teeth; preopercle fully scaled; posterior flap of in HL. anterior nostril leaf-like and short, just reaching or Mouth inferior and very slightly oblique, extending slightly beyond rear edge of posterior forming an angle of about 5° to horizontal axis of nostril when laid back; body depth 6.6-7.45 in body; mouth large, upper-jaw length 1.5 (1.5-1.55) SL; pectoral fins reaching well posterior to a line in HL; teeth in jaws needle-like, the largest arrow- connecting dorsal- and pelvic-fin origins, fin length tipped and about 1/2 orbit diameter; teeth in jaws 2.1-2.4 in HL; color in alcohol pale brown with angling medially and anteriorly, except for a few 8 dark-edged brown bars on body, each with 3 anteriorly; teeth of upper jaw in 2 closely set constrictions, 2 above and 1 below lateral line; rows, those of outer row fixed, about 1/2 length of even-numbered bars darker; 2 irregular dark inner teeth, and covered by lip; teeth of inner row brown bars across lips, larger 1 below eye, the inwardly depressible; teeth in lower jaw in 3 closely other just before corner of mouth; a pair of very set rows, becoming progressively smaller laterally, small black spots dorsally at tip of snout, each all inwardly depressible, outer row hidden by lip; followed by a dark brown line, the 2 lines merging palatine teeth in 3 or 4 rows; 3 or 4 anterior teeth posteriorly on snout; adipose fin with 2 dark brown of inner row elongate, longest about twice length of spots; remaining fins pale, anterior dorsal-fin rays posterior teeth; bands of palatine teeth converging with faint dark spots; color when fresh orangish anteriorly, tips of longer anterior teeth overlapping brown dorsally, white ventrally; white spaces when depressed; 4 irregular rows of about 40 between dark bars on body just above lateral posteriorly depressible teeth on anterior part of line with a horizontal row of 2-4 small dark brown tongue, followed by numerous very small teeth. blotches, 1 per scale; white spaces below lateral Anterior nostril on level with lower edge of line with 2 small interconnected vertically aligned pupil, 1/3 distance from edge of orbit to tip of snout; reddish orange blotches; dorsal, anal, and caudal posterior flap of anterior nostril leaf-like, expanded fins with rows of red spots on rays; 2 broad black part in holotype as broad as long (narrower in most bands across lips; caudal-fin lobes with irregular paratypes), not reaching beyond posterior nostril red cross bands; color in alcohol of paratype from (or reaching at most slightly beyond in paratypes) deep water nearly uniformly pale, its color when when laid back; posterior nostril narrowly elliptical, fresh with same dark markings as shallow-water without a rim, slightly medial to anterior nostril; individuals, but orangish red. internarial distance equal to (or slightly less than) Description: Dorsal rays 15 (14 or 15), greatest posterior nostril diameter. branched except first 2, the last branched to base; Predorsal scales extending forward to a anal rays 9 (9 or 10), unbranched, except the vertical about an orbit diameter behind posterior last branched to base; pectoral rays 13 (12-14), edge of orbit; preopercle fully scaled, with 7 (6 or 7) upper 2 and lower 1 or 2 unbranched; pelvic nearly vertical, curving rows of scales, becoming rays 8, 2nd-7th with a slender posterior branch; progressively smaller posteriorly; opercle with principal caudal rays 19, upper and lower ones an anterior row of 7 scales, each crossed by a unbranched; upper procurrent caudal rays 17 (16); sensory canal containing pores, the anterior pore lower procurrent caudal rays 14; lateral-line scales in preopercular canal; remaining scales on opercle 58 (57-59), not including 3 tubed scales curving large and embedded except for a few small scales ventrally on caudal-fin base; scales between lateral dorsally; no scales on dorsal, anal, or paired fins; line and dorsal fin 4½; scales below lateral line to a broad central zone of scales basally on caudal origin of anal fin 5½; median predorsal scales 15 fin, dividing to a pointed part in each lobe, ending (15 or 16); circumpeduncular