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INDEX

abundance estimation, 63 mesopelagic fishes, 334 Anabantoidei, 265 Abyssal Ahliesaurus, 190 Anarhichadidae, wolffishes, 280 map of plains and basins, 13, Fig. 1.12 Aiakas, 280 Anarhichas, 280, 347 Abyssal demersal fishes, 347 Akarotaxis nudiceps, 283 Anarhichas denticulatus (northern Atlantic, Indian Pacific Oceans, 354, Alabes bathys, 238 wolffish), 280, Fig. 4.32d Table 5.7 Alaska Pollock, 226 ancient deep-water fish fauna, 72, 85 Abyssal demersal fishes North Atlantic, Albatrossia pectoralis, 54, 214, 366 Andriashev, Anatole Petrovich, 43, 45, 350–2, Table 5.6 jaw protrusion index, 214, Fig. 4.24 Table 1.3, Fig. 4.33 abyssal hills, 14, 353 Albert, Prince of Monaco, 40 Andriashevia aptera, 276 abyssal plain, 7, 14, 47, 50, 63, 108, 169, Albulidae, 155 angel sharks, 145 263 ALBULIFORMES (bonefishes), 155 Angler, Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 abyssal zone, 4, 13, 347 Alcock, Alfred, 44, Table 1.3 anglerfish, 85, 308, 310, Fig. 4.35 Abyssoberyx levisquamosus, 239 Alcockia rostrata, 231 anglerfishes, deep-sea, 304–5 Abyssobrotula galatheae, 44, 70, 138, 231, Aldrovandia, 133, 156 Anguilla anguilla, 161, 166 356 Alepisauridae, lancet fishes, 82, 194 Anguillidae, freshwater eels, 166 Abyssopelagic zone, ALEPISAUROIDEI, 193 Anguilliformes, eels, 80, 92, 158–66, definition, 4, 6 Alepisaurus, 194, 196 348 Acanthochaenus luetkenii, 240, 349 Alepisaurus ferox (Long snouted Anomalopidae, flashlight fishes, 131, Acantholiparis, 260 lancetfish), 194, Fig. 4.17c 242 Acanthonus armatus, 231, 341 Alepocephalidae, slickheads or Anoplogaster, 113 Acanthuroidei, 265 smoothheads, 71, 81, 85, 113, 117, Anoplogaster cornuta (common Acentrophryne, 313 123, 125, 166, 168, 319, fangtooth), 241, Fig. 4.28a Achiropsettidae, southern flounders, 84, 359, 362 Anoplogastridae, fangtooth, 83, 241 296 Alepocephalids, 120, 349 Anoplopoma fimbria, (Sablefish), 47, 62, Achiropsetta tricholepis, 296 ALEPOCEPHALIFORMES, 81, 166–71 84, 214, 249, 255, 387, 398, acoustic backscatter, 48 Alepocephalus, 168–9, 341 Fig. 4.31c Acropomatidae, lanternbellies, 265 Alepocephalus bairdii (Baird’s slickhead), Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Acropoma, 131, 265 168, Fig. 4.13 Anoplopomatidae, sablefishes, 84, 255 Acropoma japonicum (glowbelly), 265, Alepocephalus bairdii, Fishery, 383, ANOPLOPOMATOIDEI, 249, 255 Fig. 4.32a Table 6.2 Anotopterus, 196 Actinopterygii, 69–71, 74, 79, 155, 335 Alertichthys blacki, 253 anoxia, 21, 25 Ray-finned fishes, 155 Alfonsino, 241, 244, 270, 291, 316, 339, Anoxic Aculeola, 149 347, 365, 396–7, Fig. 4.28b Oceanic events in earth history, 73, Aethotaxis, 281 Alfonsino, Fishery, 382–3, Table 6.2 Fig. 2.7 African coelacanth, 315 Allocareproctus, 263 Antarctic butterfish, 291 Agassiz Allocyttus, 208, 396 Antarctic circumpolar current, 27, 200 trawl, 56 Allocyttus niger, Fishery, 382, Antarctic demersal fish families 348, Age Table 6.2 Table 5.5 of maturity, 114, Fig. 3.19a Allocyttus verrucosus (warty dory), 208, Antarctic Ocean Age maximums of deep-sea teleosts, 115, Fig. 4.21a mesopelagic fishes, 335 Table 3.3 Alopias, 150 Antarctic toothfish, Fishery, 383, Aggasiz, Alexander, 39 Alopiidae, 150 Table 6.2 Aglomerular kidneys, 119 Alvin, see HOV Antennarioidei, 85 Agnatha, 72–4, 76 Amblyraja, 79, 154, 394 Anthias, 267 Agonidae, poachers, 257 Ambophthalmos, 259 Antigonia, 293 Agrostichthys parkeri, 205 ambush predators, 108 Antimora, 66, 90–1, 103, 112, 124, 134, Agulhas Current, 27, 335 Amphibia Nantes,36 222, 342, 349, 359, 362

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Index 471

fishery, 397, 401 Argyropelecus aculeatus (lovely Australia, South Antimora rostrata (blue antimora, blue hatchetfish), 178, Fig. 4.15b Bathyal fishes, 343 hake), 222, Fig. 4.25c heart size and water content, 105, Austroglossus microlepis, 297, 399 swimming speed, 107, Fig. 3.16a Fig. 3.14 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Antipodocottus, 257 Arhynchobatinae (Softnose skates), 154 Austrolycus, 280 Apagesoma, 231 Arhynchobatis, 154 Autosub. See AUV aphakic gap, 123 Ariomma, 293 AUV, 65, 353 Aphanopodinae, 290 Ariomma melanum (brown driftfish), 293, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, 65 Aphanopus, 290 Fig. 4.32h AUV, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Aphanopus carbo (black scabbardfish), 37, Ariommatidae, ariomids, 293 Autosub 6000, 65, Fig. 1.51 287, 344, 398, Fig. 4.32g Aristostomias, 130, 132, 186 Avocettina, 165–6, 320 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 armorhead, 275, 399 Azoic deep-sea, 68, 86 Aphyonidae, aphyonids, blind cusk-eels, Arnoglossus, 294 azoic hypothesis 83, 125, 235, 237–8, 348–9, 359 Arrival times at bait, 112, Fig. 3.17 Edward Forbes, 37 Aphyonus, 237 arrowtooth eel, 160, Fig. 4.12a Aphyonus gelatinosus Artedi, Peter, 36 back arc basin, 7 Gelatinous blindfish, Plate 7a Artedidraco, 282 bacterial light organ, 131, 175, 188 Apogonops anomalus, 265 Artedidraconidae, barbelled plunderfishes, bacterial mats, 359 Apristurus, 78, 151, 393 84, 119, 281 Baird’s slickhead, Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Apristurus microps (Smalleye catshark), Artediellina antelope, 257 baited camera, 263 151, Fig. 4.7 artisanal fisheries, 35, 363, 367, 390, 399 baited hooks, 47, 51, 148 Aptocyclus ventricosus, 260 Aseraggodes, 297 Bajacalifornia, 117, 123, 169–70 Arabian Sea, 25–6, 28, 30, 34, 181, 203, Asquamiceps, 169–70 Banda Sea, 13, 15, 333 255, 304, 353 assfish, 231, 341, Fig. 4.26 Barathrites, 108, 112, 120, 231, 353, 356 mesopelagic fishes, 333 Assurger anzac, 290 Barathrodemus, 231 Araiophos, 178 Asthenomacrurus, 214 Barathronus, 237–8 Arctic cod, 226, 319 Astronestes niger, 93, Fig. 3.4 Barathronus bicolor, 237, Fig. 4.26c Arctic Ocean, 13 Astronesthes, 93, 132, 180–1 Barbantus, 168 Abyssal basins, 14, Fig. 1.13 Astronesthes gemmifer, 183, Fig. 4.15d Barbapellis pterygalces, 277 mesopelagic fishes, 319 Astronesthinae, snaggletooths, 180 barbel, 131, 133, 180, 182, 184, 186, 222, Arctic rockling, 226 Asymbolus, 151 224, 259, 282, 313 Arctogadus glacialis, 226 Ataxolepis, 246 Barbourisia rufa (Velvet whalefish), 245, Arctozenus, 194, 334 Ataxolepis apus, 246, Fig. 4.29b 398, Fig. 4.29a Arctozenus risso (Spotted barracudina), Ateleopodidae, jellynose fishes, 186 Gill size, 104, Fig. 3.13 194, Fig. 4.17c ATELEOPODIFORMES, 82, 186 Barbourisiidae, red whalefishes, 83, 245, Argentina, 171 Ateleopus, 187 362 Argentina silus (greater argentine), 171, Atheresthes, 296 Barents Sea, 386 364, 384, Fig. 4.14a Atlantic Ocean barreleye 171, Fig. 4.14 Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 mesopelagic fishes, 334 Basking shark, 150 Argentina sphyraena, Fishery, 383, 384, origin, 20 bass 265, Fig. 4.32a Table 6.2 Atlantic, Tropical and West Equatorial Bassanago, 161 Argentine, fish species, 384 mesopelagic fishes, 334 basslet, 265, 268 Argentine, silver smelts, Fishery, 381, Atractodenchelys, 158 Bassogigas, 43, 231 Table 6.2 Atrobucca, 273 Bassozetus, 99, 231, 356, 359 Argentinidae, argentines or herring Atrophacanthus japonicus, 300 Bassozetus robustus (robust assfish), 231, smelts, 113, 171, 301 Aulastomatomorpha, 169 Fig. 4.26b ARGENTINIFORMES, marine smelts, AULOPIFORMES (Lizardfishes), 187 Bathgadus, 213 171–5, 395 fishery, 395 Bathophilus, 184 Argentinolycus, 280 Aulotrachichthys, 131, 242 Bathyagonus nigripinnis (blackfin Argyripnus, 177 Australia, fishery, 143, 216, 220, 244, 251, poacher), 257, Fig. 4.31d Argyropelecus, 35, 42, 125, 127, 133, 253, 267, 272–3, 281, 388–9, Bathyal 178 391–4, 396, 398, 402 Map of world habitat distribution, 11, gigas (Hatchetfish), Plate 5a Australia, Indian ocean slopes, 341 Fig. 1.10

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472 Index

Bathyal demersal fishes Bathypterois longipes (Abyssal spiderfish), Benthenchelys, 162 geographic connectivity, 340, Fig. 5.5 191, Fig. 4.17a benthic boundary layer, 34, 111, 187, 190, species depth ranges in the NE Atlantic, Bathyraja, 79, 118, 153–4, 394, 401 319 335, Fig. 5.2 Bathyraja pallida (Pale ray), 154, Fig. 4.9 benthic feeding, 170, 196, 311, 344 NE Pacific, 345, Table 5.4 Bathysauridae, deep-sea lizard-fishes, 191 Benthobatis, 152 New Zealand EEZ, 343, Table 5.3 Bathysauroides, 123, 188 Benthocometes, 232 bathyal zone Bathysauropsis, 188 Benthodesmus, 290 definition, 4 Bathysauropsis gracilis (black lizardfish), Benthosema, 27, 198, 203, 317, 319, Bathyanthias, 267 188, Fig. 4.17a 333–4, 365, 396 Bathychaunax, 302 Bathysaurus, 90, 108, 191, 349, 353 Benthosema pterotum, Fishery, 382, Bathyclupea, 274 Bathysaurus ferox (Deep-sea lizardfish), Table 6.2 Bathyclupea gracilis (slender deepsea 191, Fig. 4.17b Benthosema suborbitale (Smallfin herring), 274, Fig. 4.32c Bathyscaphe, see HOV lanternfish), 201, Fig. 4.18b Bathyclupeidae, deep-sea herrings, 274 Bathysolea, 297 Bering Straits, 344 Bathycongrus, 161 Bathysolea profundicola (deepwater sole), Bertella idiomorpha, 309 Bathydraco, 283 297, Fig. 4.33b Berycidae, Alfonsinos, 244, 316 Bathydraco macrolepis, 283, Fig. 4.32e Bathysoma BERYCIFORMES, 83, 241–5 Bathydraconidae, Antarctic dragonfishes, Cretaceous fossil, 204 Beryx, 111 84, 283 BATHYSOMI, 204 Beryx decadactylus, 207, 244, 316, 347 Bathygadinae, 213, 220 Bathysphere, see HOV Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Bathygadus, 220, 342 Bathysphyraenops, 265 Beryx mollis, 244 Bathygadus antrodes Bathytroctes, 169 Beryx splendens, 207, 244, 270, 291, 342 jaw protrusion index, 213, Fig. 4.24 Bathytroctes microlepis Beryx splendens (splendid alfonsino), 207, Bathygadus melanobranchus (Vaillant’s Brain areas, 119, Fig. 3.20 244, 270, 291, 342, Fig. 4.28b grenadier), 220, Fig. 4.25b Bathytyphlops, 191 Beryx spp, Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Bathylaco, 168 Bathytyphlops marionae Bigelow’s ray, 154, Fig. 4.9 Bathylaco nigricans (black warrior), 168, Gill size, 104, Fig. 3.13 bigscale, 83, 117, 121, 240, 397 Fig. 4.13 Batoidea Bilabria, 276 Bathylaconidae, bathylaconids, 81, 113, subdivision, 152–5 bill fishes, 289 166, 168 Batrachoididae, toadfishes, 238 binocular fish, 173, Fig. 4.14b Bathylagichthys, 175 BATRACHOIDIFORMES, 131, 238 biogenic structures, 11, 347, 402 Bathylagidae, Deep-sea smelts, 171, 175, Bay of Bengal biological clock, 135 362 mesopelagic fishes, 333 biological pump, 30–1, 74–5 Bathylagoides, 175 Beaked redfish, Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 bioluminescence, 42, 46, 122, 127, 132, Bathylagus, 89, 175 Bean, Tarleton H., 39, 45, Table 1.3 149, 166, 198, 265, 268, 284 Bathylutichthyidae, 259 Beebe, William, 42 at food fall, 159 Bathylutichthys taranetzi, 259 Bellingshausenia, 280 bacterial, 131 Bathylychnops, 123, 173 Bellottia, 235 communication, 132 Bathymaster signatus, 276 Bembradium, 255 in Eipigonus, 270 Bathymasteridae, ronquils, 276 Bembradium roseum, 255, Fig. 4.31c in Evermanella, 194 bathymetry, 14–15, 47 Bembras, 255 in sharks, 78 Bathymicrops, 125, 190–1 Bembridae, deep-water flatheads, 255 in situ observations, 42, 63 Bathyonus, 231 Bembrops, 286 intrinsic, 132 bathypelagic Bembrops platyrhynchus (Natal duckbill), Malacosteus red, 124 fishes, 318 285, Fig. 4.32f Occurrence by family and genus, 128, light environment, 122 Benguela hake, 225 Table 3.4 Bathypelagic zone Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 squaliformes, 145 definition, 6 Benguela Upwelling stimulated by trawls, 57 Bathyphylax, 300 mesopelagic fishes, 335 biomass, 342 Bathyphysa conifera, 271 Bentartia, 280 Benthic depth trends, 32, Fig. 1.25 Bathyprion, 169 Benthalbella, 131, 193 Benthic, global map, Plate 1b Bathypterois, 47, 89, 93, 125, 190, 349, Benthalbella infans (Zugmayer’s distribution with depth and region, 353 pearleye), 193, Fig. 4.17b 31–5

