PL9902403 ISSN 1425-3763 The Henryk Niewodniczahski Institute of Nuclear Physics Krakow, Poland
Address: Main site: ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krak6w tel.: (48 12)637-00-40 fax.: (48 12)637-54-41 e-mail: [email protected]
High Energy Departments: ul. Kawk>ry26A, 30-055 Krakow tel.: (48 12) 633-33-66 fax.: (48 12) 633-38-84 e-mail: [email protected]
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i 30 - 50 ISSN 1425-3763
Report No 1820
PRINTED BY THE HENRYK NIEWODNICZANSKI INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Editorial Board: B. Brzezicka, E. Dryzek, D. Erbel (Secretary), L. Freindl, M. Krygowska-Doniec, P. Stopa, J. Styczen, and H. Wojciechowski.
e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
The Editors assume limited responsibility for the contents of materials supplied by the IFJ departments and groups.
Front cover: Photograph of the nuclear microprobe at the 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator (see page 80).
Opracowanie i sklad komputerowy: SEKCJA WYDAWNICTW DZIALU INFORMACJI NAUKOWEJ IFJ
Druk: Drukarnia Skrypt s.c. tel. 6370222 w. 323 PL9902404
In 1998 great effort and hard work of our staff enabled us to publish over 600 papers, conference communications and reports, among them 206 papers in journals from the so-called Philadelphia List with authors' affiliation to our Institute. The last number in conjunction with the number of staff participating in research is one of the most important factors for the evaluation, ranking and consequently funding of research institutes. Experimental research in nuclear and elementary particle physics, however, requires large teams of scientists, engineers and technical staff involved in the construction of complicated detectors. Preparation of such experiments takes often many years before the results are published. This is particularly true for large international projects in which we are participating at present and future accelerators like those at BNL-Brookhaven, CERN-Geneva, DESY-Hamburg, KEK-Tsukuba, KFA-Jiilich, etc., but also for some projects realized at our Institute in Krakow. Some of the most interesting achievements obtained in 1998 are: A great success was the start of the proton microbeam channel at the 2.5 MeV pressurized Van de Graaff accelerator. 10/J.m resolution was achieved and there are serious hopes to improve it to 1 ^m within one year. Our "medical" cyclotron started operating with the proton beam. First amounts of short lived /?+ isotope nC were obtained. This opens promising perspectives for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with carbon compounds. The determination of the decay characteristics of the TJC (2980) meson and A{, baryon. Studies of the interactions in Pb-Pb collisions at 158 AGeV in lab system have shown a large contribution of electromagnetic dissociation in the projectile fragmentation. A new method of charge measurements of heavy fragments in nuclear emulsion with the help of a CCD camera was developed. Further progress in ATLAS, ALICE, PHOBOS and BELLE projects was achieved. In connection with new neutrino results from Super-Kamiokande the bi-maximal neutrino mixing was explained by the see-saw mechanism. The isoscalar dipole resonance in 208Pb has been explained by selection of 2p2h excitations which are most strongly coupled to the one particle one hole ground state configuration. Using the system GAREL together with the Recoil Filter Detector, a virgin level scheme of 199At was established. New yrast structures were found in hard-to-access neutron-rich nuclei above double- closed 68Ni and 132Sn. By means of the positron anihilation method new results on profiles of the point defects created at the early stage of the friction process on the surface of Cu samples were obtained. From the measurements of the temperature dependence of the imaginary part of the magnetic susceptibility of the (YPr)BCO and (Hg Pr)BCO superconductors inter-grain critical currents and primary energies were determined. It was found that in a narrow range of Pr concentration small increase of the critical current in grains occurs. The structure of synthetic catalyzers and glasses was studied by means of nuclear magnetic reso- nance with rotating sample. Computer modelling of phase transitions in KSCN crystals was studied. In close collaboration with the Cardiological Clinic of the Silesian Medical Academy the application of 32P in the intervenal brachytherapy was studied. The level of cytogenic damages in patients with skin cancer was determined. Studies of mag- netic signals from the human brain stimulated by acoustic signals led to the conclusion that the brain response has a power spectrum of the type characteristic for selforganizing processes in critical phenomena. Measurements of the radon contents with CR-39 tracers organized by the EU Commission have placed our team on the 9th position among 70 participants. A new technique of the determination of the properties of low friction surfaces for biomedical purposes using ion implantation IBAD and sputter deposition was elaborated. The Institute hosted nine international conferences. Among them we should mention the first NATO Research Workshop "The Structure of Baryons, Mesons and Nuclei" organised together with the Jagiellonian University and the Jiilich Research Center. Our Scientific Council has conferred the title of the Honorary Professor of the Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics on renown physicists Professor Josef Speth from the Julich Research Center and Professor Johann Bienlein from DESY. The Henryk Niewodniczanski Scientific Prize 1998 was awarded to our young theorist Miss Anna Stasto for her outstanding results on nucleon structure function. This brief review contains only selected examples from the broad spectrum of our research through 1998. It is my pleasure to thank all our researchers for their hard and fruitful work, which in more details is presented in the present issue of our Annual Report.
Professor Andrzej Budzanowski Director of The Institute DIRECTORATE: General Director: Professor Andrzej Budzanowski Deputy Directors: Professor Roman Holyriski, Dr Maria Pollak-Stachurowa, Professor Jan Styczeri HONORARY PROFESSORS: Josef Speth Johann Konrad Bienlein SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL: Chairman: Professor Andrzej Hrynkiewicz Secretaries: Teresa Mikuiowska, Halina Szymanska, M.A. tel.: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 301 fax: (48) (12) 637-54-41 e-mail: [email protected]
A. REPRESENTATIVES OF SCIENTIFIC STAFF: Jerzy Bartke, Prof. Jan Kwiecinski, Prof. Rafal Broda, Prof. Leonard Lesniak, Prof. Andrzej Budzanowski, Prof. Piotr Malecki, Assoc. Prof. Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska, Assoc. Prof. Maria Massalska-Arodz, Assoc. Prof. Tomir Coghen, Prof. Krzysztof Parliriski, Prof. Stanislaw Drozdz, Prof. Pawel Olko, Ph.D. Jacek Hennel, Prof. Krzysztof Rybicki, Prof. Roman Holynski, Prof. Jan Styczen, Prof. Jerzy Janik, Prof. Zdzislaw Szeglowski, Prof. Marek Jezabek, Prof. Tadeusz Wasiutyriski, Assoc. Prof. Marek Kutschera, Prof. Andrzej Zuber, Prof. B. REPRESENTATIVES OF TECHNICAL PERSONNEL: Barbara Brzezicka, M.Sc. Zbigniew Krol, M.E. Jacek Burda, Agr.E. Ewa Krynicka, Ph.D. Teresa Cywicka-Jakiel, Ph.D. Stanislaw Maranda Bronislaw Czech, E.E. Eugeniusz Mnich, M.Sc., E.E. Jerzy Halik, M.Sc., M.E. Elzbieta Ryba, E.E. Jacek Kiczek, E.E. Jozefa Turzanska C. REPRESENTATIVES FROM OTHER INSTITUTES: Wieslaw Czyz, Prof. - Jagiellonian University Edward Kapuscik, Prof. - Pedagogical University Jerzy Niewodniczanski, Prof. - University of Mining and Metallurgy, Head of The National Atomic Agency Kacper Zalewski, Prof. - Jagiellonian University CONTENTS:
Department of Nuclear Reactions 1 Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy 45 Department of Structural Research 101 Department of Theoretical Physics 117 High Energy Physics Departments and Labs 143 Department of Particle Theory 145 Department of Leptonic Interactions 159 Department of Hadron Structure 179 Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions 191 The ALICE Experiment Laboratory 209 The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory 219 High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group 231 Common Activities of the High Energy Physics Division 237 Department of Environmental and Radiation Transport Physics 241 Department of Radiation and Environmental Biology 253 Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy 271 Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry 289 Department of Materials Research by Computers 303 Health Physics Section 311 Cyclotron Section 325 Cyclic Accelerator R & D Section 329 Computing and Networks 335 Division of Mechanical Constructions 337 Magnetic Field Water Treatment Section 345 IFJ Author Index 349 PL9902405
DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Head of Department: Prof. Andrzej Budzanowski Deputy Head of Department: Prof. Stanislaw Drozdz Secretary: Jadwiga Gurbiel telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 210 e-mail: [email protected]
PERSONNEL:
Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction Mechanism Head: Professor Andrzej Budzanowski Research Staff: Andrzej Adamczak, Ph.D. Ewa Kozik, Ph.D. Andrzej Budzanowski, Prof. Jerzy Lukasik, Ph.D. Jan Balewski, Ph.D. Michal Palarczyk, Ph.D. Bronistaw Czech, E.E. Krzysztof Pysz, Ph.D. Ludwik Freindl, Ph.D. Regina Siudak, Ph.D. Kazimierz Grotowski, Prof. Artur Siwek, Ph.D. Elzbieta Guk, Ph.D. Irena Skwirczyriska, Ph.D. Jacek Jakiel, M.Sc. Pawel Staszel, Ph.D. Waldemar Karcz, Ph.D. Jaroslaw Szmider, Ph.D. Malgorzata Kistryn, Ph.D. Henryk Wojciechowski, Ph.D. Stanisiaw Kliczewski, Ph.D. Roman Wolski, Ph.D. Adam Kozela, Ph.D. Michai Ziolkowski, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Edward Bialkowski, Ch.E. Wieslaw Kantor, M.Sc., E.E. Janina Chachura Kazimiera Pogorzelska Marek Gruszecki, Ph.D., E.E.
Laboratory of Nonlinear Dynamics Head: Professor Stanislaw Drozdz Research Staff: Stanislaw Drozdz, Prof. Jacek Okolowicz, Ph.D. Andrzej Gorski, Ph.D. Tomasz Srokowski, Assoc. Prof. Beata Kulessa, Res. Student Antoni Szczurek, Assoc. Prof. Jaroslaw Kwapien, Res. Student Marek Wojcik, Res. Student
Visiting Scientist: V. Uleshchenko - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine Energy Efficiency Center Head: Assoc. Professor Edward Obryk Staff: Marek Cwikilewicz, M.Sc. Edward Obryk, Assoc. Prof. Barbara Obryk, M.Sc.
OVERVIEW: The year 1998 can be considered as very successful both in harvesting important results from the existing collaborations as well as establishing new ones. In the frame of the COSY-11 collaboration cross section for rj' production in p-p collision close to the threshold has been measured. In the region of excess energy between 1.5 and 4.1 MeV the rf cross sections are much lower than those of the x° and 77 production. There seems to be no indication that N* resonance doorway-like state governs the reaction mechanisms. The determined coupling constant gv> appears to be consistent with the prediction of the simple quark model. Results were published in Phys. Rev. Letters. Using the GEM detector, investigations of the isospin symmetry breaking were performed. Two reactions channels 3He7r° and 3H7r+ from the reaction at proton momenta 700, 767, and 825 MeV/c were measured. Data analysis is in progress. The model of the meson cloud in the nucleon which is a speciality of our department has been successfuly applied to explain the leading proton and neutron cross sections from the e+ or e~ - proton collisions at the HERA ring. General formulas to calculate polarization of the particles with spin transmitted through the barrier in the presence of strong magnetic fields were obtained. New collaboration between our laboratory and the Institute for Nuclear Research in Kiev has been established. One PhD thesis was completed in the frame of this collaboration. We joined the new collaboration with Lund University concerning studies of hot nuclear matter properties using heavy ions from CELSIUS ring. First test of the phoswich detector for the forward wall was performed in Uppsala. Isoscalar giant dipole resonance strength distribution 3 hu has been evaluated in 208Pb in the space of lplh and 2p2h excitation. The centroid energy of this state can directly be related to the nuclear incompressibility module. Our result indicates rather large values of this module. New method of determination the values of the optical model potential parameters for the 9Be - 12C interaction has been proposed. Due to several constraints, ambiguities in the parameter determination are removed. A quantitative mathematical analysis of the ECG data aimed to predict phenomenon of the sud- den cardiac death was performed. Properties of the Levy distribution in studying the dynamics of heartbeat were tested. Resonant dd/i molecule formation in 3K solid deuterium was studied. We also entered the Saphir collaboration at the ELSA synchrotron in Bonn. Further progress in studying the transverse polarization of positrons from the decay of polarized muons at PSI cyclotron was achieved. Theoretical studies of nonlinear dynamical systems with algebraically correlated noise and shell model embedded in the continuum were performed. We started construction of the light heavy ion detector for low heavy ion energies which are emitted in the spoliation reactions induced by cosmic ray protons. Altogether 26 papers in respectable Journals from the Philadelphia List were published. Two PhD Thesis on the subjects of barier penetration time and multifragmentation phenomena were completed. PL9902406 REPORTS ON RESEARCH:
3 Measurement of the pd —> He7r° and pd —>3 HTT+ Reactions. Investigation of Isospin Symmetry Breaking The GEM Collaboration M.G. Betigeri8, J. Bojowald1, A. Budzanowski, A. Chatterjee8, J. Ernst6, S. Fortsch9, L. Freindl, D. Frekers7, W. Garske7, K. Grewer7, A. Hamacher1, P. Hawranek3, I. Ilieva5, R. Jahn7, L. Jarczyk3, G. Kemmerling2, K. Kilian1, S. Kliczewski, W. Klimala3, D. Kolev5, T. Kutsarova5, B.J. Lieb10, H. Machner1, A. Magiera3, R. Maier1, H. Nann11, L. Pentchev4, H.S. Plendl12, D. Prasuhn1, D. Protic1, B. Razen6, P. von Rossen1, B. Roy8, R. Siudak, J. Smyrski3, A. Strzalkowski3, R. Tsenov5, P. Zolnierczuk13, and K. Zwoll2
1 Institut fur Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany; 2 Zentrallabor fur Elektronik, Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany; 3 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 4 In- stitute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; 5 Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; 6 Institut fur Strahlen- und Kernphysik der Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany; 7 Institut fur Kernphysik, Universitat Miinster, Germany;8 Nuclear Physics Division, BARC, Bombay, India; 9 National Accelerator Center, Faure, South Africa; 10 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University Fairfax, Virginia, USA; n IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana, USA;12 Physics Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA; 13 Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
An interesting aspect of the influence of the nuclear environment on the fundamental pion produc- tion process NN —* NNx is the possibility to test the charge symmetry hypothesis in system involving both nucleons and •K mesons [1]. In the proton-deuteron interactions a suitable experiment to test the isospin symmetry is to obtain the ratio R = dcr(pd —*• 3Rn+)/ d
New Focal Plane of the BIG KARL Magnetic Spectrometer
The GEM Collaboration M.G. Betigeri8, J. Bojowald1, A. Budzanowski, A. Chatterjee8, J. Ernst6, S. Förtsch9, L. Freindl, D. Frekers7, W. Garske7, K. Grewer7, A. Hamacher1, P. Hawranek3, I. Ilieva5, R. Jahn7, L. Jarczyk3, G. Kemmerling2, K. Kilian1, S. Kistryn3, S. Kliczewski, W. Klimala3, D. Kolev5, T. Kutsarova5, B.J. Lieb10, H. Machner1, A. Magiera3, R. Maier1, H. Nann11, L. Pentchev4, H.S. Plendl12, D. Prasuhn1, D. Protic1, B. Razen6, P. von Rossen1, B. Roy8, R. Siudak, J. Smyrski3, A. Strzalkowski3, R. Tsenov5, P. Żołnierczuk13, and K. Zwoll2
1 Institut für Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jûlich, Germany; 2 Zentra.lla.bor für Elektronik, Forschungszen- trum Jülich, Germany; 3 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; 4 Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria;5 Facility of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; 6 Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany; 7 Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, Germany; 8 Nuclear Physics Division, BARC, Bombay, India; 9 National Accelerator Center, Faure, South Africa;10 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University Fair- fax, Virginia, USA; n IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; 12 Physics Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA;1 3 Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
The study of the isospin symmetry breaking was proposed by measuring the ratio R of the cross sections of the p+d-»3H+7r+ and p+d->3He+7T° reactions at 7? production threshold [1]. Under assumption of isospin conservation theory R equals 2 . Coulomb effects lead to modification of R, which is weakly energy dependent. At beam energy corresponding to 77 production threshold, the T°-T) mixing may introduce strong oscillations of R values with energy and can reach even 10% [2]. The experiment will be performed with the 3Q2DQ magnetic spectrometer BIG KARL [3] at the COSY accelerator facility in J(lich. Using of the BIG KARL first dipole yoke side hole (which was foreseen as beam dump exit) for detection of 3H and standard focal plane for detection of 3He the simultaneous measurement of reaction products at laboratory angle of zero degree will be possible. In order to use the dipole yoke hole, additional experiments were necessary to investigate the optical properties and acceptance of the new focal plane. The new detection system was mounted behind the dipole yoke hole of the BIG KARL spectrometer which consists of two sets of drift chamber and two scintillator layers. The drift chambers enable the track determination and scintillator layers allow to identify detected particles. As a first step the direct beam was used to check optics of the new focal plane. It was found that varying the fields of the first two quadrupoles it is possible to obtain a good focus at the dipole hole with beam spot at this position of 3 mm diameter. The next test measurement was performed using reaction products of the p+p-»d+7r+ reaction at the beam momentum of 1.206 GeV/c. The pions and deuterons were simultaneously detected in the standard focal plane of the BIG KARL and at the dipole yoke hole, respectively. The relative acceptance at these two detection positions was determined using kinematical coincidences of the deuterons and pions. It was found that with standard BIG KARL setting for all dipoles and quadrupoles, the acceptance at the dipole yoke hole is by factor 14 smaller than in the focal plane. However, it is possible to increase the acceptance at the dipole hole varying fields for the two quadrupoles. Then the acceptance at the dipole hole can be by factor 1.6 larger than the standard focal plane acceptance. Such a setting may be used in future experiment for detection of particles with momenta larger than 1.1 GeV/c, which cannot be measured in the standard focal plane. References: 1. A. Magiera, COSY-Proposal No 59 (1997); 2. C. Wilkin, Phys. Lett. B331 (1993) 275; 3. S. Martin et al., Nuci. Instr. and Methods 214 (1983) 281. PL9902408
A New Spallation Experiment at COSY-Jiilich A. Budzanowski, D. Filges1, L. Jarczyk2, B. Kamys2, M. Kistryn, St. Kistryn2, H. Machner1, A. Magiera2, K. Pysz, and Z. Rudy2
1 Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH, IKP, Germany;2 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland A new scientific collaboration of physicist from many countries has been established in order to investigate the different aspects of spallation physics within the program to develop the new - high intensity spallation source (European Spallation Source). One among the most important tasks is to study the reaction of proton-induced spallation of the various nuclei. These processes will be investigated with the use of the internal proton beam of the COoler SYnchrotron (COSY) in Research Center Jiilich, Germany. The major goals of the project are: 1. To deliver reliable and complete information about the interaction of high energy protons on solid state material what is strongly required in constructing the European Spallation Source. The protons could make severe displacement of atoms in crystals as well as produce radioactive and transmutation nuclei. These phenomena have destructive effects on mechanical properties and lifetime of target and structure materials. 2. To measure the production cross-section of light fragments produced by protons colliding with light target nuclei. These data are necessary to understand the abundance of Li, Be, and B isotopes observed in the solar system. Presently available theoretical models predict a value of six orders of magnitude smaller than found in the galactic cosmic rays. To achieve the above goals a dedicated, very effective detection system will be built. The product of spallation of various target nuclei induced by the proton beam of COSY accelerator at energies from 100 MeV to 2.6 GeV will be detected by a system consisting of a time-of-fiight telescope (channelplates) and a so called Bragg Curve Detector, permitting a charge and mass identification of registered particles. In order to obtain the angular distribution of the spallation product several such detector sets will be localized at different detection angles. In the recent past the project of the experimental chamber and detection system have been pre- pared. Also the prototype of the Bragg Curve Detector was build and its test have already begun. The calibration tests of the Bragg Curve Detector with the use of low energy light ion beams of tandem accelerator in LNFN Catania are planed for spring 1999.
PL9902409 Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of 12C Ions on 9Be JNuclei at E(nC) = 65 MeV A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, A. Szczurek, R. Siudak, I. Skwirczynska, A.T. Rudchik1, O.A. Momotyuk1, V.K. Chernievsky1, A.V. Mokhnach1, V.A. Ziman1, E.I. Koshchy2, L. Glowacka3, A. Korman3, K. Rusek3, and J. Turkiewicz3
1 Institute for Nuclear Research, Kyiv (Kiev), Ukraine; 2 Kharkiv State University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; 3 A. Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland The angular distributions of elastic and inelastic scattering of 12C ions on the 9Be nuclei were measured using the Kyiv's (INR) cyclotron U-240 at energy 65 MeV for the transitions to the ground and 1.68 MeV (1/2+), 2.429 MeV (5/2~), 2.8 MeV (1/2") + 3.06 MeV (5/2+), 4.7 MeV (3/2+), 6.8 MeV (7/2~ ) excited states of 9Be nucleus and to the ground and 4.439 MeV (2+), 7.654 MeV (0+), 9.641 MeV (3~), 10.84 MeV (1~), 11.83 MeV (2~), 12.71 MeV (1+), 13.35 MeV (2~), 14.08 MeV (4+), 15.11 MeV (1+), 16.107 MeV (2+), 16.58 MeV (2~) excited states of 12C nucleus. The experimental data were analyzed using optical and coupled reaction channels (CRC) models. The elastic, inelastic scattering and few-nucleons cluster transfers were included in the coupling scheme. The strong coupled channels effects were observed. The deformation parameters for the9 Be and12 C nuclei were obtained. Very good agreement between measured and calculated cross sections was found. The results are presented in Fig. 1.
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Fig. 1: Angular distributions of elastic and inelastic 9Be(12C,12C)9Be* scattering for the tran- sitions to the 1.68 MeV (1/2+), 2.429 MeV (5/2~), 6.8 MeV (7/2~ ) excited states of 9Be nucleus in comparison with the cross sections of optical (<0M>) and CRC (£) models. The OM potential parameters and deformation parameters of 9Be nucleus are also given.
Particle Identification Capability of the Module of the Projected == Forward Wall ^= A. Budzanowski, B. Czech, E. Kozik, A. Siwek, I. Skwirczyriska, B. Jakobsson1, ^~o and L. Vesterberg2 g? (for the CHIC Collaboration) go =—a CT> •'Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; 2The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden ===1^- The CELSIUS storage ring at The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) in Uppsala provides heavy ion ^= beams of the energies from 50 AMeV up to 500 AMeV making feasible studies of hot nuclear matter ^= properties. The detection system CHICSi covers a polar angular range from 15 deg to 140 deg. Adding at forward angles an arrangement of detectors called forward wall would result in a nearly full coverage of spatial angle 4x. The task of the Cracow group is to construct the forward wall, providing a complete geometric coverage for registration of energetic products of collisions in the full azimuthal angular range of 360° and in polar angle between 3.3° and 11.7°. The testing set of scintillation detectors corresponding to one module of the forward wall has been prepared. It is combined of the plastic scintillator of 1.5 mm thickness optically decoupled with the phoswich consisting of 10 mm thick fast plastic scintillator and 80 mm thick CsI(Tl) inorganic crystal. Tests of the prepared detector module have been performed on the storage ring at TSL in Uppsala. Products of 20Ne (200 AMeV) + Xe collisions were registered in the detection module placed at 5.3 deg with respect to the beam direction in the reaction plane. The preliminary analysis of the obtained spectra has shown that the charge and energy resolutions of tested detection system are satisfactory.
Fig. 1: Scatter plot of AE vs E for phoswich detector.