scales 15; lower-limb in a large elongate scale reaching within 1/2 orbit gill rakers on basibranchial 24 (23-26); vertebrae diameter of margin of fork of fin; a triangular scaly 59 (59 or 60); predorsal vertebrae 15 (15 or 15.5); process of 11 scales midventrally at base of pelvic peritoneal spots 8 (1-7). fins. Body slender, depth at pelvic-fin origin Predorsal length shorter than length from 7.3 (6.6-7.45) in SL; body width 6.55 (6.1-7.1) dorsal-fin origin to origin of adipose fin in holotype in SL; HL 3.3 (3.3-3.5) in SL; snout length 3.8 and largest paratypes (reaching beyond origin of (3.75-3.9) in HL; orbit diameter 6.5 (4.95-6.4) in adipose fin in smaller paratypes), 2.4 (2.4-2.5) HL; interorbital space a broad V-shaped concavity in SL; dorsal-fin base 1.5 (1.45-1.65) in HL; 3rd when viewed anteriorly, least bony width 8.2 dorsal ray longest, 2nd and 4th subequal, 2.5 (7.6-10.2) in HL; caudal-peduncle depth 5.15 (1.95-2.45) in HL; anal-fin base 3.15 (2.85-3.1) 410 Zoological Studies 48(3): 402-417 (2009) in HL; 3rd anal ray longest, 3.3 (3.1-3.35) in HL; 4½ or 5 scales between the lateral line and dorsal caudal fin forked, with pointed lobes, longest ray fin, compared to 3½; 57-59 lateral-line scales, 1.95 (1.75-1.9) in HL; caudal concavity 5.1 (4.0-5.0) compared to 55-58; 59 or 60 vertebrae, compared in HL; pectoral fins reaching well posterior to a to 55-58; 1-8 peritoneal spots, compared to 11 line connecting origins of dorsal and pelvic fins, or 12; and a short and relatively broad flap of the rounded when spread, 2.4 (2.1-2.4) in HL; 5th anterior nostril, compared to a long slender one for pelvic ray longest, 1.2 (1.05-1.2) in HL. S. doaki. Color of holotype in alcohol pale brown with One might expect the 226 mm paratype of S. 8 dark-edged brown bars on body that extend isolatus from about 250 m to represent a different ventrally to level of base of pelvic fins, each bar species from the 9 specimens collected in 10-18 m. with 3 constrictions, 2 above and 1 below lateral However, no morphological differences could line; even-numbered bars darker; 2 irregular dark be found. Measurements of this specimen are brown bands across lips, the largest below eye, shown in the 7th column of table 4; the meristic the other just before corner of mouth; a pair of data are well within the range for the species. Its very small black spots dorsally at tip of snout, red coloration (Fig. 5) is sometimes seen in other each followed by a dark brown line, the 2 merging species of fishes in the deeper part of their depth posteriorly on snout; a 2nd fainter pair of very small range (when they occur from near shore to as dark spots on front of snout lateral to 1st pair, each much as 250 m). followed by a line that forms 3 branches before As noted by DiSalvo et al. (1988) and anterior nostril, upper branch encircling nostrils; Randall et al. (2005), the low number of shore dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins with translucent fishes at Easter I. appears to be a factor in the yellowish membranes and pale yellowish rays, unusually broad depth ranges of some of the first 4 rays faintly showing a series of 4 or 5 dusky species. For example, Chrysiptera rapanui, spots; caudal fin colored like body on basal scaled one of 3 damselfishes of Easter I., and Pascua part, remainder of fin yellowish; adipose fin with 2 caudilinea, one of 5 gobies, are common from tide dark brown spots, proximal spot twice as large as pools to at least 40 m. Competition is lacking at distal one. the island in these 2 families that are represented Color of holotype when fresh shown in figure by many species in other Indo-Pacific localities. If 4. Color of a 226 mm paratype collected from more species of these 2 families were present at about 275 m portrayed in figure 5. Easter I., they would be expected to restrict the Etymology: This lizardfish is named S. damselfish and goby to narrower depth zones. isolatus sp. nov. in reference to the type locality Only 2 species of Synodus are known from Easter of Easter I., the most isolated island of the Indo- I. (the other being S. capricornis Cressey