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Index 473

mesopelagic fishes, 317 Bonefishes, 155 bycatch in deep-sea shrimp fisheries, 187, Pelagic depth trends, 33, Fig. 1.26 boom and bust fishery, 384 224, 244, 276, 384, 393 Pelagic-benthic relationship, 33, Borophryne apogon, 313 Bythites, 235, 237 Fig. 1.27 Borostomias, 117, 181, 319 Bythitidae, viviparous brotulas, 235 Biomass of demersal fishes depth trend, Bothidae, lefteye flounders, 84, 294 Bythitinae, 235 340, Fig. 5.4 Bothrocara, 279 BYTHITOIDEI, 235–8 Biomes, Ocean. (Longhurst), 28, Table 1.2 Bothrocarina, 279 BIOSPEEDO expedition, 234, 237 Brachybembras aschemeieri, 255 Cabillus macrophthalmus, 287 bipolar distribution of species, 171, 222, Brain sensory areas 119, Fig. 3.20 cable 240, 342 trends with depth 120, Fig. 3.21 deep sea, 50 bird beak shark, Deania, 148 Brain morphology, 119 Caelorinchus, 216 birdbeak dogfish 146, Fig. 4.4a Brama brama, 271 California Current Black cardinal fish, 268 bramble sharks, 145 mesopelagic fishes, 319 Black oreo, Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Bramidae, pomfrets, 271 Callanthias, 268 Black scabbardfish, 287, 290, 398, 401 Branchiostegus doliatus (ribbed tilefish), Callanthiidae, gropos, 268 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 270, Fig. 4.32b Callionymidae, dragonets, 287 Black Sea, 14 Brauer, August, 39 CALLIONYMOIDEI, 265, 286 Black swallower, 284 Bregmaceros, 185, 228 Callionymus, 287 Blackbelly rosefish, 84, 249, 339, 398, Bregmaceros cantori (striped codlet), 228, Callorhinchidae, 77, 142–3 Fig. 4.31a Fig. 4.25d Calypso Deep, 353 Blackbelly rosefish, Bluemouth, Fishery, Bregmacerotidae, codlets, 228 camera sledge, 63 382, Table 6.2 Brembropinae, 286 cameras underwater. See imaging systems Blackfin goosefish, Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Brent Spar, 403 Camouflage blackfin sorcerer 162, Fig. 4.12a Brephostoma carpenter, 270 mesopelagic and bathypelagic 125, Blackhead salmon, 170 Breviraja, 154 Fig. 3.25 Blackspot seabream, 273 Brinkmannella elongata, 270 Canyon, 34 Blenniodei, 265, 286 Bristlemouths, 176 fish fauna, 341 Blob sculpin, 259 Brochiraja, 154 Nazare, Portuguese margin, Plate 1c Blobfish, 259, Fig. 4.31d Brosme brosme, 226, 384 Cape armourhead, 274 blood plasma, 103 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Cape bonnetmouth, 272, 399 Blue eye trevalla, 291 Brosmophycinae, 237 Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Blue grenadier, hoki, blue hake, 220, 389 Brotulinae, 229 Cape hake, 210, 384, Fig. 4.25c Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Brotulotaenia, 229 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Blue ling, 226 Brotulotaenia brevicauda, 229, Caproidae, boarfishes, 293, 299 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Fig. 4.26a Capromimus, 208 Blue Nose, 291 Brotulotaeniinae, 229 Capros aper (boarfish), 294, Blue whiting, 83, 171, 226, 248, 364, 379, Bryozoichthys, 280 Fig. 4.32h 384, 400 buckler, spiny scales of batfish Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Ogcocephalidae, 304 Capture methods Bluemouth, 249, 398 Bufoceratias, 307 Agassiz, Sigsbee or Blake trawl, 56, Bluenose sea bass, 291 Buoyancy, 93–102 Fig. 1.40 Bluenose warehou, 291, 399 energy saving, 93 Baited trap 53, Fig. 1.36 Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 from gas in swim bladder, 96, Fig. 3.9a beam trawl, 55, Fig. 1.39 Boarfish, 208, 274–5, 293, 391, 400, lipids, 100 bottom trawling, 54–8 Fig. 4.32h of eggs, 118 Conical plankton net, 58, Fig. 1.43 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 reduced skeleton, 101 dredge, 54, Fig. 1.38 Bobtail eel 163, Fig. 4.12b Buoyancy comparison of shallow and Gill net, 54, 364, Fig. 1.37 body shape deep sea fish, 101, Table 3.1. Isaacs-Kidd Mid-water Trawl (IKMT), change with depth, 92 bycatch, 142, 145, 151, 155, 169, 171, 60, Fig. 1.46 Bohr effect 95, Fig. 3.6 204, 208, 214, 216–19, 222, 224, Long line, 52, 54, Fig. 1.35 Bolinchthys, 200 244, 248, 251–3, 270, 273, 289–91, MOCNESS Multiple Opening/ Closing Bolinia euryptera, 257 293, 297, 316, 364–5, 367, 384, Net, 60, Fig. 1.45 Bonapartia, 176 389–94, 396–7, 399, 401, 403 Otter trawl, single warp, 57, Fig. 1.42

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474 Index

Capture methods (cont.) Centrobranchus nigrocellatus larva, 202, Chaenophryne, 307 Otter trawl, twin warp, 56, Fig. 1.41 Fig. 4.18c Chaetodontidae (169) (butterfly fishes, Pelagic trawling, 364 Centrodraco, 287 274 Rectangular Mid-water Trawl RMT, 59, Centrodraco atrifilum, 287, Fig. 4.32g Challenger deep, 15 Fig. 1.44 Centrolophidae, medusafishes, 291 Champoscephalus, 283 Capture-imaging methods Centrolophus niger, 291 Champsodon, 284 Epibenthic sledge, 63, Fig. 1.48 Centrophoridae, 147 Champsodon capensis (gaper), 284, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), 64, Centrophorus, 2, 75, 108, 116, 148, 364, Fig. 4.32f Fig. 1.49 392–3 Champsodontidae, Gapers, 284 Carangidae, Jacks and Pompanos, 271 Centrophorus squamosus (leafscale gulper Channichthyidae, crocodile icefishes, 84, Carapidae, pearlfishes, 83, 228 shark), 148, Fig. 4.4a 127, 283 Carapinae, 229 Centrophryne spinulosa, 311, Fig. 4.35e Channichthys, 283 Carboniferous, Period, 77 Centrophrynidae, deepsea anglers, prickly Channoidei, 265 CARCHARHINIFORMES, 150–2, 393 seadevils, 311 Chascanopsetta, 84, 294 Carcharias, 149 Centroscyllium, 149, 392 Chascanopsetta lugubris (Pelican Carcharodon, 150 Centroscymnus, 52, 66, 78, 112, 149, 364, flounder), 295, Fig. 4.33a Careproctus, 43, 47, 260, 262, 264, 358–9 392 Chatham Rise, 2, 169, 268, 342, 388, 393 snailfish, Plate 7b Centroscymnus coelolepis (Portuguese Chauliodus, 35, 89, 119, 182, 184, 317, Careproctus hyaleius, 261, 262, 359, 360, dogfish) 149, Fig. 4.4b, 319–20, 333 Table 5.9, Fig. 4.31e Plate 3a Chauliodus sloani (Sloane’s viperfish), Careproctus oregonensis (smallfin cephalic organ 182, Fig. 4.15d snailfish), 260, Fig. 4.31e of Ipnops, 191 heart size and water content, 105, Caribbean Sea, 353 Cephaloscyllium, 78, 151 Fig. 3.14 Caristiidae, manefishes, veilfins, 271 Cepola haasti, 275 Chaunacidae, sea toads, coffinfishes, 302 Caristiinae, 271 Cepolidae, Bandfishes, 275 Chaunacoidei, 85 Caristius, 271 Ceratias, 121, 311 Chaunacops, 302 Caristius macropus (manefish), 265, Ceratias uranoscopus (stargazing Chaunacops coloratus, 302, Fig. 4.32b seadevil), 314, Fig. 4.35f Fig. 4.35a carrion, 31, 34, 48, 73, 92, 112, 141, 144, Ceratiidae, seadevils, 311 Chaunax, 302 244, 282, 299, 364 Ceratioid, 42, 93, 99, 113, 121, 127, 131, chemosensitivity, 154 cascades 133, 304, 307, 319, 362 Cherublemma emmelas, 229 of dense water to the deep, 23–4 Ceratioid angler fish Chiasmodon, 284, 319 Caspian Sea, 2 Himantolophus, Plate 8b Chiasmodon niger, 284 Cataetyx, 235 Ceratioidea, deep-sea anglerfishes, heart size and water content, 105, Cataetyx chthamalorhynchus, 235, 304–13 Fig. 3.14 Fig. 4.26c luminescent organs, 131 Chiasmodontidae, swallowers, 83, 284 Catalog of Fishes, 49 Ceratioidei, 85 Chile, fisheries, 231, 253, 387–9, 397 catshark, 151–2, 393 Ceratoscopelus, 48, 100, 108, 200, 318 Chimaera, 36, 142–3, 391 Caulolatilus, 270 Ceratoscopelus warmingii (Warming’s Chimaera monstrosa (Rabbitfish), 143, Caulophryne, 305 lantern fish), 200, Fig. 4.18a Fig. 4.2 Caulophryne pelagica, 306, Fig. 4.35b Cetichthys, 246 Chimaeras, 143, Fig. 4.2 Caulophrynidae, fanfins, 305 Cetomimidae, flabby whalefishes, 83, 246 Chimaeridae, 77, 142–3, 391 Celebes sea, 333 CETOMIMIFORMES, 245, 398 Hydrolagus affinis, Plate 2b Cell membranes, 90 Cetomimoides parri, 246 CHIMAERIFORMES, 142–3 Celtic Sea, 2 Cetomimus, 246 Chionobathyscus dewitti, 283, Cenozoic, 76 Cetomimus compunctus, 247, Fig. 4.29b Fig. 4.32e Centriscidae, snipefishes and Cetonurichthys subinflatus, 216 Chionodraco, 283 shrimpfishes, 248 Cetonurus, 216, 342 Chirophryne xenolophus, 309 Centriscops humerosus, 248 Cetorhinidae, 150, 362 Chirostomias, 184 Centroberyx, 244, 397 Cetorhinus, 100, 150 Chlamydoselachidae, 144 Centroberyx affinis (redfish), 242, Cetostoma regani, 246 Chlamydoselachus, 135, 144, 392 Fig. 4.28b Chaenocephalus, 283 Chlamydoselachus anguineus (frilled Centrobranchus, 203 Chaenodraco, 283 shark), 144, Fig. 4.3

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Index 475

Chlopsidae, 160 Cold seep 12, 279, 358 COTTOIDEI, 249, 257 Chlopsis, 160 list of fish species 359, 360, Table 5.9 Cottunculinae, fathead sculpins, 259 chloride cells, 118 Coloconger scholesi (Indo-Pacific shorttail Cottunculus, 259 Chlorophthalmidae, green eyes, 188 conger), 158, Fig. 4.12a Cottunculus spinosus, 249, Fig. 4.31d CHLOROPHTHALMOIDEI, 188 Colocongridae, 161 counter illumination, 127, 132, 149, 178 Chlorophthalmus, 89, 123, 131, 188, 207, Comoro Islands, 315 crested flounders, 297 301, 341, 347 Conger, 161 Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, 75 fishery, 395 Congiopodidae, Pigfishes, horsefishes or crocodile icefishes, 127 Chlorophthalmus agassizi (Shortnose racehorses, 253 Crossostomus, 280 greeneye), 188, Fig. 4.17a Congiopodus coriaceus (deep-sea pigfish) Crozet Plateau, 353 chlorophyll, 28, 34 249, 253, Fig. 4.31b crumenal organ, 113, 171 Surface concentration CZCS image, Congridae, conger eels, 161 Cruriraja, 154 Plate 1a Conocara, 169–70, 349, 353 Cryodraco, 283 cholesterol, 100 Conodonts, 72, 76 Cryothenia, 281 Chondrichthyes 142–55 Conservation, 118, 316, 363, 392 Cryptopsaras couesii, 311 Depth distributions 71, Fig. 2.5 Constellationfish 178, Fig. 4.15a Crystallias matsushimae, 260 Chrionema, 286 Continental and oceanic crust, 6, Fig. 1.4 Crystallichthys, 260 Chun, Carl, 39, 58 Continental Drift Ctenochirichthys longimanus, 309 Circadian rhythm, 135 Deep Sea over 500 million years 16, Ctenolabrus rupestris, buoyancy, 101, circumglobal fishes, 362 Fig. 1.15 Table 3.3. Cirrhigaleus, 148 continental rise, 9 Cubiceps pauciradiatus (bigeye cigarfish), Citharidae, Large Scale flounders, 84, 294 continental shelf, 4 291, Fig. 4.32h Citharoides, 294 Cook Islands, 398 Currents Citrate synthase (CS), 88, 89, Fig. 3.2b Cookie cutter shark 132, 145, 147, Fig. 4.4a Global surface circulation 27, Fig. 1.23. citrus fruits, 405 coral, 11 ocean bottom, 24 Cladodontomorph, 74 coral fish association, 108, 235, 251, 276, cusk-eels, 71, 83, 125, 229, 349, claspers 347, 402 Fig. 4.26 in male chimaeras, 142 Coral Sea Cuvier, Georges, 35 Clidoderma, 296 mesopelagic fishes, 333 Cyclopteridae, lumpsuckers, 259 climate change, 405 coronary arteries, 104 Cyclopterus lumpus, 260 Coccorella, 131, 194 Coryphaenoides, 11, 36, 54, 62, 87, 114, Cyclothone, 35, 42, 82, 99, 133, 176, 317, Coccorella atlantica (Atlantic sabretooth), 116, 118, 124, 134, 136, 341, 349, 319, 333–4 194, Fig. 4.17b 353, 356, 359, 362, 364, 366, 398, pallida (bristlemouth), Plate 4b cod, codling 224, Fig. 4.25c 401 Cyclothone microdon (Veiled anglemouth), coelenterazine, 132 Coryphaenoides armatus, (Abyssal 176, Fig. 4.15a Coelocanth, 85, 315, Fig. 4.36 grenadier), 38, 47, 57, 66, 90, 106, Cyema, 163 COELOCATHIFORMES, 314–16 112–13, 121, 133, 136, 215, 217, Cyema atrum (bobtail eel), 163, Coelophrys, 304 353, Plate 6b, Fig. 4.25a Fig. 4.12b Coelorhynchus, 216 Energy cost of swimming, 107, Cyematidae, bobtail snipe eels, 80, 163 Coelorinchus, 213, 216–17, 219 Fig. 3.15b Cynoglossidae, tonguefishes, 84, 297 Coelorinchus carribaeus, 341 ingesting tracking transmitter, 67, Cynoglossus, 297 Coelorinchus fasciatus (Banded whiptail), Fig. 1.52 Cynomacrurus piriei, 217 216, Fig. 4.25a swimming speed 107, Fig. 3.16b Cyttidae, lookdown dories, 208 Coelorinchus gilberti Coryphaenoides marginatus Cyttomimus, 208 jaw protrusion index 214, Fig. 4.24 jaw protrusion index 214, Fig. 4.24 Cyttopsis, 208 Coelorinchus gilberti, jaws 213, Fig. 4.23 Coryphaenoides rupestris, 54, 104, 116, Cyttopsis rosea (rosy dory), 208, Coelorinchus japonicus 136, 217, 219 Fig. 4.21a jaw protrusion index 214, Fig. 4.24 fishery, 382, 387, 395, 401, Table 6.2 Cyttus australis, 208 Coelorinchus kishinouyei Coryphaenoides yaquinae, 66, 82, 99, 113, Cyttus novaezealandiae, 208 jaw protrusion index 214, Fig. 4.24 212, 358 Cyttus traversi (king dory), 208, Coelorinchus macrochir Cosmocampus profundus, 249 Fig. 4.21a jaw protrusion index 214, Fig. 4.24 cost of transport, 106 CZCS Coelorinchus mediterraneus, 341 Cottidae, sculpins, 257 Coastal Zone Color Scanner, 29, 47