PL9902411 The Measurement of the Transverse Polarization of Positrons from the Decay of Polarized Muons
I. Barnett1, C. Bee1, K. Bodek2, A. Budzanowski, D. Conti1, N. Danneberg1, W. Fetscher1, M. Hadri1, C. Hilbes1, M. Janousch1, L. Jarczyk2, K. Kirch1, S. Kistryn2, A. Kozela, J. Lang1, M. Markiewicz1, X. Morelle1, O, Naviliat1, T. Schweizer1, J. Smyrski2, J. Sromicki1, E. Stephan3, A. Strzalkowski2, and J. Zejma2
1 Inst. fur Teilchenphysik, ETH-Ziirich, Zurich, Switzerland; 2 Inst. of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 3 Inst. of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland In contrast to exactly known electromagnetic part of the electro-weak interactions our understand- ing of weak interactions is still not complete. Relatively low cost experiments exploring muon decay may serve as an important tests of weak interactions at low energies. We plan to measure the energy dependence of the transverse polarization of positrons (PTI) from the decay of polarized muons, with accuracy by an order of magnitude better than that obtained in the previous experiment [1]. This will allow to reduce the uncertainty of the Fermi coupling constant GF by a factor of three. Observation of any non-zero second component of the transverse polarization PT2, (perpendicular to PTI), would be an evidence of the Time Reversal Invariance violation, and would indicate other than V—A type contribution to weak interactions [2]. The measurement is being carried out at the /J,E1 area at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). Test runs performed during the last two years showed successful operation of main components of the detector set-up. Built in Cracow drift chambers achieved expected efficiency of a single detection plane of 96%. The position resolution of a single plane (about 0.18 mm rms) will allow one to reconstruct particle trajectories precisely enough to obtain profile of the muon stopping distribution in the target and reject events not originating from the target. Preliminary results of the last run showed high efficiency of the fast hardware trigger to the annihilation events using the information from the BGO calorimeter. This was possible due to the cluster recognition unit specially developed for this experiment. Test of wire aging, performed recently in Cracow, showed about 10% decrease of gas gain after 0.1 C/cm collected charge on wire. This means that even at very high load of the drift chambers expected in this experiment (~ 2000 particles/cm2 • s) they should survive long beam times without substantial loss of efficiency. References: 1. F. Corriveau, J. Egger, W. Fetcher, H.-J. Gerber, K.F. Johnson, H. Kaspar, H.J. Mahler, M. Salzmann, and F. Scheck, Phys. Lett. B129 (1983) 260; 2. W. Fetscher, H.-J. Gerber, and K.F. Johnson, Phys. Lett. B173 (1986) 102. ° PL9902412
Search for Baryon Resonances in Photoproduction at ELSA Electron Synchrotron J. Barth1, C. Bennlold2, W, Braun1, R. Burgwinkel1, J. Ernst3, K.H. Glander1, S. Goers1, J. Hannappel1, N. Joepen1, H. Jüngst3, H. Kalinowski3, U. Kirch1, F. Kleiln1, F.-J. Klein1, E. Klempt3, A. Kozela, R, Lawall1, J. Link3, D. Menze1, W. Neuerburg1, M. Paganetti1, E. Paul1, H. van Pee3, R. Plötzke3, I. Schulday1, M. Schumacher4, W.J. Schwüle1, F. Smend4, J. Smyrski5, L. Tiator3, H.-N. Tran4, M.Q. Tran4, F. Wehnes1, B. Wiegers1, F.W. Wieland1, and J. Wißkirchen1
1 Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany;2 Center of Nuclear Studies, Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA;3 Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany; 4II. Physikalisches Institut der Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; ^Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland The large solid angle detector SAPHIR and photon tagging system TOPAS installed at the electron stretcher synchrotron ELSA in Bonn offer an excellent conditions for studies of various photoproduc- tion reactions [1]. One of interesting issues which can be studied at this facility is the problem of "missing" resonances. These are resonances predicted by quark models but still not observed experi- mentally. Some of them are expected to couple strongly to the jN channel in contrast to much better studied nN channel [2], and therefore there is a gut chance to observe them at SAPHIR. The SAPHIR detector was designed for investigations of multiparticle final states. A central part of this detector is a large multiwire drift chamber placed between poles of a dipole magnet in magnetic field of 0.8 T, and surrounding a liquid hydrogen target. This chamber is used for reconstruction of trajectories of charged ejectiles. Large electromagnetic calorimeter allows for the detection of photons originating in the decay of neutral mesons. A system of scintillator hodoscopes gives trigger and time of flight information. Experiments at SAPHIR are strongly handicapped by the e+e~ pair production on chamber wires causing a huge background and particle load in the chamber. In order to reduce this effect one decided to build new central drift chamber (CDC) with field wires made of aluminum instead of previously used, much heavier, molybdenum1. The chamber contains 2100 sense wires grouped in 14 cylindrical and 10 planar layers. Some changes have also been introduced in the arrangement of planar detection planes of the CDC. They should increase the efficiency and the accuracy of the track reconstruction (specially in vertical direction). Additionally an improvement in fast trigger logic should make it possible to increase the triggered hadron event rate by even a factor of 10. References: 1. W.J. Schwüle et al., Nuci. Inst. Meth. A344 (1994) 470; 2. S. Capslick and W. Roberts, Phys. Rev. D47 (1993) 1994. -- "L»902413 Configuration Mixing Effects in Isoscalar Giant Dipole Resonance
M. Wójcik and S. Drożdż
We evaluated the isoscalar giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) strength distribution using a prescrip- tion described in Ref [1]. ISGDR is one of the most interesting nuclear excitation modes. This partly originates from the fact that its centroid energy can directly be related to the nuclear compression modulus [2]. The corresponding one-body isoscalar dipole operator reads: where 77 = 5(r2)/3. The second term in this equation removes the spurious center of mass motion component from the operator rzY\ [3]. The resulting 3%u strength distribution in 208Pb on the lplh
1 Atomic number Z for aluminum is 13 and for molybdenum 42. level is located between 20 and 25 MeV. This corresponds to the energy region where the isoscalar dipole strength can be identified in the present day experiments on 208Pb [4]. The picture changes however significantly when mixing due to the coupling to 2p2h states is allowed. This is illustrated in Fig. 1 which on the three succesive panels indicates a degree of fragmentation for Hth = 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 MeV. 1O4 8000 Ha-0.2 ._. 6000 *" 4000 2000 •±. 104 8000 eooo Fig. 1: Isoscalar Shu dipole strength distribu- 208 <* 4000 tion in Pb calculated in the space of lplh and 2000 2p2h states, for three different values of Hth- 10* 8000 ~ 6000 « 4000 2000 0 lib. 25 30 35 ENERGY [MeV] The number of the 2p2h states (349, 1125, and 4374 respectively) included corresponds to |(l|i?|2)| > Hth. Consistently with our previous investigations [5] a specific form of the resulting strength distribution strongly depends on many factors and thus also on Hth- However, more global characteristics, like a percentage of the total strength in certain sufficiently large energy windows is much more stable. A reasonable convergence of those results, together with a realistic input of the present model, provides quite a convincing indication that one may expect about 50% of the total J* = 1~ isoscalar Shu: strength in the higher energy region, above 25 MeV, i.e. in the region which is dominated by many other multipoles and thus this portion of the strength escapes in experimental detection. Even above 30 MeV one finds almost 10% of the total strength. The present calculations thus suggest that a recent empirical estimation [4] of the nuclear incompressibility {KA — 126±6 MeV) for 208Pb may appear much to low. References:
1. M. Wojcik, S. Drozdz, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2239; 2. S. Stringari, Phys. Lett. B108 (1982) 232; R. de Haro, S. Krewald, and J. Speth, Phys. Rev. C26 (1982) 1649; 3. N. van Giai and H. Sagawa, Nucl. Phys. A371 (1981) 1; 4. B.F. Davis, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997) 609; 5. S. Drozdz, S. Nishizaki, and J. Wambach, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 2839; A. Gorski and S. Drozdz, Acta Phys. Polonica B28 (1997) 1111; S. Drozdz, S. Nishizaki, J. Speth, and M. Wojcik, Phys. Rev. E57 (1998) 4016.
The Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Processing of Objects ^ and Emotions in a Human Brain ^j; J. Kwapieri, A.A. Ioannides1, L.C. Liu2, and S. Drozdz O 1 Brain Science Institute, the RIKEN Institute, Wako-shi, Japan; 2 Institut fur Medizin, Forschungszentrum ^^ Jiilich, Ju'lich, Germany ~— Due to the fact that the operations performed by the brain are complex, we expect that its ^= performance is based on two different processes. The functional specialisation of groups of neurons 10 allows them to react to different aspects of stimuli and, on the other hand, the brain should perform more complex operations and this is possible only if some areas are functionally integrated. Studying the activity of specific regions of the cortex we can try to identify those, which are functionally related due to the existence of dense neuronal connections among themselves. Considering different experimental conditions we are able to explore the task-specific activity of various brain areas. We analysed data obtained in the experiment which consisted of two tasks: task 1 (object recogni- tion) - black and white images of various complex objects (including faces) were presented to a subject, and task 2 (facial emotion recognition) - images of faces expressing fundamental emotions were used. After short presentation of each image the subject was asked to name the object or emotion verbally. The same three areas in each hemisphere were selected for detailed inspection: the Posterior Calcarine Sulcus (PCS), the Fusiform Gyrus (FG) and the Amygdala (AM). The mutual information [1] for all pairs of these areas in each hemisphere was contrasted for different tasks and categories within each task. Our study has revealed two phenomena in the processing of information induced by stimuli in the selected areas: a spatially based segregation into specialised areas and a separation of processing of different categories in the time characterising strong coupling of activity between areas. We found that early processing in the primary and association areas leads to the fusiform gyrus, which specialises on complex objects rather than faces specifically. We observe a clear evidence that although the time of the stimuli-evoked activation of a certain region might be category-independent (e.g. in the areas closer to the primary ones), the latencies of activations of linked areas are differentiated for different categories. Among the differences between objects and emotions we have found that the objects are well separated in the link between PCS and FG, however, the emotions are not so well distinguished at this level but they become very well separated in the link between FG and AM. There are two emotions which still overlap in the mutual information map between last two regions but they verbally were least discriminated by the subject. References:
1. J. Kwapien, S. Drozdz, L.C. Liu, and A.A. Ioannides, Physical Review E58 (1998) 6359; 2. G. Tononi, A.R. Mclntosh, D.P. Russell, and G.M. Edelman, Neuroimage 7 (1998) 133; 3. L.C. Liu, A.A. Ioannides, and M. Streit (1999, submitted to Brain Topography).
Indication of Self-Organized Criticality in the Brain Sensory Response J. Kwapieri, S. Drozdz, A.A. Ioannides1, and L.C. Liu2 PL9902415
1 Brain Science Institute, the RIKEN Institute, Wako-shi, Japan; 2 Institut fur Medizin, Forschungszentrum Jiilich, Jiilich, Germany We analysed the activity in the human auditory cortex in response to simple tones delivered reg- ularly to one or both ears. Our study was based on data from multichannel magnetoencephalography recordings in five normal human subjects. An interesting observation about the nature of local auditory excitations can be made by inspecting the structure of the power spectrum calculated as a squared modulus of the Fourier transform of the timeseries. The power spectra were calculated from signals representing the whole specific experiment and are shown in the Figure below for all five subjects participating in the experiment. The main difference between them is that JD (and to a lesser degree JL) exhibits a significant concentraction of strength at 8 Hz but this can entirely be attributed to a particularly strong a-rythm activity dominating this subject. Ignoring this peak one obtains very similar "l//"-type global behavior in all the cases. 11
oe-rhythm It is also interesting to notice that the 1 slopes of the spectra corresponding to dif- 2.11 i 1.35 i 10-18 JD JL ferent subjects are not exactly the same. 1016 1018 10-18 L Relating these slopes with signal ampli- 10-20 1 10-20 tudes at the evoked response maxima we 1022 7 1MHaM 10-22 found that the stronger collectivity in the 1024 1 1024 1.03 1.08 evoked response are accompanied by the 10-18 DB FB 10-16
10-18 10-18 power spectra whose slope is amplified rel- Jj^«i., L 1 Ijiil ative to the cases of weaker collectivity. As 10-20 fTrUlPMI 1020 10-22 in > rpr" Ir ] Mm 10-22 it is thus natural, in those cases the weaker 10-24 *nmwlHMMH 10 24 collectivity is connected with a more noisy 1 10 100 10-16 1.21 RB dynamics which acts destructively on local frequency [Hz]
10-18 .m.i i J i H coherence. 10-20 "1 / fa" behaviour All of this may be considered as an in- 10'22 11]Hi dication that evolution of the evoked au- (0.9 PL9902416 Nonlinear Dynamical Systems with Algebraically Correlated Noise T. Srokowski A stochastic process can be approximately regarded as Markovian if time scales involved are large compared to the noise correlation time. Such approximation must fail if one tries to describe a high- dimensional system using the Langevin formalism with only few degrees of freedom because that procedure destroys in general the Markovian property of the original system. Consequently, for many physical problems one has to consider stochastic equations with slowly (e.g. algebraically) falling noise autocorrelation function. To check how dynamical properties of nonlinear systems with external noise depend on that function, the well known Duffing oscillator has been studied [1]. The stochastic force has been assumed as proportional to the velocity of particle inside the periodic Sinai billiard. This deterministic generator provides algebraic correlations, proportional to 1/i, as well as exponential ones, depending on billiard geometry. A first token of irregularity in a dynamical system is the presence of homoclinic points. A method introduced by Melnikov allows us to identify the homoclinic instability in the first order of the pertur- bation theory, calculating directly the distance between the separatrices. It appears that both kinds of noise lead to more regular behaviour, compared to the noiseless case, but this tendency is stronger for the algebraic correlations. To study the fully chaotic case, one can calculate the Lyapunov exponents A, determined from linearized equations of motion integrated along a noisy trajectory. Such procedure estimates the di- vergence rate of close trajectories subjected to the same realizations of the stochastic force. Numerical calculations show that the average of A for the exponential noise keeps the same value as for the noise-free case. On the opposite, the algebraic noise reduces the Lyapunov exponent considerably and 12 this effect becomes stronger for larger noise amplitude. If that amplitude is sufficiently strong, the average Lyapunov exponent falls to zero, i.e. the algebraic noise evokes the regularization of motion. The shape of energy distribution of particles passing over the potential barrier depends on whether the dynamics is regular or chaotic. In the letter case it possesses the exponential (Maxwellian) tail and exhibits a complicated structure with many maxima. In the regular case the shape of the distribution is relatively smooth and the tail has the Gaussian shape. This result agrees with spectra obtained for the quadratic potential [2]. References: 1. T. Srokowski, Phys. Rev. E (in print); 2. M. Ploszajczak and T. Srokowski, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 249 (1996) 236. PL9902417 A Microscopic Description of Nuclei of Astrophysical Interest in the Continuum Shell Model K. Bennaceur1, F. Nowacki1'2, J. Okoiowicz1'3, and M. Pfoszajczak1 lGANIL, CEA/DSM ~ CNRS/IN2P3, Caen Cedex, France; 2 Laboratoiie de Physique Theorique Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France; 3 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland In weakly bound exotic systems, the number of excited bound states or narrow resonances is small and, moreover, they couple strongly to the particle continuum. This coupling modifies the scattering solutions as well as the spectroscopic quantities for interior bound states. To describe this new physical situation we have developed a new model, called the Shell Model Embedded in the Continuum (SMEC) [1]. The corner-stone of this approach is the realistic shell model (SM) itself which is used to generate the A-particle wavefunctions. In the SMEC model, we solve identical equations as in the continuum shell model [2] but due to specificity of exotic nuclei, ingredients of these calculations are different, principal difference being the description of bound states using the realistic SM (code ANTOINE [3]). The coupling between SM states and the one-particle scattering continuum is given by: Vn, = -VQ(a + bP%2)5(YX - r2), with a + 6 = 1 for a = 0.55, 0.73 and 0.95 (Pf2 denotes spin exchange operator), or by the density-dependent interaction of Wambach and Schwesinger [4]. The quasi-bound resonances in the continuum are included as well. The structure of [A — 1 )-nucleon nucleus is given by the SM, whereas one nucleon occupies a scattering state, so the asymptotic channel states are defined by coupling one nucleon in the continuum to a 'hole state' of A-nucleon nucleus. We applied the SMEC approach including coupling between many-particle (quasi-) bound SM states and the continuum of one-particle scattering states to the spectroscopy of 8B and 1(F and to the calculation of astrophysical factors in the reactions 7Be(p, 7)8B, which is essential for understanding of the high energy solar neutrino problem. In the reaction part we take into account the resonance contribution as well. In the structure part, energies, widths and the transition matrix elements are calculated and the sensitivity of results to the choice of Vre3 was investigated. We also analyze the relative shifts of energy levels in mirror nuclei: 8Li - 8B and 17O - 17F, resulting from the coupling of bound and continuum, which is asymmetric in these nuclei, due to the large difference in the particle threshold energies and Coulomb effects present in coupled channels part of our calculations. From the comparison with the data of the structure of mirror 8Li - 8B nuclei we noticed that the best description is given by the residual force with parameter a = 0.95. This result agrees with some earlier findings of applicability of SU(4) Wigner limit (a = 1) for p-shell nuclei [5]. Our results of the astrophysical factor for 7Be(p, 7)8B reaction in energy range up to 2 MeV agree with experimental data. Also cross section for the mirror reaction 7Li(n,7)8Li obtained with our model nicely compares with the recent experiment of Nagai et al [6]. On the other hand for heavier nuclei (17O - 17F) the density dependent force gives better description of spectroscopic values. 13 References: 1. K. Bennaceur et al, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 24 (1998) 1631; 2. H.W. Bartz et ai, Nuci. Phys. A275 (1977) 111; ibid. A307 (1977) 285; 3. E. Caurier, (1989) unpublished; 4. J. Wambachand T. Schwesinger, Nuci. Phys. A426 (1984) 253; 5. P.T. Nang, Nucl. Phys. A185 (1972) 413; N.C. Mukhopadhyay and F. Cannata, Phys. Lett. B51 (1974) 225; 6. Y. Nagai et al, Astrophys. J. 381 (1991) 444. PL9902418 Calibration of 127I as a Solar Neutrino Detector M. Palarczyk, J. Rapaport1, C. Hautala1, D.L. Prout2, CD. Goodman3, I.J. van Heerden3, J. Sowiński3, G. Savopulos3, X. Yang3, U.M. Sages4, R. Howes4, R. Carr4, M. Islam4, E. Sugarbaker5, D.C. Cooper5, K. Lande6, B. Luther7, and T.N. Taddeucci8 1Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; 2 Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio; 3Indiana Uni- versity Cyclotron Facility, Bioomington, Indiana; 4Ba// State University, Muncie, Indiana; 5The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 6 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 7Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota;8 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico The observed flux of neutrinos emitted by nuclear fusion reactions in the solar core are considerably less than predicted by models of the solar interior. This discrepancy has been observed by each of the five operating solar neutrino experiments; the chlorine detector in the Homestake Mine, the Kamiokande and Superkamiokande detectors in Japan and the two gallium detectors, GALLEX and SAGE. The most dramatic and startling effect, the almost complete absence of the electron neutrinos in the 1 MeV range, is obtained by subtracting the 8B neutrino flux determined by the Superkamiokande detector from the observations of the Homestake chlorine detector. Clearly, this result should be verified by another detector with the same range of sensitivity. That is, we need another electron neutrino detector that is sensitive to neutrinos in the 1 MeV range, but has a threshold above the p-p neutrino range so that it is not overwhelmed by the large flux of these low energy neutrinos. In 1988 Haxton [1] pointed out that 12'I meets the above criteria. The nuclear reaction involved 127 127 127 in the process, I(i/e,e) Xe (TÏ/2 = 36.4 d) yields Xe, a noble-gas product, that can be re- 37 37 37 covered with techniques similar to the recovery [2] of Ar produced in the reaction Cl(^e,e) Ar {TX/2 = 35.0 d). The technology of a radiochemical version of an iodine solar neutrino detector closely follows that of the chlorine detector and has been demonstrated in a pilot 127I detector operated at the University of Pennsylvania [3]. Haxton [1] argues that if the Gamow-Teller (GT) transition to the 0.125 MeV excited state in 127Xe has a log(ft) greater or smaller than 5.10 (value for 37Ar(EC)37Cl), the 127I detector would have greater or lower sensitivity to 'Be neutrinos. Also, the ratio for capture of 8B neutrinos to that of 7Be neutrinos will depend on the Fermi (F) and GT strength below the particle emission threshold in each detector. The comparison of the resulting 127I neutrino capture data with the 37C1 results could provide better information about the flux of 7Be neutrinos emitted by the sun. The critical issue for an iodine solar neutrino detector is the determination of the cross section 127 127 as a function of energy for the I(z/e,e) Xe reaction. It has been empirically shown that data obtained from zero-degree (p, n) charge exchange cross sections measured at incident energies between 100-200 MeV, may be used to deduce GT strengths in nuclei [4]. This technique has been used for the 37C1 and 71Ga nuclei [5, 6], i.e. for chlorine and gallium detectors. At IUCF using 1NPOL polarimeter [7] we have obtained the Gamow-Teller strength distribution from I271 to excited states in 127Xe as determined from 127I(p, ra)127Xe reaction. We have studied this reaction at three incident energies; 94, 159 and 197 MeV. Particularly we found a clear evidence for the excitation of the 0.125 MeV state in 127Xe observed at two incident energies in the (p, n) reaction 14 at Oiab = 0°. We have determined the B(GT) for the 0.125 MeV state as well as up to the particle emission threshold in 127Xe. From our measurement we learned that most of the GT strength near 127 Er = 0 MeV is located in the excitation of the first excited state in Xe, the only state which can be excited by the 7Be neutrinos. Using the empirical B(GT) values we have predicted the 'Be solar neutrino capture cross section in 127I. The empirical value B(GT)= (0.0234 ±0.005) for the 5/2+ -»• 3/2+ transition to the 0.125 MeV excited state translates into a cr(7Be) = (1.22 ± 0.4) x 10~45 cm2. This 7Be neutrino capture cross section for 127I is approximately 5.1 times that for these neutrinos by 37C1 where the latter cross section is obtained from the ground state to ground state decay rate of 37Ar to 37C1. The capture cross section for the 8B neutrinos yielded a value of (4.3 db 0.6) X 10~*42 cm2 or about 3.9 times that for 8B neutrinos on 37C1. In Table 1 we compare the cross sections of 127I and 37C1 detectors for 7Be and 8B solar neutrinos. We use the most recent solar neutrino fluxes of Bahcall, Basu and Pinsonneault8 to estimate (30.6±5.3) SNU as the total predicted detection rate of solar neutrinos by 127I. This detection rate can be compared with the corresponding one for 37C1 of (7.7±1.1) SNU. To the above cross sections for 7Be and 8B and additional estimated contributions of 0.37 SNU, and 1.32 SNU from the solar neutrino continuous sources 13N and 15O and 0.84 SNU from the solar neutrino discrete source pep have been included [8]. From our measurement we conclude that although the predicted sensitivity to 7Be and 8B in a iodine detector appear to be larger than in chlorine, however the relative ratios of 8B to ' Be are quite similar for both detectors. 127! 37C1 7Be 1.22 ± 0.4 0.24 ± 0.02 8B (4.3± 0.6) 103 (l.ll±0.08)103 Ratio 8B/7Be 3525 ± 1260 4625 ± 510 Table 1. Comparison of sensitivities to 7Be and 8B solar neutrinos between 127I and 37C1 detectors. The total cross sections are in units of 10~45 cm2. References: 1. W.C. Haxton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 768; 2. B.T. Cleveland, T. Daily, R. Davis, Jr., J. Distel, K. Lande, C.K. Lee, P. Wildenhain, and J. Ulman, Ap. J. 495 (1998) 505; 3. K. Lande unpublished; 4. T.N. Taddeucci, C.A. Goulding, T.A. Carey, R.A. Byrd, CD. Goodman, C. Gaarde, J. Larsen, D. Horen, J. Rapaport, and E. Sugarbaker, Nucl. Phys. A469 (1987) 125; 5. M. B. Aufderheide, S.D. Bloom, D.A. Resler CD. Goodman, Phys. Rev. C C49 (1994) 678; 6. D. Krofcheck, E. Sugarbaker, J. Rapaport, D. Wang, J.N. Bahcall, R.C Byrd, C.C Foster, CD. Good- man, I.J. Van Heerden, C. Gaarde, J.S. Larsen, D.J. Horen, and T.N. Taddeucci, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 1051; 7. M. Palarczyk et al., to be submitted to Nucl. Instrum. Methods (1999); 8. J.N. Bahcall, S. Basu and M.H. Pinsonneault, Phys. Lett. B433 (1998) 1. PL9902419 15 Resonant ddfj, Molecule Formation in 3 K Solid Deuterium A. Adamczak and M.P. Faifman1 1 Russian Scientific Centre, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia. A method for description of resonant absorption of neutrons in crystals was developed by Lamb [1] and then generalized by Singwi and Sjolander [2] using the Van Hove's formalism of the response function. This method can also be directly used in the case of resonant formation of muonic molecules ddfi in collision of a dfi atom with a condensed D2 target. The formation rates presented here are calculated using the incoherent response function 5t-, ob- tained for the Debye model of the deuterium crystal at zero pressure and temperature T = 3 K. The energy-dependent matrix elements and resonant energies from refs [3, 4] have been used as the input. The important feature of resonant ddpi formation in the solid is a possibility of energy transfer to phonon degrees of freedom. In result, the resonant formation can take place for any d/j, energy. The effective ddfj, formation rates in solid ortho- and para-deuterium, calculated for dfi total spin F = 3/2, are shown in Fig. 1. At lowest energies the resonant formation takes place mainly without lattice excitations, or only a few phonons are created. For dpi energy greater than 10 meV the asymptotic Gaussian form of 5,- has been used in the calculations. b-i "o 1-2 > c w .9 1 > o £ y ortho O -2 1-0,i-r -. 10 ''b-o para -4 yr y" \ 10 .-4 — 2 -1 10 10 10 10 a> energy (eV) Fig. 1: Effective resonant dd\i molecule formation rate in 3 K solid ortho- and para-deuterium for F = 3/2 (normalized to the liquid hydrogen density). In this figure one can see two strong peaks describing dd/j, formation without phonon contributions. In ortho-deuterium the peak is connected with the transition /<",- = 0 —> Kj = 1, in para-deuterium with the transition K{ — 1 —> Kj = 2 {Kj is a rotational number of the target D2 molecule, Kj is a rotational number of created (ddfi)d complex). The width of these resonances is very small (~ 10"~6 eV). The continuous rates below the peak energies are due to the presence of the subthreshold (negative) resonances (transitions 0 —> 0, 1 —> 0 and 1 —>• 1) and to the phonon creation mechanism. References: 1. W.E. Lamb, Phys. Rev. 55 (1939) 190; 2. Singwi and Sjolander, Phys. Rev. 120 (1960) 1093; 3. M.P. Faifman et al., Muon Cat. Fusion 4 (1988) 1; 4. M.P. Faifman et al., Hyp. Int. 101/102 (1996) 179. 