and Pacific region. Randall). By contrast, the Hawaiian Is. have 11 Remarks: Easter I., the easternmost species of Synodus. outpost of the Indo-Pacific region, has the most impoverished shore-fish fauna of this vast region with only 129 species. Of these, 28 have been Synodus mundyi sp. nov. reported only from the island (and nearby islet (Table 5, Fig. 7) of Sala-y-Gómez). This 21.7% rate of endemic shore fishes is 2nd only to the 25% of shore-fish Synodus doaki (non Russell and Cressey) Waples and Randall endemism of the Hawaiian Is. within the Indo- 1988: 191, fig, 1, pl. 1C (Hawaiian Is.); Mundy 2005: 200 Pacific region (Randall et al., 2005). With the (Hawaiian Is.); Randall 2007: 110, lower figure (Hawaiian description of S. isolatus formerly identified as Is.). S. doaki Russell and Cressey by Randall et al., the percentage of endemic fishes is increased to Holotype: BPBM 28623, 68 mm, Hawaiian 23.5%. Is., Kaiwi Channel, Penguin Bank, 84 m, rotenone, Synodus isolatus is very similar in general HURL submarine dive 82-109, S. Ralston, 15 Sept. morphology and color pattern to S. doaki, as may 1982. be seen by comparing the deeper-water color form Paratype: USNM 392810, 140 mm, Hawaiian of S. isolatus sp. nov. of figure 5 with the color Is., northwest of O‘ahu, 21°39'N, 158°6'W, photograph of the paratype of S. doaki of figure 6. 180-200 m, trawl, Townsend Cromwell Cruise 61, Synodus isolatus differs from S. doaki in having Station 26, 17 Oct. 1972. 9 or 10 anal rays, compared to 8 or 9 (usually 8); Diagnosis: Dorsal rays 13; anal rays 9 or 10; Randall – Five New Indo-Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus 411 pectoral rays 13 or 14; lateral-line scales 59 or pectoral rays 14 (13), upper 2 and lower 1 or 2 60; scales between lateral line and base of dorsal unbranched; pelvic rays 8, 2nd-7th branched; fin 3½; vertebrae 60; predorsal vertebrae 16 or principal caudal rays 19, upper and lower ones 17; peritoneal spots 14; 3 anterior palatine teeth unbranched; upper procurrent caudal rays 18 (17); of inner row distinctly longer than posterior teeth; lower procurrent caudal rays 17; lateral-line scales preopercle fully scaled; posterior flap of anterior 59 (60), not including 3 tubed scales curving nostril slender and tapering, extending more than ventrally on caudal-fin base; scales between lateral 2 posterior-nostril diameters beyond nostrils when line and dorsal fin 3½; scales below lateral line laid back; body depth 7.2-7.35 in SL; pectoral fins to origin of anal fin 5½; median predorsal scales reaching posterior to a line connecting dorsal- and 16; circumpeduncular scales 15; lower-limb gill pelvic-fin origins, fin length 2.15-2.25 in HL; color in rakers on basibranchial 23 (22); vertebrae 59 (60); alcohol pale yellowish; color when fresh white, with predorsal vertebrae 16 (17); peritoneal spots 14. 8 light red bars on body, each with 3 constrictions Body slender, depth at pelvic-fin origin 7.35 (uppermost obscure in direct side view), even- (7.2) in SL; body width 8.2 (7.4) in SL; HL 3.5 (3.4) numbered bars much more evident; broad parts in SL; snout length 3.9 (3.95) in HL; orbit diameter of each red bar with a pale yellow spot; space 3.9 (4.55) in HL; interorbital space a broad between 2nd constricted area of each bar with a V-shaped concavity when viewed anteriorly, least pale bluish arc with a width nearly that of pupil. bony width 9.8 (9.0) in HL; caudal-peduncle depth Description: Dorsal rays 13, branched 4.9 (5.1) in HL; caudal-peduncle length 2.95 in HL. except first 2, last branched to base; anal rays 9 Mouth inferior and very slightly oblique, (10), unbranched, except last, branched to base; forming an angle of about 10° to horizontal axis of body; mouth large, upper-jaw length 1.55 in HL; teeth in jaws needle-like, largest nearly equal to pupil diameter, angling medially and anteriorly, Table 5. Proportional measurements of type except for a few teeth at front of jaws; teeth of specimens of Synodus mundyi as percentages of upper jaw in 2 closely set rows, those of outer row the standard length fixed, about 1/2 length of inner teeth, and covered by lip; teeth of inner row inwardly depressible; Holotype Paratype teeth in lower jaw in 3 closely set rows, becoming progressively smaller laterally, all inwardly BPBM USNM