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476 Index

Dacodraco, 283 Squaliformes and Scylliorhnidae Dissostichus, 281, 344, 366, 389–90, 394, Dactylobatus, 154 comparison 151, Fig. 4.5 398 Dactyloptena tiltoni, 249 transects from coast to abyss 2, Dissostichus eleginoides (Patagonian Dactylopteridae, Flying gurnards, 249 Fig. 1.1 toothfish), 84, 281, Fig. 4.32e DACTYLOPTEROIDEI, 249 trends in species number per class, 69, diet, 199 Dadyanos, 280 Fig. 2.3 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 daggertooth, 196 Zones of the world ocean 2–5, Fig. 1.3 Dissostichus mawsoni, 264 Dalatias, 75, 145, 392–3 Derepodichthys, 279 Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Dalatiidae, 78, 145, 362 Derichthyidae, longneck eels, 161 Ditropichthys storeri, 125, 246 Danacetichthys galathenus, 246 Derichthys, 161 Doederleinia berycoides, 265 Danaphos, 178 Derichthys serpentinus (narrownecked Dolicholagus, 175 Danaphryne nigrifilis, 309 oceanic eel), 158, Fig. 4.12a Dolichopteroides, 173 Dasycottus setiger, 259 Dermatias platynogaster, 307, 310, Dolichopteroides binocularis 171, Fig. 4.14a Davidijordania, 276 Fig. 4.35d Dolichopteryx, 123, 173–4 Dealfish, 205–6, 396, Fig. 4.19b Desmodema, 205 Dolichosudis, 194 Deania, 148 Devil anglerfish, Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Dolloidraco longedorsali, 282 Deania calcea (birdbeak dogfish), 146, Devonian Dolopichthys, 309 Fig. 4.4a age of fishes, 17, 72–4, 76–7, 79, 85, 314 dolphin Deep Free Vehicle. See Lander dextral and sinistral flatfish, 294 carcass, 53, 349 deep scattering layer, 48, 145, 317 Diaphini, 199 dory, 208–9, Fig. 4.21 Deep-Sea Fishermen, 2 Diaphus, 100, 125, 132, 184, 199, 316, Draconetta xenica, 287 Deep water formation, 21 320, 333, 335 Draconettidae, slope dragonets, 287 Global ocean circulation 22, Fig. 1.17 Diaphus dumerilii, 196, Fig. 4.18a dragonet, 287 Mediterranean Sea 23, Fig. 1.18 Diaphus rafinesquii dragonfish 182, Fig. 4.15d thermo-haline circulation 21, Fig. 1.16 heart size and water content, 105, dragonfishes, 82, 84, 113, 130, 132, 180, deep-bottom snapper fishermen, 398 Fig. 3.14 182, 184–5, 283, 317 Pacific Ocean, 396 Diastobranchus, 158, 342 Drake Passage, 20, 22, 27, 200 deepest living fish, 43, 263 Diatoms, 73 Dredge, 54 deep-sea fisheries Dibranchus, 131, 304 drumming muscles, 133–4, 231, 253 definition, 2, 383 Diceratias, 307 dwarf male, 42, 118, 304 Deep-Sea flathead, 255 Diceratiidae, double anglers, 307 dwarf snailfishes, 264 Deep-sea Herring, 274 Diceratias bispinosus, two-rod anglerfish, dwarfism deep-sea pigfish, 253 307, Fig. 4.35d decrease in size with depth, 91 Deep-sea smelt, Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Dicrolene, 232, 341 Dysalotus, 284 Deep-sea trevally, 291 Dieidolycus, 279 Dysomma, 158 Deepwater dragonet, 287 diel vertical migration, 317 Dysommina, 158, 359 Deepwater sole, fishery, 297 Diogenichthys, 203, 317, 320 Dysommina rugosa, 360, Table 5.9 Deepwater stingray, 152, Fig. 4.8 Diogenichthys atlanticus larva, 202, degenerate eyes, 237 Fig. 4.18c ear, 119, 134 Demersal bathyal fishes, 335 Diplacanthopoma, 235 Ebinania, 259 species depth ranges in the NE Atlantic Diplophos, 177 Echinomacrurus, 125, 218 335, Fig. 5.3 Diplospinus multistriatus, 289 Echinorhinidae, 145 dense water cascades, 23–4 Dipturus, 36, 154, 342, 394 Echinorhinus, 100, 145, 393 Dentex fourmanoiri, 273 Diretmichthys parini (Parin’s spinyfish), Echinorhinus cookei (prickly shark), 145, depletion of nontarget species, 244 241–2, Fig. 4.28a Fig. 4.4a Depth Diretmidae, spinyfins, 83, 242, 362 Echiodon, 229, 356 correlation with class species number Diretmoides pauciradiatus, 242 Echiodon cryomargarites (messmate), 229, 70, Fig. 2.4 Diretmoides veriginae, 242 Fig. 4.26a of commercial fishing, 366 Diretmus argenteus, 242 Echiostoma, 185, 320 Distribution of living species 68, Fig. 2.1 Discoverichthys praecox, 191 Ecoregions, mesopelagic 319, Table 5.1, global hypsographic curve 4, Fig. 1.2 Discovery of deep-sea fishes Fig. 5.2 maximum lengths 69, Fig. 2.2 cumulative numbers named since 1700, Ectreposebastes imus (Midwater Maximum limits for fishes, 137, Table 3.7 44, Fig. 1.33 scorpionfish), 250, 252, Fig. 4.31a

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Index 477

Edentoliparis, 260 Eptatretinae, 139 Myxini (hagfishes), 76, Fig. 2.8 Edentoliparis terraenovae, 264 Eptatretus, 69, 87, 112, 359, 391 Selachii (Sharks), 78, Fig. 2.10 eel city, 158 Eptatretus cirrhatus (New Zealand or Teleostei (Actinopterygii, ray finned eelpout, 276, 339–40, 359 Broadgilled hagfish, 139, Fig 4.1 fishes 80, Fig. 2.12 Eels and relatives, 155–66 Eptatretus deani Evoxymetopon, 290 eels, bathypelagic, 163 on whale carcass, Plate 2a Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 363 eelskin, 141 Eptatretus strickrotti, 360, Table 5.9 Excretion, 118 EEZ, 366 Eretmichthys pinnatus, 233 Exploited deep-fish species, 379, egg Eretmophorus kleinenbergi, 224 Table 6.1 buoyancy, 119 Ereunias grallator, 257, Fig. 4.31c Exploration voyages, see research vessels number (fecundity), 117 Ereuniidae, deep-water sculpins, 257 and expeditions of hagfish, 117 Ericandersonia, 276 extinction, 17, 20, 68, 74–5, 83 Einara, 169 Eridacnis radcliffei (pygmy ribbontail extinction and replacement, 75, 86 Eknomoliparis chirichignoae, 263 catshark), 151, Fig. 4.7 eye, 123 Elasmobranch, 143 Erilepis zonifer, 255, 398 aphakic gap 123, Fig. 3.24 Elassodiscus, 263 Erythrocles, 273 degenerate, 233 ELASSOMATOIDEI, 265, 276 esca, 131, 301, 305–7, 309, 311, 313 retina 122, Fig. 3.23 electric organ, 206 Escolar, 289, Fig. 4.32g rudimentary in Myxine, 140 electric rays, 152 Etmopteridae, 78, 145, 149 tubular, 122, Fig. 3.23 Electrona, 200, 335 Etmopterus, 36, 112, 145, 149, 392 eyestalks, 175 Electrona risso (Electric lantern fish), 200, Etmopterus princeps (great lanternshark), Fig. 4.18b 148, Fig. 4.4b False brotulas, 238 Electronini, 200 Euclichthyidae, eucla cod, 226 False catchshark, 152, Fig. 4.7 electroreceptor organ, 316 Euclichthys polynemus (Eucla cod), 223, fangtooth, 241, Fig. 4.28a Elopomorpha, 80, 126–7, 158 226, Fig. 4.25c Faroe Islands, fishery, 384, 387, 390, Embassichthys bathybius, 296 Eucryphycus, 279 395–6, 400 embryos, 118, 142, 199, 238, 251 Eumecichthys fiski (unicorn crestfish), Fathead, 259 Emmelichthyidae, rovers, 272 205–6, Fig. 4.19b faunal zonation, 339 Emmelichthys, 272, 301, 399 Eumegistus brevorti, 271 fbd–fish base depth, 1 Emmelichthys nitidus, 272 Eupogonesthes, 181 Fecundity, 114, 116–18, 155, 175, 244, Emmelichthys nitidus nitidus (Cape Euprotomicroides, 145 258, 280, 316, 389 bonnetmouth), 272, Fig. 4.32c Eurymen, 259 trend with depth, 117, Fig. 3.19b Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Eurypharyngidae, gulper or pelican eels, feeding, 108 Emperor Seamounts, 251, 255 163, 318 Feeding rates, 114, Fig. 3.18 Enchelybrotula, 233 Eurypharynx, 89, 127 Fenestraja, 154, 347 Endemic and Invasive Eurypharynx pelecanoides, 163 Figaro, 151, 393 deep-sea families, 71, Fig. 2.6. Pelican eel, 163, Fig. 4.12b, Plate 3b fish bites endothermy Eurypleuron owasianum, 229 on deep-sea cables, 195 Opah, Lampris, 204 Eustomias, 184 fish down, 388 Energy cost Eustomias schmidti (Schmidt’s fish meal, 294, 391 of swimming, 105–8, Fig. 3.15a dragonfish), 183, Fig. 4.15d FishBase, 1, 49, 70, 139, 366–7 of gas-filled swim bladder 96, Fig. 3.9b Eutaeniophorus festivus (Festive Fisheries, for lipid buoyancy, 97 ribbonfish), 245–6, Fig. 4.29a Depth distribution, 367, Fig. 6.3 to fill swim bladder, 97 Eutelichthys leptochirus, 264 Depth related impact on demersal Enzyme activity and depth 88, Fig. 3.2 Evermannella, 194 fishes, 402, Fig. 6.7 Epetriodus freddyi, 233 Evermannellidae, sabretooth fishes, 113, Depth trend, fishing deeper, 366, epifauna, 111 193 Fig. 6.1c Epigonidae, deepwater cardinal fishes, 268 Evolution, 38, 68, 74, 85, 95, 139, 213, 315 Environmental impact, 402 Epigonus, 123, 268, 270, 339, 399 evolutionary engine, 344 Global trends, 365, Fig. 6.2 Epigonus telescopus (black cardinal fish), Evolutionary tree and time scale List of exploited deep-sea species, 123, 268, 399, Fig. 4.32b Batoidea (Skates and Rays), 79, Fig. 2.11 368–78, Table 6.1 Epinephelus, 267 Fishes, 72, Fig. 2.7 Number of exploited species per Order, Epinnula, 290 Holocephali (chimaeras), 77, Fig. 2.9 379, Fig. 6.4