16 PL9902420 An Experimental Method for Measurement of Hyperfine Splitting of the Ground State of pfi Atom A. Adamczak, D. Bakalov1, and C. Rizzo2 1 Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2 Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France We propose a method for the measurement of the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of muonic hydrogen using laser spectroscopy techniques to induce Ml-transitions between the singlet and triplet states of the hyperfine pfi\s atom structure. The method is based on the fact that, after having absorbed a photon of resonance transition energy, the atoms get accelerated at the exit of their first collision with a hydrogen molecule; the closer the tunable laser frequency to the resonant hyperfine transition value, the higher fraction of the (p/f)is atoms that are accelerated and the higher their average energy. We suggest to measure this energy studying the time distribution of the events of muon transfer from hydrogen to the nuclei of a heavier element, for which the transfer rate is energy- dependent in the range of epithermal energies. On the ground of the results of Fief. [1] we propose to use an admixture of oxygen to a gaseous hydrogen target. The Monte Carlo simulation of diffusion of muonic hydrogen atoms and the interaction with the laser radiation demonstrates that the method we are discussing now has a higher efficiency and other significant technical advantages compared to the original set-up as proposed in the papers [2, 3]. The method compares the time distribution curves of the events of muon transfer to oxygen with and without a laser pulse. For a wide range of pressure of the hydrogen target and the concentration of the oxygen admixture the difference of the counts in a time gate of about 100-150 ns is statistically significant. References: 1. Werthmiiller et al., Hyperfine Interactions 116 (1998) 1; 2. D. Bakalov et al., Phys. Lett. A1T2 (1992) 277; 3. D. Bakalov et al., Proceedings of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, 6th workshop "Exotic Atoms, Molecules and their Interaction", Erice, 21-30 March 1994, eds C. Rizzo and E. Zavattini, INFN/AE-94/24. PL9902421 Diffusion Radius of Muonic Atoms in H2+D2 Cias A. Adamczak Distribution of the muonic atom diffusion radius in H2 gas with small admixtures of D2 (between the point of fi~ stop to the point of muon decay ) has been calculated as a function of time. Monte Carlo calculations, using the partial differential cross sections for the scattering of pfi and dfx atoms on H2, HD and D2 molecules have been performed for the temperature of 300 K, and different initial p/j, atom energy distributions. Muon exchange between the hydrogen and deuterium nuclei has been taken into account. The results of these calculations are necessary for interpretation of high precision measurement of the nuclear muon capture in hydrogen, performed at Paul Scherrer Institute [1, 2]. The determination of the pseudo-scalar form factor gp of the muon-nucleon weak interaction with 1% precision, and ji~ lifetime with an accuracy better than 10 ppm, are the main goals of this experiment. References: 1. C. Petitjean et al., "High Precision Measurement of Singlet pp Capture in H2 Gas", PSI proposal R-97- 05.1; 2. A. Vorobyev et al., talk at the workshop "Exotic Atoms and Molecules EXAT98", July 19-24, Ascona, Switzerland. PL9902422 17 Imprints of Log-Periodic Self-Similarity in the Stock Market S. Drozdz1-2, F. Ruf3, J. Speth1, and M. YVqjcik1-2 lInstitut fur Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jiilich, Jiilich, Germany; 2 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland;3 WestLB International S.A., Grande-Duchesse Charlotte, Luxembourg The fact that a healthy and normally functioning financial market may reveal certain properties common to complex systems is fascinating and, in fact, seems natural. Especially interesting in this context is the recently suggested analogy of the financial crashes to critical points in statistical mechanics [1]. Criticality implies a scale invariance which in mathematical terms, for a properly defined function F(x) characterizing the system, means that: A positive constant 7 in this equation describes how the properties of the system change when it is rescaled by the factor A. The simplest standard power-law solution to this equation reads: FQ(X) = xa, where a = log(7)/log(A). More interesting is the general solution: F(x) = F0{x)P(\ogF0{x)/log(y)), (2) where P denotes a periodic function of period one. In this way the dominating scaling acquires a correction which is periodic in log(:r) and accounts for a possible discrete scale-invariance. Thus, if x represents a distance to the critical point, the resulting spacings between consecutive minima xn (maxima) of the log-periodic oscillations seen in the linear scale follow a geometric contraction according to the relation: xn+\ — xn/xn+2 — xn+i — A. Then, the critical point coincides with the accumulation of such oscillations. A possible manifestation of such effects on the stock market is an extremely interesting feature for relating financial issues to general problems of complex systems. Potentially it may also offer a tool for predictions. Our related study [2] based on the recent DAX (Deutsche Aktienindex) behaviour and illustrated in Fig. 1 provides further arguments for the existence of the log-periodic oscillations constituting a significant component in the time-evolution of the fluctuating part of the stock market indices. Even more, imprints are found for the whole hierarchy of such log-periodically oscillating structures on various time-scales and this hierarchy carries signatures of self-similarity. An emerging scenario of the market evolution is thus characterized by nowhere differentiable permanent competition between booms ami crashes of various size: a picture somewhat analogous to the self-organized critical state [3]. Very interestingly, an estimated preferred scaling ratio turns out largely scale-independent and co 1 listentlv results in A ~ 2.1. Fig. 1: The daily evolution of the Deutsche Ak- tienindex from October 1997 to October 1998. Upward arrows indicate minima of the log- periodic oscillations used to determine (Eq. 2) the corresponding critical times denoted by the downward arrows. Different types of arrows (three upward and one downward) correspond to different sequences of log-periodic oscillations identified on various time-scales. I »7,S 96.0 98.1 96.2 96.3 98.4 98.5 96.6 98,7 98.8 Time (year) 18 References: PL9902423 1. D. Sornette, Phys. Rep. 297 (1998) 239; 2. S. Drozdz, F. Ruf, J. Speth, and M. Wqjcik, "Imprints of Log-Periodic Self-Similarity in the Stock Market", e-print cond-mat/9901025; 3. P. Bak, "How Nature Works - the Science of Self-Organized Criticality" (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996). Levy Distributions in the Dynamics of Heartbeat B. Kulessa, S. Drozdz, M. Wqjcik, A. Lipko1, A. Olszewski1, and T. Srokowski 1 Department of Cardiology, Military Hospital, Krakow, Poland. A quantitative mathematical analysis of physiological data sets based on sophisticated methods of nonlinear dynamics promises to provide new diagnostic and prognostic indices for variety of different clinical conditions, including the prediction of sudden cardiac death. The ECG is a medical device capable of recording the electrical activity of the heart. We have carried out a pilot study on electro- cardiograms from patients without cardiac pathology and patients with ventricular tachycardia. For that purpose, we have collected time series, defined as a sequence of intervals between beat n and beat n + 1, denoted by B(n). Than we define a function I(n) = B(n + 1) - B(n), and calculate the normalized probability density P(l) that the interbeat increment equals /. Fig. 1 presents P(I) for healthy people. The data are well reproduced by a Levy stable distribution: 1 f° a = - / —yq ) cos(ql)dq. (1) 1* Jo The tails of the Levy distribution fall more slowly than for the Gaussian distribution. Since we have obtained qualitatively the same distributions P(I) also for sick patients, this method is not well suited for diagnostic aims. However, the difference between both groups emerges if we take instead of / the quantity F(n) = \B(n' -\- n) — B(n')\ where the average is taken over all n'. F(n) scales with n like n@, and j3 = 0 for healthy people and f3 is close to 0.5 for patients with ventricular tachycardia. Fig. 1: The normalized probability density P(I) that the interbeat increment equals /. The solid line represents the best fit to P(I) by means of the Levy distribution (1) with parameters: a = 1.76, 7 = 0.14. S.D. stands for the standard deviation. -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 I/S.D. References: 1. C-K. Peng, J. Mie.tus, J.M. Hausdorff, S. Halviri, H.E. Stanley, and A.L. Goldberger, Phys. Rev. Lett 70 (1993) 1343; 2. L. Glass, "Dynamics of Cardiac Arrhytmias", Physic Today 40 (1996); 3. L. Glass, P. Hunter, and McCulloch, "Theory of Heart", Springer-Verlag, (Berlin, 1991). 10 PL9902424 Representations of the Heisenberg Algebra by Difference Operators A.Z. Gorski and J. Szmigielski1 1 Dept. of Mathematics, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada In recent years there has been a growing number of attempts to find an underlying discrete struc- ture of space-time. At the same time interesting discrete structures have surprisingly emerged within originally continuous models. We assume a discrete coordinate space and investigate its consequences for the Heisenberg commutation relations. This approach is purely kinematical, as the Heisenberg relations are, and does not depend on the details of the underlying dynamics. Such "unusual" realiza- tions of the Heisenberg algebra have also been found in 2D gravity [1]. These representations are not unitarily equivalent to the Schrodinger representation. In particular, they cannot be exponentiated to the Weyl form of the canonical commutation relation. We will consider a wide class of possible derivative discretization schemes of the form: +N a DAx(M + N + l) = DAx = J2 k^L- (1) k=-M The proper classical limit: limAx-^o-^Ax = d/dx, the best fit condition and symmetry DAx — -\-D-Ax implies the following form for the coefficients: For the discrete coordinate operator X we assume the following ansatz: M X = Y, & [xEk + Ekx], (3) k=-M where the /? coefficients are subjected to fulfill the Heisenberg commutation relation: [D, X] — 1 and they should satisfy the following (formal) condition: f; /?„ = i. (4) n=—oo In the special case, N — 1, one gets the following solution for the /3fc coefficients k = 0 (V*), (32k+1=p_{2k+i] = (-l) (ft = 0,1,2,...). (5) It can be shown that the operators P = iD and X are well defined and self-adjoint iff M = oo and the operator X is always unbounded [2]. In addition, upon quantization the clasically different dis- cretization schemes are all unitarily equivalent. As a result, the number of points used to "delocalize" the derivative operator is unessential. Furthermore, its irreducible components are unitary equivalent to the case with infinite number of points (N -> oo). For any discratization of the form (1-3) one can observe the effect of spectrum doubling for the Dirac operator. References: 1. M.R. Douglas, Phys. Lett. B238 (1990) 176; 2. A.Z. Gorski and J. Szmigielski, J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998) 545. A ck nowledge ment: The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) and the NSERC grant No OGP0138591. 20 PL9902425 Leading Protons from DIS at HERA A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaev1, and J. Speth1 1 Institut fur Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum JiUich, Jiilich, Germany Although until quite recently experimental data on proton fragmentation were scarce, presently ZEUS and HI leading proton spectrometers (LPS) and forward neutron calorimeters (FNC) are op- erational and are amassing data on leading proton and neutron production [1, 2]. Whereas popular Monte-Carlo implementations of perturbative QCD (Ariadne [3], Herwig [4] and others) are very successful in the photon fragmentation region, a purely perturbative description of the proton fragmentation region is not yet possible and the current versions of Monte Carlo hadronization models underestimate the yield of fast secondary nucleons. We have explored to which extent leading proton production in DIS can be understood quantita- tively within peripheral mechanisms. We define the semi-inclusive structure function: da(ep • dxdQ2dzdt Q2x [2 2 (1) Here a is the electro-magnetic fine structure constant, z is the fraction of the light-cone momentum of the beam proton carried by the outgoing proton z = ^^r, t is the (p, p') four-momentum transfer 2 squared, x, y, Q and /3 = M&Q i = j-fj are the standard DIS variables and R = O^JUT- In the present analysis we focus on leading protons with 0.6 < z < 0.9. We consider four mechanisms of leading proton production (Fig. 1): a) diffractive production of protons; b) spectator protons from the fragmentation of the wN Fock state of the physical proton produced by DIS off virtual n° (pion- exchange mechanism); c) protons produced as decay products of Delta resonances; d) reggeized heavy meson (reggeon R) exchange contribution (predominantly the isoscalar reggeon, R = /o, exchange). Fig. 1: Peripheral mechanisms of leading proton production. The contributions of all four mechanisms to the semi-inclusive structure function can be written in the factorized form (i = IP, n°p, 7rA, /O): where F^ift, Q2) is the structure function of the exchanged object (pion, pomeron, reggeon), fi(z,t) is its flux factor and (3 is the Bjorken variable for DIS off the exchanged object. The details concerning the flux factors / and structure functions F2 can be found in [5]. The single particle inclusive (z, <)-spectrum of protons is defined as R(z,t,x,Q2) = 2 2 2 FW(z,t,/3,Q )/F2p{x,Q ). A fully differential study of R(z,t,x,Q ) is not yet possible with the limited statistics of the preliminary ZEUS data [1]. The data were collected within the following 2 4 3 2 2 experimental cuts 9,exp: 0.6 < z < 0.9, \t\min < \t\ < 0.5GeV , 10~ < x < IO~ and 4 < Q < Q max, where Qmai is tne maximal kinematically attainable Q2. 21 ZEUS preliminary data Fig. 2: The fraction (in per cent) of DIS events with a leading proton in a given z bin (Az = 0.03) predicted by our model (thick solid curve) in comparison with the ZEUS preliminary data [1]. The contributions of four mechanisms of Fig. 1 are shown separately: the pomeron-exchange (thin solid), the pion-exchange (long-dashed), the protons from the A decay (dashed) the reggeon-exchange (dotted). As emphasized above, the pion, pomeron and reggeon structure functions are unknown in the (5 region considered in our present analysis. For a reference evaluation of R'exp, we take the GRV pa- rameterization for the (/3,Q2) evolution of the pion structure function [8], the flux of pions evaluated in the light-cone model for the chiral structure of the nucleon [6] and the triple-Regge model parame- terization F2 (/3,Q2) = 0.026/?"008 described above. For the proton structure function, which enters the evaluation of the denominator one can use any convenient fit to the HERA data. In the present analysis we take the GRV parameterization [9]. The practical calculations have been performed with a Monte Carlo implementation of the above formalism. As a result of our analysis, we find RKop(ilexp) = 2%, RnA{^exp) = 0.9% and the tail of the pomeron exchange contribution gives Rjpp{£lexp) — 1.2%, E vs so that Ri+2+3{ttexp) — 4.05%. From the comparison with the ZEUS experimental result, R%x p = 9.2 ± 1.7 %(stat. only) [1], we conclude that about 5 % of the missing strength must be attributed 2 to the reggeon exchange. In the triple-Regge scaling model, F^(P,Q ) = CRP~°'0S, this requires CR = 0.12 within a factor of 1.5 uncertainty. The importance of different mechanisms can be better seen from the z-dependence of the ratio Rexp{z) defined for the experimental (L,x,Q2) range as shown in Fig. 2. Clearly the importance of the reggeon exchange can be seen from the figure. With the set of parameters specified above, the reggeon contribution makes Rexp{z) approximately flat at z ~ 0.9. The preliminary Hi results are also consistent with the flat z-spectrum [2]. References: 1. N. Cartiglia for the ZEUS collaboration, a talk at D1S97, Chicago (April 1997), Proceedings, American Institute of Physics, editors D. Krakauer and J. Repond, in press, hep-ph/9706416; ZEUS Collaboration, a talk (N-644) at the International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics, Jerusalem, 19-26 August 1997; 2. HI Collaboration, a talk (abstract 379) at the International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics, Jerusalem, 19-26 August 1997; 3. L. Lonblad, Comput. Phys. Commun. 71 (1992) 15; B. Andersson et al., Phys. Rep. 97 (1983) 31; 4. G. Marchesini et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 67 (1992) 465; 5. A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaev, and J. Speth, Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 383; 6. H. Holtmann, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth, Nucl. Phys. A596 (1996) 631; 7. H. Holtmann, G. Levman, N.N. Nikolaev, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth, Phys. Lett. B338 (1994) 363; 8. JV1. Gliick, E. Reya, and A. Vogt, Z. Phys. C53 (1992) 651; 9. M. Gliick, E. Reya, and A. Vogt, Z. Phys. C67 (1995) 433. 22 PL9902426 Do the E866 Drell Yan Data Change our Picture of Chiral Structure of the Nucleon ? N.N. Nikolaev1, W. Schafer1, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth1 1Institut fur Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jiilich, Jiilich, Germany The short information below is based on an article in [1]. We reanalyzed the role of isovector reggeons in inclusive production of nucleons and delta isobars in hadronic reactions. We have found rather large contribution of reggeon-exchange induced production of Delta isobars. This leaves much less room for the pion-exchange induced mechanism of A production and provides a constraint on the JVTTA form factor. The production of leading pions in proton-proton collisions at ISR put additional constraints on the JVJV7T vertex form factors. We have proved and discussed a simple semi-theorem based on Reggeon phenomenology which suggests negligible effect of Reggeon exchange for the inclusive reactions. All these constraints are used then to estimate the pion content of the nucleon and allow to calculate parameter-free the ^-dependence of d — u. We discuss the violation of the Gottfried Sum Rule and d-u asymmetry and compare to the one obtained from the E866 experiment at Fermilab. The limitation from hadronic reactions together with the found theorem allow to understand unexpectedly small du asymmetry at intermediate x as obtained from the E866 Fermilab experiment. We have estimated the background to the pion structure function obtained from leading neutrons at HERA. Reference: 1. N.N. Nikolaev, W. Schafer, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth, hep-ph/9812266. Hill IIIIllllIllllHill||||[|||||| PL9902427 Lifetime of Virtual Vector Mesons and the Nucleon Structure Functions A. Szczurek1 and V. Uleshchenko1'2 1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine It is a common wisdom that the vector dominance model applies at low Q2 (four-momentum transfer squared) while the parton model describes the region of large Q2, leading in zero-order to Bjorken-scaling and to logarithmic scaling violation in higher orders of QCD. It was proposed in Ref. [1] how to unify both the limits in a consistent dispersion method approach. In the traditional formulation of the VDM one is limited to large time of life of hadronic. fluctuations of the virtual photon, i.e. small Bjorken x < 0.1 for the existing data. We generalize the model to a full range of Q2 and x by introducing extra phenomenological form factors to be adjusted to the experimental data. The total nucleon structure function is represented as a sum of the standard vector dominance part, important at small Q2 and/or small Bjorken x, and partonic (part) part which dominates over the vector dominance (VDM) part at large Q2: 2 N VDM 2 ar F»(x,Q ) = F2 ' (x,Q ) + F^ \x^) . (1) The standard range of applicability of vector dominance contribution is limited to large invariant masses of the hadronic system (W), i.e. small values of x. In the target (nucleon) reference frame the time of life of the hadronic fluctuation is given according to the uncertainty principle as r ~ 1/AJE with |q|2 - y/q2 + \q)2 , (2) where My is the mass of the hadronic fluctuation (vector meson mass). In the most general case: (3) At v —>• oo the time of life of the hadronic fluctuation is r ~ M®m x. It is natural to expect small VDM contribution when the time of life of the hadronic fluctuation is small. We model this fact by 23 introducing a form factor fi(r) = Q(x,Q2). Then the modified vector dominance contribution can be written as: FN'VDM(X o2)- 4?r 72 {Q2 + M2 )2 We have taken 7's calculated from the leptonic decays of vector mesons which include finite width corrections [2], In the present analysis we used only exponential and Gaussian form factors: . (5) As in Ref. [1] we take the partonic contribution as: N art 2 2 F2 « (x,Q ) = 7^-^-Fr\x,Q ) , (6) 2 2 sy 2 where x — w2_ 2 Z*2 Qi and Q = Q + Q\. The F% (x,Q ) above denotes the standard partonic structure function which in the leading order can be expressed in terms of the quark distributions: asy 2 2 2 2 r2F (v\J>i C)V \ ) —— v X . •V 2_,f* Pe f . \nAv|/i/v* > r>V \ ) X.T" n,(v9/v c) VD \]JJ • The extra factor in front of Eq. (6) assures a correct kinematic beheviour in the limit Q2 —»• 0. In general QQ, Q\ and Q\ can be slightly different. At large Bjorken x one has to include also the so-called target mass corrections [4]. We expect that at not too small x > 0.01, the region of the interest of the present paper, the leading order Gliick-Reya-Vogt (GRV) parametrization of F|'asj/(a;, Q2) and F^'asy(a;,<32) should be adequate. Furthermore in our opinion the parametrization [4]. with the valence-like input for the sea quark distributions and d - u asymmetry built in incorporates in a phenomenological way nonperturbative effects caused by the meson cloud in the nucleon [5]. The total cross section for (vector meson) - (nucleon) collision is not well known. Above meson- nucleon resonances, one may expect the following approximation: -tot _ ^tot _ * [_ -tot -tot I -tot 1 \^tot j_ -tot Using a simple Regge-inspired parametrizations by Donnachie-Landshoff [6] of the total nN and KN cross sections we get simple and economic parametrizations for energies s1'2 > 3 GeV: tot _ tot _ i o fio e0.0808 , oi 7Q -0.4525 0 0808 4525 off, = 10.01 • s - + 2.72 •5 -°- , (8) where the resulting cross sections are in mb. References: 1. J. Kwiecinski and B. Badelek, Z. Phys. C43 (1989) 251; B. Badelek and J. Kwiecinski, Phys. Lett. B295 (1992) 263; 2. B.L. Ioffe, V.A. Khoze, and L.N. Lipatov, Hard Processes; Phenomenology, Quark-Parton Model, North Holland, Amsterdam 1984; 3. M. Gluck, E. Reya, and A. Vogt, Z. Phys. C67 (1995) 433; 4. O. Nachtmann, Nucl. Phys. 63 (1973) 237; B78 (1974) 455; 5. H. Holtmann, A. Szczurek, and J. Speth, Nucl. Phys. A569 (1996) 631; A. Szczurek, M. Ericson, H. Holtmann, and J. Speth, Nucl. Phys. A596 (1996) 397; 6. A. Donnachie and P.V. Landshoff, Phys. Lett. B296 (1992) 227. 24 PL9902428 The Nucleon Structure Functions in the Broad Range of x and Q2 A. Szczurek1 and V. Uleshchenko1'2 1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine Most of the previous parametrjzations in the literature centered on the proton structure function. In the analysis presented here we were equally interested in the proton and neutron structure func- tions. In Fig. 1 we display the experimental data for proton (left panel) and deuteron (right panel) structure functions selected in our fit. We have selected only NMC, E665 and SLAC sets of data [1] for both proton and deuteron structure functions, together 1833 experimental points: 901 for the proton structure function and 932 for the deuteron structure function. The deuteron structure function has been calculated as: i.e. we have neglected all nuclear efFects like shadowing, antishadowing due to excess mesons, Fermi motion, binding, etc, which are known to be relatively small for the structure function of the deuteron [2]; which is one of the most loosely bound nuclear systems. In addition we have assumed isospin 2 2 2 symmetry between the proton and neutron structure functions, i.e. un(x, Q ) = dp(x, Q ), dn{x, Q ) = 2 2 2 up{x,Q ) and sn(x,Q ) = sp(x,Q ). GRV proton structure function deuteron •tructure function Q"-0.565 G,V" tf-1.1 C«V ,J>* V 0.001 0.01 1 O.Ol 0.1 0.001 0.01 q'-3.5 OeV Fig. 1: Comparison of the model results with experimental data for F% (l.h.s.) and F2 (r.h.s.) as a function of Bjorken x for different values of Q2 = 0.585, 1.1, 2.0, 3.5 GeV2 . The solid line corresponds to our full model with Gaussian form factor. We present also the modified VDM contribution (short-dashed) and for comparison also the result obtained with GRV parametriza- tion [4] (corrected for target mass effects) of quark distributions (dashed line) and that of the CKMT model [3] (long-dashed line). 25 Some examples of the fit quality can be seen in Fig. 1 (x-dependence for different values of Q2 — 0.585, 1.1, 2.0, 3.5 GeV2). An excellent fit is obtained for Q2 > 4 GeV2 (not shown in Fig. 1), although the VDM contribution stays large up to 10 GeV2. In comparison to the GRV parametrization (dashed line) our model describes much better the region of small Q2 < 3 GeV2, especially at intermediate Bjorken-x: 0.05 < x < 0.3. The CKMT model (long-dashed line), shown according to the philosophy in [3] for Q2 < 10 GeV2 gives better fit at very small Bjorken-x. It is however slightly worse as far as isovector quantities are considered, as will be discussed later. Similar quality fit is obtained in our model for the proton (left panels) and deuteron (right panels) structure functions. For illustration a VDM contribution modified by form factor defined in the previous report is shown separately by the short-dashed line. A complement to the solid line is the partonic component. The modified VDM contribution is sizeable for small values of Bjorken-x and not too large Q2 but survives up to relatively large Q2. At Q2 > 3 GeV2 structure functions in our model almost coincide with those in the GRV parametrization despite that the VDM term is still not small. For Q2 —*• oo 2 art 2 RV 2 only partonic contribution survives and F2(x,Q ) ->• F$ (x,Q ) -> F% (x,Q ). Our model seems to provide a very good description of some isovector quantities. As an example in Fig. 2 we present F$(x, Q2) — F%(x, Q2) at Q2 — A GeV2 obtained in our model (solid lines for different form factors), as well as the results obtained with the GRV parametrization (dashed line) and in the CKMT model (short-dashed line). The NMC data [5] prefer rather our model. As a consequence of not perfect description of the deuteron data the CKMT model fails to describe the difference F^x) — F%{x) for x < 0.3. The success of our model is related to the violation of the Gottfried Sum Rule and/or d — u asymmetry which is included in our model explicitly. In comparison to our model in the CKMT 2 2 model for Q > 2 GeV the Gottfried Sum Rule SG = *'. 