28623 392810 depressible, outer row hidden by lip; palatine teeth in 3 or 4 rows; 3 anterior teeth of inner row Sex ? male elongate, longest nearly twice as long as posterior Standard length (mm) 68 140 palatine teeth; bands of palatine teeth converging Body depth (P2 origin) 13.6 13.9 anteriorly, tips of longer anterior teeth overlapping Body depth (A origin) 9.2 9.8 when depressed; 5 rows of a total of about 45 Body width 12.2 13.5 Head length 28.4 29.6 posteriorly depressible teeth on anterior part of Snout length 7.3 7.5 tongue, followed by numerous very small teeth. Orbit diameter 7.3 6.5 Anterior nostril before middle of eye, nearly Interorbital width 2.9 3.3 1/2 distance from edge of orbit to base of upper Upper-jaw length 18.3 18.9 lip; posterior flap of anterior nostril a long, slender, Caudal-peduncle depth 5.8 5.8 tapering flap with a thin middle rod, reaching more Caudal-peduncle length 9.6 10.0 than 2 posterior nostril diameters beyond nostrils Predorsal-fin length 40.3 40.8 when laid back (flap more leaf-like in paratype, Preanal-fin length 78.3 78.3 with irregular edges); posterior nostril elliptical, Preadipose-fin length 82.7 81.3 Prepelvic-fin length 34.9 35.8 with little or no rim, nearly directly behind anterior Dorsal-fin base 17.6 16.8 nostril; internarial distance about equal to greatest Longest dorsal ray 16.2 15.7 posterior nostril diameter. Anal-fin base 9.6 9.6 Predorsal scales extending forward to a Longest anal ray 7.5 7.9 vertical about 3/4 orbit diameter behind posterior Caudal-fin length 16.1 15.0 edge of orbit; preopercle fully scaled, with 7 nearly Caudal concavity 7.5 7.1 vertical, curving rows of scales, becoming smaller Pectoral-fin length 13.2 13.2 posteriorly; opercle with 7 scales anteriorly, each Pelvic-fin length 23.8 22.8 crossed by a sensory canal beginning with a pore 412 Zoological Studies 48(3): 402-417 (2009) of preopercular canal and ending with a 2nd pore; Color when fresh as in figure 7. remaining scales of opercle large and embedded, Etymology: This species is named in honor except for a few small dorsal scales; no scales on of Bruce C. Mundy in recognition of his extensive dorsal, anal, or paired fins; a broad central zone of systematic research on the Hawaiian fish fauna. scales basally on caudal fin, dividing into a pointed Remarks: Waples and Randall (1988: 191) part in each lobe, ending in a large elongate scale listed 4 specimens of S. doaki from the Hawaiian reaching within 1/2 orbit diameter of fork of fin; a Is. They wrote: “These four specimens vary triangular scaly process of 12 scales midventrally considerably with respect to several counts and at base of pelvic fins. measurements.” Two are from Maro Reef in Predorsal length shorter than length from the northwestern Hawaiian Is: BPBM 21057, dorsal-fin origin to origin of adipose fin 2.4 (2.4-2.5) 235 mm, was included by Russell and Cressey as in SL; dorsal-fin base 1.65 (1.75) in HL; 2nd dorsal a paratype of S. doaki; the other, BPBM 31994, ray longest, but 3rd nearly equal, 1.75 (1.85) in 124 mm, is in very poor condition. Waples and HL; anal-fin base 2.95 (3.1) in HL; 3rd anal ray Randall illustrated in color what they believed to longest, 3.8 (3.75) in HL; caudal fin forked, with be BPBM 24758 from O‘ahu as plate 3, figure C, pointed lobes, longest ray 1.75 (1.95) in HL; caudal giving the length as 135 mm SL. However, BPBM concavity 3.8 (4.15) in HL; pectoral fins reaching 24758 (now the paratype of S. mundyi of USNM well posterior to a line connecting origins of dorsal 392810) measures 140 mm SL, and it was not and pelvic fins, rounded when spread, 2.15 (2.25) photographed. The photographed specimen has in HL; 6th pelvic ray longest, 1.2 (1.3) in HL. not been found; it was apparently never cataloged Color of holotype in alcohol pale yellowish. at the Bishop Museum.

Fig. 7. Holotype of Synodus mundyi sp. nov., BPBM 28623, 68 mm, Penguin Bank, Hawaiian Is. Photograph by John E. Randall.