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478 Index

Fisheries (cont.) Oreos, 208 Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, 387, Size and depth of exploited species, Ostichthys kaianus, 245 Fig. 6.6g 367, Fig. 6.2 Pagellus bogaraveo, Red sea bream, South Pacific Hake, Merluccius gayi, Species accounts. 273 387, Fig. 6.6i. Albatrossia, 214 Plagiogeneion, 273 Southern Blue Whiting, Anarhichas, wolffish, 280 Polymixia, 207 Micromesistius australis, 388, Anoplopoma fimbria, sablefish, 255 Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, 296 Fig. 6.6l Antimora, 222 Scorpaena scrofa, 252 Tusk, Brosme brosme, 385, Fig. 6.6b. Aphanopus, scabbardfish, 290 Sebastes, redfish, Pacific Ocean List of exploited deep-sea species, Ariomma, 293 perch, 251 368–78, Table 6.1 armorhead, Pentaceros, 275 Serranidae, seabass, grouper, 268 Taxonomic composition of world catch, Beryx, alfonisino, 244 Setarches, 252 380, Fig. 6.5 Bregmaceros, 227 Synagrops, 267 fjords, 11, 148 Callanthias ruber, 268 Trachyrincus, 221 Flagellostomias, 185 Capros aper, boarfish, 294 Trachyscorpia cristulata echinata, Florenciella lugubris, 270 Channichthyidae, 283 252 flounder 295, Fig. 4.33a chimaeras, 142 Trichiurus, hairtail, 291 Foetorepus, 287 Coelorinchus, 215 Trigla, 253 food consumption rates, 113 Coryphaenoides rupestris, 217 Wreckfishes, 267 food falls, 30–1, 62, 112–13, 217 Cyttus, 208 Zoarces americanus, ocean pout, 276 food supply, 1, 12, 30, 34, 70, 87, 92, 305, Diaphus, 199 Species catch trends since 1950 358 Dissostichus, 281 Angler, Lophius piscatorius, 389, Forbes, Edward, 37–8 Doederleinia berycoides, 267 Fig. 6.6n. azoic hypothesis, 37 dories, Zeiformes, 208 Argentines and silver smelts, fossils Emmelichthys, 273 Argentina silus, A. sphyraena, of deep sea fishes, 41 Erilepis zonifer, 255 385, Fig. 6.6d. France, fishery, 387 Genypterus, kingklip, New Zealand Beaked Redfish, Sebastes mentella, free-fall. See Lander Ling, 231 390, Fig. 6.6r frilled shark 144, Fig. 4.3 Helicolenus, Ocean Perch, 251 Blue Whiting, Micromesistius frostfish, 290, 399 Histiopterus, Zanclistius, 275 poutassou, 387, Fig. 6.6j. Hoplostethus atlanticus, orange Boarfish, Capros aper, 391, Fig. 6.6t Gadella, 224 roughy, 244 Cape Hakes, Merluccius paradoxus, Gadiculus argenteus, 226 Hoplostethus cadenati, Black M.capensis. 385, Fig. 6.6e Gadidae, cods, 83, 89, 222, 226–8, 344, slimehead, 244 Greenland Halibut, Reinhardtius 379 Hyperoglyphe, 291 hippoglossoides., 385, Fig. 6.6f. GADIFORMES, 82, 210–28 Lampanyctodes hectoris, 199 Grenadiers Coryphaenoides rupestris Gadinae, 226 Lepidonotothen squamifrons, 281 and other species, 387, Fig. 6.6h. GADOIDEI, 222 Lepidopus, 290 Hoki, Macruronus novaezelandiae, Gadomus, 213, 220, 342 Lepidorhynchus denticulatus, 218 389, Fig. 6.6o. Gadomus colletti, jaws, 213, Fig. 4.23, Ling, tusk. Molva, 226 Ling, Molva molva, 385, Fig. 6.6a. Fig. 4.24 Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps, Oilfish, Ruvettus pretiosus, 390, Gaidropsarinae, rocklings, 226 tilefish, 270 Fig. 6.6s Gaidropsarus argentatus (Arctic rockling), Macroramphosus scolopax, 248 Orange Roughy, Hoplostethus 226, Fig. 4.25d Macrourus berglax, 218 atlanticus, 388, Fig. 6.6k. Gaidropsarus ensis, 226 Macruronus,hoki, 220 Pacific Ocean Perch, Sebastes alutus, Galapagos rift, 358 Malacephalus, 219 385, Fig. 6.6c. Galeomorphi, Superorder, 78, 143, Merluccius, hake, 225 Patagonian grenadier, 149–52 Mesobius, 219 Macruronus magellanicus, 389, Galeus, 36, 78, 151, 341, 393 Micromesistius, blue whiting, 226 Fig. 6.6p. gamefish, 2, 251, 267, 270 Muraenolepis, moray cod, 212 Patagonian Toothfish, Dissostichus Garman, Samuel Walton, 39, 44, Neobythites, 234 eleginoides, 389, Fig. 6.6q. Table 1.3 Nezumia, 218 Pink cusk eel Genypterus blacodes, Gas gland 93, Fig. 3.4, Fig. 3.5 Notolychnus, 199 389, Fig. 6.6m. function 95, Fig. 3.7

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Index 479

gas secretion filament length, 104, Fig. 3.13 Greater argentine, Greater silver smelt, in swim bladder, 93 rakers for feeding, 111 Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 GASTEROSTEIFORMES, 248 gissu Greater forkbeard, Fishery, 383, Gavialiceps, 162 Japanese gissu, bonefish, 155 Table 6.2 GEBCO Global Greater Silver Smelt, 384 General Bathymetric Chart of the warming, 208, 210, 405 Greater silver smelt, Fishery, 383, Oceans, 10, 15, 46 global anoxic event, 405 Table 6.2 gelatinous global cooling, 74 Greeneyes, 188, 341, Fig. 4.17a egg masses, 251, 302 Glossanodon, 171, 301, 395 greeneye spurdog 148, Fig. 4.4b tissues, 101 glowbelly, 265, Fig. 4.32a Greenland halibut 294, 296, Fig. 4.33a zooplankton, 30–1, 101, 113, 134, 169, glycosaminoglycans, 101 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 171, 175, 228, 240, 260, 275, 281, Glyptocephalus, 296 grenadier 212, Fig. 4.25a 293, 301, 304, 364 Glyptophidium, 233 Grenadiers, rattails NEI, Fishery, 381, Gempylidae, snake mackerels, gobies, 287 Table 6.2 289–90 Gobiesocidae, clingfishes, 238 grouper, 267 Gempylus, 290 GOBIESOCIFORMES, 238 Guentherus, 187 genetic barcodes, 49 Gobiidae, gobies, 287 Guentherus altivela (Jellynose), 186, Genioliparis, 260, 264 Gobioidei, 265 Fig. 4.16 Genypterus, 287, 366, 389 GOBIOIDEI, 287 Guinea Basin fishery, 397 Gobionotothen, 281 mesopelagic fishes, 335 Genypterus blacodes (pink cusk-eel), 230, goblin shark 149, Fig. 4.6 Gulf hake, 227 389, Fig. 4.26a Golden redfish, 84 Gulf of California Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Gollum, 152 mesopelagic fishes, 320 Genypterus capensis, 231 Gondwana, 17, 20, 74, 280 Gulf of Mexico, 13, 20, 34, 47, 57, 161–2, Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Gonichthyini, 203 170, 181–2, 184–6, 199, 207, 222, Genypterus chilensis, 231 Gonichthys, 203 228, 231, 234–5, 237, 252–3, 270, Gephyroberyx, 242, 397 Gonostoma, 89, 99, 101, 105, 133, 272, 274, 334, 341, 391 Gephyroberyx darwini (Darwin’s 176, 317 mesopelagic fishes, 334 slimehead), 242, Fig. 4.28b Gonostoma denudatum Gulf Stream, 27, 29 Gerlachea australis, 283 eye 123, Fig. 3.24c Gulper eel, 163, Fig. 4.12b German Deep Sea Expedition 1898–1899, heart size and water content, 105, Gulper shark, 2, 108, 116, 148, 392 39 Fig. 3.14 Günther, Albert, 1, 35, 37–9, 49, Table 1.3, gibberfish, 240 Gonostoma elongatum, buoyancy, 101, Fig. 1.29 Gibberichthyidae, gibberfishes, 83, 240 Table 3.1 Gurgesiella, 154 Gibberichthys, 240 Gonostomatidae, Bristlemouths, 82, 99, Gustatory area, 119 Gibberichthys pumilus (gibberfish), 240, 121, 123, 130, 132, 176, 317–18, Guttigadus, 224 Fig. 4.27 333, 362 Gvozdarus, 281 Gigantactinidae, whipnose anglers, 311 Goode, George B., 39, 45, Table 1.3 Gymnelinae, 276 Gigantactis, 311 Gosztonyia, 280 Gymnelopsis, 276 Gigantactis macronema, 314, Fig. 4.35f GPS Gymnelus, 276 gigantism Global Positioning System, 46, 50 Gymnoscopelini, 199 increase in size with depth, 91 Grammatidae, basslets, 268 Gymnoscopelus, 199, 335, 366 Gigantura, 192, 317 Grammatonotus, 268 Gymnoscyphus ascitus, 238 Gigantura indica (Telescopefish), 187, Grammatostomias, 184 Gymnothorax, 159 Fig. 4.17b Grammicolepididae, tinselfishes, 210 Gyrinichthys minytremus, Giganturidae, telescope fishes, 42, 82, Grammicolepis, 210 263 187, 192, 362 Grammicolepis brachiusculus Gyrinomimus, 246 GIGANTUROIDEI, 191 (thorny tinselfish), 211, Gilbert, Charles Henry, 39, 44, Table 1.3, Fig. 4.21b Hadal Trenches, list, 16, Table 1.1. Fig. 1.31, Great Australian Bight, 342 Hadal zone, 4–5, 15, 70–1, 163, 228, 240, Gilbertidia pustulosa, 259 Great Meteor Seamount, 42 356 gill nets, 54, 364, 384, 389, 391 Great white shark, 150 definition, 4 gills, 103–4, 118 Greater Argentine, 384 fish fauna, 356

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480 Index

Hadal zone (cont.) Hemitripteridae, sea ravens, 257 Homostolus acer, 233, 397 snail fishes, liparids, 358 Hemitripterus bolini (Bigmouth sculpin), hooks List of Fishes, 357, Table 5.8 257, Fig. 4.31d design for fishing, 363 Hadropareia, 277 Hephthocara, 235 Hoplichthyidae, Ghost Flatheads, 255 Hadropogonichthy, 279 Heptranchias, 144, 392 Hoplichthys haswelli, Armoured flathead, haematocrit, 105 herbivory, 108 255, Fig. 4.31c haemoglobin, 84, 94, 127, 283, 362 hermaphrodism, 118, 187 Hoplobrotula, 134, 233, 397 Hagfish, 76 Herwigia, 168 Hoplostethus, 242 on whale carcass, Plate 2a Heterophotus, 182 Hoplostethus atlanticus, orange roughy, Hagfish, 139, Fig. 4.1 Heterophotus ophistoma (Wingfin 40, 93, 101, 111, 241, 244, 270, slime, 141 snaggletooth), 182, Fig. 4.15d 342, 344, 347, 364–5, 388, 393, Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Heteroscymnoides, 145 400–1, Fig. 4.28b hair-cell sensory systems, 134 HEXAGRAMMOIDEI, 249, 255 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 hairtail, 291 Hexanchidae, cow sharks, 144 Hoplostethus cadenati, 242, 397 Hakes, 210, 225, Fig. 4.25 HEXANCHIFORMES, 144, 392 Hoplostethus mediterraneus, 244 Halargyreus johnsonii (slender codling), Hexanchus, 100, 112, 392–3 houndshark, 152, 393 224, Fig. 4.25c Hexanchus griseus (bluntnose sixgill HOV, Human Occupied Vehicle, 65, 271 Halicmetus, 304 shark), 144, Fig. 4.3 Alvin,48 Halieutaea, 304 Hexatrygon bickelli (Sixgill stingray), 152, Archimède, 263 Halieutichthys, 304 Fig. 4.8 Bathyscaphe, 47, 263, 294, 358 Halieutopsis, 304 Hexatrygonidae, 152 Bathysphere, 42 Halieutopsis galatea, 303, Fig. 4.35a Himantolophidae, footballfishes, 305 Johnson Sea Link, 268, 271, 274, 301 Halimochirurgus, 300 Himantolophus, 305, 307 Mir,48 Halosauridae, 80, 120, 156, 359, 362 Ceratioid angler fish, Plate 8b Nautile, 48, 159, 234 Halosauropsis, 156, 342, 401 Himantolophus groenlandicus, Shinkai,48 Halosauropsis macrochir (Abyssal Atlantic footballfish, 308, Trieste, 47, 294 halosaur), 156, Fig. 4.11 Fig. 4.35c Howella, 131, 265 Halosaurus, 133, 156 Hintonia candens, 200 Howella brodiei, pelagic basslet, 265, Haplomacrourus nudirostris, 218 Hippoglossinae, Halibuts, 296 Fig. 4.32a Haplophryne mollis (soft leftvent angler), Hippoglossoides, 296 Howellidae, Oceanic basslets, 265 42, 313, Fig. 4.35f Hippoglossus hippoglossus, 36, 294, 399 Humboldt current Haptenchelys, 159 Hispidoberycidae, 83 mesopelagic fishes, 333 Haptenchelys texis, 360, Table 5.9 Hispidoberyx ambagiosus, 241 Hydrolagus, 142–3, 342, 391 Harpadon erythraeus, 188 Histiobranchus, 80, 87, 102, 159, 348, Hydrolagus affinis, Plate 2b Harriotta, 135–6, 142–3, 348 353 Hydrothermal vent, 12, 48, 53, 139, 158–9, hatchetfish 175, 178, Fig. 4.15b Histiobranchus bathybius, deep-water 231, 234–5, 237, 262, 276, 279, Headlight fish, 132 arrowtooth eel, 159, Fig. 4.12a 297, 299, 402 hearing, 134 Histiodraco veliferi, 282 fishes, 358–62 Heart, 104–5 Histiopterinae, 274–5 list of fish species, 359, 360, weight variation, 105, Fig. 3.13 Histiopterus typus, 275 Table 5.9 Hector’s lanternfish, Fishery, 382, Hjort, Johan, 41 Hydroza, 271 Table 6.2 Hoki, 220, 343, 379, 389, 391, 400, Hygophum, 99, 203, 317–18, 334 Heezen and Tharp, 46 Fig. 4.25b Hygophum hygomi Heinke’s Law, 91 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 heart size and water content 105, Helicolenus, 84, 114, 249, 339, 347, 398 Holcomycteronus, 125, 233, 356 Fig. 3.14 Helicolenus barathri, 251 Hollardia goslinei, 300 Hymenocephalus, 131, 218 Helicolenus dactylopterus (blackbelly Holocentridae, soldierfish, 245 Hymenocephalus striatissimus rosefish), 249, Fig. 4.31a HOLOCENTROIDEI, 245 jaw protrusion index, 214, Fig. 4.24 Helicolenus dactylopterus, Fishery, 382, Holocephali, 35, 71, 76, 142 Hyperoglyphe, 270, 291, 399 Table 6.2 Holohalaelurus, 151 Hyperoglyphe antarctica (bluenose Hellenic Trench, 353 holothurian warehou), 270, 291, Fig. 4.32g helminth parasites, 136 in fish diet, 311 Hyporthodus, 267 Heminodus philippinus, 253 Holtbyrnia, 168 hypoxia, 98, 362