0.12 Our model GRV - — CKMT wO.08 NMC data fc-H 0.04 : O.QQ .001 Fig. 2: F$(x,Q2) - F£(x,Q2) at Q2 = 4 GeV2 compared to the NMC data. The upper solid line corresponds to our model with exponential form factor, the lower solid line to our model with Gaussian form factor, the dashed line to the GRV parametrization and the long-dashed line to the CKMT parametrization. References: 1. http://durpdg.dur.ac.uk/HEPDATA; 2. B. Badelek and J. Kwieciriski, Nucl. Phys. B370 (1992) 278; V.R. Zoller, Z. Phys. C53 (1992) 443; W. Melnitchouk and A.W. Thomas, Phys. Rev. D47 (1993) 3783; 3. A. Capella, A. Kaidalov, C. Merino, and J. Tran Thanh Van, Phys. Lett. B337 (1994) 358; A.B. Kaidalov and C. Merino, hep-ph/9806367; 4. M. Gliick, E. Reya, and A. Vogt, Z. Phys. C67 (1995) 433; 5. NMC collaboration, M. Arneodo et al., Phys. Rev. D50 (1994) Rl. 26 PL9902429 BRAHMS (Experiment) at RHIC (Collider) J. Brzychczyk2, K. Grotowski1-2, T. Kozik2, Z. Majka2, Z. Sosin2, P. Staszel1'2, and A. Wieloch2 for the BRAHMS Collaboration3 1 H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland; 3BNL, CRN-Strasbourg, DP-Oslo, JHU-Baltimoore, HIT-Harbin, JU- Krakow, LBNL-Berkeley, NBI-Copenhagen, NORDITA-Copenhagen, NYU-New York, TAMU-College Station, UK-Kansas, UL-Lund, UB-Bergen The RHIC facility of Brookhaven National Laboratory will provide the physicists community with a powerful new tool. This accelerator will collide different ions from protons to heavy nuclei at cm. energies up to 500 GeV for protons and 200 GeV per nucleon pairs for Au nuclei. Theory of strongly interacting matter reveals that at very high temperatures there will be a tran- sition from hadronic matter to a plasma of deconfined quarks and gluons. Such phenomenon is also expected at high baryon density even at zero temperature. It is of special interest to investigate different regions of the phase diagram for expected formation of the quark-gluon plasma. Regardless of whether the quark-gluon state of matter will be convincingly discovered or not, it is important to understand the basic phenomena open for investigation in the RHIC energy domain. The BRAHMS experiment has been designed to gather information on momentum spectra and yields for various emitted hadrons as a function of transverse momenta and rapidity. Early phase of the BRAHMS research concerns several subjects which are crucial for understanding phenomena that occur in heavy ion collisions within this unexplored energy domain. Among them are: (i) reaction dynamics, (ii) minijet production, (iii) $ meson production as quark-gluon plasma creation signature. The Polish group is a member of the BRAHMS collaboration since 1995 and is responsible for designing, construction and operation of a set of the tracking detectors T3 - T5. These detectors will be used in the high momentum mode measurements. The BRAHMS experiment will make a unique contribution to research of strongly interacting matter. Tunneling in Strong Magnetic Fields p|_9902430 J. Jakiel In our previus paper [1] we reinterpreted amplitudes jB1/f2exp (i/3) and Tl/2exp(ia) introduced by D. Bohm [2, 3] showing that time can be defined with respect to the barrier, and processes inside the barrier are included in both of new phases introduced by us. Biittiker, as well Rybachenko [4-6] solve the scattering problem for the Hamiltonian: XT I V 2m. ' ruy* IVV~IJ"/J | V |S &j ^ n — \ where I,ax,o~Y,(Tz are Pauli matrices. Let the wave function be as follows: tf>± = exp(iky) + F±exp(-iky) for y < -a/2, i.e left to the barrier; V± = B±exp(-K±y) + C± exp(-n±y) for -a/2 < y < a/2 i.e within the barrier; if>± - A± exv(iky) outside the barrier if y > a/2. Magnetic field BQ changes barrier height of the FQ = Vo ± fiWL/2 for each spinor component; so the problem of finding coefficients A±, fl±, C±, F± is solved in the same way as in the absence of magnetic field. The coefficients mentioned are found by replacing n —> n± in the simple tunneling problem. Expressions (4) in [1] change to: A? = ilm(exp(^f)) exp(i Spin direction after tunneling through the barrier is given by the spinor: + tj) = ... ,a .V, p^/2 1 A I which results in expected values of spin components: 2 c - < Sz >= ft We have obtained the most general formulas to calculate polarization of the transmitted particles. Similarly in the case of reflected particles we find: 2 2 2 2 ti | F+ | + | F_ | cos (tpf) + cos ( 1 Institute for Nuclear Research, NASU, Kiev, Ukraine Usually authors define dwell time as in L&A [2]): 1 f TD(x1,x2;k) = —— / V{K){K) Jxx According to F&H [3], H&S [4] on the ground of mutually exclusive requirement, i.e. the require- ment stemming from the fact that transsmision and reflection exclude one another, we obtained: 2 2 H = r =| A{E) | r$)+ | F(E) | r% and in [1] we have defined another time, so called first phase time: d(Pi _ _(i) dE ~ T° • 28 We can say that TQ is the phase time connected with phase change in the direction of initial projectile movement (taking into account spin rotation of a particle penetrating the barrier), while ( T D seems to be related or with mean square fluctuations of the tunneling time distribution or with coupling to continuum. For times related to the [Q] matrix [5] we have: the square of difference between the times when a particle stays in the interaction region, and the times without interaction, are given by the sum of squares of phase changes with energy during interaction. For the rectangular barrier we can easily calculate integrated dwell time: 2 a 2 TD(-a/2, a/2; k) = ^ Ci% I V> I dx = ^ /_ f/2 | a^ch + Msh | dx, 2 a*a fa | dx = fa |2 dx = .a). In the figures we present the dependence of first phase time on the barrier high and width (Fig. 1) and the same dependence for the difference between second phase time and integrated dwell time (Fig. 2). Fig. 1 Fig. 2 References: 1. .]. Jakiel, V.S. Olkhovsky, and E. Recami, Phys. Lett. A248 (1998) 156; 2. C.R. Leavens, G.C. Aers, Phys. Rev. B39 (1989) 1202; 3. R.P. Feynman and A.R. Hibbs, "Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals", McGraw-Hill, New York (1965); Phys'61 (1989) 917; PL9902432 Spin-Dependent Cross Section of the pp—> pprc0 Reaction J.T. Balewski1-2 for PINTEX collaboration 1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2WCF, Bloomington, IN, USA The pp —> ppir0 reaction was measured at excess energies between 20 and 55 MeV. The kine- matically complete experiment [1] was performed by PINTEX collaboration at the Indiana Cooler Ring, using both a polarized internal atomic hydrogen target and a stored, polarized beam. The spin-dependent total cross section A possible by the use of a cooled beam in a storage ring. The polarization observables are used to study the contribution from individual partial waves. R . 325 MeV 350 MeV 375 MeV 400 MeV FIT Q.A 0.4 0.4- 0.4 BEAM t 0 0 0 0 BEAM | -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TARGET t TARGET | \y- 0.4 -0.4 •0.4 -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TARGET <=- -oTsin TARGET -• -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 TT + U 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0 0 0 0 -0.4 -0.4 •0.4 -0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 D . 0.4 -sin 0 0 0 0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 360 0 360 0 360 0 360 T* (deg) Fig. 1: Asymmetries for different spin combinations of yields R,- as a function of the azimuthal angle of the 7r°. The solid lines are obtained from the least-square fit using the theoretical <(>„ dependence (listed on right), varying aB, aT, S = (Axx + Ayy), and D = (Axx - Ayy). Reference: .. H.O. ., Ph.. Kev. W. « ,1»8, »9, PL9902433 Thermal Multifragmentation in p + Au Interactions F A S A Project S.P. Avdeyev1, V.A. Karnaukhov1, W.D. Kuznetsov1, L.A. Petrov1, V.K. Rodionov1, A.S. Zubkevich1, H. Oeschler2, O.V. Bochkarev3, L.V. Chulkov3, E.A. Kuzmin3, A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki, E. Norbeck4, A.S. Botvina5, W.A. Friedman6, W. Noerenberg7, and G. Papp7 1 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; 2Institut fur Kernphysik, Technische Universitk't Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; 3Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia; ^University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1A, USA;5 Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia; 6 Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; 7Gesselschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany The understanding of the copious emission of the intermediate mass fragments (IMF) from highly excited nuclei is a major topic in current nuclear physics research. This process gives access to the behaviour of nuclear matter at low densities and nuclear liquid-gas phase transition. The efforts in this year were focused on the detailed study of IMF energy spectra. For thermal multifragmentation they are mainly determined by Coulomb interaction. It allows to trace back the geometry and the time evolution at break up. In collision of 8.1 GeV protons with gold, it is found that for a given fragment the maxima of the energy spectra (as well as the mean energy) decrease with icreasing number of emitted fragments. 30 This could indicate a variation in density at break up. But the observed behaviour of the energy spectra has a natural explanation in the kinematic redistribution of the fragment energy with increas- ing disintegration of the system as predicted by the Statistical Multifragmentation Model (SMM) - J. Bondorf, A.S. Botvinaet al., and Microcanonical Metropolis Monte Carlo model (MMMC) - D.H.E. Gross et al. at fixed density. The upgrading of FASA setup is now in progress. It will be the new triggering system (made in Institute of Nuclear Research at Cracow) consisting of 25 DE (gas) - E (SiAu) telescope. This system increases the setup efficiency significantly. It improves also the conditions for measuring the small angle correlations concident fragments, which is important for detailed study of the process time scale. References: 1. S.P. Avdeyev, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., European Physical Journal, A3 (1998) 75; 2. V.A. Karnaukhov, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., Yad. Fizika 62, No 2 (1999) 1. Fragment Excitation Energies at Freeze-Out Phase of 45 MeV/nucleon 84Kr + 93Nb Reaction P. Staszel1'2, Z. Majka2, J. Cibor3, K. Hagel3, N. Marie3, J.B. Natowitz3, R. Wada3, L.G. Sobotka4, D.G. Sarantites4, R.J. Charity4, D.W. Stracener5, G. Augere6, Y. Schutz6, J.P. Wieleczko6, R. Dayras7, E. Plagnol8, J. Baretto9, and E. Norbeck10 !S 1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 3 Cyclotron Institute, Texas AfoM University, College Station Texas; 4 Depart- ment of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis Missouri, USA; 5 Oak Ridge National Lab- oratory; 6 GANIL, BP, Caen CEDEX, France; 7 Service de Physique Nucleaire-Basse Energy, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France; 8 IPN Orsay, France; 9 Institute de Fisica da UFRJ-CP21945-RJ, Brazil; 10 Department of Physics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (The work was supported by the Polish Scientific Research Committee under Grant No 2P03B 103 12) The emission of light charged particles (LCPs) from the central collision reaction products has been studied for the reaction of 45 MeV/nucleon 84Kr with 93Nb. T-he -experiment was performed at the GANIL facility using the Washington University Dwarf Ball/Wall multidetector system. The violent collision (b < 4fm) has been selected using the total collected charge condition. The analysis of the primary IMF excitation energy has been performed for a four bins of the detected IMFs (2 < ZiiMF < ^UJ. One of the primary motivations for studying violent collisions between heavy nuclei far above the Coulomb barrier is to learn about, properties of nuclear matter at densities and temperatures far different than those encountered in nuclei in or near their ground states. This is related to the physics contained in the equation of state for infinite nuclear matter. A few recent studies have claimed that bulk volume expansion is needed in order to explain the production of intermediate mass fragments. If this is so, these collisions are providing a means of studying the decay of subsaturation density nuclear systems. However, in order to have confidence in these results, the reaction dynamics must be better understood than they presently are, and in particular how the dynamics is reflected in the few selected parameters which are used in comparisons with theory. It has been suggested that the kinetic energy spectra of the LCPs and the IMF can be understood as a result of multiple-step emissions which occur during different phases of the composite system formation and disintegration. In the first phase of the violent collision the compressed and hot nuclear system expands emitting the LCPs. When the system reaches a sufficiently low density, heavier fragments (IMFs) can be produced. Such primary fragments are predominately excited and their statistical decays might supply information on thermal condition of the disintegrating system. 31 In this study we searched for the IMF excitation energies in a freeze-out phase of the reaction. In order to get such information the multiplicities of the evaporated LCPs from the primary excited fragments have been determined using an iterative procedure and the Monte Carlo simulation. Our study leads to the following conclusions: a) The assumption that the N/Z ratio of the primary IMS are the same as in the combined target-projectile system gives the higher fragment excitation energies as compared to the assumption that the fragments N/Z ratio are the same as for the beta- stable nuclei. A better agreement between theory and experimental results according to the earlier assumption, indicates that the system preserves the entrance channel N/Z ratio, b) The derived tem- perature depends on the level density parametrization used in the statistical calculation. However, independent information on the level density parameter would allow unambiguous fragment temper- ature determination, c) From the comparison between correlation functions calculated for different mean life times of excited primary fragments, we concluded that the derived informations on the IMF excitations and temperatures are related to the freeze-out time instant, d) The results on the IMF excitations and temperatures enabled us to derive some global system characteristics in the freeze-out stage. These results suggest that in the case of violent nucleus-nucleus collision a significant amount of the excitation energy is stored in the collective motion of the system. 6He Structure Study by Means of Transfer Reactions in the 6He-f-p ^m System at 25 MeV/n Energy of 6He Beam B R. Wolski, A.S. Fomichev1, A.M. Rodin1, S.I. Sidorchuk1, S.V. Stepantsov1, Hco G.M. Ter-Akopian1, V.I. Zagrebaev1, Yu.Ts. Oganessian1, P. Roussel-Chomaz2, W. Mittig2, ^=CN and I. David3 ^ro Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction, JLNR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia; 2GANIL, Caen, Franct 3lnstitute of Atomic Physics, Bucharest, Romania Angular distributions for elastic scattering and In and 2n transfer reactions were measured for the 6He+1H system at 25 MeV/nucleon. The secondary beam of 6He nuclei was produced by bombardment of a thick (350 mg/cm2) beryllium target with a 43 MeV/n 13C primary beam from U-400M cyclotron of FLNR. The6 He ions were separated from the primary beam particles and main part of the other reaction products using the doubly achromatic separator ACCULINNA [1]. The secondary 6He beam of 150 MeV energy and 5% energy resolution (FMHW) was collimated to a diameter of ~8 mm by Al diaphragms limiting the beam spot on the target. The average beam intensity amounted up to 1 X 105 of 6He particles per second. A 400 /jm CH2 foil was used as a hydrogen target. The reaction products of interest were detected by a system of two AExAExE telescopes mounted on two movable arms. Each telescope consisted of two silicon strip detectors (area of 60x60 mm2, and thickness of 400 /xm, 29 identical 2 mm strips in each detector) and a 20 mm thick CsJ(Tl) crystal 65x65 mm2 in area. The strip detectors provided both X and Y positions and AE signals, the thick detector gave E signals. The obtained experimental data were analyzed in the framework of the finite range DWBA model including one-step transfers. The a+t exit channel was treated as the sum of 2n and triton transfer processes. The calculation incorporating shell model spectroscopic amplitudes for different 6He partitions overestimates the cross section for this reaction in the region of large CM angles where the t transfer process is supposed to be prevailing. The results suggest a lower triton spectroscopic amplitude for the 6He nucleus as compared to the shell model calculation. The experimental data on 2n transfer reaction are also described within four-body (alpha+p+n+n) approach and it is the "di-neutron" configuration of the 6He nucleus [2] that is found to make the dominant contribution to the cross section. References: 1. A.M. Rodin et al., Nucl. Inst. Meth. B126 (1997) 236; 2. M.V. Zhukov at al., Phys. Rep. 231 (1993) 151. 32 PL9902436 Wide Aperture Kinematic Separator COMBAS Realized on the Strong Focusing Principle A.G. Artukh1, G.F. Gridnev1, M. Gruszecki1-2, F. Kościelniak1'2, A.G. Semchenkov1-3, O.V. Semchenkova1'3, Yu.M. Sereda1'3, V.A. Schepunov1, J. Szmider1, Yu.G. Teterev1, P.G. Bondarenko1, L.A. Rubinskaya1, Yu.P. Severgin4, Yu.A. Myasnikov4, B.V. Rozhdestvenski4, A.Yu. Konstantinov4, V.V. Koreniuk4, I. Sandrev5, S. Genchev5, and l.N. Vishnevski3 1 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; 2 The II. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland; 3Institute for Nuclear Researchk, Kiev, Ukraine; 4Efremov Scientific. Research Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, St. Petersburg, Russia; 5 Laboratory for Technical Development of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria The COMBAS separator has been constructed to be used both in the mode of high resolving spectrometer for studying reaction mechanisms and in the mode of prompt separator in experiments on synthesis and study of properties of short lived exotic nuclei near the drip lines. Research programme using COMBAS needs the parameters of the separator to be extremely good, namely: resolving power = 400, momentum acceptance, Ap/p = ± 0.1, solid angle, AQ = 6 msr, magnetic rigidity Bp = 4.5 T m. To fulfill above mentioned conditions the special magneto-optical structure of separator is necessary. The magnetic structure of the COMBAS is formed by eight magnets with nonuniform magnetic fields. The separator consist of two analogous sections, placed symmetrically to the middle plane F^ (dispersive focal plane). The first section plays the role of magnetic rigidity filter, collects radioactive nuclei and separates nuclei from the incident beam. The second compensates the dispersion due to the first one and focuses nuclei in the achromatic focus Fa. For the first time in the world the separator has been build using the strong focussing principle, which was realized on the base of four 25° multipole analyzing magnets with nonuniform magnetic fields and on four 7.5° dipole correcting magnets. The nonlinear effects substantially reduce the resolving power of separators with wide aperture magnets. The main contribution to the beam distortion is made by the second and third order aberrations. These abberations have been compensated by the special profiling of the poles of the first and the last pair of magnets. The correcting sextupole and octupole components of the magnetic fields for the second and third pair of magnets have been introduced by profiling the poles and forming necessary curvature of the entrance and exit pole boundaries, which effects a beam of particles as thin sextupole and octupole lenses. The final formation of the magnetic field distribution can be made by fine tuning of the field using additional correcting coils installed on the poles of the fourth and fifth magnets. Variation of magnetic fields in these magnets allows to minimize effect of dégrader, inaccuracy of manufacturing of the pole profiles and inaccuracy of assembling of the magnetic channel. Silicon Detectors PL9902437 E. Białkowski, V.F. Kushniruk1, Yu.G. Sobolev1, E. Nossarzewska2, and J. Sarnecki2 1 FLNR, JINR, Dubna, Russia; 2 Institute of Electronics Material Technology, Warsaw, Poland The development of detection system consisting of detectors and scintillator has been continuated. In particular the teleskope dE - Y3AI5O12: Ce scintillator, E -epitaxial silicon detector [1] predistinated for identification of intermediate energy charged particles has been carefully tested. The system having high charge resolving power, permits to distinquish clearly the elastic peak of ions bombarding a target and allows registration particles in wide range of energies, masses and charges. Moreover, investigation of the scintillator responses shows that scintillator light outputs, as in the case of anothers inorganic scintillators, decrease with increasing Z value of ion and for investigated ions from 9Be to 14N have linear dependence on energy for E > 10 MeV/A. 33 Parameters of silicon epitaxial detector manufactured using high resistivity epitaxial structures, obtained by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) at IEMT (Warsaw), with the thickness of epi lay- ers of 100 \i and the resistivity of 8 kiicm, as well as electrical characteristics of palladium silicide (Pd2Si) contact to N-type Si have been investigated. First results achievied with the four segment (4x50x10 mm2) detector are interesting (e.g. the dark current is 50 nA/'cm2/Vtotaldepletion) and will soon be published. The palladium silicide as a rectifing contact layer has advantage of implanted one, because its thermal formation occurs at relatively low temperature and its performation is more easier. The possibility to form a thin buried metallic layer at the silicon wafer by means of silicidation process gives the new base for manufacturing integrated dE-E detectors. More detailed investigation of behavior of the palladium (Pd2Si), chromium (CrSi22) and titanium (TiSi22) silicidies against N-type Si will be done in near future. Reference: 1. V.F. Kushniruk et al., Nucl. Experim. Techniques (Moscow), 40, No 3 (1997) 323. Energy Efficiency Centre BJ J PL9902438 E. Obryk The Energy Efficiency Center (EEC) activities have been concentrated on two directions: activities sponsored by the Government of Norway and carried out in collaboration with the Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller (Norway) and activities related to energy studies, mainly training for energy auditors. Within the programme sponsored by the Government of Norway (Norwegian Cooperation Pro- gramme in Central and Eastern Europe) the main efforts have been aimed at conducting activities of the Energy Efficiency Network in Poland (SEGE) which include four food industry branches and two buildings sections. EEC has carried out duties of the SEGE Secretariat. Lot of efforts has been devoted to preparation of training within the SEGE. One week training for lecturers/instructors in steam systems has been conducted. The training was done by the Norwegian expert I. Skallerud and has been completed by 11 persons from IFJ, CTU, CUMM, and industry. Two guides: for energy managers of small and medium companies and energy managers of higher education institutions have been prepared. Energy surveys and audits for SEGE selected members have been done. SEGE Board Meeting has suggested to extend activities in public buildings sector and to offer training also outside of SEGE. Thus, EEC as the SEGE Secretariat prepared the following offers: 1. to the Ministry of National Education to include higher education institutions to SEGE; 2. to the Ministry of Health to establish the branch of SEGE for hospitals and health service buildings: 3. to the National Chamber of Economy to cooperate in organizing and conducting courses devoted to management of energy, water, and environment. The General Guidelines for the Museum Environment has been worked out as a confirmation of the activities at the National Museum in Warsaw. Within discussed activities the following have been organized and conducted: • Seminar on Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation in Students' Dormitories; • Seminar on Energy, Water and Environment Management in Hotels and Pensions. In collaboration with the Institute for Energy Technology, five proposals for the Pilot Projects for Reduction of GHG Emissions by Implementing Energy Efficiency have been prepared. The vast knowledge and experiences in the field of energy audits have been used by the members of EEC in lecturing in energy auditors courses authorized by The National Energy Efficiency Agency (KAPE). Altogether more then 40 lectures have been given. 34 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. D.V. Aleksandrov, (R. Wolski) et al., Do Excited States Exist in a System of Two Neutrons?, JETP Lett., 67, No 11 (1998) 903; 2. S.P. Avdeyev, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., Thermal Multifragmentation in p + Au Interaction at 2.16, 3.6 and 8.1 GeV Incident Energies, Report GSI - IKDA 98/10 and Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 75; 3. F. Balestra, (J. Foryciarz) et al., Production of $ and u; Mesons in Near- Threshold pp Reactions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 4572; 4. J. Balewski et al., Strangeness Production in the p+p Interation at Threshold at the Experimental Facility COSY-11, Nucl. Phys. A629 (1998) 164c; 5. J. Balewski, (A. Budzanowski, A. Kozela) et al., Total Cross Section of the Reaction pp —• pK+ A Close to Threshold, Phys. Lett. B420 (1998)211; 6. J. Balewski, (A. Budzanowski) et al., Low-Energy A-p Scattering Parameters from the pp —• pK+A Reaction, Eur. Phys. J. A2 (1998) 99; 7. K. Bennaceur, F. Nowacki, J. Okotowicz, M. Ploszajczak, A Study of Nuclei of Astrophysical Interest in the Continuum Shell Model, Int. Workshop on Physics with Radioactive Nuclear Beams, Puri, India in: J. Phys. G24 (1998) 1631; 8. M. Drochner, (L. Freindl, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak) et al., The p + p -> 7T+ + d Reaction Close to Threshold at COSY, Nucl. Phys. A643 (1998) 55; 9. S. Drozdz, S. Nishizaki, J. Speth, M. Wojcik, Collectivity Embedded in Complex Spectra of Finite Interacting Fermi Systems: Nuclear Example, Phys. Rev. E57 (1998) 4016; 10. G. Fischer, W. Iwanski, P. Kapusta, M. Ziolkowski, A 40 MHz Pipeline Trigger for K° ->• 2x° Decays for the CERN NA48 Experiment, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A419 (1998) 695; 11. GEM Collab., M. Drohner, (L. Friendl, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak) et al., The p + p -> 7T+ + d Reaction Close to Threshold at COSY, Nucl. Phys. A643 (1998) 55; 12. A. Gorski, J. Szmigielski, On Pairs of Difference Operators Satysfying: [D,X] = Id, Univ. of South Carolina preprint TH/9703-1 (1997); hep-th/9703015 and J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998) 545; 13. P.S. Hachaj, (K. Grotowski) et al., 40 40 Studying Binary Collisions with the Ca + Ca Reaction at Eia(, = 35 Me V/Nucleon, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 369; 14. J. Jakiel, V. Olkhovsky, E. Recami, The Generality of the Hartman and Fletcher Effect for the Mean Tunnelling Time in Nonrelativistic-Particle and Photon Tunneling without Absorption and Dissipation, Ukrainian Phys. J. 43 (1998) 635; 35 15. J. Jakiel, V.S. Olkhovsky, E. Recami, On Superluminar Motions in Photon and Particle Tunneling, Phys. Lett. A248 (1998) 156; 16. V.A. Karnaukhov, (A. Bndzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., Multifragmentalion Induced by Light Relativistic Projectiles and Heavy Ions: Similarities and Differences, Preprint JINR E7-98-8 and Yadernaya Fiz. (1998) (in print); 17. E. Kozik et al., Correlation Between Reaction Mechanism, Kinetic Energy Release and Neutron Emission in 40Ar+l59Tb Collision at 9.5 MeV/Nucleon, Acta Phys. Pol. B (1998) (in print); 18. J. Kwapieri, S. Drozdz, L.C. Liu, A.A. Ioannides, Cooperative Dynamics in Auditory Brain Response, e-print physics/9804004 and Phys. Rev. E58 (1998) 6359; 19. P. Moskal, (J. Balewski, A. Budzanowski, A. Kozela) et al., Tj Production in Proton-Proton Scattering Close to Threshold, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 3202; 20. K. Nakayama, A. Szczurek, C. Hanhart, J. Haidenbauer, J. Speth, Production of u) Mesons in Proton-Proton Collisions, Phys. Rev. C57 (1998) 1580; 21. H.-G. Ortlepp, (A. Budzanowski, B. Czech, L. Zrodlowski) et al., The 4^-Fragment-Spectrometer FOBOS, FZR preprint FZR-181 1997 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A403 (1998) 65; 22. M. Palarczyk et al., Cross Section and Analyzing Powers for the (p, n) Reaction on 3He and 4He at 200 MeV, Phys. Rev. C58, No 2 (1998) 645; 23. P. Pawkwski, (K. Grotowski) et al., Intermediate Velocity Source of Intermediate-Mass Fragments in the 40Ca +40 Ca Reaction at Eiab = 35 Me V/Nucleon, Phys. Rev. C57 (1998) 1771; 24. S.B. Sakuta, (A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak, I. Skwirczynska, A. Szczurek) et al., Direct Charge-Exchange Versus Sequential Nucleon Transfers in the l4C(6Li,6 He)14N Reaction at 93 Me V, Nucl. Phys. A639 (1998) 599; 25. T. Srokowski, Solving the Generalized Langevin Equation with the Algebraically Correlated Noise, GANIL preprint P 97 33 and Phys. Rev. E57 (1998) 3829; 26. A. Szczurek, Consequences of Nonperturbative Nucleon Structure at High Energies, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 3435; 27. A. Szczurek, N.N. Nikolaev, J. Speth, Leading Proton Spectrum from DIS at HERA, Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 383; 28. G.M. Ter-Akopian, A.M. Rodin, (R. Wolski) et al., Two Neutron Exchange Observed in the 6He + 4He Reaction. Search for "Di-neutron" Config- uration in 6He", Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 251; 29. A. Werthrmiller, A. Adamczak, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L.A. Schaller, L. Schellen- berg, H. Schneuwly, Y.-A. Thalmann, S. Tresh, Energy Dependence of the Charge Exchange Reaction from Muonic Hydrogen to Oxygen, Hyperfine Interactions 116 (1998) 1; 36 30. M. Wojcik, S. Drozdz, Configuration Mixing Effects in Isoscalar Giant Dipole Resonance, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2239; 31. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, T. Srokowski, Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering on Crystal Surfaces, Physica B (1998) (in print); 32. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, T. Srokowski, Dynamics of Anharmonic Surfaces in Harmonic Crystals, Progr. Surf. Sci. 59 (1998) 265. Proceedings: 1. K. Bennaceur, F. Nowacki, J. Okolowicz, M. Ploszajczak, Radioactive Capture Reaction 7Be(p, 7)8# in the Continuum Shell Model, Proc. of XXVI Int. Workshop on Gross Properties of Nuclei and Nuclear Excitations, Hischegg, Austria 1998, eds M. Buballa et al. (1998) 407; 2. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, A. Szczurek, Reggeons in Diffractive Interactions in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, hep-ex/9709471 and Proc. of the Madrid Workshop on Low x Physics, Milaflores de La Sierra, Spain, June 1997, eds F. Barreiro et. al. (World Scientific) (1998) 284; 3. J. Kwapieri, S. Drozdz, A.A. Ioannides, L.C. Liu, Magnetoencephalography Study of Auditory Brain Processing, Proc. of 3th Acoustics Methods and Mechanics in Biomedical Engineering Conference, Zakopane, Poland, 23-24 April 1998, eds R. Panuszka, E. Reron (Polish Acoustical Society) (1998) 15; 4. M. Ploszajczak, T. Srokowski, Anomalous Diffusion in Peripheral Heavy-Ion Collisions and the Langevin Formulation, Proc. of the XVII RCNP Int. Symposium on Innovative Computational Methods in Nuclear Many-Body Problems, Towards a New Generation of Physics in Finite Quantum Systems, Osaka, Japan, 10-15 November 1997 (World Scientific) Signapore (1998) (in print). Other conference materials: 1. A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, J. Lukasik, I. Skwirczyriska, T. Srokowski, Heavy Fragment Emission from Alpha Clustered Composite Systems, Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conf., Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998, p. 572; 2. S.B. Sakuta, (A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, R. Siudak, I. Skwirczyziska, A. Szczurek) et. al., Role of Direct and Tivo-Step Mechanisms in the l4C(6Li,6 He)l4N Reaction, Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conf. 1998, p. 637. Reports: 1. A.G. Artukh, (M. Gruszecki, F. Koscielniak, J. Szmider) et al., Wide Aperture Kinematic Separator COMBAS Realized on the Strong Focusing Principle, JINR Dubna preprint E7-98-294 (1998); 2. A. Fokin, (A. Budzanowski, B. Czech, A. Siwek, I. Skwirczyriska) et al., An Experimental Study od l^zH, 3'4-6Fe, 6>7'8-9Z,z. 7.9-10-n£e, and lo'n'12/j Isotope Production from Interactions of 14 AMeV and 32 AMeVX4N with 112-124Sn, Cosmic and Subatomic Physics Report LUIP9802 (1998); 3. A. Gorski, Comment on Fractality of Quantum Mechanical Energy Spectra, e-print chao-dyn/9804034 (1998); 37 4. A. Górski, J. Szmigielski, Representations of the Heisenberg Algebra by Difference Operators, e-print hep-th/9808112 (1998); 5. V.A. Karnaukhov, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., On the Variation of the Coulomb Repulsion in Multifragmentation, Report GSI-IKDA 98/23 (1998); 6. W. Słomczyński, J. Kwapień, K. Zyczkowski, Multifractals and Entropy Computing, e-print LANL CHAO-DYN/9804006 (1998). 7. E. Obryk, B. Obryk, M. Ćwikilewicz, Energy Management in Company with Emphasis on Modification of Energy Systems (in Polish), Guide for the energy managers of small and medium companies, Report COWE/S/10, Kraków, 1998; 8. M. Ćwikilewicz, B. Obryk, E. Obryk, Analysis of Energy Management of the Okręgowa Spółdzielnia Mleczarska in Sieradz (in Polish), Report COWE/A/49, Kraków, 1998; 9. E. Obryk, B. Obryk. M. Ćwikilewicz, Proposals for Five Pilot Projects for Reduction of GHG Emissions by Implementing Energy Efficiency, Report COWE/R/5, Kraków, 1998: 10. E. Obryk, B. Obryk, M. Ćwikilewicz, General Guidelines for the Museum Environment, Report COWE/R/6, Kraków, 1998. GRANTS: 1. Prof. S. Drożdż- grant No 2P03B 140 10 (G143) (The State Committee for Scientific Research), "Physics of Compound Open systems: Atomic Nucleus" (1.01.1996- 31.12.1998); 2. Prof. J. Kulessa (J. Foryciarz - Institute of Nuclear Physics) - grant No 2P03B 117 10 (G 136) (The State Committee for Scientific Research), "Measurement of Production Cross-Sections of PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. A. Adamczak, "Deceleration of Muonic Hydrogen Atoms in Solid Hydrogen", Int. Conf. "Exotic Atoms, Molecules and Muon Catalyzed Fusion" EXAT'98, Ascona, Switzer- land, 19-24 July 1998; 2. S. Drożdż, "Collectivity in the Brain Tensory Response", Int. Conf. "Collective Excitation in Fermi and Bose Systems", Sao Paulo, Brasil, 14-17 Septem- ber 1998: 38 3. A. Szczurek, "Flavour Symmetry in the Nucleon", Int. Symp. on "Symetries and Dynamics in Nuclear and Low Energy Particle Physics", Blaubeuren, Baden-Wiirttemberg, Germany, 18-20 May 1998; 4. A. Szczurek, "Consequences of Nonperturbative Nucleon Structure at High Energies", Int. Conf. "On the Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei", Krakow, Poland, 26-30 May 1998; 5. A. Szczurek, "Leading Baryons at HERA", Int. Conf. "HADRONS'98, Strong Interaction at High Energies (Experiment, Phenomenology, Theory"), Parthenit, Crimear, Ukraine, 21-26 June 1998; 6. A. Szczurek, "Leading Baryons", HI Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 28-30 September 1998; 7. J. Lukasik, "The Onset of Mid-Velocity Emissions in Symmetric Heavy Ion Reactions", INDRA Workshop LPC, Caen, France, 06 October 1998; 8. J. Kwapieii, "Magnetoencephalography Study of Auditory Brain Processing", 3th Zakopane Conference on Accoustic Methods in Biomedicine, Zakopane, Poland, 23-24 April 1998; 9. M. Wojcik, "NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei", Krakow, Poland, 26-29 May 1998; 10. S. Drozdz, "Collectivity in the Brain Tensory Response", Int. Conf. "Collective Excitation in Fermi and Bose Systems", Sao Paulo, Brasil, 14-17 Septem- ber 1998. PRESENTATION: 1. A. Budzanowski, S. Kliczewski, J. Lukasik, I. Skwirczyriska, and T. Srokowski, "Fragment Emission from Alpha Clustered Composite Systems", poster session, International Nuclear Physics Conference, Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998; Abstract of Contr. Papers, p. 572. SESSION CHAIRMAN: 1. E. Obryk, International Conference and Workshop under the auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMK Kursk 1 NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998. MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: 1. B. Obryk and E. Obryk, International Conference and Workshop under the Auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMK Kursk 1 NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998; 2. M. Cwikilewicz, B. Obryk, and E. Obryk, International Workshop on "Steam Systems" for lecturers/instructors, Krakow, Poland, 16-20 March 1998. 39 3. E. Obryk, International Conference and Workshop under the auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMK Kursk 1 NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998. MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: 1. B. Obryk and E. Obryk, International Conference and Workshop under the Auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMK Kursk 1 NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998; 2. M. Cwikilewicz, B. Obryk, and E. Obryk, International Workshop on "Steam Systems" for lecturers/instructors, Krakow, Poland, 16-20 March 1998. ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: 1. S. Drozdz, Int. Conf. on "The Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei", Krakow, Poland, 26-30 May 1998; 2. S. Drozdz, Int. Conf. "MESON'98", Krakow, Poland, 1-5 June 1998; 3. B. Obryk and E. Obryk, Int. Conf. and Workshop under the Auspices of IAEA on "Accident of the RBMK Kursk 1 NPP", Krakow, Poland, 9-13 March 1998; 4. M. Cwikielewicz, B. Obryk, and E. Obryk, Int. Workshop on "Steam Systems" for lecturers/instructors, Krakow, Poland, 16-20 March 1998. PROCEEDINGS EDITION: 1. S. Drozdz (and S. Krewald), Proceedings of Int. Conf. "NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei", Krakow, Poland, 26-30 May 1998; Acta Phys. Pol. B29, No 9 (1998); 2. S. Drozdz (L. Jarczyk, H. Machner, and A. Magiera), Proceedings of Int. Conf. "MESON'98", Structure of Mesons, Baryon and Nuclei", Krakow, Poland, 1-5 June 1998; Acta Phys. Pol. B29, No 11 (1998). SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: DEGREES: 1. A. Szczurek - habilitation, "Meson Cloud in the Nucleon and its Consequences in Various Phenomena"; 2. E. Kozik - Ph.D., "Study of the Reaction Mechanism and the Excitation Energy Division for the 40Ar +159 Tb System at the Energy Close to 10 MeV/nucleon"; 3. P. Staszel - Ph.D., "Temperature and Decay Time Scale of Highly Excited Finite Nuclear Systems". 40 SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. P Staszel, "Excitation Energy of Primary Fragments of Multifragmentation", Jagiellonian Universtiy Seminar, Krakow, Poland; 2. J. Lukasik, "The Evolution of Intermediate Velocity Source in Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collisions", Jagiellonian University Seminar. Krakow, Poland; 3. J. Balewski, "Strangeness Production in p+p at y/s < GeV\ Bloomingtori, USA; 4. A. Budzanowski, "Towards the Zero Point. Experiment PHOBOS in Brookhaven", UMCS, Lublin, Poland; 5. Drozdz, "Collectivity Characteristics in the Brain Sensory Response", UMCS, Lublin, Poland, 17 De- cember 1998; 6. E. Obryk, "Improvement of Energy and Water Usage and Potential Savings", Seminar at the Wisla Town and Commune Board on "Energy, Water and Environment Man- agement in Hotels and Pensions", Wisla, Poland, 16 June 1998: 7. M. Cwikilewicz, "Management of Energy, Water and Environment", Seminar at the Wisla Town and Commune Board on "Energy, Water and Environment Man- agement in Hotels and Pensions", Wisla, Poland, 16 June 1998: 8. M. Cwikilewicz, "Monitoring as a Fundamental Instrument in Lowering Costs of Energy and Water", Seminar at the Wisla Town and Commune Board on "Energy, Water and Environment Man- agement in Hotels and Pensions", Wisia, Poland, 16 June 1998; 9. E. Obryk, "Energy Usage and Possibilities for Improvement", Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998; 10. B. Obryk, "Electrical Energy Savings", Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998; 11. B. Obryk, "Savings of W'ater and Energy for its Heating", Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998; 12. B. Obryk, "Monitoring as a Fundamental Instrument in Energy Management", Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998; 13. E. Obryk, "Management of Energy, Water and Environment", Seminar at the Cracow University of Mining and Metallurgy on "Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation in Students' Dormitories", Krakow, Poland, 8 December 1998. 41 INTERNAL: 1. M. Skrzypek, "Physics of W Bosons in e+e~ Collisions"; 2. JV1. Debowski, "Subthreshold Production of K+K~ - Investigation of the Nuclear Matter Properties"; 3. A. Szczurek, "Nonstandard Neutrinos ? Part 1: Nature of Neutrinos, Oscillations"; 4. A. Szczurek, "Nonstandard Neutrinos ? Part II: Solar and Atmospheric Neutrinos, Double - ft Decay"; 5. P. Moskal - Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, "Investigation of K and rj Meson Production at Threshold in pp—>ppK+K~, pp—• pp-*pK+5] and pp—tppr) Reaction"; 6. S. Kistryn - Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, "Search for Exotic Couplings - a Few Examples"; 7. O. Mazonka- INP, Swierk, Poland, "Stochastic Effects in Nuclear Dynamics"; 8. Massimo di Toro - Institute) Nazionale di Fisica Nucleaire, Catania, Italia, "Entrance Channel Effect-sin Fusion Reactions"; 9. A.G. Artukh - JINR, Dubna, Russia, "COMBAS: Program of Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Investigations"; "Tunneling Effect in Nuclear Physics"; 10. I. Talmi - Weitzrnann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, "Binding Energies of Nuclei and Atoms"; 11. A. Dabrowska, "Analysis of 197Au Nuclei Fragmentation at 0.1-1.6 GeV/nucleon"; 12. A. Rudchik - JINR Dubna, Russia, "Energy Dependence of the Nucleus-Nucleus Interaction"; 13. A. Szczurek, "Meson Cloud and Asymmetry of Light Antiquarks"; 14. W. Florkowski, "Vector Mesons in Nuclear Matter"; 15. Y. Sitenko - Bogolubov Institute, Kiev, Ukraine, "Vacuum Polarization Effects in the Background of a Rotational Topology"; 16. Hartman-Braun Firm, "Compact System Freelane 2000 Cyclotron Controlling". LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. E. Obryk, "Energy and Environment", Academy of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (postgraduate course); 2. B. Obryk, lectures at the Course for Auditors, Czchow, Poland, 2-6 March 1998: • "Efficient Use of Electrical Energy"; • "Efficient Use of Water". 3. E. Obryk, lectures at the Course for Auditors, Czchow, Poland, 2-6 March 1998: • "Energy Use and Energy Saving"; • "Energy Management and Monitoring of Energy and Water Consumption". 42 4. E. Obryk, lectures at the Course for Auditors, Miedzybrodzie Bialskie, Poland, 30 March - 4 April 1998: • "Energy Management and Energy Measurement"; • "Efficient Use of Water"; • " Efficient Use of Electrical Energy"; • "Methods of Measurements and Investigations in Thermal Diagnostics of Buildings". 5. E. Obryk, lectures at the Course for Auditors, Miedzybrodzie Bialskie, Poland, 18-23 May 1998: • "Energy Management and Energy Measurement"; • "Efficient Use of Water"; • "Efficient Use of Electrical Energy"; • "Methods of Measurements and Investigations in Thermal Diagnostic of Buildings"; • "Thennography Applications in Thermal Diagnostics of Buildings". 6. B. Obryk, lectures at the Course for Auditors, Czchow, Poland, 25-30 May 1998: • " Efficient Use of Electrical Energy"; • "Efficient Use of Water". 7. E. Obryk, lectures at the Course for Auditors, Czchow, Poland, 25-30 May 1998: • "Energy Use and Energy Saving"; • "Energy Management and Monitoring of Energy and Water Consumption". 8. E. Obryk, lectures at the course for Auditors, Miedzybrodzie Bialskie, Poland, 5-10 October 1998: • "Energy Management and Energy Measurement"; • "Efficient Use of Electrical Energy"; • "Efficient Use of Water"; • "Methods of Measurements and Investigations in Thermal Diagnostic of Buildings". SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. A. Rudchik - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 2. V. Ziman - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 3. V. Pirnak - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 4. A. Momotyuk - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 5. V. Olkhovsky - Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 6. V.K. Chernievski- Kiev Institute of Nuclear Research, Ukraine; 7. E. Duplij - Kharkov University, Ukraine; 8. S. Duplij- Kharkov University, Ukraine; 9. V. Chepigin- JINR Dubna, Russia; 10. V.A.G. Artukh - JINR Dubna, Russia; 11. S.B. Sakuta- Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia; 12. B. Razen- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 13. W. Klimala - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 14. G. Martinska - IRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria; 15. D. Bakalov- IRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria; 16. J. Ilieva- IRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria; 17. M. Ploszajczak- GANIL, Caen, France; 43 18. H. Machner- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 19. V. Garske - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 20. R. Boeckman - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 21. O. Krehl- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 22. Ch. Mosbacher- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 23. Ch. flanhart - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 24. W. Scheinast - KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 25. M. Menzel- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 26. A. Foerster- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 27. K. Kohlmeyer- KFA IKP Jiilich, Germany; 28. /. Talmi- Weizmann Institute, Rohevot, Israel; 29. K. Bennaceur- GANIL, Caen, France; 30. Z. Dziembowski- Temple University, USA; 31. y. Sitenko- Bogolubov Institute, Kiev, Ukraine; 32. N.N. Babaytsev, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia; 33. S. Chakraborty, Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate, Villigen, Switzerland; 34. M. Jankowski, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria; 35. M. Khalib-Rahbar, Energy Research Inc., Rockville, MD, USA; 36. E. Knoglinger, private consultant, Linz, Austria; 37. A.V. Krayushkin, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia; 38. M. Modro, Lockhead Martin Idaho Technologies, Idaho Falls, ID, USA; 39. /. Skallerud, Spirax Sarco Ltd., Norway; 40. O. Veiby, Institute of Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway. 45 PL9902439 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY Head of Department: Prof. Jan Styczen Deputy Head of Department: Prof. Rafal Broda Secretary: Malgorzata Niewiara Telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 202 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Head: Professor Jan Styczen Laboratory of the Structure of Nucleus Head: Professor Rafal Broda Research Staff: Piotr Bednarczyk, Ph.D. Witold Meczynski, Ph.D. Adam Czermak, Ph.D., E.E. Tomasz Pawiat, Ph.D. Bogdan Fornal, Ph.D. Antoni Potempa, Assoc. Prof. Maria Kmiecik, M.Sc, Ph.D. student Barbara Wodniecka, Ph.D. Wojciech Krolas, Ph.D. Pawet Wodniecki, Ph.D. Agnieszka Kuliriska, M.Sc , Ph.D. student Jacek Wrzesiiiski, Ph.D. Malgorzata Lach, Ph.D. Kazimierz Zuber, Ph.D. Adam Maj, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Jerzy Gr^bosz, M.Sc., E.E. Janusz Nowak, M.Sc. Mieczyslaw Janicki, E.E. Bogdan Sowicki Tatiana Jurkowska Antoni Szperlak Jan Jurkowski Miroslaw Zieblinski, M.Sc., E.E. Wladyslaw Kowalski Laboratory of the Applied Nuclear Spectroscopy Head: Zbigniew Stachura, Ph.D. Research Staff: Kvetoslava Burda, Ph.D. Janusz Kraczka, Ph.D. Ewa Dryzek, Ph.D. Malgorzata Lekka, Ph.D. Jerzy Dryzek, Ph.D., Chem.E. Janusz Lekki, Ph.D., E.E. Julia Fedotowa, M.Sc., Ph.D. student Jadwiga Kwiatkowska, Ph.D. Stanisiawa Gajsiorek, M.Sc., Ph.D. student Wojciech M. Kwiatek, Ph.D. Piotr Golonka, M.Sc., Ph.D. student Robert Kruk, Ph.D. Andrzej Z. Hrynkiewicz, Prof. Marta Marszalek, Ph.D. 46 Jacek Jaworski, M.Se, Ph.D. student Jacek Prokop, Ph.D. Roman Kmieć, M. Se. Bogusław Rajchel, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Adam Adamski, Stanisław Łazarski, M.Sc. Małgorzata Drwięga, M. Se. Stanisław Maranda Erazm Dutkiewicz, M.Sc. Marzena Mitura, M.Sc. Luba Glebowa, Czesław Sarnecki Roman Hajduk, E.E. Zbigniew Szklarz Ewa Lipińska, M.Sc., E.E. OVERVIEW: The scientific activity during 1998 was grouped in our Department in two main domains: the nuclear spectroscopy with the application of the multidetector systems and studies of condensed matter properties with the use of nuclear methods. In addition, non-nuclear methods such like the atomic force microscopy, provided several new results. Via deep-inelastic and multi-nucleon transfer reactions, valuable spectroscopic data were gained for some neutron-rich Ar nuclei with interesting results for their 2+ excitation systematics. In the closed shell nucleus ^Ni, an important information on the 8+ excitation was deduced from the finding of an isomeric 19/2" state in 69Cu. The studies with the use of the Recoil Filter Detector at the GAREL+ provided new data on 199At and in heavy Th nuclei, thus proving the usefulness of the RFD in the forthcoming experiments with the EUROBALL array. In the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) studies, among other findings, the entrance channel effects in the decay of the compound 170W decay seem to be spotted. It has been proved that the Perturbed Angular Correlation technique is a sensitive "phase-meter": in the Au- In intermetallic compound a new and yet rather unknown phase was detected. Several new properties of various compounds and alloys were investigated by the Compton scattering, positron annihilation and low temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy techniques. It is hard to summarise in short all those results and the reader is referred directly to the contributions. The Van de Graaff accelerator proton beam was used in PIXE and RBS methods to investigate both low concentrations and properties of surface layers modified by ion implantation. On the Van de Graaff accelerator, a microprobe device has been successfully installed which will provide a beam of protons with a spot in the range of a micrometer for aforementioned and other studies. A bulk of the experimental data has been obtained owing to the international co-operation and scientific exchange supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) with several home and international institutes. Exchange programs with France (Convention I N2 P3 and Jumelage), Germany (Universities of Münster, Konstanz and Göttingen), Italy (INFN-Legnaro) and Ukraine (Sumy) provided a substantial support for carrying out several research activities. JrrofessorJan Styczeń 47 REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902440 Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy of Neutron-Rich Ar Nuclei B. Fornal, R. Broda, W. Królas, T. Pawłat, J. Wrzesiński, D. Bazzacco1, S. Lunardi1, C. Rossi Alvarez1, G. Viesti1, G. de Angelis2, M. Cinausero2, D. Napoli2, and J. Gerl3 1l'Universita' and INFN, Padova, Italy; 2INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Italy; 3GSI, Darmstadt, Germany Neutron-rich nuclei close to the N = 28 shell closure have recently attracted a particular interest. Werner et al. [1], on the basis of self-consistent mean-field calculations, suggested, that the major N = 28 shell gap disappears when approaching Z = 16. Some of these species have been investigated using a technique of + + + intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation of radioactive beams. Energies of the 2i states and B(E2;0 gs-->2i ) values in 40>42S and in 44<46Ar [2] have been measured. The studies, however, could not locate higher excitations. In a series of recent experiments we have shown that the yrast spectroscopy of hard-to-reach neutron-rich nuclei, populated in heavy-ion multinucleon transfer reactions («15% above Coulomb barrier), can be studied very successfully in y-y thick target measurements (e.g. [3]). In these deep-inelastic collisions the population of yrast states is strongly favoured. A possibility for reaching new nuclei in the N = 28 neutron-rich region offered a 48Ca beam. We performed an experiment at the tandem accelerator in Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro bombarding a target of 0.74 mg/cm2 48Ca (backed by 40 mg/cm2 of evaporated ^Pb) with a beam of 140 MeV 48Ca ions. The y-y coincidences were collected with the Euroball array. Fusion-evaporation was a main reaction channel whereas multinucleon transfer processes, leading to nuclei from the vicinity of 48Ca, accounted for less than 1% of the total reaction cross section. Despite very low production yield of nuclei around 48Ca investigations of excited states in some of them were allowed by the high resolving power of the Euroball array. Among many interesting findings, yrast states up to J* = 6+ in the '"Ar nucleus were located. We have also observed the 2+ -» 0+ transition in the N = 28 46Ar isotope and established its energy at 1577(1) keV. The systematics of known yrast levels in heavy Ar isotopes, including newly placed excitations is shown in Fig. 1. 5 4 (6H (6 ••> 695 Ä 3 <4H LU J4* ') j 1589 2+ 1 157577 " 115© O+ O o* 38 4O 42 44 Ar Ar Ar Ar V 28 Fig. I : Systematics of yrast states in neutron-rich Ar isotopes. Arrows indicate the transitions observed in this work. References: 1. T. R. Werner et al., Phys. Lett. 335B (1994) 259; 2. H. Scheit et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 ( 1996) 3967; 3. R. Broda et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 1671. 48 PL9902441 Yrast Spectroscopy of N = 82, 83 Isotopes 136Xe and 137Xe from 248Cm Fission P.J. Daly1, P. Bhattacharyya1, C.T. Zhang1, R. Broda, B. Fornal, Z.W. Grabowski1,1. Ahmad2, T. LaurHsen2, L.R. Morss2, W. Urban3, W.R. Phillips4, J.L. Durell4, M.J. Leddy4, A.G. Smith4, B.J. Varley4, N. Schulz5, E. Lubkiewicz5, M. Bentaleb5, and J. Blomqvist6 'Chemistry and Physics Depts, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, USA; 2Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, USA; institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland; ''Departments of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, United Kingdom;sInstitut de Recherches Subatomiques, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; 6Department of Physics Frescati, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden There is special interest in the spectroscopy of the few-valence-particle nuclei, around doubly-magic 132Sn, which can yield information about nucleon-nucleon interactions and effective charges in an important sector of the nuclidic chart. Our knowledge of the structure of 132Sn and its neighbors derives mainly from ß-decay studies of short-lived fission product radionuclides. However, recent investigations using large y-ray detector arrays to study fission fragments from actinide sources have opened prospects for broad and detailed exploration of the yrast spectroscopy of the 132Sn region [1]. We have been investigating the yrast excitations in the Z = 50-54, N = 80-84 range of nuclei by analyzing fission product y-ray data acquired at Eurogam II using a 248Cm source. We have now extended these studies to the four-valence-proton N = 82 nucleus 136Xe, and to its N = 83 neighbor 137Xe. In the present work, possible gamma-ray cascades populating the long-lived 136Xe 6+ isomer following 248Cm fission could be identified by using cross-coincident y-rays from complementary fission fragments. Close inspection of the yy cross coincidences observed with known 106~109Mo y-rays led to firm identification of two moderately strong y- ray cascades feeding the 136Xe 3 us isomer, thus locating new high-lying yrast states in this nucleus. It was easier to study the N = 83 nucleus 137Xe because its 248Cm fission yield is higher (1.5%), and the only known yrast isomer in 137Xe, with a half-life of «8 ns, in no way hindered the detection by yy coincidence measurements of y-ray cascades feeding from above. For both nuclei, the yrast level spectra have been considerably extended, and empirical nucleon-nucleon interactions have been used to assign probable shell model configurations. The results are shown in Fig. 1. 4687 3Ü5 I 4382 13«. 1U36 1O9J 3348 3293 36S 312 E2 3IVS2 29«o- ^ 858 1U46 (K2) 1 1 it 2204. ~8 ns 270: - - 19/2" IV34 34 1 162O 4Oo| E2 I 1220 122ft 1 () 137 iAeK2 Xe» Fig. 1 : The 136Xe and 137Xe level schemes with dominant shell model configurations indicated. Reference: 1. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 3743. 49 PL9902442 Angular Distributions of Gamma Rays from Binary Reactions Products T. Pawlat, R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Krolas, J. Wrzesinski, D. Bazzacco1, S. Lunardi1, C. Rossi Alvarez1, and G. de Angelis2 Universita di Padova and INFN, Italy; 2Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Italy Gamma spectroscopy studies using deep-inelastic heavy ion reactions yielded many results concerning yrast structures of hard-to-reach nuclei, especially of those located in the neutron-rich region [1, 2]. Assignments of new identified states were usually based on arguments following from the systematics and/or theoretical cosiderations. Continous effort was devoted to extract information on transition multipolarities from y-ray angular distributions, however only very few meaningful results could be obtained [3]. In a more general analysis we used the data from the GASP y-coincidence measurement in the B0Te + MNi collisions to derive angular distributions of y-rays emitted from various nuclear products of binary reactions. Some of these results reported earlier [4] indicated that y-ray anisotropies useful for spin-parity assignments were observed only in those products which are located close to the target or projectile nuclei, i.e. which are produced to large extent by quasielastic processes. On the other hand transitions from deep-inelastic products involving transfer of larger mass did show isotropic distributions. We have analysed now in a similar way the data from high-statistics GASP experiment 20SPb + Essentialy features outlined above were fully confirmed. Examples of characteristic angular distributions are displayed in Fig. 1. Anisotropies observed in the case of 207Pb transitions allow to confirm earlier adopted characterisations; the results obtained for known transitions in the 200Hg isotope show nearly perfect isotropy. Whereas such result may contain information on mechanism of angular momentum transfer in deep-inelastic reactions, for practical use of spin-parity assignments one is forced to resort to gamma angular correlation analysis which demands significantly higher statistics. 207Pb 627 keV E2 207Pb 593 keV M1+E2 1,20 59 72 90 59 72 90 theta(deg) theta(deg) Fig. 1: Examples of y-ray angular distributions obtained in our study. References: 1. B. Fornal et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B26 (1995) 357; 2. R. Broda et al., Proc. of Conf. "Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei", Sanibel Island 1997, World Scientific (1998) 202; 3. Z.T. Zhang et al., Nucl. Phys. A628 (1998) 386; 4. T. Pawkt et al., Proc. of Conf. "Heavy Ion Physics", Dubna, Russia, 1997, World Scientific (1998) 514. 50 The New 19/2 Isomeric State in 69Cu PL9902443 R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Krolas, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesinski, D. Bazzacco1, S. Lunardi1, C. Rossi Alvarez1, and G. de Angelis1 ' INFN Padova University andLNL Legnaro, Italy In the gamma-ray spectroscopic studies of neutron-rich nuclei around the closed N = 40 neutron subshell isotope we reported recently the identification of the 13/2+isomeric state in the one-proton 6969Cu nucleus [1]. The yrast and near yrast levels populated in this isomeric decay were assigned and interpreted by employing also essential information from the earlier 69Ni radioactive decay study [2]. The structure of the isomer was established to arise from the coupling of the p3/2 proton with -20n» 1 (19/2") ^ neu.tron (g^p,,^ ^" isomeric state of the 68Ni core nucle-us. We performed now deta-iled analysis of 3147 the gamma coincidence data from seve-ral experiments, in which Cu (11/2*) 2846 was produced in deep-inelastic (7/2*> processes, with the aim to search for higher lying states in this nucleus. Data from the ^^ 198Pt+76Ge 2033 experiments were analysed; delayed 1770 gamma coincidences clearly indicated the exist-ence of yet another isomer in 69Cu which decays predomi-nantly by the 210-742 keV transition cascade to the 13/2+ isomer. Several other decay branches passing by the isomer were also establi-shed. This decay features as well as the value of isomeric half-life of 20ns allowed to suggest with reasonable cer-tainty 3/2 the 19/2" spin-parity assignment of the isomer. The isomeric state 29 40 appar-ently arises from the coupling of the P3/2 proton with two-neutron (g29/2)8+ excitation. Such 8+ state was recently identified in the 70Ni Fig. 1: Yrast levels of 69Cu. Low spin level structure of N = 40 68Ni isotope [3], but it was not known in core nucleus is shown on the right.. the *Ni core nucleus. The 19/2" isomer presently identified in 69Cu allows to predict within 100 keV the expected position of the 8+ state in ^i, thus simplifying future spectroscopic search for this important state. References: 1. R. Broda et al., Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei, Sanibel Island, Florida 1997, ed. by J.H. Hamilton and A.V. Ramayya, World Scientific (1998) 202; 2. U. Bosch et al., Nucl. Phys. A477 (1988) 89; 3. R. Grzywacz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 766. 