Fig. 8. Holotype of Synodus pylei sp. nov., BPBM 39913, 80.5 mm SL, Viti Levu, Fiji, 90 m. Photograph by Richard L. Pyle. Randall – Five New Indo-Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus 413

None of the 4 extant Hawaiian specimens is procurrent caudal rays 14; lateral-line scales 58, S. doaki. They have 9 or 10 anal rays (reported as 59 on right side (59 or 60), not including 3 tubed 8 or 9, usually 8, for S. doaki) and 58-60 lateral- scales curving ventrally on caudal-fin base; scales line scales and vertebrae (55-58 for S. doaki). between lateral line and dorsal fin 4½; scales Unexpectedly, the 2 Maro Reef specimens appear below lateral line to origin of anal fin 5½; median to be a different species from the 2 specimens predorsal scales 18; circumpeduncular scales collected in the main Hawaiian Is. They have 14 or 12; lower-limb gill rakers on basibranchial 18 15 dorsal rays instead of 13, 58 instead of 59 or 60 (20); vertebrae 56 (55); predorsal vertebrae 14; lateral-line scales and vertebrae, 3 instead of 14 peritoneal spots 10 (9). peritoneal spots, and a shorter and broader flap on Body slender, depth at pelvic-fin origin 6.65 the anterior nostril. Their description is deferred at (6.45) in SL; body width 7.0 (6.9) in SL; HL 3.4 in the present time in the hope of obtaining additional SL; snout length 3.55 (3.5) in HL; orbit diameter specimens. 4.35 (4.25) in HL; interorbital space a broad V-shaped concavity when viewed anteriorly, least bony width 9.9 (9.5) in HL; caudal-peduncle depth Synodus pylei sp. nov 5.0 (5.1) in HL; caudal-peduncle length 2.6 (2.65) (Table 6, Fig. 8) in HL. Mouth slightly inferior and slightly oblique, Holotype: BPBM 39913, male, 80.5 mm, forming an angle of about 8° to horizontal axis of Fiji, Viti Levu, off Suva Harbor, directly off bow of body; mouth large, upper-jaw length 1.6 (1.55) old shipwreck on top of reef, 18°9'51.18"S, 178° in HL; teeth in jaws needle-like, largest arrow- 24'1.2"E, base of vertical reef drop-off, 90 m, rotenone, R.L. Pyle and J. Dituri, 31 Jan. 2002. Paratype: USNM 391166, male, 81.0 mm, Table 6. Proportional measurements of type Fiji, Viti Levu, off Suva Harbor, south end of “Fish specimens of Synodus pylei as percentages of the Patch” reef, 18°9'36.6"S, 178°22'57.6"E, sandy slope with rubble and small outcrops, 93-99 m, standard length rotenone, R.L. Pyle and D.F. Pence, 5 Feb. 2002. Holotype Paratype Diagnosis: Dorsal rays 14 or 15; anal rays 9 or 10; pectoral rays 13; lateral-line scales 55 or BPBM USNM

56; scales between lateral line and base of dorsal 39913 391166 fin 4½; median predorsal scales 15; vertebrae Sex male male 55 or 56; predorsal vertebrae 14; peritoneal Standard length (mm) 80.5 81.0 spots 5 or 6; 3 anterior palatine teeth of inner row Body depth (P2 origin) 15.0 15.5 distinctly longer than posterior teeth; preopercle Body depth (A origin) 10.5 10.6 fully scaled; membranous posterior flap of anterior Body width 14.3 14.5 nostril long and thin, narrowing to a filamentous tip Head length 29.6 29.4 reaching well beyond posterior nostril when laid Snout length 8.3 8.4 back; body depth 6.45-6.55 in SL; pectoral fins Orbit diameter 6.8 6.9 reaching posterior to a line connecting dorsal- and Interorbital width 3.0 3.1 pelvic-fin origins, fin length 2.1-2.15 in HL; color in Upper-jaw length 18.8 18.9 Caudal-peduncle depth 5.9 5.8 alcohol pale yellowish; color when fresh pale pink Caudal-peduncle length 11.3 11.1 with 8 light orangish red bars on body that narrow Predorsal-fin length 40.5 40.0 ventrally, even-numbered bars darker; dorsal and Preanal-fin length 78.3 77.2 pelvic fins faintly banded with light red and white. Preadipose-fin length 81.3 81.5 Description: Dorsal rays 15 (14), branched Prepelvic-fin length 36.7 36.5 except for first 2, the last branched to base; anal Dorsal-fin base 19.6 19.8 rays 10 (9), first 5 unbranched, the last branched Longest dorsal ray 15.9 16.2 to base; pectoral rays 13, upper 2 and lowermost Anal-fin base 9.5 9.3 1 unbranched; pelvic rays 8, rays with a slender Longest anal ray 9.4 9.4 Caudal-fin length 17.5 17.7 posterior branch, except for 1st and last; principal Caudal concavity 8.4 8.6 caudal rays 19, upper and lower ones unbranched; Pectoral-fin length 13.7 13.8 upper procurrent caudal rays 17 (16); lower Pelvic-fin length 22.6 23.0 414 Zoological Studies 48(3): 402-417 (2009) tipped, about equal in length to pupil diameter, rays. Color when fresh as in figure 8. and angling medially and anteriorly, except for a Etymology: This species is named in honor of few teeth at front of jaws; teeth of upper jaw in 2 Richard L. Pyle, who collected the type specimens closely set rows, those of outer row fixed, about and provided the color photograph of the holotype. 