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Index 481

Iago, 152, 393 Ipnopidae, deep-sea tripod fishes, 82, 111, Lagocephalus lagocephalus, 301 icefish, 280 188, 190, 362 Lake Baikal, 2 icefishes, 84, 280, 283 Ipnops, 125, 191 Lamna, 150 Iceland, fishery, 226, 294, 384, 389–90, Ipnops agassizii (grideye fish), 191, Lamnidae, 150 395, 399 Fig. 4.17a LAMNIFORMES, 149–50 Icelus, 257 Iran, 17, 396 Lampadena, 200, 335 ICES, 58 iris, 123 Lampanyctini, 200 International Council for the Isistius, 132, 145, 366 Lampanyctodes hectoris (Hector’s Exploration of the Sea, 41 Isistius brasiliensis (cookie cutter shark), lanternfish), 196, 199, 335, 396, Ichthyococcus, 180 146, Fig. 4.4a Fig. 4.18a Ichthyococcus ovatus, Lightfish, 180, Istiophoridae, 289 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Fig. 4.15c Isurus, 158 Lampanyctus, 117, 200, 205, 318 ichthyology, 35, 38, 40, 42–3, 46–7 IUU, 390 Lampanyctinae, 198–9 Icichthys australis, 291 Iwamoto, Tomio, 46, Table 1.3 Lampichthys procerus, 200 Icosteidae, ragfishes, 286 Lampridae, Opahs, 204 Icosteoidei, 265 Japan LAMPRIFORMES, 82, 203 ICOSTEOIDEI, 286 deep-sea fishing, 363 fishery, 396 Icosteus aenigmaticus, ragfish, 286, Japan Trench, 2, 13, 24, 43, 231, 263, 358 Lampris, 203–4, 396 Fig. 4.32f Japan, fisheries, 141, 234, 238, 273, 384, Lampris guttatus (opah), 204, Idiacanthinae, Black Dragonfishes, 185 387, 389, 391, 393, 395–7, 399 Fig. 4.19a Idiacanthus, 185, 320 Japonoconger, 161 Lamprogrammus, 233 Idiacanthus fasciola (Ribbon sawtail fish), Japonolaeops dentatus, 296 Lancetfish 194, Fig. 4.17c 185, Fig. 4.15d Japonolycodes, 279 Lander, 51, 61 Idiastion, 252 jaw morphology of macrouridae, 213 baited sea floor and tethered, 61, Idiolophorhynchus andriashevi,, jellyfish, 74, 149, 235, 286, 291–3 Fig. 1.47 222 Jellynose, 186, Fig. 4.16 operating principle, 52, Fig. 1.34 Idiolychnus urolampus, 199 jellynose fishes, 82 language of science, 49 Ijimaia, 187 Johnson Sea Link, see HOV Lanternfish, 99, 196, Fig. 4.18 Ijimaia loppei (Loppe’s tadpole fish), 187, Johnsonina eriomma, 300 Lantern shark, 145, 148, Fig. 4.4b Fig. 4.16 Jordan, David Starr, 42 lanternbellies, 265 IKMT Lasiognathus, 309 Isaacs-Kidd Mid-Water Trawl, 60 Kali, 284 Lasiognathus beebei, 312, Fig. 4.35e illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) Kali macrodon, 285, Fig. 4.32f lateral line, 92, 113, 119, 121, 134–5, 142, catches, 390 Kamoharaia megastoma, 296 177, 190–1, 233–5, 246, 274 illicium, 301–2, 304–5, 307, 309, Kathetostoma, 286, 342 lateral line system, 121, 135, 142 311, 313 Kermadec Trench, 50, 353, 356 Latimeria chalumnae (Coelacanth), 65, 70, Iluocoetes, 280 kidneys, 118 85, 314, Fig. 4.36 Ilyophinae subfamily, 158 Kingklip, 231, 287, 389, 397 Latimeria menadoensis, 315 Ilyophis, 53, 158, 316, 356, 359 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Latimeridae, gombessas, coelocanths, Ilyophis saldanhai, 360, Table 5.9 kitefin sharks, 145 314 Imaging systems, 61–5 Krefftichthys anderssoni, 200 Latin language, 49 immune system, 136 Krusensterniella, 277 Lepidion, 63, 224, 347 Indian Ocean K-T extinction, 75, 77 Lepidion lepidion (Mediterranean bathyal demersal fish fauna, 341 Kumba, 218 codling), 224, Fig. 4.25c mesopelagic fishes, 333 Kurile-Kamchatka Trench, 43 Lepidoblepharon ophthalmolepis, 294 Indo-Pacific Pocket Basins Kuronezumia, 218 Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, 289 mesopelagic fishes, 333 Kuroshio current, 27, 203, 333 Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (escolar), Infauna, 111 Kurtoidei, 265 289, Fig. 4.32g ink sac, 205 Lepidonotothen squamifrons, 281 Insentiraja, 155 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, 88, Lepidoperca, 268 International Code for Zoological 90, 362, Fig. 3.2a Lepidophanes, 200, 334 Nomenclature, 36 Laemonema, 224 Lepidopodinae, 290 Ioichthys, 173 Lagiacrusichthys, 193 Lepidopus, 290

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482 Index

Lepidopus caudatus, Fishery, 382, Linophryne, 313 Lumpenella longirostris (longsnout Table 6.2 Light organs, 131 prickleback), 280, Fig. 4.32d Lepidorhombus, 84, 294, 399 Linophryne algibarbata, 313, Fig. 4.35f lumpsucker, 260 Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis (megrim), Linophrynidae, leftvent seadevils,, Lutjanidae, snappers, 273 294, Fig. 4.33a 313 Lycenchelys, 279 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Lioscorpius, 252 Lycenchelys antarctica,279,Fig. 4.32d Lepidorhynchus denticulatus, 218 Liparidae, Liparids, snailfishes, 44, 72, 84, Lycodapus, 279 Lepidotrigla, 253 92, 102, 112, 116, 125, 344, Lycodes, 277, 340, 356 Lepophidium, 229 348–9, 356, 358 Lycodichthys, 119, 280 Leptacanthichthys gracilispinis, 309 Liparis, 260, 262 Lycodinae, 277 Leptobrotula breviventralis, 233 Lipariscus, 260 Lycogrammoides, 279 Leptocephalus, 80, 126, 155–7, 161, 359, Lipariscus nanus, 264 Lyconema, 279 Fig. 4.10 lipid buoyancy, 138 Lyconodes, 225 Halosauroropsis, 156, Fig. 4.11 Lipogenys, 156 Lycozoarces regani, 280 Notacanthus, 156, Fig. 4.11 Lipolagus, 175 Lycozoarcinae, 280 Leptocephalus giganteus, 156–7, Fig. 4.11 lizardfish, 187, 191, Fig. 4.17a lymph system, 105 Leptochilichthys, 169 Lobianchia, 199 Lyopsetinae, slender soles, 296 Leptoderma, 169–70 Lonchopisthus lemur, 268 Lyopsetta exilis, 296 Leptostomias, 89, 185, 320 long line, 52, 149, 151, 156, 212, 244, Lesser Silver smelt, 384 282 Macroparalepis, 195 Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 longevity, 244 macrophyte, 108 Lestidiops, 194 Longfin escolar, 287 Macropinna, 123, 173 Lestrolepis, 131, 194 longneck eel, 161 Macropinna microstoma (barreleye), 173, Letholycus, 280 Lophelia deep sea coral, 403 Fig. 4.14a Leucicorus, 233 Lophiidae, goosefishes, monkfish, Macroramphosus scolopax (longspine Leucobrotula adipata, 238 anglerfish, 85, 302 snipefish), 248, Fig. 4.30 Leucogrammolycus brychios, 279 LOPHIIFORMES, 85, 299, 301–13 Macrorhamphosodes, 300 Leucoraja, 154 Lophiodes, 302 Macrorhamphosodes uradoi Leuroglossus, 117, 175, 320 Lophiomus setigerus, 302 (Trumpetsnout), 300, Fig 4.34 life cycle of deep-sea fishes, 1, 57, 65, 70, Lophius, 36, 105, 108, 114, 119, 132, 302, Macrosmia phalacra, 214, 218 85, 91, 161, 166, 358–9, 401 364, 389, 400 Macrouridae, grenadiers, rattails, Light Lophius piscatorius, Fishery, 381, whiptails, 44, 83, 89, 92, 114, 120, mesopelagic 122, Fig. 3.22 Table 6.2 125, 134, 136, 301, 342–4, 348–9, light organ, 127, 173, 185, 219, 265 Lophius vomerinus, Fishery, 382, 353, 356, 359, 362, 379, 387 Acropoma, 265 Table 6.2 diet and jaw protrusion index, 213, of Coccorella ventral, 194 Lophodolos, 307 Fig. 4.23, Fig. 4.24 Coelorinchus, 217 Lophodolos acanthognathus (whalehead Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Coryphaenoides, 217 dreamer), 310, Fig. 4.35d Macrourinae, 214 Eurypharynx, 163 Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps, 270, 399 MACROUROIDEI, 212 squaliformes, 145 Lopholiparis flerxi, 263 Macrouroides inflaticeps (inflated Kumba, 218 Lophotodidae, crestfishes, 205 whiptail), 222, Fig. 4.25b Linophryne, 131 Lophotus, 205 Macrouroidinae, 222 Malacephalus, 219 Lotinae, 226 Macrourus, 218, 340, 401 Odontomacrurus, 219 Lowe, Robert T., 37 Macrourus berglax (roughhead grenadier), Paralepididae, 194 Loweina, 203 218, Fig. 4.25a perianal in Chlorophthalmus, 131, 188 luciferin, 132 Macrourus carinatus, Fishery, 382, Steindachneria, Luminous hake, 222 Lucigadus, 218 Table 6.2 lightfish, 180, Fig. 4.15c Luciobrotula, 233 Macruronus novaezelandiae, Fishery, 381, Lindbergichthys, 281 Luciosudis, 190 Table 6.2 Ling, 36, 226, 384, 389, 398, 403 luminous fluid, 168 Macrurocyttus, 210 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Luminous hake, 210, 222, Fig. 4.25b Macruronidae, Southern Hakes, 220 Linkenchelys, 158 luminous organ, see light organ Macruronus, 220 Linnaeus, Carl, 36 luminous roughy, 131 Macruronus magellanicus, 220, 379, 389

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Index 483

Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Abyssal fish fauna, 353 Mesobius, 219 Macruronus novaezelandiae (Blue bathyal demersal fish fauna, 340 Mesopelagic grenadier, hoki), 220, 389, 391, deep water formation, 23, Fig. 1.18 light field, 122, Fig. 3.22 Fig. 4.25b geological history, 20 Mesopelagic fishes Madeira, 24, 35, 37, 47, 159, 220, 252, map of deep basins, 15, Fig. 1.13 Diel change in depth distribution, 319, 287, 290, 363, 394, 396, 398 mesopelagic fishes, 334 Fig. 5.1. Maderia Abyssal Plain, 353 Megachasma, 150 Ecoregions, 319, Fig. 5.2 Magadanichthys, 277 Megachasmidae, 150 Species occurence by ecoregion, Magnisudis, 195 Megafauna, 111 321–32, Table 5.1 mako shark, 158 Megalomycter teevani, 246 mesopelagic zone Malacanthidae, tilefishes, 270 Megalomycteridae, 83, 246 definition, 6 Malacephalus, 219 megamouth shark, 150 Messinian Salinity Crisis, 20, 340 Malacocephalus, 220 megrim, 294, Fig. 4.33a Metabolic enzyme activity Malacocephalus laevis Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 depth relationship, 88, Fig. 3.2. jaw protrusion index 213, Fig. 4.24 Melamphaes, 240, 318, 320 Metabolic rate Malacocottus, 259 Melamphaidae, Bigscale fishes, 113, 240, depth relationship, 88, Fig. 3.1 Malacoraja, 154 317–18, 320, 362, 397 metamorphosis Malacosarcus macrostoma, 240 Melanocetidae, black sea devils, 305 Notacanthus, 157 Malacosteinae, Loosejaws, 186 Melanocetus, 121, 305 Metamorphosis, 155–6, 205, 229, 304–5, Malacosteus, 124, 131–2, 186 Melanocetus johnsonii (humpback 311 Malacosteus niger (stoplight loosejaw, red anglerfish), 308, Fig. 4.35c Metelectrona, 203 flashlight fish), 186, Fig. 4.15d heart size and water content 105, Meteoria erythrops, 237 Malakichthys, 267 Fig. 3.14 Mezozoic, 76 Malthopsis, 304 illustration Validiva report, 1906, 40, Microichthys, 270 management failure, 390 Fig. 1.31 Microlophichthys microlophus, 309 Mancopsetta maculata, 296 Melanolagus, 175 Micromesistius australis, 226 Manducus, 177 Melanolagus bericoides (bigscale deepsea Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 manned submersible, see HOV, human smelt), 175, Fig. 4.14c Micromesistius poutassou (blue whiting), occupied vehicle Melanonidae, pelagic cods, 225 83, 171, 226, 248, 364, 379, 387, Manta, ray, 153 Melanonus, 121, 125, 225, 317 391, Fig. 4.25d Margrethia, 176 Melanostigma, 277 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Mariana Trench, 15, 356 Melanostigma atlanticum (Atlantic soft Microphotolepis, 168 marine mammal pout), 265, Fig. 4.32d Microstoma, 171, 320 shark injuries, 145 Melanostomias, 185 Microstomatidae, pencil smelts, 171, 318 Marine Stewardship Council, 384 Melanostomiinae, Scaleless black Microstomus pacificus, 296 Marleyella, 296 dragonfishes, 184 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 156–7, 163, 216, 219, marlin, 2, 150, 242 Melatonin, 136 318, 338, 341, 359, Fig. 5.5 Marukawichthys, 257 Melodichthys hadrocephalus, 237 middle depths fishery, New Zealand, Mastigopterus imperator, 233 Mentodus, 168 384 Masturus lanceolatus (sharptail mola), Menziesichthys bacescui, 263 mid-ocean ridge, 6, 10–11, 46, 212, 234, 301, Fig. 4.34 Mephisto fraserbrunneri, 301 335, 349 Mataeocephalus, 219 Merlucciidae, hakes, 225 Map of distribution 11, Fig. 1.10 Maulisia, 168 Merluccius, 225, 364, 379, 384, 387, 389, Mirapinna, 246 Mauritania, Cape Verde 394 Mirapinna esau (hairyfish), 246, mesopelagic fishes, 334 Merluccius capensis, 225 Fig. 4.29a Maurolicinae, Pearlsides, 177 Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Mirapinnidae, 83, 246 Maurolicus, 118, 178, 320, 334–5 Merluccius capensis/paradoxus, Fishery, Mirognathus, 169 fishery, 395 381, Table 6.2 Miroscyllium, 149 Maurolicus muelleri, Fishery, 382, Merluccius gayi, Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Mirrorbelly, 173, Fig. 4.14b Table 6.2 Merluccius paradoxus, 225 Mitsukurina, 149 Maynea, 280 Merluccius paradoxus (deep-water Cape Mitsukurina owstoni (goblin shark), 149, Meadia, 158 hake), 225, Fig. 4.25c Fig. 4.6 Mediterranean Sea, 14, 23 Merluccius polli, Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Mitsukurinidae, 149, 362