51 PL9902444 Five-Valence-Proton N = 82 Isotone 137Cs R. Broda, PJ. Daly1, C.T. Zhang1, P. Bhattacharyya1, B. Fornal, Z.W. Grabowski1, J.F. Cocks2, P.A. Butler2, P.T. Greenlees2, G.D. Jones2, P.M. Jones3, R. Julin3,1.Y. Lee4, A.O. Macchiavelli4, and J. Blomqvist5 1 Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA; 2 University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; 3 University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; 4Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA; 5Dept. of Physics Frescati, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Yrast structures were studied in a broad range of N = 82 isotones from the neutron-rich doubly-magic I32Sn to the very neutron-deficient Hf isotope. Recently experimental information on yrast and near-yrast excitations in the 134Te and 135I, two-and three-valence proton isotopes, was significantly extended using prompt gamma-ray spectroscopy in the 248Cm spontaneous fission [1]. Surprisingly, among the N = 82 isotones, yrast levels of the five-valence-proton 137Cs nucleus, otherwise broadly recognised radioactive isotope, remained till now completely Eoal - Eexp [keV] unknown. Such spectroscopic studies were not possible with standard methods, (31/2 ) -5494.0 -2 since 137Cs cannot be accessed; neither in 471.2 (29/2* the fusion process, nor in spontaneous •5022.8 -16 fission, for which the production yield is - 4776.5 614.7 425.0 exceedingly small. (27/2~) - 4351.5 4408.1 +16 In order to fill this gap, we analysed the gamma-coincidence data from our 811.S earlier 136Xe + 232Th GAMMASPHERE +7 137 1567.4 (23/2~ experiment [2], in which Cs was - 3496.1 -3465.2 -3 produced by the one-proton transfer and 712.2 681.1 yrast levels were populated in the deep- - 2784.1 +43 inelastic part of the cross-section. The LU 1184 and 487 keV lowest lying 890.2 transitions in the 137Cs yrast scheme were (17/24) identified by observing cross- — 1893.9 -15 (15/Bł) — 1671.6 coincidences with the X-rays of Ac -30 487.0 partner nuclei in the reaction exit channel and confirmed by a weak population of — 1184.6 -38 the 1184 keV level in the 137Xe 119« radioactive decay. Fig. 1 shows the complete structure of 37Cs yrast levels 7/2' established in our analysis. The -14 straightforward interpretation is given in 137 Cs Fig. 1 where main configurations of five- valence protons coupling to various spins, Fig. 1 : Yrast levels of 137Cs. Differences of theoretical and up to the 31/2- maximum value, are experimental level energies are given in right column. indicated. The quantitative comparison of level energies with theoretical shell model calculations, involving semi- empirical interactions and performed prior to experimental results, demonstrated spectacularly the predictive power of the shell model [3]. References: 1. C.T. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 3743; 2. J.F.C. Cocks et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 2920; 3. J. Blomqvist, Acta Phys. Pol. B (in press). 52 48Ca + ^Ca Euroball Experiment PL9902445 W. Królas, R. Broda, B, Fornal, T. Pawłat, J. Wrzesiński, D. Bazzacco1, S. Lunardi1, C. Rossi Alvarez1, D.R. Napoli1, J. Gerl2, and A. Dewald3 1 Padova University and INFN, Italy; 2 GSI Darmstadt, Germany; s Köln University, Germany We have performed a three day measurement of the 48Ca + 48Ca reaction at the european large gamma array EUROBALL. The beam of 140 MeV 48Ca ions was delivered by the XTU Tandem at Legnaro National Laboratories. The ion source was running for three days using a 17 mg calcium hydrate CaH2 pill enriched to about 70% 48Ca content. The material was prepared at Köln University in a procedure designed for optimizing the ion source output. The 0.74 mg/cm2 4 Ca target was made of 92.9% enriched material evaporated on 40 mg/cm2 208Pb backing. The front side of the target was covered by a 0.06 mg/cm2 layer of evaporated 208Pb to protect the Ca surface from oxidation. The bombarding beam ions of 48Ca at 140 MeV were slowed down in the thin Pb layer by less than 0.5 MeV and in the Ca target material by 11 MeV. The incident energy of 140 MeV and 129 MeV at both ends of the Ca target corresponds to collision energy 24% and 14% above the Coulomb barrier respectively. The beam particles and all reaction products were stopped in the thick backing. The EUROBALL multidetector array operated in Legnaro in a complex setup made up of three groups of detectors. At the time of the experiment it consisted of 14 cluster detectors (7 germanium segments each) at backward angles, 26 clovers (4 segments each) at 90° and 29 single crystal tapered detectors that covered the forward angles. An absolute efficieny of about 7% was measured for the whole instrument. The data acquisition system was set to record all 3-fold and higher fold events. Altogether 5*109 events were stored on tape. The sorting and preliminary analysis of the data was conducted at Padova University using the GSORT-TRACKN programs. Gamma spectra in the range of 4 and 20 MeV were calibrated and aligned from source measurements. The final energy resolution of 2.7 and 5 keV was achieved for lines of 1099 and 3833 keV, respectively. A dedicated addback procedure was applied for the sorting of composite detectors data. By summing up the energies recorded in two neighboring segments instead of treating both of them as separate hits we enhanced the peak-to-total ratio and the efficiency of detection especially for high energy gammas. First results of the experiment were some spectroscopic findings in nuclei close to 48Ca beam and target nucleus. The deep-inelastic processes and few nucléon transfer from and to 48Ca populate a number of exotic neutron rich nuclei. The structure of most of them is poorly known as they are unaccessible by standard gamma spectroscopy techniques. In another contribution to this report we describe new results obtained for 4Ar and Ar isotopes [1]. The reaction cross section is dominated by fusion-evaporation. The strongest reaction channel is the 4 neutron evaporation which leads to MZr evaporation residue. Other isotopes in the vicinity are produced as well, including 91Zr and 93Zr and some Y and Sr nuclei produced in processes involving charged particles evaporation. In the coincidence analysis level schemes for 9 Zr, %Zr and 3Zr isotopes were established. Due to high reaction cross section the ^Zr results are most complete and represent a significant extension of the existing structure data [2]. A total of 130 gamma transitions were placed into a level scheme that extends up to 16 MeV excitation energy. The angular distributions of strong transitions are now analysed to determine their multipolarities and make tentative spin assignments. We expect spins of the highest observed states of about 30 units. To extend further the high spin study in search for predicted interesting shape phenomena in medium mass Zr isotopes we plan to perform new experiment at higher bombarding energy. References: 1. B. Fornal et al., contribution to this report; 2. G. Korschinek et al., Proc. Int. Conf. on Nucl. Structure, Tokyo, vol. 1 (1977) 326. 53 _!••• ••!• I • • I PL9902446 High-Energy y-Ray Spectra from 170W Formed in Different Reactions M. Kmiecik, A. Maj, A. Bracco1, F. Camera1, and B. Herskind2 ''INFN Milano, Italy; 2 NBI Copenhagen, Denmark We have studied the dependence of the decay of the compound nucleus 170W in the entrance channel in 2 reactions differing in mass symmetry: ^i + U0Pd at bombarding energies of 255 and 260 MeV, and 170 48JJ + i22je at 208 ancj 215 MeV, producing W at excitation energies of 56 and 61 MeV, correspondingly. The experiments were performed using the beams from the Tandem+Booster facility of the Tandem Accelerator Laboratory of the Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen. The detection system used was a combination of the HECTOR and PEX arrays. A small, but meaningful, difference was observed for the a-xn channel in the average numbers of emitted neutrons at the highest angular momenta [1]. This effect was attributed to possible longer formation times in the more mass symmetric reaction and to the emission of a-particles before full equilibration of the compound nucleus, during its formation phase. In order to see whether any difference will also be present in the GDR y-decay, the high energy y-ray spectra were measured in these reactions in coincidence with discrete lines. The results from the higher excitation energy, E* = 61 MeV, are shown in the Fig. 1. The total, ungated, spectra are shown in Fig. la. The spectra gated by the known discrete transitions in I66W, 167W and W (i.e. in residual nuclei after pure neutron evaporation) are shown in Fig. lb; and spectra gated by transitions in I63Hf and 164Hf (i.e. after a3n and a2n evaporation) - in Fig. 1 c. In order to see any variance, related to the entrance channel, the ratios of yields for the titanium and nickel induced reactions are shown in the bottom of Fig. 1. As can be seen, there is no noticeable difference visible in the total spectra, at least below 14 MeV. The poor statistics in the gated spectra prevent us from drawing any conclusions about the GDR part. The calculations performed with the Monte-Carlo version of the CASCADE evaporation code (using typical GDR parameters for this mass region: S = 1, EGDR= 14.4 MeV and F = 8 MeV) are also shown in the figure. The Monte-Carlo approach enabled to make similar selections as in the experiment, i.e. the gates on the same residua were set. Since we did not fit the GDR parameters explicitly, the agreement is not perfect, but the slopes (which depend on the temperature of the decaying system) are satisfactorily reproduced. One can also notice that the slope for the axn channel is larger, indicating a lower effective temperature, which might be due to the fast emission of a-particles, as suggested in [1]. 0.0 14 186 10 14 186 10 14 18 Energy [M eV] Fig. 1: High energy y-ray spectra measured in the reactions 260 MeV 60Ni on 1I0Pd (triangles) and 215 MeV 48Ti on 122Te (circles): a) total, b) gated by discrete lines in xH-channel, c) gated by discrete lines in can channel. In the bottom: the ratio of the Ti- and Ni-induced spectra. Solid lines are from the statistical model calculations. Reference: 1. M. Kmiecik et al., Eur. Phys. J. Al (1998) 11. 54 PL9902447 Probing the Shape of Hot 194Hg with the GDR Decay in Selected Cascades F. Camera1, A. Bracco1, S. Leoni1, B. Million, M. Mattiuzzi1, M. Pignanelli1, A. Maj, M. Kmiecik, R. Bark2, J. Bearden2, and J.J. Gaardhoje2 1INFN Milano, Italy;2 NBI Copenhagen, Denmark High energy y-rays emitted in the decay of the hot compound nucleus 194Hg , formed in the reaction 142 MeV 30Si on 164Dy, have been measured in coincidence with the low-energy, discrete y transitions in the residual nuclei. The excitation energy of the compound 194Hg nucleus was 60 MeV, and the maximum angular momentum * 41 h. The experiment was performed at the Niels Bohr Institute, using a combination of Nordball and HECTOR arrays. In the upper left panel of Fig. 1 the low-energy Ge spectra from Nordball are shown for 2 different conditions on the high energy y-rays from HECTOR. One (lower spectrum) is in coincidence with high energy y-rays with Ey > 3 MeV, while the other (upper one) - with EY > 10 MeV. One readily sees that the relative intensity of the low spin transition of the populated residual nuclei 19(fag (4n channel), 18ifag (5n channel) and 19IHg (3n channel) depends on the energy of the gating transitions. This can also be seen in the bottom panel of Fig. 1, where the relative cross-sections of the particular decay channel, deduced from the discrete line intensities, as a function of the lower limit of the gate on high-energy y-rays are shown. A gate with Ey > 10 MeV enhances the 3n channel, since the GDR y-ray replaces a neutron in the decay sequence. Reversing the argumentation, the spectrum associated with the 3n channel is the most interesting in the GDR studies, because in this spectrum the contribution of the statistical gamma rays (4-8 MeV), that constitutes a background, is significantly reduced. Indeed, as one can see in the right panel of Fig. 1, the GDR bump is much more pronounced in the spectrum gated by the discrete lines in Hg (3n channel) as compared to the total spectrum. The results were analysed within the framework of the Monte-Carlo version of the statistical model CASCADE. The relative residues cross-section dependence on the energy of the gating y-ray (bottom left panel) is reproduced relatively well, giving confidence in the statistical model parameters used. Moreover, the calculated GDR spectra, total and gated by 3n channel, agree very well with the experimental data (right panel of Fig. 1). The GDR parameters, fitting the best the spectra, were S = 1, EQDR = 14 and F = 6.5 MeV. 3n EtfBaFj) > 3 M«V • 100 200 300 400 500 100 y Energy [keV] 23456789 10 11 ~4 5 8 10 12 it*"' EG[MeV] y Energy [MeV] Fig. 1: Ge spectra with different gating conditions on high energy y-rays (upper left panel); relative evaporation residue cross-section vs. energy of the gating transitions (bottom left); high energy y-ray spectra: total and gated by discrete lines in 191Hg (right). The lines represent the statistical model calculation results. 55 PL9902448 Exotic Rotational Bands in I68Hf P.G. Varmette1, B. Herskind2, G.H. Hagemann2, G. Sletten2, M. Bergström2, A. Maj, K.A. Schmidt2, W. Ma1, S.W. Odegard3, M.P. Carpenter4, T. Lauritzen4, R.V.F. Jansenss4, T.L. Khoo4, K.J. Lister4, S. Siem4, DJ. Hartley5, L.L. Riedinger5, J. Domsheit6, H. Hübel6, A. Bracco7, S. Frattini7, and B. Million7 1 Mississippi State University, USA; 2 NBI Copenhagen, Denmark; 3 University of Oslo, Norway;4Argonne National Laboratory, USA; 5 University of Tennessee, USA; 6 University of Bonn, Germany; 7INFN Milano, Italy Nuclei with N « 94 and Z « 71 constitute, according to the theoretical predictions [1], a new region of exotic triaxial shapes coexisting with normal prolate deformation. Recently, an experiment was carried out using the Gammasphere detector array to search for the predicted exotic band structures in the I68Hf mass region. The semi-symmetric reaction of 76Ge + ^Zr at 310 MeV from the ATLAS accelerator at Argonne was used to populate very cold compound nuclei at the highest angular momentum. The first experiment was a short test run used to find the optimum experimental parameters. A wobbling target was used to allow for a beam current of 5 pnA. The data had 3 Gevents of fold 5 and higher taken with Gammasphere with collimators in place to obtain the cleanest conditions. In order to emphasise the highest spins, the sorted cube was gated with additional conditions on the summed energy (H) and unsuppresed fold (K). One exotic band associated with 168Hf has been discovered through the preliminary data analysis. It consists of 11 transitions with a regular spacing of 55 keV between adjacent peaks ranging from 700 keV - 1200 keV region. Comparisons with the Ultimate Cranker [2] calculations indicate that this band is, most likely, a triaxially superdeformed band. A lifetime measurement has been planned to confirm the nature of the band. 2500 522keVin , 10+=>8+) £ 2000 (12+-10+) 570 500 600 700 000 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 EY (keV) Fig. 1 : Sum of double gates on transitions in the triaxial superdeformed band connected to the y rast band 168 in Hf. References: 1. S. Aberg, Nucl. Phys. A520 (1990) 35c; 2. T. Bengtsson, Nucl. Phys. A496 ( 1989) 56. 56 1651 7 Search for Exotic Shapes in * Hf PL9902449 J. Domscheit1, D.R. Jensen2, H. Hiibel1, G.B. Hagemann2, B. Herskind2, G. Sletten2, M. Bergstrom2, P. Varmette2'3, B.S. Nielsen2, W. Ma3, S. Frattini4, F. Demaria4, A. Maj, F. Camera4, A. Bracco4, B. MilUon4, D. Napoli5, B.M. Nyako6, D.T. Joss7, and M. Aiche8 'University of Bonn, Germany; 2NB1 Copenhagen, Denmark;3 Mississippi State University, USA; 4INFNMilano, Italy; 5LNL Legnaro, Italy; 6ATOMKI Debrecen, Hungary; 7 University of Liverpool, UK; 8 University of Bordeaux, France In the region of the light mass Lu and Hf isotopes shape coexistence has been predicted theoretically at high angular momentum. Calculations of potential energy surfaces show minima at normal defor- mation, superdeformation with pronounced triaxiality (y «20°) and hyperdeformation. The, presumably, triaxial superdeformed shapes have been found experimentally in Lu isotopes [1-3] and in 168Hf [4]. However, it has so far not been possible to identify the hyperdeformed states. We have performed an experiment to search for exotic shapes in 165"167Hf by use of a very cold near-symmetric reaction. High-spin states were populated in the 74Ge + %Zr reaction with a Ge beam of 310 MeV from the ALPI accelerator at LNL Legnaro. A total of 3.96xlO9 coincidences with F > 5 unsup- pressed Ge-detector events was measured with the EUROBALL spectrometer. The coincidences were sorted into three-dimensional (cube) and four-dimensional (hypercube) arrays using RADWARE. Several search routines are applied to look for new bands in V66"168Hf. The preliminary analysis revealed several candidates for weak band structures which are presently under further investigation. In addition, it was sorted a so- called 4D-rotational plane of fourfold event which satisfies the equations: |(Ei - E2) - (E2- E3X < 8 and |(E] + E4) - (E2+ E3)| < 8. This method emphasises the rotational band structures significantly. This 2D- matrix shows several indications for bands with different moments of inertia. Seven new normal deformed and three high-K bands have been found in 166Hf. The ground band has been extended to spin 32+, and the three other formerly known bands (the AB-band, the AE-band and the AF-band) have also been extended to spin 40+, 41" and 40+ respectively. The new seven bands would in the left side of Fig. 1 be situated between the high-K band and the four other bands shown. There seems to be an upper limit over which no rotational bands are observed. As a consequence of the extensions of the AE-, AB- and AF-bands a new alignment begins to show up at a frequency of 00 « 500 keV. This increase in aligned angular momentum is probably due to the break up of a pair of protons in the hn/2-subshell. Further analysis is in progress. : i : i ; 3000 —A- JiF,(-,0 —V- AE.(-,1 -O- JlB.lt'.l) is, -•-- XI, (-,1 -O~ XI, (-J) *• % 1 "~k m ! ^ Is 1000 / 0 30 40 100 200 300 400 SOO 800 SPTN ho(keV) Fig. 1: Left: the excitation energies of the four known now extended bands and the new high-K band as a function of spin relative to a rigid rotor. Right: the alignment of the same five bands. References: 1. W. Schmitz et al., Nucl. Phys. A539 (1992) 112; Phys. Lett. B303 (1993) 230; 2. H. Schnack-Petersen et al., Nucl. Phys. A594 (1995) 175; 3. S. TOrmanen et al., II Nouvo Cim. 111A (1998), and Phys. Lett. B (submitted); 4. B. Herskind et al., to be published; P.G. Varmette, previous contribution. PL9902450 57 Shape Coexistence in Odd-Odd N = Z 46V CD. O'Leaiy12, M.A. Bentley1, D.E. Appelbe2, R.A. Bark3, D.M. CuUen2, S. Erturk2, A. Maj, J.A. Sheikh4, and D.D. Warner5 'Staffordshire University, UK; 2 University of Liverpool, UK; 3 NBI Copenhagen, Denmark; 4 University of Surrey, UK; 5Daresbury Laboratory, UK High-spin states in 46V were investigated using the PEX detector apparatus at the Niels Bohr Institute Tandem Accelerator Laboratory. A ^Si beam at a laboratory energy of 87 MeV incident upon a 500 |u.g/cm2 24Mg target produced 46V via the 24Mg(28Si, pdf*V reaction. Detail on the experimental apparatus and procedures is given in [1]. Coincidence relationships and intensity measurements were used to construct the revised level scheme for 46V shown in Fig. 1. Angular correlation techniques were used in conjunction with feeding patterns to determine spins, parity assignments were based on the feeding patterns and a knowledge of the maximum cumulative lifetime of the decays. As in previous work [2] the ground state spin and isospin of 46V are assigned to be J* = 0+ and T = 1 in common with all other fog-shell odd-odd N = Z nuclei (except 58Cu). The revised and considerably extended level scheme contains two separate structures built upon the ground state. The yrast structure A, B possess irregular level spacings despite the stretched-£2 sequence, indicative of non-collective behaviour. It can be seen how the J* = 3+, 4+, 5+, 6+ and T states could be constructed through simple couplings of two un-paired particles in a f^-shell valence space, with the large gap to the J" = 8+ and 9+ states requiring a more energetic, multi-particle excitation. Structures E and (in particular) C, D however, have rotational-like level spacings suggestive of collective behaviour. With 3 protons and 3 neutrons above the 40Ca core this behaviour might be expected and has been observed in other nuclei near the centre of the shell. Thus the possibility arises that 46V can have a prolate deformation in common with other mid i-ja- shell nuclei. Cranked shell-model calculations were performed to produce the total Routhian surface plot for 46V at co = 0 shown in the inset of the figure. This shows almost degenerate prolate-deformed and spherical minima, with the structure labelled A, B in the figure presumably corresponding to the latter. Fig. 1: Level scheme of 46V. In the inset: total Routhian surface plot obtained from the shell- model calculations. References: 1. CD. O'Leary et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997)4349; 2. Nuclear Data Sheets 68 (1993). 58 PL990245Ï" First Observation of Excited States in 199At with the Recoil Filter Detector W. Męczyński, P. Bednarczyk, R. Chapmann1, S. Courtin2, J. Grębosz, F. Hannachi3, P.M. Jones4, J. Kownacki5, M. Lach, CF. Liang3, A. Lopez-Martens2, K.H. Maier6, J.C. Merdinger^, D. Middleton1, M. Palacz5, P. Paris, N. Schulz2, M.B. Smith1, K. Spohr1, M. Wolińska5, M. Ziębliński, and J. Styczeń 'University of Paisley, Paisley, Scotland, U. K; 'Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France;3 Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse, Orsay, France; 4 University ofjyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; 5Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland; 6Hahn-Meitner Institut, Berlin, Germany Theoretical predictions point out that a region of stable ground-state deformation should exist above the Z = 82 proton and below the N = 126 neutron shell in nuclei very far from the valley of stability. For astatine isotopes (Z = 85) the collective features should be pronounced in very light 199At nucleus. The 141 MeV aSi pulsed beam with 430 ns repetition time from the V1VITRON accelerator (IReS Strasbourg) bombarded a 0.7 mg/cm2 thick 175Lu target. The y-rays were detected by 14 Compton-suppressed HPGe-detectors of the GAREL+ set-up in coincidence with the evaporation residues separated by the Recoil Filter Detector (RFD) [1]. The yy-recoil coincidence requirement very strongly suppresses the high fission background and gives clearly resolved 199Po and 199At y-lines, invisible in the yy-projection [2]. The first excited state in 199At (Fig. 1) is about 200 keV lower than for the more neutron-rich 201'207At. The y-ray intensity ratios and the angular distribution of 434, 237 and 670 keV transitions (Fig. 2) suggest their Ml, Ml and E2 character, respectively. Detailed data analysis is in progress. 1370 1043 670 434 199A* angle [deg] 85 l 114 199. •199/ Fig. 1 : Level scheme of low lying states in At. Fig. 2: Angular distributions of y-rays of The 399 KeV E2 transition in 199Po is shown for comparison. References: 1. W. Męczyński et al., IFJ Report 1782/PL (1997); 2. W. Męczyński et al., Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 31. 59 PL9902452 Development of the Recoil Filter Detector for Spectroscopy of Very Heavy Nuclei W. M?czynski, P. Bednarczyk, J. Grebosz, A. Lopez-Martens1, F. Hannachi2, J.C. Merdinger1, N. Schulz1, A. Wilson3, M. Zieblinski, and J. Styczen lInstitut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France; 2Centre de Spectrometrie Nucleaire et de Spectrometrie de Masse, Orsay, France;3 University of York, York, U.K. Results of recent experiments at GAREL+ (IReS Strasbourg) show that the Recoil Filter Detector (RFD) significantly improves in-beam spectroscopy measurements in heavy mass region where fission process dominates [1]. The RFD [2] measures evaporation residues (recoils) in coincidence with y-rays detected in a Ge-array. Recoiling heavy ions to be detected have to pass through a thin foil to knock out secondary electrons. This requirement would limit the application of the RFD for spectroscopic studies of very heavy nuclei, if they are produced in fusion-evaporation reaction with low velocity. In order to overcome this difficulty we have applied very thin, 0.8 \mx aluminised Mylar foils. The 220Th recoils with a kinetic energy of 6.5 MeV were produced in a reaction of 16O with 250 \aa thick 208Pb target at 92 MeV. Fig. 1 shows the yy-spectrum and yy-recoil-gated spectrum. A significant improvement of the spectrum gated with the RFD is clearly seen. This demonstrates that the RFD used as an ancillary detector with efficient Ge-arrays can make feasible spectroscopic studies of very heavy and superheavy nuclei. 200a 92 MeV 160 + 208Pb 150O- Y-Y 1000- 500- | o O 1OO 200 3O0 4OO SOO 6O TOF [ns] 1200 o • YY - recoil eRa 800 Th X-rays BRa 400 100 200 300 400 500 Ey (keV) Fig. 1: The ry and yy-recoil coincidence spectra (not normalised) measured with Ge-detectors and the RFD for O + 208Pb reaction at 92 MeV. Time-of-flight spectrum of recoils is shown in the inset. References: 1. W. Meczynski et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 3 (1998) 311; 2. W. Meczyriski et al., IFJ Report 1782/PL (1997). 60 PL9902453 Hyperfine Interaction of Cd in Fe-Sn Compounds B. Wodniecka, P. Wodniecki, A. Kulinska, and A. Hrynkiewicz In the course of systematic study on Fe-Sn system the PAC measurements with luCd probe in samples with different tin concentrations were performed in the wide temperature range. The determined quadrupole interaction parameters for 11]Cd substituting for Sn in stoichiometric Fe-Sn compounds (quadrupole frequency m VQ, asymmetry parameter r\ and the slope b of vQ = VQ(0)(1- bT ) temperature dependence ) are collected in Table 1. P(vo) Fe^\, 3D, For the Fe33.5Sn66.5 sample above the N6el tem- r—i 1\_ 1— perature (TN= 380 K) one unique quadrupole interaction with t| increasing with the temperature was observed and related to the probe atoms in 8(h) site of the C16- type FeSn2 phase [1]. Below TN the combined interaction was evidenced. The magnetic field Bhf at the luCd probes of 0.7 T at room tremperature and of 1.2 T at 31 K was found. Below TN the measured electric field gradient (EFG) increases with temperature and above TN 1 3/2 _,ji ^.. decreases approximately according to the T relation. In T.-3B8 K 1 FeSm 3/2 CoSn2 compound also the T character of the EFG temperature dependence with the similar slope was 0.06} measured [2], contrary to the all other investigated C16 O.00 it. compounds, where the linear temperature dependence 500 1000 was observed. tins] v [MHz] o The temperature dependence of the EFGs for ulCd Fig. 1: The PAC spectra with Fourier transforms for m in FeSn compound, similarly as in Niln and CoSn Cd in Fe-Sn compounds at indicated temperatures. isostructural B35 compounds [2], follows the T3/2 relation (above TN = 370 K) with different slope parameters b for each of the two observed axially symmetric EFG's. The Fe6o.2Sn39.8 sample annealed for 330 h at 970 K contained the ferromagnetic Fe3Sn2 (Tc = 657 K) high temperature phase [1]. The PAC measurements performed at 885 FC, 990 K, and 1016 K showed two axially symmetric EFGs, decreasing with the temperature and attributed to the 6(c)! and 6(c)n probe sites. The strong site preference for one of these sites was evidenced (similarly as for 2(d) site in FeSn compound [3]). lu Table 1: The QI parameters for Cd in FeSn, FeSn2 and Fe3Sn2 compounds. 5 m Compound Structure vo[MHzl ri b[\o- K: ] Lattice site FeSn B35 258(1 /•> 0.00 0.25(1 )(b) (a) (b) 2(d) 6m2 378(1 ) 0.00 0.44(1 ) l(a)6/mmm (c) FeSn2 C16 141(1) 0.27(1) 0.29(2) 8(h) m.2m (d) Fe3Sn2 ht hR10 223(l) 0.00 6(c) 3m 186(l)(d) 0.00 6(c) 3m <^at 388 K, m - above 380 K,(c) - above 468 K, w-at 885 K The FesSn3 high temperature phase of B82 structure was reported to exist within a limited temperature range of 1055 K and 1183 K [1]. The PAC pattern measured for the Fe62.7Sn37.3 sample at 1077 K did not evidence any unique quadrupole interaction. References: 1. H. Okamoto and T.B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagram (1987); 2. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulinska, and A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, J. Alloys and Comp. 264 (1998) 14; 3. B. Wodniecka, K. Tomala, P. Wodniecki, M. Marszaiek, R. Kmiec, and A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, Hyp. Int. 110(1997) 183. 61 PL9902454 Ion-Induced Phase Transition in the Au-In System A. Kulinska, P. Wodniecki, M. Uhrmacher1, and K.P. Lieb1 1IIPhysikalisches Institut, Universittit Gdttingen, Germany The Au-In equilibrium phase diagram exhibits a large number of intermetallic phases which recently have been explored via Perturbed Angular Correlation spectroscopy, using alloyed and/or diffused '"in probes. In the present work we report on the phase transition from Au?In3 (hexagonal, y'-phase) to AU9I114 (y-brass phase) [1,2] induced via Xe- or Ar-ion implantations. The electric field gradients for ulCd in both phases have recently been measured [2]. Since the ulIn tracer probes are chemically identical to the lattice atoms, they constitute an ideal hyperfine probe. lu It was demonstrated that thin Au7oln3o films doped with implanted In tracers undergo a y'-Au7In3 => y- AU9I114 phase transition when bombarded, at 80 K, with either 5x1015 132Xe ions/cm2 or lxlO!6 40Ar ions/cm2. We note that the overall sample temperature never has exceeded 300 K during or after the mIn or noble-gas implantations. The PAC method has again being proved to be a very sensitive "phase meter" on a microscopic scale. The interpretation of the ion-induced phase transition relies on the formation of thermal spikes which in a large number of miscible metallic bilayers have been shown to reproduce the athermal mixing rates [3]. The (local) thermal spikes are being formed during the ion-induced collision cascades, whenever the energy 0,04 deposition is large (several keV/nm), the intermixing elements are heavy 0,00 enough (Z > 20) and the mixing enthalpy AHmix is negative [3]. All 100 200 0,0 0,5 1,0 three conditions are fulfilled in the t[ns] co [MHz] present system. As pointed out by Johnson et al. [4], the phase to be U1 formed via ion implantation should Fig. 1: PAC spectra for an In -doped Au7ln3 "multilayer" sample have a finite homogenity range which taken before and after Xe implantation at 80 K. is also fulfilled in the present case. It is interesting to note that the condensation time of the thermal spikes must be shorter than that when quenching y-Au9In4 bulk samples. Such a quenching experiment of y-Auglru from above 700 K to room temperature within seconds has been described [1]. However, this quenching was not fast enough to freeze-in the high-temperature y-Auglat phase. Rather a new and so far unknown phase had been found. References: 1. H. Okamoto and T. B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams (1987); 2. P. Wodniecki, A. Kulinska, B. Wodniecka, and A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, Z. Naturforsch. 53a (1998); 3. W. Boise, Mat. Sci. Eng. R12 (1994) 53; 4. W. L. Johnson, et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B7/8 (1989) 657. 62 PAC Studies of Indium Solubility in Iron PL9902455 P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulinska, M. Neubauer1, M. Uhrmacher1, and K.P. Lieb1 1II Physikalisches Institut, Universit&t Gottingen, Germany Segregation of In in Fe-based alloys containing 0.11 - 2.12 at. % In has been studied by PAC method. The probe atoms were introduced into the alloys by either adding the carrier-free HIIn during melting or via ion implantation. Ageing of the samples at elevated temperatures followed by a slow cooling to room temperature allowed us to determine the upper limit of the solubility at room temperature, S(300 K) < 30 at. ppm. This value is far below the 0.28 at.% value reported in [1]. Quenching of the samples in water from 973 - 1373 K resulted in the determination of the indium solubility in iron at these elevated temperatures. The In solubility in Fe can be calculated as S = On • fFe / [1 - Cin(l - fFe)], where Cto is the nominal In concentration in the sample and fFe is probe fraction on substitutional Fe lattice sites. The fact that in the "as- molten" samples initially the fraction fFe is large and decreases after annealing proves that the applied melting and cooling procedure did not assure thermal equilibrium in the alloy. Thus, the large In solubilities observed in these samples indicate a "freezing-out" of the higher solute In at elevated, but not well-defined temperatures. The apparent solubility values S obtained in the present work and collected in Fig. 1 refer to two different annealing procedures. The points below 950 K are related to samples which were annealed at temperatures L 2.12 HI.* In i ll. T[K] 0.41 it.% lit mull. 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 an n.% m not. "co 0.15 lt.% In m*tt. In S 0.11 at.% In nMtt 1.40at.«ln Inpl -8 - * : ». 0.B5 u.% In Impl CO **. s '••*. "••-•A -9 10- 0.01 -10 D 0.15 at.% In 0.001 A 0.11 at.% In 10"5 500 700 900 1100 1300 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 TalK] T1 Fig. 2: Arrhenius plot of the equilibrium solubility S Fig. 1: Apparent solubility S obtained after annealing of In in Fe. Note the change at the y-Feo a-Fe phase (for T < 923 K) or quenching (T > 973 K). transition. given in Fig. 1 and after slow cooling measured at room temperature. For reasons discussed above, these numbers do not represent equilibrium solubilities. The solubilities inserted at 973 - 1373 K in Fig. 1 have been obtained after a fast quenching procedure and are believed to represent the "true" equilibrium solubilities. Fig. 1 shows that the 12-hour annealing at 923 K followed by a slow cooling to room temperature gives the smallest indium solubility in iron, which was measurable only for samples with In concentrations below 0.2 at.%. Thus, averaging over samples with Cto of 0.11 at.% and 0.15 at.% In we obtained the value of 15(15) at.ppm as the upper limit of indium solubility at room temperature. In order to determine the In solubility in the range 973 - 1373 K, the PAC spectra were taken after rapid quenching of the samples with 0.11 and 0.15 at.% In in water. The solubilities obtained this way are plotted in Fig. 1 and presented on a logarithmic scale in Fig. 2. The experimental points at 973 - 1173 K follow an Arrhenius behavior, S(T) = 0.67 • exp[-Ea/kT], with an activation energy Ea = 0.78(6) eV. The deviations of the experimental points from this straight line for T = 1173 K are connected to the y-Fe o a-Fe phase transition, taking place at 1190 K, as in y-Fe a lower indium solubility is expected [1]. Reference: 1. W.G. Moffat, The Handbook of Binary Phase Diagrams (Genium Publ. Corp., New York, 1990). 63 PL9902456 Energy Dependent Beam Lifetimes for Stored Bare Uranium Ions Th. Stöhlker1-2, T. LudziejewskF, H. Reich2, R.W. Dunford3, J. Eichler4, B. Franzke2, C. Kozhuharov2, G. Menzel2, P.H. Mokier2, F. Nolden2, P. Rymuza5, Z. Stachura, M. Steck2, P. Świat6, A. Warczak6, and T. Winkler2 ' IKP, University of Frankfurt, Germany; 2 GSI, Darmstadt, Germany; 3 ANL, Argonne, USA;4 Hahn-Meitner-Inst., Berlin, Germany; 5 Institute for Nuclear Studies, Świerk, Poland; 6Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland Currently, there is a special interest in experiments with intense beams of highly charged ions decelerated almost to rest and captured in ion traps. It is expected that heavy ion storage rings can provide such beams, after further development of the deceleration technique and cooling efficiency. A success of such technique depends on precise knowledge of the charge-exchange processes of ions with residual gas in the ring. A rough estimate of a composition of the residual gas in the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) in Darmstadt is 79% H2, 20% N2 and 1% Ar at a mean pressure of about 10"n mbar. Cross section for charge exchange processes with such gas components was obtained using decelerated bare uranium ions of energy 49 - 358 MeV/u colliding with a gas-jet target at the ESR. Details of the experiment are described in [1]. Total charge-exchange cross sections are derived by normalizing to the simultaneously measured REC photons yield which is known with accuracy close to 1% level. Some of results obtained in the present experiment are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1. Table 1 : Experimental beam lifetimes measured for stored bare uranium ions interacting with the gas-jet ^ target at the ESR. Beam energy Target Thickness Cooler Lifetime (MeV/u) PWxlO" current (s) (mA) 49 N2 16 20 28 49 CH4 40 20 57 10O 600 68 N2 17 50 49 beam energy (MeVAj) 68 Ctt, 17 50 83 68 Ar 5 50 6.7 Fig. 1 : Experimental lifetimes obtained at the various beam energies for the case of a N (solid points) and an 220 N 10 100 468 2 2 Ar (solid triangles) gaseous target (lxlO12 part./cm2) 220 CH4 48 100 265 The solid and dashed lines (for the N2 and Ar target 220 Ar 9.1 100 192 respectively) represent theoretical lifetime estimates 220 Kr 17 100 33 where both radiative and nonradiative electron capture processes are considered. For details see [1]. 358 N2 5 200 1300 358 Ar 2.6 200 931 Fig. 2: Total charge-exchange Recombination rate in the electron cooler is ? ~f / 1 rate of a stored 68 MeV/u LT2+ estimated using the Bethe-Salpeter approach [2] assuming for the ion beam a transverse temperature of 0.2 eV. Even at low ion ener- gies, beam losses due to the residual gas could be neglected, what may be deduced from a linear dependence of charge-exchange rate on target thickness in Fig. 2. References: 1. Th. Stöhlker et al., Phys. Rev. A 58 (1998) 2043; 2. H. Bethe and E. Salpeter, "Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Systems", Springer Verl., 1957. 64 PL9902457 Experimental Resolution Reached in Recombination Measurements at the Electron Cooler of the Storage Ring ESR C. Brandau1, T. Bartsch1, C. Böhme1, F. Bosch2, G. Dunn3, B. Franzke2, A. Hoffknecht1, C. Knocke1, H. Knopp1, C. Kozhuharov2, A. Krämer2, P.H. Mokier2, A. Müller1, F. Nolden2, S. Schippers1, Z. Stachura, M. Steck2, T. Stöhlker2'4, T. Winkler2, and A. Wolf6 ; IKP, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany; 2 GSI, Darmstadt, Germany; 3 JILA, Boulder, Colorado, USA; 4 IKP, University of Frankfurt, Germany; 5 MPI für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany Dielectronic recombination (DR) and radiative recombination (RR) processes in collisions of the 107.1 MeV/u U8^ ions with free electrons have been studied in the electron cooler of the ESR storage ring at GSI. Relative velocity between electrons and ions was varied by applying a sequence of predefined potentials to the drift tubes in the cooler. Typically measuring time for each potential was 30 ms with 20 ms a dipole magnet down-stream from the cooler and a second detector placed on the opposite side of the ring monitored background events. Details of the experiment are described in [1]. From the DR spectra one can obtain precise knowledge of the resonance energies of doubly excited states and information on the collision dynamics, transition matrix elements and branching ratios in the capture and de-excitation processes. The measurement of resonance line-shapes additionally provides information on the velocity distribution of the cooler electron beam and/or the natural widths of the resonance states. The detailed analysis of the data is underway. Some parts of recombination rate spectra are shown in Fig. 1 and 2, and are compared with theoretical predictions by Zimmermann et al. [2]. The sharpness of the RR peak at Ecm = 0 demonstrates an excellently low electron beam transverse temperature and its very good cooling efficiency. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the energy resolution (energy spread of the ion and electron beams) is better or at least comparable with the natural linewidths of the DR resonances. Therefore, one can investigate the validity of different approximations in DR theory by studying effects determining the lineshape, e.g. overlapping resonances or interference effects. e a io la 14 -20 -10 0 10 20 Rttetiv» «n«roy («V) energy (eV| (cm., preliminary calibration) Fig. 2: Experimental data (shaded area) and theo- Fig. 1 : Dielectronic and radiative recombination of Li- retical calculations [3] (solid line) for the U88+ like U89i~. Preliminary experimental data and calculations (ls22p / 5/3/2) DR-resonance group. The RR contri- of the U88+(ls22p3/ 5/ /2) resonance group. Background 3 2 2 3 bution and the background have been subtracted. is not subtracted. "Negative" energies indicate that Calculated resonance lines are convoluted with the electrons are slower than ions in the laboratory frame. natural linewidths and Maxwellian velocity distri- bution corresponding to the cooler cathode tempe- rature. References: 1. C. Brandau et al., Hyperfine Interaction 114 (1998) 263 and Physica Scripta T (1999) (in print); 2. M. Zimmermann, N. Grün, and W. Scheid, private communication; 3. T. Steih, W. Scheid, and N. Grün, private communication. PL9902458 65 High Resolution Compton Study of Al-Li Alloy J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski, S. Kaprzyk1, N. Shiotani2,1. Matsumoto3, M. Itou3, H. Kawata4, and A. Bansil5 1 Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland; ^Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tsukuba, Japan; 4Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Japan; 5Northeastern University, Boston, USA High resolution synchrotron-based Compton Scattering Spectroscopy has become a recognized technique for investigating electronic structure and Fermiology-related problems in materials and was found, in some aspects, superior to other well established spectroscopies like de Haas-van Alphen method, photoemission or positron annihilation techniques. The Compton method probes the ground-state electronic structure and can uniquely access its fundamental properties like the size of Fermi surface discontinuities in the momentum density and its possible reduction due to correlation effects. As the Compton experiment does not require long electronic mean free paths it can easily be performed also on disordered solids. The modern energy band theory, usually referred to as KKR-CPA [1,2], has dealt with the absence of translational invariance in such systems and provided a powerful first-principles, charge- and spin-self-consistent, parameter-free formalism for treating the electronic properties of disordered alloys. In relation to Compton scattering results the self- consistent KKR-CPA calculations were for the first time performed and tested in our work on Ni-Cu and Ni-Co alloys [3]. The study confirmed high potential of this formalism. Recently we have performed Compton measurements on another random alloy, Al-3at%Li, using high resolution spectrometer at the KEK AR synchrotron in Tsukuba. The profiles were measured for 9 crystallographic directions with the view to reconstructing 2D electron momentum density. Directional differences of the profiles revealed some anisotropy of the Fermi surface which is in accord with the KKR-CPA calculations. The experimental resolution of 0.12 a.u. proved to be high enough to detect the fine structure present in the theoretical profiles. This structure, which is related to the features of the Fermi surface, is more apparent in the derivatives of the profiles and thus those were also calculated and analysed. We refer the reader to Ref. [4] for thorough discussion and inter- pretation of these results. In addition we succeded in detecting, for the first time to our knowledge, the effect of alloying on binding electrons. This effect is present in the difference between the CX 1 1 ] valence electron Compton profiles of Al (from T. Ohata, to be published) and Al-3at%Li alloy, see the figure. This difference, as calculated from the free electron model (dashed line), is in the form of a step function cutting off at Fermi momentum (in this case 0.92 a.u.), with the area under the step being equal to the number of valence electrons per atom by which Al and the alloy differ. As can be seen from the figure the experimental results markedly depart from the free electron picture. We attribute this to high localization of the electrons o. -a. o. e o. s i . o i . T>x (a.u.) taking part in the process of alloying aluminium with lithium. This effect is also present in the KKR-CPA results (solid line represents resolution broadened theory) however, it must be concluded, has been strongly underestimated in the calculations. With this result we show that the high resolution Compton scattering is the experimental technique which is capable of determining directly the degree of localization and itinerancy of electrons in alloying processes. A detailed discussion of these results is to be published elsewhere. References: 1. S. Kaprzyk and A. Bansil, Phys. Rev. B42 (1990) 7358; 2. A. Bansil, S. Kaprzyk, and J. Tobola, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 253 (1992) 505; 3. A. Bansil, S. Kaprzyk, A. Andrejczuk, L. Dobrzynski, J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski, and E. Zukowski, Phys. Rev. 858(1998)314; 4. I. Matsumoto, J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski, S. Kaprzyk, A. Bansil, M. Itou, H. Kawata, and N. Shiotani, J. Phys. Chem. Solids (in print). 66 PL9902459 Polymorphic Behaviour of ErAuSn Compound K. Latka \ E.A. Gorlich \ R. Kmiec R. Kruk, P. Lesniewski, A.W.J. Pacyna, and W. Chajec ' 1M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (Work partly supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research - KBN Grant No 2P03B 11612) The rare-earth and their compounds display a rich variety of complicated magnetic structures owing to the competition between the exchange, the crystal- field and magnetoelastic interactions. It is well known that the indirect-exchange interaction of isotropic RKKY character usually favours incommensurate structures with long-period magnetic modulation, while anisotropic crystal-field and magnetoelastic interactions may lead to an alignment of the magnetic moments along specific crystallographic axes inducing lock-in transitions to commensurate phases. The most prominent examples are erbium and holmium elements as well as their alloys where plenty of magnetic structures were found. Among them RTSn (R = rare earth, T = Ag, Au) intermetallics have recently been intensively investigated owing to their intriguing magnetic behaviour [1], Here we report X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic ac (ACS) and dc (DCS) susceptibilities, and 119Sn M6- ssbauer Spectroscopy studies on two ErAuSn samples which were synthesised by arc-melting and rapid quenching in the furnace and a proper heat-treatment. XRD investigations show that as-quenched ErAuSn sample crystallises in the hexagonal structure of Caln2 - type (space group P63/mmc) while annealed sample takes the well known cubic MgAgAs-type form (space group F 4 3m). ACS measurements proved that both forms order antiferromagnetically at TN = 12.1(2) K and 18.1(3) K, respectively. The susceptibilities above TN could be well fitted with the Curie-Weiss law, yielding negative paramagnetic Curie temperatures for both structural modifications and magnetic effective moments which are close to the theoretical value 9.58 ^B for Er3+ ion. The fact that no transition can be registered at the DCS curve for the cubic ErAuSn phase in the magnetic field Ho = 5 kOe is in favour with its metamagnetic character but this needs further elucidation. The observed temperature shift in the DCS maximum recorded in the magnetic field Ho= 98 Oe for both samples is 119 another hint of metamagnetism. Rather complicated Sn Mossbauer spectra measured below TN for the hexagonal form of ErAuSn point to a more complex magnetic structure of this compound in comparison to the case of the cubic form where transferred magnetic hyperfine field at the tin site is compensated and a single line is observed up to the lowest temperatures. Combined magnetic and U9Sn Mossbauer measurements allowed to establish that cubic ErAuSn shows antiferromagnetic ordering of the second kind with propagation vector k( 1/2,1/2,1/2) assuring such a perfect cancelling field effect at the tin hyperfine probe. The local sensitivity of the 119Sn gamma resonance spectroscopy and the 'time window' characteristic for this method allowed for observation that magnetic hyperfine splitting survives above almost 2TN for hexagonal ErAuSn compound showing also that the Mossbauer effect is a powerful method in the study of magnetic correlations in the critical region.. The considerable broadening of the resonance line observed for hexagonal ErAuSn above TN in comparison to the value obtained at 78K i.e. far away from TN points to a certain spin correlations of Er3+ owing to short-range order effects. According to the method developed by Gorlich [2, 3] this broadening of the resonance line observed close above TN can be treated as a measure of a two-spin correlation function In this work we present the preliminary results of X- ray diffraction (XRD), bulk magnetic ac (ACS) and dc (DCS) susceptibility as well as 119Sn M6"ssbauer spectroscopy measurements of intermetallic NdAuSn compound. The polycrystalline intermetallic NdAuSn compound was prepared by melting appropriate amounts of the constituents in an arc furnace under purified argon atmosphere. The sample was then wrapped into tantalum foil and subsequently annealed in evacuated silica tube at 773 K for one week. X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the NdAuSn compound crystallises in the hexagonal Caln2 - type structure, described elsewhere [1, 2], with space group P63/mmc and with 2 R atoms which occupy the 2(b) crystal positions (0, 0, 1/4) (0, 0, 3/4), and with the 2 Au and 2 Sn atoms which occupy randomly in the 4(f) crystal positions (1/3, 2/3, z) (2/3, 1/3, z) (2/3, 1/3, 1/2+z) (1/3, 2/3, 1/2-z). The derived lattice constants are given below: a = 4.70006(25) L, c = 7.58264(52)L andz = 0.04613(43) L. The bulk magnetic ACS and DCS measurements were carried out in the wide temperature range 3.2 K-362 K. The maximum observed for the ACS %(T) dependence at TN= 9.5(2) K is characteristic for a transition from antiferromagnetic order to another type of magnetic order which extends to about 14 K. However, an observation of remarkable influence of frequency and external magnetic fields on the x'(<°) and X"(oo) amplitudes as well as detection of third harmonics around TN is not fully understood as yet. Above T = 14 K NdAuSn compound is in the paramagnetic state. From the susceptibility measurements alone it is difficult to decide what sort of magnetism appears in the temperature 9.5 K - 14 K. The experimental susceptibility dependence % versus T, above 28 K, obeys well the Curie - Weiss law modified by the Van-Vleck factor %0- The obtained effective magnetic moment u«ff = 3.60 jiB is close to the theoretical free ion value of Nd3+ which equals 3.62 UB- 119Sn Mosbauer spectra were recorded at temperatures in the range of 4.2- 30 K and at 78 K. The fits indicate that in the whole temperature range between 4.2 K and 9.5 K only single magnetic hyperfine component contributes to the spectra. This fact restricts the number of possible magnetic configurations. The simplest of them is the magnetic structure with a wave vector k = (1/2, 0, 0). The value of the angle between magnetic hyperfine field and the c - axis 0 = 32(1)° suggests that Nd magnetic moments direction deviate about the same amount from this axis. From the temperature dependence of the magnetic hyperfine field Heff (T) the Neel temperature TN = 10(1) K was estimated and it agrees well with the value obtained from the magnetic measurements as well as with the results obtained previously in reference [3] (i.e. antiferromagnetic order with wave vector k = (1/2, 0, 0), the angle 0 = 30° and TN = 11 K). The type of ordering between 9.5 K and 14 K is still puzzling. It was claimed in the paper [3] that in the temperature range 11 K - 14 K ferromagnetic ordering takes place. However, based on the observed magnitudes of the hyperfine magnetic fields it can be supposed that this is not a simple ferromagnetic order. Following the obtained results a canted ferromagnetism is expected to exist. Further experiments are planned, however, to explain this problem. The observed broadening of the Mossbauer spectra recorded in the paramagnetic region (i.e. above 14 K) is caused by the short-range correlations between magnetic moments of neodymium ions. These correlations are typical for Nd3+ ions and are similar to those observed for Er3+ in ErAuSn compound. References: 1. E. Hovestreydt, N. Engel, K. Klepp, B. Chabot, and E. Parthe, J. Less-Common Met. 85 (1982) 247; 2. R.E. Gladyshevskii, K. Cenzual, and E. Parthe", J. Alloys Comp. 189 (1992) 221; 3. S. Baran, M. Hofinann, J. Leciejewicz, M. Sl^ski, A. Szytula, and A. Zygmunt J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 9(1997)9053. 68 PL9902461 Investigations of Electronic Properties of (Tb, Ho)AgSn Compounds by Means of 119Sn Mossbauer Spectroscopy E.A. Gorlich ', K. Latka l, R. Kmiec, and P. Lesniewski ' M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland The ternary rare-earth intermetallic compounds of 1:1:1 stoichiometry (RTX: R -rare-earth element, T - d-transition metal, X - p-electron element) have attracted in recent years much interest and research efforts due to their intriguing electronic and magnetic properties which may be tuned by a varying composition while often maintaining their crystalline o structure. RAgSn (R = Tb and Ho) compounds form the hexagonal Caln2-type structure (P63/mmc space group). The onset of the antiferromagnetic ordering at 35 K and 10.5 K, a respectively, is accompanied by the development of the CO hyperfine pattern of the 119Sn Mossbauer spectra. Simple colinear (along the c-axis) antiferromagnetic structure is consistent with the possibility of the satisfactory description of the spectra with a single hyperfine component in each case (Fig. 1). This heavy rare-earth phases are expected to show the behaviour typical for the 4f-systems governed mainly by exchange and crystal field interactions. The present 119Sn Mossbauer effect investigations reveal, however, several features which have to be described as anomalous. In the vicinity of magnetic transition an unusual change of the recoilless fraction is observed in both terbium and holmium (Fig. 2) compouds indicating a strong coupling between phonon • i • i • i • i • i • 1 I ' I ' I ' I ' I -10 -5 0 5 10 and magnon excitations in this temperature region. Two- Velocity [mm/s] dimensional Ising model describes the staggered sublattice Fig.l: 119Sn Mossbauer spectra of HoAgSn. magnetization very well in the case of HoAgSn up to temperatures just below TN. Local correlations of the holmium magnetic moments lead to a departure from this dependence and a presence of a nonvanishing transferred hyperfine field at tin sites in the macroscopically paramagnetic state (i.e. above TN). In contrast, the temperture dependence of the sublattice magnetization in TbAgSn is well described by the Brillouin function below the respective Neel temperature. 0.40 - 0.55 - 0.50 10.45 -0.40 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Temperature [K] Temperature [K] Fig. 2: Temperature variation of the absorber Fig. 3: Hyperfine magnetic field and U9Sn total recoil-free fraction. hyperfine field distribution. Reference: 1. W. Bazela, J. Leciejewicz, K. Maletka, and A. Szytula, J. Magn. Mater. 117 (1992) LI. PL9902462 Mossbauer Spectroscopy of 57Fe in Thermally Oxidized Tourmalines J. Kraczka and A. Pieczka1 ' University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland Annealing of Fe2+-tourmalines at temperatures of above 500°C in the atmosphere containing oxygen results in partial oxidation of the bivalent iron to its trivalent form. This process was observed using the X-ray method (calculating unit cell parameters) and - at the same time - Mossbauer spectroscopy. It has been noticed that an oxidized form of tourmaline forms due to iron oxidation: its amount growths gradually and at temperatures of about 800 °C this form substitutes completely for the initial form of tourmaline. X-ray parametres of the oxidized form remain almost unchanged, but in the final stage of alterations, shortly before the decomposition of the structure, the c parameter strongly increases [1]. In Mo'ssbauer spectra there is observed a gradual decrease of the ratio between Fe2+ quadrupoles and Fe3+ quadrupoles. The spectra can be resolved following the same scheme: five Fe2+ quadrupoles - two Fe3+ quadrupoles - one mixed quadrupole, obtaining all the time good %2 and MISFIT values. The content of the Fe25+ quadrupole [2] associated with the initial form of tourmaline increases with the temperature and is probably related to a thermal delocalization of an electron between two Fe2+ ions in Y octahedra, the process initiating proper oxidation. Abundance of the Fe2+ quadrupoles in the initial form can always be interpreted using an ordered structure model. Fe3+ quadrupoles, related to the oxidized form, are characterized by two slightly different values of QS around 0.9 and 1.2 m/s and two similar ones around 0.35 m/s. In the literature, the first pair of them is interpreted as related to Fe3+y 3+ 2+ 3+ and the other to Fe Z. Such an interpretation indicates a thermal disordering of Fe and Fe ions between Y and Z sites which is corroborated by high-temperature changes of X-ray parametres. Modeling of values of the a and c parameters points to the fact that the increase of the latter can be explained only by a partial transfer of Fe3+ions to Z octahedron from where smaller Fe3* ions are being removed to Y octahedra [3]. T = 953 K : T = 993 K 1 • i -5 -+ -3 -2 -I 0 t 2 -5 -4-3-2-10 1 2 3 Velocity (mm/s) Velocity (mm/s) Fig. 1: Mo'ssbauer spectra of tormaline after heating at different temperatures. References: 1. G.G. Afonina, L.A. Bogdanova, and L.M. Makagon, Z.V.M.O. 122/6 (1993) 89; 2. G. Amthauer, Fortschr. Miner. 