1/2 length of inner teeth, and covered by lip; teeth Remarks: Specimens of this species were of inner row inwardly depressible; teeth in lower first identified as S. doaki Russell and Cressey, jaw in 3 closely set rows, becoming progressively 1979. It differs from S. doaki in having 4½ scales smaller laterally, all inwardly depressible, outer instead of 3½ between the lateral line and dorsal row hidden by lip; palatine teeth in 2 or 3 rows, fin, the pectoral fins extending well beyond a line becoming progressively longer medially, angling connecting the origins of the dorsal and pelvic fins, medially and posteriorly; 3 or 4 anterior teeth compared to not or reaching slightly beyond the elongate, longest about twice as long as posterior dorsal-pelvic line; 9 or 10 anal rays, compared to palatine teeth; bands of palatine teeth converging 8 or 9 for S. doaki; 5 or 6 peritoneal spots, instead anteriorly, tips of longer anterior teeth overlapping of 11 or 12; a very long, slender, tapering nasal when depressed; about 30 posteriorly depressible flap, compared to a shorter, more leaf-like flap in S. teeth in 4 irregular rows on anterior part of tongue, doaki; and in color. The irregular light orangish red followed by numerous very small teeth. bars on the body of P. pylei sp. nov. are broader Anterior nostril before center of eye, 2/5 than the pale interspaces, as can be seen by distance from edge of orbit to tip of snout; comparing figure 8 of the holotype of S. pylei sp. membranous posterior flap of anterior nostril very nov. with figure 6, a photograph of the paratype long and slender, tapering to a filament, reaching of S. doaki (BPBM 14655, 151.5 mm) from Ball’s well beyond posterior nostril when laid back, its Pyramid, Lord Howe I. length nearly equal to pupil diameter; posterior Type specimens of S. doaki from South nostril nearly round, with only a slight rim at front, slightly median to anterior nostril, internarial distance a little smaller than posterior nostril Table 7. Proportional measurements of holotype diameter. Predorsal scales extending forward to a of Synodus sanguineus as percentages of the vertical 2/3 orbit diameter behind posterior edge standard length of orbit; preopercle with 7 nearly vertical, curving BPBM rows of scales to posterior edge, those of posterior 29790 row 1/3 to 1/2 size of anterior scales; opercle with an anterior row of 7 scales, each crossed by Sex female a sensory canal beginning with a preopercular Standard length (mm) 116.0 pore and ending with a pore; remaining scales Body depth (P2 origin) 15.2 Body depth (A origin) 10.2 of opercle variable in size, the largest posterior Body width 15.5 and embedded; no scales on dorsal, anal, or Head length 31.0 paired fins; a broad central zone of scales basally Snout length 7.9 on caudal fin, ending in a very large scale on Orbit diameter 7.0 each lobe nearly reaching margin of fork of fin; Interorbital width 2.6 a triangular scaly process of about 11 scales Upper-jaw length 19.8 midventrally at base of pelvic fins. Caudal-peduncle depth 6.2 Predorsal length equal to distance from Caudal-peduncle length 9.5 dorsal-fin origin to origin of adipose fin, 2.5 in SL; Predorsal-fin length 42.6 Preanal-fin length 78.5 dorsal-fin base 1.5 in HL; 2nd and 3rd dorsal rays Preadipose-fin length 84.0 longest, 1.85 (1.8) in HL; anal-fin base 3.1 (3.15) Prepelvic-fin length 37.5 in HL; 3rd anal ray longest, 3.15 in HL; caudal fin Dorsal-fin base 17.7 forked, with pointed lobes, longest ray 1.7 (1.65) in Longest dorsal ray 16.6 HL; caudal concavity 3.5 (3.4) in HL; pectoral fins Anal-fin base 9.7 reaching posterior to a line connecting origins of Longest anal ray 8.6 dorsal and pelvic fins, fin rounded when spread, Caudal-fin length 17.3 2.15 (2.1) in HL; 5th pelvic ray longest, 1.3 in HL. Caudal concavity 6.3 Color in alcohol uniformly pale yellowish, fins Pectoral-fin length 13.9 with translucent membranes and pale yellowish Pelvic-fin length 22.8 Randall – Five New Indo-Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus 415