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484 Index

MOCNESS, 60 Myroconger, 159 Neomerinthe, 252 Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Myrocongridae, 159 Neomyxine, 139 Environmental Sensing System, 60 Myxine,35–6, 139, 347, 391 Neonesthes, 182 Mola mola, 301, Fig. 4.34 Myxine glutinosa (Atlantic hagfish), 139, Neopagetopsis, 283 Molidae, ocean sunfishes, 301 Fig. 4.1 Neophrynichthys heterospilos, 259 Mollisquama, 145 Myxini, 69–70, 335, 348 Neoraja, 154 Molva dypterygia, 226, 398 Myxinidae, Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Neoscombrops, 267 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 MYXINIFORMES, hagfishes, 139 Neoscopelidae, blackchins, 196 Molva molva, 36, 226, 384 Myxininae, 76, 139 Neoscopelus, 196, 344 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Neoscopelus microchir (Shortfin Monognathidae, one jaw gulpers, 80, 163 Nalbantichthys elongatus, 276 neoscopelid), 196, Fig. 4.18a Monognathus, 87, 165 Nannobrachium, 100, 125, 200 Neosebastidae, 252 Monognathus berteli, 163, Fig. 4.12b Nannobrachium atrum (Dusky Neoselachii, 77 Monolene, 296 lanternfish), 200, Fig. 4.18b Nesiarchus nasutus, 289 Monomitopus, 233 Nannobrachium regale larva, 202, Nessorhamphus, 161, 166 Monomitopus nigripinnis, group, 233 Fig. 4.18c Net avoidance by fishes, 196, 365, 396 Monomitopus pallidus, group, 233 Nansenia, 171 Nettastoma, 162 Monomitopus torvus, group, 233 Nansenia groenlandica (Greenland Nettastoma melanurum (blackfin Mora moro, 37, 90, 225, 341, 397 argentine), 171, Fig. 4.14a sorcerer), 162, Fig. 4.12a moray cod, 212 Narcetes, 169–70 Nettastomatidae duckbill eels, 162 Moray eel, 159 Narcine, 152 neuromasts, 135, 233, 238 Moridae, Deepsea cods, 222 Narcinidae, 152 New Hebrides Trench, 356 Mullidae, goatfishes, 274 Narkidae, 152 New Zealand, 34, 38, 84, 141 Muraenesocidae, pike congers, 162 narrownecked eel, 161, Fig. 4.12a EEZ fisheries, 2, 143, 169, 208, 216–17, Muraenidae, Moray eels, 159 Nautile, submersible, See HOV 220, 226, 230, 244, 251, 255, 268, Muraenolepididae, eel cods or moray cods, Nealotus tripes, 289 273–4, 291, 363, 391, 393, 396–402 82, 212 Nectoliparis, 260 Nezumia, 118, 136, 219, 341, 347, 401 Muraenolepidoidei, 210 Nectoliparis pelagicus (tadpole snailfish), Nezumia condylura Muraenolepis, 212 260, Fig. 4.31e jaw protrusion index, 213, Fig. 4.24 Muraenolepis microps (smalleye moray Nemamyxine, 139 Nezumia sclerorhynchus cod), 212, Fig. 4.25a Nematops, 296 (Roughtip grenadier), 219, Murray, John, 38, 41 Nemichthyidae, snipe eels, 158, 165, Fig. 4.25a Muscle, 102–3 362 Nielsen, Jørgen, 44, Table 1.3 diameters of red and white fibres, 103, Nemichthys, 135, 165–6 Nomeidae, driftfishes, 291 Fig. 3.12 snipe eel, Plate 4a Normanichthyoidei, 249, 257 Proportion of red fibres, 102, Fig. 3.11 Nemichthys scolopaceus (Slender snipe Normichthys, 168 mycocardium, 104 eel), 163, Fig. 4.12b North Atlantic Drift Myctophid, 196, Fig. 4.18 Nemipteridae, threadfin breams, 273 mesopelagic fishes, 334 Myctophid larvae, 196, Fig. 4.18c Neoachiropsetta milfordi (finless North Atlantic Ocean Myctophidae, lanternfishes, 82, 117, 125, flounder), 294, 296, Fig. 4.33a demersal fishes, 335 149, 196, 198, 207, 316–17, 319, Neobythites, 134, 234 North Atlantic, Central 334, 362, 365 Neobythites analis (Black-edged cusk-eel), mesopelagic fishes, 334 MYCTOPHIFORMES, 82, 131–2, 196–203 234, Fig. 4.26b Norwegian Basin MYCTOPHIFORMES, fishery, 395 Neobythitinae, 134, 231, 356 deep demersal fish fauna, 340 Myctophinae, 198, 200 Neobythitoides serratus, 234 Notacanthidae (spiny eels), 156 Myctophini, 203 Neocaristius heemstrai, 271 NOTACANTHIFORMES, 156–8 Myctophum, 93, 99, 125, 198, 203, 334 Neoceratias spinifer (Spiny seadevil), Notacanthus, 36, 125, 133, 156, 401 punctatum (lanternfish), Plate 6a 305–6, Fig. 4.35b Notacanthus chemnitzii (Snubnosed spiny Myctophum selenops larva, 202, Neoceratiidae, toothed seadevil, 305 eel), 156, Fig. 4.11 Fig. 4.18c Neocetropogon mesedai, 253 Notocetichthys trunovi, 246 Myliobatidae, 153 Neocyema, 163 Notolepis, 195 MYLIOBATIFORMES (stingrays), 152–3 Neocyttus, 208, 293, 347, 396 Notoliparis, 125, 263, 356, 358 fishery, 394 Neoepinnula, 289 Notoliparis antonbruuni, 358

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Index 485

Notoliparis kermadecensis, 263 Omosudidae, Hammerjaws, 194 Transport into the deep sea, 21, Hadal snailfish, 249, Fig. 4.31e, Omosudis, 194 Fig. 1.16 Plate 8a Oneirodes, 309, 335 Oxygen consumption, 88, Fig. 3.1 Notolychnini, 198 Oneirodes kreffti (Krefft’s dreamer), 312, Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), 25, 75, Notolychnus valdiviae (Topside lampfish), Fig. 4.35e 104, 286, 333, Fig. 1.21 196, 198, 317, 334, Fig. 4.18a Oneirodidae, Dreamers, 307 Oxynotidae, 78, 147, 341 Notolycode, 280 Opaeophacus acrogeneius, 276 Oxynotus, 147, 392 Notomuraenobathys microcephalus, 212 Opah, 203–4, 396 Oxynotus bruniensis (prickly dogfish), Notomyxine, 139 Ophichthus, 162 145, Fig. 4.4a Notophycis, 225 Ophidiidae, cusk eels, 72, 229–35 Notoraja, 155 OPHIDIIFORMES, 44, 83, 228–38 Pachycara, 88, 279 Notoscopelus, 41, 100, 199 Ophidiinae, 134, 229 Pachycara caribbaeum, 279, 360, Notosudidae, waryfishes, 42, 190 OPHIDIOIDEI, 228 Table 5.9 Notothenia, 281 Ophthalmolycus, 279 Pachycara gymninium, 88, 279, 360, Nototheniidae, cod icefishes, 84, 281 Opisthoproctidae, Barrel eyes or Table 5.9 NOTOTHENIOIDEI, 84, 265, 280–3, 344 spookfishes, 172 Pachycara rimae, 279, 360, Table 5.9 Nototheniops, 281 Opisthoproctus, 173 Pachycara saldanhai, 265, 279, 360, numbfish, 152 Opisthoproctus grimaldii (mirrorbelly), Table 5.9, Fig. 4.32d Nybelinella, 237 173, Fig. 4.14b Pachycara sulaki, 360, Table 5.9 Opisthoproctus soleatus (barreleye), 173, Pachycara thermophilum, 279, 360, OAE, 68, 75 Fig. 4.14b Table 5.9 Oceanic Anoxic Event, 75 Opistognathus leprocarus, 268 Pachystomias, 132, 185 oarfish, 70, 135 Opostomias, 185 Pacific Ocean, 20 OBIS Optic tectum, 119 mesopelagic fishes, 319 Ocean Biogeographic Information Orange roughy, 40, 83, 93, 101, 111, 241, Pacific ocean perch, 84, 251, Fig. 4.31a System, 49 244, 270, 343–4, 364–5, 388, 393, Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Obliquogobius turkayi, 287 396, 401, Fig. 4.28b Pacific Ocean Ocean Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 bathyal fish fauna, 344 Basin Formation, 6 oranges, 401 mesopelagic fishes, 319 ocean acidification, 405 oreo, 208 Paedophryne amanuensis, 313 ocean margin, 335 Oreosoma atlanticum, 208 Pagellus bogaraveo, 273 Map of Active and Passive, 9, Fig. 1.7 Oreosomatidae, oreos, 208 Pagothenia, 281 passive, active, fore arc and back arc organic matter, 31 Palaeozoic fishes, 74 basins, 8, Fig. 1.6 OSMERIFORMES, 395 Palmoliparis beckeri, 260 Ocean perch, 251, 384, 398 Osteodiscus, 263 Pangaea, 16–17, 20, 68 Ocean sunfish, 301 Ostichthys kaianus, 245 Panthallasa, 17 Oceanic Crust Ostracoberycidae, Shellskin alfonsinos, Parabembras, 255 Formation and sea floor spreading, 6, 268 Parabembridae, deep-water flatheads, 255 Fig. 1.5 Ostracoberyx, 268 Parabothus, 296 Odontaspididae, 149, 362 Ostracoberyx dorygenys, 268, Fig. 4.32b Parabrotula, 238 Odontaspis, 149 Ostracoderms, 72 Parabrotula plagiophthalma (false cusk), Odontoliparis, 260 Otocephala, Subdivision, 166 238, Fig. 4.26c Odontomacrurus murrayi, 219 otolith, 134 Parabrotulidae, false brotulas, 235, 238 Odontostomias, 185 Otter trawl, 56 Paracallionymus costatus, 287 Odontostomops normalops, 194 ovoviviparity, 145 Paracaristiinae, 271 Ogcocephalidae, batfishes, 85, 303 Owstonia, 275 Paracaristius, 271 Ogcocephalus, 304 Oxygen Paracetonurus flagellicauda, 219 Oidophorus, 279 concentration in seawater, 25, 26, Paradiplospinus, 289 Oilfish, Ruvettus, 290, 316, 366, 390, 398 Fig. 1.20, Fig. 1.21 Paraheminodus murrayi, 253 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 saturation of haemoglobin, 94, Parahollardia, 301 Okamejei, 154 Fig. 3.6 Paralepididae, barracudinas, 82, 113, 194, olfactory and gustatory systems, 133 secretion in swim bladder, 95, 362 Olfactory bulb, 119 Fig. 3.7 Paralepis, 195

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486 Index

Paralichthyidae, sand flounders, 84, 294 Pentaceros richardsoni (pelagic Piedrabuenia, 280 Paraliparis, 102, 112, 260, 262–3, 340, armourhead), 275, Fig. 4.32c piezolytes, 91 356 Pentaceros wheeleri, 275 Pink cusk-eel, 230, 366, 389, 397 Paraliparis bathybius (black seasnail), Pentacerotidae, armorheads, 274 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 264, Fig. 4.31e Pentacerotinae, 274 pipefishes, 248 Paramyxine, 139 Pentanchus, 151 piscivores, 108, 111, 320 Paranotothenia, 281 Pentherichthys, 307 Plagiogeneion, 273, 399 Parasciadonus, 237 Percichthyidae, 265 Plagiopsetta, 297 Parascolopsis, 273 PERCIFORMES, 264–94 planktivor, 150 parasites Percis, 257 Platyberyx, 271 in deep-sea fishes, 136 PERCOIDEI, 265 Platycephalidae, flatheads, 255 parasitic males of Ceratioid anglerfish, Percophidae, duckbills, 286 Platycephaloidei, 249, 253 304 Peristediidae, armoured searobins, Platytroctidae, 81 Parasudis, 188 armoured gurnards, 253 Platytroctes, 168 Parataeniophorus, 247 Peristedion, 253 Platytroctidae, tubeshoulders (Searsiidae), Parateleopus, 187 Peristedion truncatum (black armoured 81, 113, 127, 132, 166, 168, 318, Paratrachichthys trailli, 244 searobin), 253, Fig. 4.31b 362 Paratriacanthodes, 301 Persparsia, 168 Plectrogeniidae, stinger flatheads, 253 Paraulopidae, 188 Peru–Chile Trench, 358 Plectrogenium, 253 Paraulopus, 188 Peruvian hake, 225 Plectrogenium nanum, 253, Fig. 4.31b Parazen pacificus, 208 Petromyzon, 36, 69, 141, 348 Plesienchelys, 280 Parazenidae, smooth dories, 208 Petromyzontidae, 141 Plesiobatidae, 152 parental care, 116, 118, 358 PETROMYZONTIFORMES, 141 Plesiobatis, 152 Paristiopterus, 275 Phenacoscorpius, 252 Plesiobatis daviesi (Deepwater stingray), Parmaturus, 151 pheromone, 133, 165 152, Fig. 4.8 Parmops echinatus, 131, 242 Pholidichthyoidei, 265, 286 Pleuragramma, 281 particulate organic matter, 30–1, 34, 73, Phosichthyidae, lightfishes, 130, 176, 317, Pleuronectidae, righteye flounders, 84, 296 108, 198, 353, 358 320, 362 PLEURONECTIFORMES (flatfishes), 83, Parvilux, 200 Phosichthys, 180 294 Patagolycus, 280 Photocorynus spiniceps, 313 Pliotrema, 144 Patagonian grenadier, 220, 379, 389 Photonectes, 185 poacher, 257 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 photophore, (also see light organs), 132, Poecilopsetta, 296 Patagonian toothfish, 84, 199, 281, 366, 145, 149, 168, 175, 177–8, 180, Poecilopsetta beanii (deepwater dab), 297, 390, 398, 400 186, 198, 284 Fig. 4.33b Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 red-light emitting in Malacosteus, 186 Poecilopsettinae, bigeye flounders, 296 Patagonotothen, 281 red-light emitting in Pachystomias, 185 Pogonolycus, 280 Pavoraja, 155 of Scopelarchids, modified muscle, 193 Pogonophryne, 119, 283 pearl organ, 193 Photostomias, 89, 131, 186 Pogonophryne permitini (finespotted pearleye, 193, Fig. 4.17b Photostylus, 121, 168 plunderfish), 282, Fig. 4.32e pearlfishes, 83, 228 Photostylus pycnopterus Polar Abyssal fish fauna, 356 Pearlsides, 177 (starry smooth-head), 168, Pollichthys, 180 Pectinantus, 168 Fig. 4.13 Polyacanthonotus, 156, 348, 401 Pelagic Armorheads, 275 photosynthesis, 1, 6, 10, 21, 30 Polyipnus, 178 pelagic basslet, 265 Phucocoetes, 280 Polyipnus polli (round hatchetfish), 179, Pelagic deep sea fishes, 317–35 Phycinae, Phycid hakes, 227 Fig. 4.15b pelagic trawl, 60 Phycis blennoides,Fishery,383, Polymetme, 180 pelagic trawlers, 251, 387, 391 Table 6.2 Polymixia, 83, 207, 316, 396 pelican eel, 163, Fig. 4.12b Phyllorhinichthys, 309 Polymixia nobilis (Stout beardfish), 207, penis, 235, 238 Physiculus, 225 Fig. 4.20 Penopus, 234 physoclist, 93 Polymixiidae, beardfishes, 207 Penopus microphthalmus, 234, physostome, 93 POLYMIXIIFORMES, 83, 207 Fig. 4.26b phytodetritus, 30 fisheries, 396 Pentaceros, 274, 365, 399–400, 404 Piccard, Jacques, 47 Polyprion, 37, 267, 291, 399

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Index 487

Polyprion americanus (wreckfish), 267, protrusible jaws, 82, 149, 205, 207, 282–3 ragfish 285–6, Fig. 4.32f Fig. 4.32a Psammobatis, 155 Raja, 36, 154, 340, 394 Polyprionidae, Wreckfishes, 267 Psednos, 260, 264 Rajella, 69, 79, 154–5 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 359 Psednos griseus, 264, Fig. 4.31e Rajella bigelowi (Bigelow’s ray), 154, Pontinus, 252, 398 Psenopsis, 291 Fig. 4.9 pop-up. See Lander Pseudanthias, 268 Rajidae, 79, 153, 348, 359 Porcupine Abyssal Plain, 353 Pseudobathylagus, 175 Antarctica, 344 Porcupine Seabight Pseudocetonurus septifer, 219 RAJIFORMES, 153 demersal fish assemblage, 335 Pseudochaenichthys, 283 fisheries, 394 Porichthys, 131 Pseudocyttus maculatus, 208, 393, 396 Rajinae (Hardnose skates), 153 Porichthys bathoiketes, 238 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Rastrinus scutiger, 257 Porogadus, 234 Pseudohowella intermedia, 265 rate of population increase, 114, 244 Poromitra, 117, 135, 240, 320 Pseudoliparis, 43, 263, 358 ration, 114 Poromitra atlantica, 240, Fig. 4.27 Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis, 43, 263 rattails, 212 Poromitra capito Pseudonezumia, 219 rays, skates, 152–5, Fig. 4.9 heart size and water content 105, Pseudonotoliparis rassi, 263 recreational fishing. See gamefish Fig. 3.14 Pseudonus, 235 Red cusk-eel, 231 Portugal, 148 Pseudopentaceros, 275, 344 red flashlight fish, 183, Fig. 4.15d Portugal, fishery, 35, 248, 363, 396, 398 Pseudophichthys, 161 Red Sea, 14 Portuguese dogfish 149, Fig. 4.4b Pseudoscopelus, 83, 131, 284 Red Sea Bream, 273 Praya reticulata, 272 Pseudoscopelus altipinnis, 284, Fig. 4.32f Red Snapper, 397 predators, 108 Pseudotriakidae, 152, 393 redfish, 66, 84, 244, 251, 390, 395, 398 pressure, 90–1 Pseudotriakis, 152, 393 Regalecus, 36, 70, 82, 135, 203, 205 adiabatic heating of seawater, 23 Pseudotriakis microdon (false catshark), Regalecus glesne (king of herrings), 207, and depth limits, 138 152, Fig. 4.7 Fig. 4.19b effects on cell membranes, 90 Psychrolutes, 259 Regalicidae, oarfishes, 205 effects on enzyme reactions, 90 Psychrolutes phrictus (blob sculpin), 259, Regan, Charles Tate, 42, 45, Table 1.3 effects on fishes, 87 Fig. 4.31d Reinhardtius, 296 effects on metabolism, 91 Psychrolutidae, fathead sculpins and Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Greenland effects on muscle contraction, 103 blobfish, 257, 259 halibut), 214, 218, 295–6, 340, lethal effects, 87 Pterothrissus, 155, 395 363, 379, 384, Fig. 4.33a sensing, 134 Pterothrissus gissu (Japanese gissu), 155, Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 pricklefishes, 239, 241 Fig. 4.10 reproductive adaptations, 118 prickly shark, 145, Fig. 4.4a Pterygotrigla, 253, 398 research vessels and expeditions, 50 primary production, 28, 31, 34, 73, 108 Pterygotrigla picta (Spotted gurnard), 253, Albatross Sweden, 43 Priolepis goldshmidtae, 287 Fig. 4.31b Albatross USFCS, 39 PRISTIFORMES, 152 Puck pinnata, 309 Alpha Helix,44 Pristiophoridae, 144 Puerto Rico Trench, 231 Atlantis II, 44 PRISTIOPHORIFORMES, 78, 144 Pycnocraspedum, 234 Atlantis, 234 Pristiophorus, 145 pygmy ribbontail catshark, 151, Fig. 4.7 Challenger HMS, 38–9, 56, 212 Procetichthys kreffti 246, 248, Fig. 4.29b Pyramodon, 229 Dana,42 Prognathodes guyotensis, 274 Pyramodontinae, 229 Discovery,44 Prognatholiparis ptychomandibularis, Pyrolycus manusanus, 279, 361, G. O. Sars,61 263 Table 5.9 Galathea,43 Promethichthys prometheus, 289 Pyrolycus moelleri, 361, Table 5.9 Haku Maru,44 Promyllantor, 161 Pyrosoma, 169, 275 Hirondelle,40 Promyllantor purpureus, 162, Fig. 4.12a James Cook,50 Pronotogrammus, 268 r and K selection, 114 Jean Charcot,44 Proscylliidae, 152 Rabbitfish 143, Fig. 4.2 John Elliot Pillsbury RV, 43 proteins, muscle, 90 Racovitzia, 283 Kaharoa,50 Protogrammus sousai, 287 Radiicephalidae, tapertails, 205 Lighting HMS, 38 Protomyctophum, 99, 200, 320 Radiicephalus elongatus (tapertail), Mabahiss,42 Protosciaena, 273 205–6, Fig. 4.19b Melville,44

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488 Index

research vessels and expeditions (cont.) rockfish, 251–2, 398 sawsharks, 144 Meteor, 42, 44 rockling, 226 scabbardfish, 287, Fig. 4.32g Michael Sars,41 Rondeletia, 245 Scalicus orientalis, 255 Point Lobus,50 Rondeletia loricata (Redmouth whalefish), Scavenging and non-scavenging fishes, Porcupine HMS, 38 245, Fig. 4.29a 92, Fig. 3.3b Princess Alice,40 Rondeletiidae, redmouth whalefishes, 83, scavenging fishes (necrophages), 30–1, Talisman,39 245 48, 73, 112–13, 159, 356 Travailleur,39 Root effect 95, 362, Fig. 3.6 arrival time at bait, 112, Fig. 3.17 Valdivia, 39, 58 Rosenblattia, 270 size in relation to depth, 92 respiration, 362 Rosenblattichthys, 193 Schedophilus, 291 rete mirabile, 93–6, Fig. 3.4, Fig. 3.5 Rosy seabass, 267 Schroederichthys, 151 gas secretion, 97, Fig. 3.7 rough sharks, 147 Sciadonus, 125, 237 length with depth, 98, Fig. 3.8a roughy, 242 Sciaenidae, drums, croakers, 273 retina, 123, 190 Rouleina, 168 Scomber, 104–5, 141, 388, 391 ganglion cell densities, 125 Roundnose grenadier, 387 Scombridae, 289 Rexea, 289 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 SCOMBROIDEI, 265, 289 Rexea solandri, 289 ROV remotely operated vehicle, 64–5, Scombrolabracidae, longfin escolars, 287 Rexichthys johnpaxtoni, 289 156–7, 236, 260, 302 Scombrolabracoidei, 265 Rhadinesthes, 182 Isis, 64, Fig. 1.49 Scombrolabrax heterolepis (longfin Rhamphocetichthys savagei (Savage’s Jason, 311 escolar), 287–8, Fig. 4.32g birdsnouted whalefish), 247–8, Kaiko,48 Scombropidae, gnomefishes, 270 Fig. 4.29b Nereus,48 Scombrops, 270, 301 Rhincodon, 149 Ventana,50 Scopelarchidae, pearleyes, 193, 362 Rhinobatos, 152 Rubicundus, 139 Scopelarchoides, 193 Rhinochimaera, 142–3 rubyfish, 273 Scopelengys, 196 Rhinochimaera atlantica (Straightnose Rudderfish, 291 Scopelengys tristis (Pacific blackchin), rabbitfish), 143, Fig. 4.2 Ruvettus pretiosus, 63, 100, 290, 316, 363, 196, Fig. 4.18a Rhinoliparis, 260, 263 390, 398 Scopeloberyx, 240, 318–19 Rhinoraja, 155 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Scopelogadus, 113, 121, 125, 240, 320 Rhinosolea microlepidota, 294 Scopelopsis multipunctatus, 200 Rhodichthys regina, 264 Sablefish 249, 255, 387, 398, 400, Fig. 4.31c Scopelosaurus, 123, 190 Rhodichthys, 260 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Scopelosaurus lepidus (blackfin waryfish), Rhynchactis, 311 sabretooth fish 192, 194, Fig. 4.17b 190, Fig. 4.17a Rhynchogadus hepaticus, 225 Saccogaster, 235 Scophthalmidae, turbots, 84, 294 Rhynchohyalus, 123, 173 Saccopharyngidae, swallowers, 80, 163, 318 Scorpaena, 252, 398 Rhynchohyalus natalensis (glasshead SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES, 163 Scorpaena scrofa (Red scorpionfish), 250, barreleye), 173, Fig. 4.14b Saccopharynx, 127, 163 252, Fig. 4.31a Ribaldo, 397 Saccopharynx ampullaceus (gulper eel), Scorpaenidae, Scorpionfishes, 84, 252 ribbonfish, 205, 246 163, Fig. 4.12b Scorpaenodes, 252 Ridge scaled rattail, Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Sagamichthys, 168 SCORPAENOIDEI, 84, 249 Ring net, 58 salps, 30, 170, 175, 196, 199, 203, 273, scorpionfish, 249, 252, Fig. 4.31a Ring of Fire 275, 281, 291–3 sculpin, 257, 259 Pacific Ocean active margin, 9, Fig. 1.7 Samaridae, crested flounders, 297 Scyliorhinidae, 78, 151, 342, 393 Rinoctes, 169 Samariscus, 297 Scyliorhinus, 135, 151 Rinoctes nasutus (abyssal smooth-head), Samariscus longimanus (longfinned Scymnodalatias, 149 167, 170, Fig. 4.13 flounder), 297, Fig. 4.33b Scymnodon, 149, 392–3 Risso, Antoine, 2, 37, 49, 293, 404–5 San Diego Trough, 47 sea lamprey, 69, 141, 348 Portrait 37, 45, Fig. 1.28, Table 1.3 sand tiger shark, 149 Sea of Japan RMT Santelmoa, 280 mesopelagic fishes, 333 Rectangular mid-water trawl, 59 SARCOPTERYGII, 85, 314–16 seamount, 6, 10, 46, 210, 257, 267, 275, Robia legula, 305 Sarritor, 257 287, 302, 340, 344, 349, 402 Robinsichthys arrowsmithensis, 287 Satyrichthys, 254 Adelosebastes, 251 rockcod, 281 sawbelly, 242 Bathysauridae, 191

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Index 489

breeding grounds, 118 Setarches longimanus, 252 Smalleye catshark, 151, Fig. 4.7 classification, knolls, oceanic islands, Setarchidae, deep-sea bristly smelts, marine, 171–5, Fig. 4.14c 10 scorpionfishes, 252 smooth-heads, 168–71, Fig. 4.13 Congrid eels, 161 Setubal artisanal shark fishery, 38 Smooth oreo dory, Fishery, 382, fishery, 275, 279, 289, 293, 396, Sexual dimorphism, 85, 118, 131, 133, Table 6.2 399–400, 404 149, 165, 184–5, 231, 234, 238, snailfish, 249, 260–4, Fig. 4.31e fishes, 103, 319, 349, Fig. 5.6 246, 283, 287, 304, 313 Careproctus, Plate 7b geological origin, 6 Shallow-water Cape hake, Fishery, 383, snipe eel, 163, Fig. 4.12b Halosaurs, 156 Table 6.2 snipefish, 248, Fig. 4.30 hatchet fish, 178 Sharks, 143–52 Snyderidia, 229 hydrothermal vent, 359 fisheries, 145 Snyderidia canina, 229, Fig. 4.26a lightfish, 180, 320 oil, 393 sodium pump, 90 Macrouridae, 218 origins, 77 Soleidae, soles, 297 Myctophidae, 199 Shinkai See HOV Solivomer, 196, 333 sharks, 147 ship. Exploration voyages, research Solocisquama, 304 Searsia, 168 vessel, See research vessel Somali Current Searsia koefoedi (Koefoed’s searsid), 167, shoulder organs mesopelagic fishes, 333 Fig. 4.13 of Platytroctidae luminescence, 127, Somniosidae, 148 searsid, 168, Fig. 4.13 132, 168 Somniosus, 116, 145, 148, 366 Searsiidae, 168 Sigmops, 105, 177, 319 sound, 133 Searsioides, 168 Sigmops bathyphilus produced by deep-sea fish, 134 Sebastes, 66, 84, 171, 251, 340, 344, 384, eye 124, Fig. 3.24c South Africa, fisheries, 42, 143, 199, 220, 390, 395, 398 Sigmops elongatum 225, 231, 244, 249, 272, 275, 291, Sebastes aleutianus, 251 heart size and water content, 105, 384, 388, 391, 395–400 Sebastes alutus (Pacific ocean perch), 84, Fig. 3.14 South China Sea, 333 250–1, Fig. 4.31a eye, 123, Fig. 3.24c South Fiji Basin, 353 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Silver gemfish, 289 South Pacific hake, Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Sebastes marinus, 340, 390 Silver roughy, 244 Southern blue whiting, 226 Sebastes mentella, 251, 390, 398 Silver scabbardfish, 290 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Southern Ocean, 42, 84–5, 139, 143, 155, Sebastes norvegicus, 84, 251 silver smelts, Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 175–6, 181, 194, 199, 212, 216–18, Sebastidae, rockfishes, 84, 249 Silvery lightfish, Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 224–5, 233, 259–60, 262–4, 277, Sebastolobus, 47, 251 silvery reflective skin, 127, 205 279–84, 289, 319, 335, 344, 362, secondary circulatory system, 105 Simenchelys, 158 387, 397 secondary deep-water fish fauna, 85 Sio nordenskjoldii, 240, 397 Soviet Union, 384, 387, 390, 396, 399 sediment trap, 31, 34 Siphonophorae, 271 deep-sea fishing fleet, 363 Seine Abyssal Plain, 353 sixgill shark, 144, Fig. 4.3 Spain, fishery, 148, 384, 387, 396–8 Selachii (Sharks), 71, 75, 77, 79, 143–52 Sixgill stingray, 152, Fig. 4.8 Sparidae, sea breams, porgies, 273 Selachophidium, 234 size in relation to depth, 91 species complexes, 362 Seleniolycus, 277 size and shape variation with depth, 92, species richness, 132, 335, 339, 344, 349, Semelparity, 117 Fig. 3.3. 402 sensory perception, 119 skates and rays, 152–5 Spectrunculus, 108, 112, 234, 349, 353, Seriola lalandi, 271 Skilfish, 255 359, 366, 397 Seriolella, 291, 391, 399 skin taste buds, 121 Spectrunculus grandis (Pudgy cuskeel), Seriolella caerulea, Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Skinnycheek lanternfish, Fishery, 382, 234, Fig. 4.26b Serranidae, sea basses and groupers, 267 Table 6.2 Sphagemacrurus, 220 Serrivomer, 125, 165–6, 317, 319 Sladenia, 302 Sphenanthias, 276 Serrivomer beanii (Stout sawpalate), 165, Sladenia remiger (Celebes monkfish), 302, Sphyraenops, 270 Fig. 4.12b Fig. 4.35a Spicomacrurus, 220 Serrivomer sector sleeper shark, 148 Spicomacrurus kuronumai Gill size 104, Fig. 3.13 slickheads, 167, 168–71, Fig. 4.13 jaw protrusion index, 214, Fig. 4.24 Serrivomeridae, sawtooth eels, 165 slimeheads, 242–4, Fig. 4.28b spiderfish, 191, Fig. 4.17a Setarches guentheri, 252 smallest mature vertebrate, 313 Spiniphryne, 307