Pacific localities were collected in the depth range orangish red blotches in each interspace between of 9-35 m. The 2 type specimens of S. pylei sp. red bars, ventralmost in white area between tips nov. from Viti Levu are from 90-96 m. The very of red bars; median and pelvic fins with red cross extensive fish collections from Fiji contain no bands. specimens of S. doaki. Description: Dorsal rays 13, branched except The stomach of the paratype of S. pylei first 2, the last branched to base; anal rays 9, only contained a partially digested specimen of the the last branched to base; pectoral rays 13, upper genus Symphysanodon, about 40 mm SL (hence 2 and lower 2 unbranched; pelvic rays 8, rays with half the SL of the lizardfish). It was probably an a slender posterior branch, except first and last 2; earlier victim of the rotenone. principal caudal rays 19; upper procurrent caudal rays 16; lower procurrent caudal rays 14; lateral- line scales 54, not including 3 tubed scales angling Synodus sanguineus sp. nov. ventrally on caudal-fin base; scales between lateral (Table 7, Fig. 9) line and dorsal fin 3½; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 5½; median predorsal scales 15; Holotype: BPBM 26683, female, 116 mm, circumpeduncular scales 14; lower-limb gill rakers Indonesia, Sulawesi, Manado Bay, about 100 m, on basibranchial 20; vertebrae 55; peritoneal spots local fisherman for J.E. Randall, 3 Sept. 1978. 13, of which 3 are double spots. Diagnosis: Dorsal rays 12; anal rays 9; Body slender, depth at pelvic-fin origin 6.6 pectoral rays 13; lateral-line scales 54; scales in SL; body width 6.45 in SL; HL 3.2 in SL; dorsal above lateral-line to base of dorsal fin 3½; median profile of snout strongly concave; snout length 3.9 predorsal scales 15; vertebrae 54; 3 anterior in HL; eye moderately large, orbit diameter 4.45 in palatine teeth of inner row distinctly longer than HL; interorbital space a broad V-shaped concavity posterior palatine teeth; preopercle scaled to when viewed anteriorly, least bony width 11.9 in posterior margin, all scales large; membranous HL; caudal-peduncle depth 5.0 in HL; caudal- posterior flap of anterior nostril slender and leaf- peduncle length 3.25 in HL. like, reaching well beyond posterior nostril when Mouth terminal and slightly oblique, forming laid back; body depth 6.6 in SL; eye moderately an angle of about 10° to horizontal axis of body; large, 4.45 in HL; pectoral fins extending posterior mouth large, extending about 2/3 orbit diameter to a line connecting dorsal- and pelvic-fin origins, posterior to eye; upper-jaw length 1.6 in HL; fin length 2.2 in HL; color in alcohol pale yellowish teeth in jaws needle-like, strongly arrow-tipped, with only traces of dark pigment in blotches along angling inwardly, those of inner row longest, lateral line; fresh coloration red on dorsal 1/2 of up to 2/3 pupil diameter in length; teeth in jaws body, white ventrally, with V-shaped darker red also angling anteriorly, except those on about bars extending 1/2 way into white ventral space, anterior 1/4 of jaw, erect or angling posteriorly; each with 3 constrictions; a vertical series of teeth in upper jaw in 2 closely set rows, outer one fixed, inner one much longer and inwardly

Fig. 9. Holotype of Synodus sanguineus sp. nov., BPBM 26683, 116 mm SL, Sulawesi, about 100 m. Photograph by John E. Randall. 416 Zoological Studies 48(3): 402-417 (2009) depressible; teeth in lower jaw in 3 closely set similar to S. doaki Russell and Cressey. It is rows, all inwardly depressible, those of outer row separated by having 12 dorsal rays compared short and hidden by lip; palatine teeth in 3 rows, to 13-15 (usually 14) for S. doaki, 54 lateral-line becoming progressively longer medially, angling scales compared to 55-58, and in having a larger inwardly and posteriorly, all depressible inwardly; eye (orbit diameter 7.0% SL, compared to about first 3 palatine teeth of inner row longer than 5.7% for S. doaki of the same size). The vertebral posterior teeth, middle tooth about twice as long as count of 55 is at the low end of the range of 55-58 posterior teeth; bands of palatine teeth converging for S. doaki. Although there is much similarity in anteriorly, tips of longest teeth overlapping when the fresh coloration of the 2 species, the red bars depressed; about 20 inwardly depressible teeth of S. doaki extend farther ventrally, and those in 4 longitudinal rows on anterior part of tongue, below and just posterior to the dorsal fin have 4 followed by numerous very small teeth. constrictions, compared to 3 for S. sanguineus. Anterior nostril in front of center of eye, about In the key to Synodus provided by Cressey 1/2 distance from fleshy anterior edge of orbit to (1981), the final couplet leading to S. doaki reads: base of upper lip; membranous posterior flap of “Pectoral fin just to a line from origin of pelvic to anterior nostril slender, leaf-like, and long, reaching origin of dorsal fin”. However, the pectoral fins more than a nostril diameter beyond posterior of the paratype of S. doaki from Ball’s Pyramid, nostril when laid back; posterior nostril ovate, Lord Howe I. (BPBM 14655, 151 mm) and the directly behind anterior nostril, internarial distance paratype from One Tree I., Great Barrier Reef (AMS slightly less than posterior nostril diameter. I.18351-001, 84 mm) extend distinctly posterior to Predorsal scales extending forward to a that line. The pectoral fins of S. sanguineus sp. vertical line 1 orbit diameter behind eye; preopercle nov., at 13.9% SL, are still a little longer than these fully scaled, with 7 nearly vertical, curving rows 2 paratypes of S. doaki (13.1%-13.6% SL). of scales, those of posterior row about 1/2 size Synodus sanguineus sp. nov. keys to S. of anterior scales; a row of 7 scales anteriorly on binotatus Schultz in Cressey (1981), but it does opercle, each crossed by a sensory canal with 2 not share the 2nd character in the key of 0-3 pores, anterior 1 in preopercular canal, the other peritoneal spots (10 in S. sanguineus sp. nov.). posterior; remaining scales on opercle larger and In addition, it differs from S. binotatus in having a embedded, except some small ones dorsally; much larger eye (7.0% SL compared to about 4.6% no scales on dorsal, anal, or paired fins; a broad for S. binotatus sp. nov. of the same size), a longer central zone of scales basally on caudal fin, ending nasal flap, and in color (that of S. binotatus more in a pair of large pointed scales, 1 in each lobe, horizontally linear). reaching to within 1/2 pupil diameter of margin at fork of fin; a triangular scaly process of about 10 Acknowledgments: I thank R.L. Pyle for providing scales midventrally at base of pelvic fins. the specimens and color photograph of the new Predorsal length 2.35 in SL, equal to distance species of Synodus from Fiji, D. Golani of the from dorsal-fin origin to rear base of adipose fin; Hebrew University for the Red Sea specimen dorsal-fin base 1.75 in HL; 2nd dorsal ray longest, reported as S. doaki, M.A. McGrouther of the 1.85 in HL; anal-fin base 3.2 in HL; 2nd and 3rd Australian Museum for the loan of the paratype anal rays longest, 3.6 in HL; caudal fin forked, of S. doaki from the Great Barrier Reef, and L.R. with pointed lobes, fin length 1.8 in HL; caudal O’Hara and A.Y. Suzumoto for curatorial assistance concavity 4.9 in HL; pectoral fins reaching posterior and x-rays. to a line connecting origins of dorsal and pelvic fins, fin rounded when spread, 2.2 in HL; 6th pelvic ray longest, 1.35 in HL. REFERENCES Color in alcohol pale yellowish with very faint dusky blotches along lateral line; 5 faint dusky bars Anderson WW, JW Gehringer, FW Berry. 1966. Family across lips and mandibles, the most evident below Synodontidae: Lizardfishes. In Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Mem. Sears Found. Mar. Res. 1: 30-102. orbit; fins unmarked. Color when fresh as in figure Anderson WW, JW Gehringer, FH Berry. 1975. The correlation 9. between numbers of vertebrae and lateral-line scales in Etymology: This species is named S. western Atlantic lizardfishes (Synodontidae). Fish. Bull. sanguineus sp. nov. from the Latin for blood red, in 73: 202-206. reference to the predominantly deep red color. Baranes A, D Golani. 1993. An annotated list of deep-sea fishes collected in the northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba. Remarks: Synodus sanguineus is most Randall – Five New Indo-Pacific Lizardfishes of the Genus Synodus 417

Isr. J. Zool. 39: 299-336. ssance of the Easter Island sublittoral marine Carpenter KE, VH Niem, eds. 1999. The living marine environment. Natl. Geogr. Res. 4: 451-473. resources of the western Central Pacific. Vol. 3. Batoid Mundy BC. 2005. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes, part 1 (Elopidae to Archipelago. Bishop Mus. Bull. Zool. 6: 1-704. Linophrynidae). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization Randall JE. 2007. Reef and shore fishes of the Hawaiian of the United Nations. Islands. Honolulu, HI: Sea Grant Program of the Univ. of Chen JP, HC Ho, KT Shao. 2007. A new lizardfish Hawai‘i. (Aulopiformes: Synodontidae) from Taiwan with Randall JE, AE Cea, RC Meléndez. 2005. Checklist of shore descriptions of three new records. Zool. Stud. 46: and epipelagic fishes of Easter Island, with twelve new 148-154. records. Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Chile 54: 41-55. Cressey R. 1981. Revision of Indo-west Pacific lizardfishes of Russell BC, R Cressey. 1979. Three new species of Indo- the genus Synodus (Pisces: Synodontidae). Smithson. West Pacific lizardfish (Synodontidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Contrib. Zool. 342: iii + 53 pp. Wash. 92: 166-175. Cressey R, HB Cressey. 1979. The parasitic copepods of Indo- Waples RS, JE Randall. 1988. A revision of the Hawaiian West Pacific lizardfishes (Synodontidae). Washington lizardfishes of the genus Synodus, with descriptions of DC: Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 296: 1-296. four new species. Pac. Sci. 42: 178-213. DiSalvo LH, JE Randall, A Cea. 1988. Ecological reconnai-