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490 Index

spiny eel, 156, Fig. 4.11 Stygiomedusa, Synaphobranchus affinis spookfishes, 82, 171–3 fish-jellyfish association, 236 Gill size, 104, Fig. 3.13 squalene, 96–7, 100, 392–3 Stylephoridae, tube eye, thread tail, 210 Syngnathidae, pipefishes and seahorses, Squalidae, 148, 342, 359, 362 STYLEPHORIFORMES, 210 249 SQUALIFORMES, 145–9 Stylephorus,83 SYNGNATHIFORMES, 248, 398 Squaliolus, 145 Stylephorus chordatus (tube-eye), 82, 122, SYNODONTOIDEI, 188 Squalogadus modificatus, 222 125, 210, Fig. 4.22 Squaloliparis flerxi, 263 stylophthalmine larvae Taaningichthys, 198, 200, 335 Squalomorphii, Superorder, 78, 144–9 eyes on stalks, 175 Taaningichthys paurolychnus, 200, Squalus, 36, 75, 78, 148, 393 subduction, 7, 12, 15, 17, 20–1 Fig. 4.18b Squalus montalbani (Indonesian greeneye Subsistence fishermen, 367 Tactostoma, 101, 185 spurdog), 148, Fig. 4.4b sucking disc, 238, 260 TAENOSOMI, 204 squaretail, 293 suction feeding, 207, 212, 358 tag Squatina, 145, 391 Sudis, 195 data logger, 67 Squatinidae, 145 Sudis hyalina, 195, Fig. 4.17c pop-up, 67, 108 SQUATINIFORMES, 145, 391 Sulu Sea, 13, 196, 333 satellite, 108 stalked eyes, 175 sustainable fishery, 244, 384, 387–92, tracking of eels, 67, 166 Stein, David, 46, Table 1.3 400–1, 403, 405 tagging of fishes, 65 Steindachneria argentea (Luminous hake), swallower, 284 Talismania, 169–70 221–2, 228, 341, Fig. 4.25b swim bladder, 87, 93, 138, Fig. 3.4, Fig. 3.5 Talismania bifurcata (threadfin Steindachneriidae, Luminous Hakes, 222 gas secretion, 97, Fig. 3.7 slickhead), 170, Fig. 4.13 Stemonidium, 165 gaunine content and depth, 96, Fig. 3.8b Tanaka, Shigeho, 41 Stemonosudis, 195 oxygen storage, 228 tapertail, 205 Stenobrachius,99–100, 117, 200, 319 pneumatic duct, 93 tapetum, 124–5, 190 Stephanoberycidae, pricklefishes, 239 sound detection, 134 Taranetzella, 279 STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES, 83, 239–41 sound production, 133 Tarletonbeania, 100, 203 fishery, 397 swimming speed Tarletonbeania crenularis (Blue Stephanoberyx monae, 239–40, Fig. 4.27 maximum, 102 lanternfish), 203, Fig. 4.18b Stereolepis, 267 optimum, 106 larva, 202, Fig. 4.18c Sternoptychinae, Hatchetfishes, 128, 133, tracked deep sea fish, 108, Fig. 3.16 Tasman Sea 177, 178 Swordfish, 289 mesopelagic fishes, 333 Sternoptychidae, hatchetfishes, 82, 99, symbiosis Tasmania, 342 125, 127, 130, 176, 317, 320, 333, Caristiidae – siphonophore, 271 taste buds, 133 335, 362 Liparids and crabs, 262 Tauredophidium hextii, 234 Sternoptyx, 36, 125, 127, 133, 178, 320 Thalasobathia – jellyfish, 235–6 Teleostei, origins, 73 Sternoptyx diaphana (Diaphanous hatchet Symbolophorus, 99, 203 telescope fish, 192 fish), 178, Fig. 4.15b Symphurus, 297, 299, 359 Telescopefish, 192, Fig. 4.17b Stichaeidae, pricklebacks, 280 Symphurus maculopinnis, 299, 361, Table Temnocora candida, 263 sting ray, deepwater, 152 5.9 temperate ocean basses, 265 stingaree, 152, 394 Symphurus thermophilus (Western Pacific Temperature-depth profiles stingrays, 152, Fig. 4.8 tonguefish), 299, 361, Table 5.9, Arctic, Atlantic, Mediterranean, 25, Stlengis, 257 Fig. 4.33b Fig. 1.20 Stomias, 37, 99, 180, 182, 320 Symphysanodon, 267 tenaculae Stomias boa boa (Boa dragonfish), 182, Symphysanodon berryi (slope bass), 267, in male chimaeras, 142 Fig. 4.15d, Plate 5b Fig. 4.32a Tethys Ocean, 17, 20, 79 Stomiidae, barbeled dragonfishes, 82, 113, Symphysanodontidae, slope fishes, 267 Tethys Seaway, 20 130, 132, 176, 180, 182, 317–18 Synagrops, 267, 334 Tetragonuridae, squaretails, 293 STOMIIFORMES, 130, 132, 175–86 Synaphobranchidae, cutthroat eels, 80, Tetragonurus, 293 fishery trials, 395 120, 125, 158, 316, 342, 353, 356, Tetragonurus cuvieri (smalleye squaretail), Stomiinae, dragonfishes & viperfishes, 359, 362 292, Fig. 4.32h 182 Synaphobranchinae, subfamily, 159 Tetraodontidae, puffers, 301 stoplight fish, 186 Synaphobranchus, 37, 63, 91, 104, 125, TETRAODONTIFORMES, 299, 300, 301, STROMATEOIDEI, 265, 291, 293 136, 159, 401 313

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Index 491

Tetrapturus angustirostris, 289 Trachonurus, 220 Tylerius spinosissimus, 301 Tetrarogidae, waspfishes, 253 Trachurus, 271 Typhlonus nasus, 234 Thalassenchelys, 161 Trachyrinchidae, roughnose grenadiers, 222 Tyrannophryne pugnax, 309, 312, Fig. 4.35e Thalassobathia pelagica, 235, Trachyrincinae, 222 Fig. 4.26c Trachyrincus, 222, 337, 341, 343, Uncisudis, 196 Thaumatichthyidae, wolftrap anglers, Table 5.2, Table 6.1, Fig. 4.25b United Kingdom, 41, 398 309 Trachyrincus murrayi (roughnose Upeneus davidaromi, 274 Thaumatichthys, 108, 309, 311 grenadier), 222, Fig. 4.25b upwelling, 25, 28, 34–5, 122–3, 127, 171, Thaumatichthys axeli, 312, Fig. 4.35e Trachyscorpia, 251, 398 199–200, 225, 319–20, 334, 342 Theragra chalcogramma, 226 tracking of fishes, 65, 316 Uranoscopidae, stargazers, 286 Thermarces andersoni, 279, 361, Table 5.9 sharks, 149–50 urea, 91, 138 Thermarces cerberus, 279, 361, Code activated transponder system, 66, Urolophidae, 152 Table 5.9 Fig. 1.53 Urolophus, 152, 394 Thermarces pelophilum, 279, 361, Table 5.9 grenadier ingesting transmitter, 66, Urophycis cirrata (Gulf hake), 210, 227, Thermichthys hollisi, 235, 237, 359–60, Fig. 1.52 Fig. 4.25d Table 5.9, Fig. 4.26c transparency Thermobiotes, 158 means of camouflage, 125 Valenciennellus, 133, 178 Thermobiotes mytilogeiton, 360, Table 5.9 trap. See Capture methods Valenciennellus tripunctulatus thermohaline circulation, 22, 75, 405 trawl. See Capture methods (Constellationfish), 175, Fig. 4.15a Thomson, Charles Wyville, 38 trawling enviromental impact, 403 Vargula, 132, 159 Thorogobius rofeni, 287 Trematomus, 281 Veliferidae, velifers, 204 Thorophos, 178 Triacanthidae, 299 Venefica, 162 Threadfin rockling, 226 Triacanthodes, 301 Ventichthys biospeedoi (East-Pacific vent thresher shark, 150 Triacanthodidae, spike fishes, 299 brotula), 231, 234, 359, 360, Table Thunnus maccoyii, 289 Triakidae, 152 5.9, Fig. 4.26b Thyrsites, 290 Triassic-Jurassic extinction, 74 Ventrifossa, 220, 301 Thyrsitoides marleyi, 290 Trichiuridae, cutlassfishes, hairtails, Verasper, 296 Thyrsitops lepidopoides, 290 290–1 vertical migration, 30, 150, 165, 176, 198, Thysanactis, 185 Trichiurus, 291 238, 317, Fig. 5.1 Time sense in the deep sea, 135 Trieste, see HOV vestimentiferan tube worms, 359 Timorichthys disjunctus, 237 Trigla, 253 vexillifer larva of Carapidae, 228 tinselfish, 210 Triglidae, searobins, gurnards, 253 Vinciguerria, 82, 180, 320, 335 tinselfish, 210–11 Fig. 4.21b Triglops scepticus, 257 Vinciguerria attenuata (Slender lightfish), TMAO, 91, 137–8 Trigonolampa, 185 180, Fig. 4.15c Tongaichthys robustus, 290 Tri-methyl amine oxide, see TMAO viperfish, 182, Fig. 4.15d tooth plates, 142 Triphoturus, 100, 117, 200, 320 Vision, 121–5 toothed whales, 166 Triplophos, 177 Vitiaziella cubiceps, 248 TORPEDIFORMES, 152 tripod fishes, 89, 93, 125, 187, 190, Viviparity, 83, 152, 228, 235, 237–8, 251, Torpedinidae, 152 Fig. 4.17a 349, 359 Torpedo, electric ray, 152 Tripterophycis, 225 VME, vulnerable marine ecosystem, 402 Tosarhombus, 296 Trophic guilds of deep-sea fishes. 108, volcanoes, underwater total world marine fish catch, 365 Table 3.2 endemic fishes, 359 toxicity Tuamotuichthys, 237 Volodichthys, 262 of Tetragonus, 293 Tubbia tasmanica, 291 Vomeridens infuscipinnis, 283 Trachichthyidae, roughies, 83, tube-eye, 210, Fig. 4.22 242–4 tubular eye, 122–3, 125, 173, 193 Walsh, Don, 47 TRACHICHTHYOIDEI, 241 Tucker trawl, 59 warm-blooded fish, 204 Trachichthys australis, 244 tuna, 2, 104, 150, 178, 194, 204, 242, 273, waryfish 187, 190, Fig. 4.17a TRACHINOIDEI, 265, 283 289, 390 watery flesh, 166 Trachipteridae, ribbon fishes, 205 turbidite flow, 9 West coast sole, Fishery, 382, Table 6.2 Trachipterus, 205, 396 Tusk, 226, 384 Whale carcass Trachipterus arcticus (dealfish), 205, Fishery, 381, Table 6.2 hagfish, 141, Plate 2a Fig. 4.19b Tydemania navigatoris, 301 whalefish, 245, 318, 398

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492 Index

whiptail, 216, Fig. 4.25a heart size and water content, 105, Zenionidae, armoreye dories, 208 White warehou, 291, 399 Fig. 3.14 Zenopis, 210 Fishery, 383, Table 6.2 Xenolepidichthys, 210 Zenopsis conchifer (silvery john dory), Willughby, Francis, 35 Xenomystax, 161 210, Fig. 4.21b winch for deep- sea cables, 50 Xenophthalmichthys, 171 Zesiticulus, 257 Winds Xenophthalmichthys danae, 172, Fig. 4.14a Zesticelus profundorum (flabby sculpin), Global atmospheric circulation, 27, Xiphias gladius, 289 257, Fig. 4.31c Fig. 1.23 Xyelacyba myersi, 104, 234 Zeus, 210 Winteria, 123 Gill size, 104, Fig. 3.13 Zoarces, 276 Winteria telescopa (binocular fish), 124, Zoarcidae, eelpouts, 72, 84, 111, 238, 173, Fig. 4.14b Yarrella, 180 276–80, 339, 344, 348, 356, wolffish, 280, Fig. 4.32d 359 Woodsia, 180 Zalieutes, 304 Zoarcinae, 276 Woodward, Arthur Smith, 41 Zameus, 149 ZOARCOIDEI, 265, 276 WoRMS Zanclistius elevatus, 275 Zoological nomenclature, International World Register of Marine Species, 49 Zearaja, 154 code, 36 Wreckfish, 267, 399, Fig. 4.32a Zeidae, dories, 210 zooplankton, 30–1, 33, 108, 113, ZEIFORMES, 82, 208–10 171, 180–1, 195, 198, 210, Xeneretmus, 257 fishery, 396 212, 226, 240, 273, 281, Xenodermichthys, 85, 168–9 zeitgeber, 136 301, 364 Xenodermichthys copei (bluntsnout Zenion, 208 Zu, 205 smooth-head), 169, Fig. 4.13 Zenion hololepis, 208, Fig. 4.21b zygoparity, 251

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