60/2 (1982) 119; 3. A. Pieczka, J. Kraczka, and W. Zabinski, J. Czech. Geol. Soc. 43/1-2 (1998) 69. 70 PL9902463 The Trapping Model for Positrons Diffusing inside the Grain J. Dryzek Positron annihilation spectroscopy is a well-established technique to detect and study the vacancy-like defects in the crystalline structure. This originates from the fact that the positrons can be trapped at them and theirs annihilation characteristics differ from those corresponding to delocalized positrons. However, there are some problems in good understanding of the experimental results when positrons annihilate in inhomogeneous, fine grained or highly deformed samples. It arises from the fact that the experimental results are usually interpreted using the standard trapping model where the trapping of positrons in solid is described by kinetic equations. The model succeeded in many cases. However, for an inhomogeneous medium, the time-dependent diffusion equation is needed. The inhomogeneity means that the distance between the positron traps is comparable with the so-called diffusion length of positron equal to: L+ = JD+Tf , where D+ is the positron diffusion coefficient and Xf is the positron mean lifetime in the bulk material. The typical value of this parameter is close to 0.1 um for various materials. In the presented model which we shell call the diffusion trapping model we assume that positrons diffuse in a perfect grain in which they annihilate with the rate: Xf = l/xf, where Zf is the mean positron lifetime in a free state. The grain surface is a perfect sink for positrons in which they are localized and then annihilate with the rate Xb ,t)- — C(r,f) f (1) ~nb(t) = aj\dSC(r,t)-—nb(t) , where I is the grain surface. The solution of the set of equations leads to several interesting conclusion, one of which is that the mean positron lifetime is a function of the size of the 10 grain. In Fig. 1 we present the calculation of the mean Fig. 1: The mean positron lifetime divided by T/ as positron lifetime value as a function of the grain a function of the size of the grain (x) divided by L+> for the sphere and fiber X represents their radii and for the size when the grain has a shape of sphere, fiber layer its thickness divided by 2. and layer. PL9902464 71 Positron Annihilation in Mg Rich Mg-In Alloys E. Dryzek and J. Dryzek (Work supported in part by The Committee of Scientific Research - Grant No 175 PO3 9713) The application of the Doppler broadening measurements of annihilation line with reduction of the background to metals and binary alloys allows studying the positron annihilation with core electrons. The positron interaction with atoms may be different in the alloy and in the pure elements which constitute the alloy. If a positron is present in a lattice which contains two sorts of atoms (say A and B), positron annihilation rate with an electron of an A atom may be higher than the rate in pure element A. Therefore, there should be a reduction of annihilation at B sites with respect to pure element B. This effect is called preferential positron annihilation (PPA) at A sites. The Mg-In system was chosen for the study of the PPA, because it is similar to some extent to the Mg-Cd system studied previously [1] and both metals have essentially different electronic structures. The Mg rich Mg- In alloys have Mg hep structure and homogeneity range 0-1 lat.% of In content. In our study we measured positron lifetime and the Doppler broadening of annihilation line with reduction of the background. Mg-In alloys with 5, 8 and 11 at.% of In content were prepared by melting calculated amounts of Mg(99.5%) and In(6N) under the flux. The structure of samples was checked by X-ray diffraction. The lifetime spectra were obtained using a conventional fast-fast lifetime spectrometer with a time resolution (FWHM) of 300 ps for the ^Na energy window. In all the spectra corrected for the source and background only one lifetime component could be resolved. The measured values of the bulk lifetime for Mg, In and alloys: Mg-5at.%In and Mg- 1 lat.%In are summarized in the Table 1. It can be seen that the positron lifetimes for alloys are lower than the positron lifetime for Mg but higher than for In. Fig. 1 shows results of the Doppler broadening spectra for In and Mg-In alloys subtracted from the spectrum of Mg. It is worth to notice that the spectra for Mg-5at%In and Mg-llat%In have quite different shape for the Doppler shifts 0 < | AE | < 2 keV which indicates big changes in the band structure of the alloys, despite the small amount of In. The changes observed for the Doppler shifts | AE | > 4 keV are more interesting. This energy region is enlarged in Fig. 1. We tried to describe the obtained spectra for the alloys as the weighted sum of Mg and In spectra. This should be valid only in the core electron region. The solid line was obtained by summing 10 % contribution of In spectrum and 90% contribution of Mg spectrum. The dashed line was obtained taking 5 % of In spectrum and 95 % of Mg spectrum. It can be seen that the solid line is placed n the vicinity of the spectrum for Mg-1 lat.%In and the dashed line is close to the Mg-5at.%In spectrum. The coincidence of the weighted sum of Mg and In spectra with the experimental spectra for alloys suggests no PPA in this system. That is in opposition to the Mg-Cd system for which the PPA was detected [1]. Table 1. The measured values of the bulk positron lifetime. 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 618 519 520 Positron lifetime in ps Energy [keV] Mg 224.1 ±1.0 Mg-5at.%In 209.1 ±1.0 Mg-llat.%In 209.0 ±2.0 Fig. 1: Normalized Doppler broadening spectra for In 201.1 ±1.0 In, Mg-5at.%In and Mg-1 lat.%In subtracted from the spectrum of Mg. The straight line at zero presents the spectrum for Mg. Reference: 1. E. Dryzek, J. Dryzek, and J. Kuriplach, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 10 (1998) 6573. 72 PL9902465 Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Tissue Sections Analyzed by SRIXE and XANES W.M. Kwiatek, T. Cichocki1, M. Galka2, A. L. Hanson3, and C. Paluszkiewicz4 Histology Department, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakdw, Poland; Gabriel Narutowicz Hospital, Krakdw, Poland; Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY. 11973, USA; Regional Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Krakdw, Poland The increase in the kidney and prostate occurrence (kidney and prostate carcinoma claro cellulare) induces investigations of the genesis of this phenomenon. Trace elements play a significant role in tissues but some of them are carcinogenic to humans while the carcinogenicity of the others is not determined. Some of elements like Fe which concentration is at the elevated level may be toxic. The increased concentration of iron in tissue sections is due to its catalytic role in Fenton reaction. The Fenton reaction describes production of free radicals. Determination of the existence of Fe+2 and Fe+3 may prove the mechanism of damaging of the genetic materials in cells by chemically active oxygen containing molecules called free radicals. For this study kidney and prostate tissue- stissues were obtained during surgical operations. All the samples were histologically *'•« examined. Fig. 1 shows histological view of a kiney glomerulus surrounded by proximal and distal nephron tubules. Synchrotron Radiation Induced X-ray Emission (SRIXE) is a sui- table technique for Trace Element (TE) V\ analysis in "thin" and light matrixes samples. Therefore the measurements were performed at X26A beam line on 12 |J,m thick tissue sections with 17 keV monochromatic beam using 16 Jim x 14 jam beam size. The two-dimensional scans on both cancerous and non-cancerous parts of the tissues were done in order to find elemental distribution of TE's and specially "hot spots" of iron. Fig. 2 shows the two-dimensional iron distribution in the section shown in Fig. 1. As is seen iron concentrates in part of the glomerulus. Fig. 3 shows two-dimensional chlorine distribution in the selected part of the prostate tissue. Chlorine is an element that very well describes histological view of a tissue. After a selection of iron "hot spots" was finished the beam energy was changed to 7.2 keV. Then the X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) technique was applied. The XANES spectra were taken on selected points. The analyzes of the pre-edge peak position enables to establish more precise the oxidation state of iron in analyzed tissues. Iron concentration level is much higher in cancerous parts of the analyzed tissues. Fig. 4 shows an example of iron XANES spectrum taken on "hot spot" in prostate tissue. The pre-edge peak position indicates the existence of the mixture of both iron oxidation states in prostate tissue. , Clka Monoehromator distance (arb. units) PL9902466 73 Antarctic Lichens and Mosses Used as Indicators of Lead Contamination E.M. Dutkiewicz, M. Olech1, W.M. Kwiatek, and P. Osyczka1 ^Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland The increase of air pollution caused by local transport and human activity in the Antarctic Region forced us to investigate this problem. The aim of this work was to participate in the programme of preservation the natural clean environment of the Antarctic Region. In the frame of collaboration between the Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, and the Institute of Nuclear Physics it was possible to measure the elemental concentrations in lichens and mosses samples from Antarctic Region. Those samples were used as indicators of local pollution. Lichen samples belonged to lichen species as: Usnea antarctica, and Usnea aurantiaco atra while mosses samples as Drepanocladus uncinatus. One part of samples was collected close to the Polish Antarctic Base "Arctowski Base" and the others were taken from places around other bases shown on the map. Lead concentration was determined using the Proton Induced X-ray Emission method which gives the opportunity to determine low concentrations such as 1 ppm. The measurements were done at the 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow. The results obtained show the evidence of human influence to the environment. Antarctic stations: 1 - Arctowski (Poland) 2 - Ferraz (Brasil) 3 - Copacabana (USA) 4 - Jubany (Argentina) 5 - Artigas (Uruguay) 6 - Bellingshansen (Russia) 7 - Morsh (Chile) 8 - Great Wall (China) Fig. 1: Antarctic bases on The King George Island. 74 PL9902467 The Calibration Procedure for Scanning Force Microscopy M. Lekka, J. Lekki, Z. Stachura, B. Cleff1, and A. Hrynkiewicz Institute of Nuclear Physics, University ofMiinster, Germany Scanning Force Microscopy used for the quantitative description of physical properties like an elastic modulus or a value of an adhesion force requires careful calibration and additional control of measurements conditions. The main points which should be taken into account are: corrections of scanner voltage signals removing the scanner nonlinearity and hysteresis, the determination of the cantilever spring constant and the control of the tip shape and its curvature radius. The correction of the piezo scanner nonlinearity and hysteresis was performed using the interference method [1], adapted to our SFM setup. This method is exact, easy to perform and does not require additional equipment. Photodetector Laser Beam Mirror Z movement Piezo scanner Voltage applied to scanner (V) Fig. 1: The principle of the interference method and the approaching and retracting interference signal. The value of the spring constant is crucial for the estimation the force applied to investigated surface. In our microscope this task is an option of data acquisition software and is performed by measurement of resonant frequency of thermally excited cantilever in room temperature. The exact determination of the spring constant was performed by the method described by Sader [2]. k=0.03N/m\ 0.1 N All 1 f 2 litiide (a u) •£ 1 Amp J* SB h•*TW c 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Fretmencv iW.-i Frequency (kHz) Fig. 2: Noise spectra for two types of cantilevers (k = 0.03 N/m and k = 0.1 N/m). Spectra were obtained by applying Fast Fourier Transform to an average of 6 noise spectra, each of 4096 points. The calculated resonant frequencies are lower than the nominal values: 11.8 kHz instead of 15 kHz and 27.7 kHz instead of 35 kHz, but these values were well reproducible for most of cantilevers in a wafer. Models describing the behaviour of the surface under load assumed the knowledge of tip-surface geometry. Therefore the tip curvature radius was checked using a standard consisting of a set of very sharp needles, much sharper than the cantilever tip. The collected image of such standard represents the scanning tip topography. The tips used in experiments were characterised by tip radii of about 20-30 nm. References: 1. M. Jaschke and H.J. Butt, Rev. Sci. Instr. 68 (2) (1995) 1258; 2. J.E. Sader, I. Larson, P. Mulvaney, and L.R. White, Rev. Sci. Instr. 66 (7) (1995) 3789. 75 Influence of Hydroquinone on Oxygen Evolution Pattern and Fluorescence Induction Kinetics in PSII K. Burda, J. Kruk1, G. Schmid,2 and K. Strzalka1 'institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 2 University of Bielefeld, Germany Water oxidation is a topic of great interest in photosynthesis research. The oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the light-driven reaction 2H2O _ O2+4H++4e". Coupling of the four-electron oxidation of water to the single electron turnover of the main reaction center components requires that the OEC is able to store four oxidizing equivalents in the Mn active site. The process of charge accumulation which leads to oxygen evolution depends on the redox conditions of the donor as well as the acceptor side of the reaction center [1, 2]. Oxygen production in dark adapted chloroplasts (isolated thylakoids or PSII particles) measured as consequence of short saturated light flashes oscillates with a periodicity of four and represents a damp oscillation [3]. In untreated systems there is no oxygen yield under the first flash, only a minor O2 evolution under the second flash and maximum of oxygen yield under the third flash. Upon the addition of millimolar concentrations of hydroquinone (HQ), the oxygen evolution pattern has been dramatically changed. In the presence of HQ the signal of the first two flashes had the highest amplitude and the overall intensity increased 2-3 times (Fig. 1). Under anaerobic conditions, the signal intensity decre- ased several times in comparison to the control sample. To investigate more closely these phenomena we have tested different HQ derivatives with different number of methyl groups in the HQ ring, hydroquinones with different arrangement of the OH groups (meta- and orto-) and p-benzoquinone (BQ). The PSII particles were isolated according to the method of Berthold [4]. Among the derivatives with different position of the OH groups, resorciol (metadihydroxy-benzene) showed no effect on the increase of the two first signals even at high concentrations while in the case of catechol (para-dihydroxy-benzene), this effect was observed but not as strong as for HQ. Interestingly, the investigated effect was also detected for BQ but was observed at higher concentrations than for HQ. In this case there was no significant increase of the signal amplitudes. HQ probably acts on the lumenal and polar thylakoid site (OEC) because hydroquinones showed no specifc effect on whole thylakoid membranes. HQ did not give any effect on the fluorescence induction kinetics of PSII preparations. This considerations suggest that the HQ effect is probably directly connected with its influence on the Mn cluster of the OEC. The very interesting phenomenon of the stimulation of HQ effect by Cu would help us to understand the molecular mechanism of copper ions action on the water oxidation process in PSII (see Fig. 1). -•— Control 1.0 mm HQ OmM HQ + 0.5 uM CuCI2 References: 5.0 uM CuCI2 OmM HQ +20uMCuCI2 1. V.P. Shinkariev and C.A. Wraight, Photosynth. Res. 38(1993)315; •o 2. K. Burda and G.H. Schmid, Z. Naturforsch. 51c 3 (1996)329; n. 3. P. Joliot, G. Barbieri, and R. Chabaud, Photo- < chem. Photobiol. 10 (1969) 309; 4. D.A. Berthold, G.T. Babcock, and C.F. Yocum, FEBSLett 134(1981)231. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Flush number Fig. 1. 76 Influence of Copper Ions on Oxygen Evolution Patterns and Fluorescence Induction Kinetics in PSII K. Burda, J. Kruk1, G. Schmid2, and K. Strzalka1 'institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 2University of Bielefeld, Germany Photosynthetic organisms are very sensitive to heavy metals. This effect is at present very important for the ecosystems, considering the increasing problem of pollution. Among heavy metals, copper inhibits the photosynthetic electron transport. Earlier copper content analysis of photosystem II (PSII) isolated complexes showed Cu presence in these particles and suggested that it could be a natural component of PSII. Later it turned out that copper detected in photosystem II was a contamination from the starch and nuclear fraction [1]. On the other hand it is known that copper ions at higher concentrations are very effective inhibitors of the photosynthetic electron transport [2]. Its site of inhibitory action in PSII is probably multiple. It could act at the acceptor site in the region of non-heme iron displacing it or binding to the neighbouring amino acids and at the donor site inhibiting electron transport between the Tyr-Z and P680 [3]. However, the target for Cu+2 - binding within PSII is unclear. In our experiments we have measured the influence of a wide concentration range of CuCl2 and CuSO4 on the oxygen evolution pattern and fluorescence induction kinetics of PSII particles isolated from tobacco JWB variety. These measurements indicate, for the first time, that Cu+2 can also stimulate the oxygen evolution. The samples for amperometric and fluorescence measurements contained 50|ig of chlorophyll per ml. We have observed a stimulation of oxygen evolution at low CuCl2 concentrations (< 1 uM) with the maximal effect at 0.5 (xM CuCl2 and inhibition at higher CuCl2 concentrations (> 1 uM), see Fig. 1. For CuSO4 the inhibition occurred already at 0.25 uM and stimulation was observed at 50 nM CuSO4 (Fig. 2). At the same time, there was no CuCl2 effect on the fluorescence induction curves below 1 pM CuCl2, but at the higher concentrations a progressive fluorescence quenching was detected. At 20 uM CuCl2 the fluorescence induction kinetics showed no increase with time. It seems that the quenching by Cu ions is a specific process taking place probably at a definite site in PSII at the non-heme iron or at the cytochrome bsso where a similar effect for the prenyllipids has been observed. Stimulation of oxygen evolution by low concentrations of Cu could be a result of its interaction with Ca low affinity binding site at the extrinsic proteins of the oxygen evolving complex, where lanthanides show also stimulatory effect at low concentrations [4]. -•-Control 120- -D-Control -A- 0.25 uM CuCI2 o -0- 1.0 uM CuSO4 -O-0.5uMCuCI2 -A-0.25uM CuSO4 100- -V-1.0uMCuCI2 l\ -O-50nMCuSO4 -O- 5.0 urn CuCI2 -O- 10.0 uM CuC 12 80- -X-20.0uMCuCI2 -*-100.0 uMCuCK < References: 1. J.B. Arellano, W.P. Schroder, G. Sandmann, A. Chueca, and M. Baron, Physiol. Plantarum 91 (1994) 369; 2. H. Clijsters and F. Van Asche, Photosynth. Res. 7 (1985) 731; 3. C. JSgerschold, J.B. Arellano, W.P. Schroder, P. Van Kap, M. Baron, and S. Styring, Biochem. 34 (1995) 12747; 4. K. Burda, K. Strzalka, and G.H. Schmid, Z. Naturforsch. 50c (1994) 220. 77 PL9902468 Modeling of the Carbon Based Structures Created by Dual Beam IBAD Method B. Rajchel and J. Stanek1 1 Jagiellonian University, Institute of Physics, Krakow, Poland (The work was partially supported by the State Committee of Scientific Research, Grant no 2P03B11009) Aim of this work was to explain the experimental data of the investigations of the following specimen. On Si substrate a Ni layer of few \xm thickness was formed by sputtering from an auxiliary Ni metal target. Next, the carbon coating layer was build up with a use of dual beam IBAD technique. As "implantation" beam of 12C+ ions with energy of 25 keV was applied. As "secondary" beam the Ar+ ions with energy of 25 keV was used for sputtering carbon ions from a flat graphite plate used as an "auxiliary" target. When the carbon layer reached the thickness of about 1 |nm, the "implantation" beam of 12C+ was replaced by a beam of 57Fe+ ions with energy of 25 keV. As a result, the most upper layer (100 nm) of carbon coating was doped by 0.5 % at. of 57Fe. The iron atoms were doped into carbon layer for further studies of their local states in the formed layer; the choice of the 57Fe isotope was required by CEMS technique. It appears also interesting to discuss the relations between the evolution of the local states of transition metals, here iron, with the transformation of the whole layer. The initial stage of that process was simulated by Molecular Dynamics technique by using the CERIUS2 code. For our simulation we assumed that sample may be approximated as shown in Fig. la. The size of simulated clusters was 20x20x20 A (carbon) and 5x20x20 A (Ni). Each system (signed as a, b, c in Fig. 1) was modeled separately at 1000 K and under hydrostatic pressure of 100 GPa. The universal interatomic potentials were applied. As example the transformation of structure of diamond-metal is shown. Degree _Alpha -Beta -Gamma 1.2 6.4 0.8 Tirae/ps Time/ps Fig. 1: Scheme of the structure of multilayer carbon-metal film created by IBAD method (left), change of total volume of simulated structure (center), change of angles in simulated structure (right). The complete results of the simulations will be published elsewhere. 78 PL9902469 Investigation of Thermal Changes of Selected Carbon Layers Created by Dual Beam IBAD Method B. Rajchel and J. Stanek1 'Jagiellonian University, Institute of Physics, Krakdw, Poland (The work was partially supported by the State Committee of Scientific Research, Grant no 2P03B11009) Carbon layers doped with 57Fe ions were formed on Si/Ni substrates by dual beam IBAD method. The depth distribution of elements in the layers, the carbon-carbon bonds and the local states of iron were studied by RBS method, Raman Spectroscopy and Conversion Electron Mossbauer Spectroscopy, respectively. The RBS data for the as-prepared sample showed that the produced specimen had the assumed layer structure. The Ni and Fe atoms are very moveable within the carbon layer, the fast migration of Ni towards the surface was observed already at 500 °C. At 550°C some, at least local rearrangement of carbon atoms takes place which leads to a formation of sp^ and sp2 bonds characteristic for diamond and graphite, respectively. The broadening of the Raman spectra suggest that these are mezoscopic systems. The transformation of the doped carbon layer was monitored by 57Fe CEMS technique. In preapared sample there are at least two types of iron in low symmetry local states. After annealing at 500 °C the dominating contribution to the spectrum is a Zeeman pattern with magnetic field characteristic for iron solid solution in Ni. At higher temperatures (600 and 650 °C) the Fe-Ni phase is unstable, the significant part of iron ions is located in a regular site; in particular the substitutional tetrahedral, diamond-like site can not be excluded. fc, 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1230 1400 1600 1600 # Channel *:- -4.00 fl.flp 4.00 VELOCITY [mm/g] Fig. 1: (left, top) RBS spectrum, (right, top) Raman spectrum, (left, bottom) CEMS spectrum, (right, bottom) microphoto from scanning microscope. All spectra recorded for the DLC-Ni-Si sample after annealing in 650°C. Acknowledgments: The author wish to thank to dr L. Proniewicz from the Institute of Chemistry of the Jagiellonian University for recording and interpretation of the Raman spectra. PL9902470 79 Determination of the Matrix Effect in Investigations of the Thin Surface Layer by Beam of Charged Particles B. Rajchel, B. Porankiewicz1, A. Adamski, M. Drwi?ga, St. Gqsiorek, R. Hajduk, E. Lipihska, and M. Mitura 'Dept. of Woodworking Machinery & Industrial Installations Agricultural University of Poznan, Poznan, Poland (The work was partially supported by Maria Sklodowska-Curie II Joint American-Polish Research Fund) The analysis of depth distribution of elements is especially important for determination of the processes of cutting tools interaction with worked material. Unfortunately many physical and chemical methods used for investigation of thin surface layers can destroy the studied material. The RBS, NRA and PIXE techniques, as nondestructive methods, frequently applied for investigation of thin surface layer give sometimes unrealistic results for particular compositions of materials. For example the RBS method work incorrectly for target composed of light (e.g. hydrogen, carbon) and of heavy elements (e.g. tungsten). In this situation also the PIXE results are strongly affected by the matrix effect. In the present work a method of correlation of the RBS and PIXE spectra was applied to determine real depth distribution of concentration of elements. In this method set of RBS and PIXE spectra were recorded for different experimental geometry. This method was tested for two targets: stellit and pure titanium implanted by P and Ca (dose 1017 atoms/cm2, energy 25 keV). In Fig. 1 the representative RBS and PIXE spectra for both samples are shown. For analysis of experimental data a new version of the BSCAT (called now as PIXARB) code was created. The review of the experimental results and description of the PIXARB code will be published elsewhere. Spatfnjnt X*ay. Rl« X300MS: Targat SaMtfc Baanr H\ Eo« 2300 kaV Imptet.no* 46° 0 200 400 600 800 1000 12O0 1400 1600 1S0O 2000 1000 1200 # Channel # Channel 1400 TV. 1200 Target: Ti+P" (implant), dose: 10" jons/cm1, E^-^keV 1000 File: x26] 198b, Specmm: X-ray Beam:He*,E<,-2040teV 800 Da. Angle: 90° to beam. Impact angle: 0° to normal line 600 400 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 500 ffChannel # Channel Fig. 1: The RBS (left) and PIXE (right) spectra recorded for the stellit (top) and for the titanium implanted by P and Ca (energy 25 keV, dose 1017 atoms/cm2) (bottom). 80 PL9902471 Successful Installation of the Nuclear Microprobe S. Lebed1, M. Cholewa, Z. Cioch, R. Hajduk, J. Halik, J. Lekki, S. Lazarski, S. Maranda, A. Potempa, C. Sarnecki, Z. Szklarz, B. Sulkio-Clefi2, L. Zrodlowski, Z. Stachura, and J. Styczen 'Applied Physics Institute, Sumy, Ukraine; 2Institute of Nuclear Physics, University ofMunster, Germany The 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator working at the Institute is applied in solid state physics, materials science, biophysics and physics of environment studied with nuclear methods. A large development in these investigations can be achieved when studying local properties of the samples, i.e. when the ion beam of the accelerator is focused down to the FWHM of 1 em or below. A microprobe with such focusing properties was designed, constructed and installed at the Institute. Details of the construction are described elsewhere [1-3]. It should be emphasized that this is the shortest of all existing nuclear microprobes (total length of 2.3 m). In future so short microprobe can be easily reinstalled in a vertical position, which is often preferable for biological experiments with single cells studied in vivo. For the first time a beam of protons was focused in the microprobe in October 1998. Presently we are precisely aligning the elements of microprobe and of the beam transport system in order to obtain the optimal spatial resolution of the probe. Fig. 1: View of the nu- clear microprobe (scatte- ring chamber removed). References: 1. V. Brazhnik, S. Lebed, W.M. Kwiatek, Z. Stachura, M. Cholewa, D. Jamieson, and G. Legge, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 130 (1997) 104; 2. V. Brazhnik, Z. Cioch, M. Cholewa, D. Jamieson, S. Lebed, G. Legge, A. Rys, and Z. Stachura, Proc. of XXXII Zakopane School of Physics, p. 357, eds E.A. Gorlich and K. Latika, Zakopane, 10-18 May 1997; 3. S. Lebed, M. Cholewa, Z. Cioch, B. Cleff, P. Golonka, D.J. Jamieson, G.J.F. Legge, S. Lazarski, A. Potempa, C. Sarnecki, and Z. Stachura, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B (1999) (in print). 81 PL9902472 Ultrahigh Vacuum Chamber for PAC Measurements M. Marszalek, J. Jaworski, J. Prokop, Z. Stachura, V. Voznyi1, and B. Sulkio-Clefl2 1 Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine;2 Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Munster, Germany We present here an ultrahigh vacuum chamber designed for the perturbed angular correlation (PAC) measurements in ultra-high vacuum conditions. The cylindrical chamber with flanged open ends is installed on vertical flange (CF 150) of middle chamber in ultrahigh vacuum setup built in our laboratory. The chamber is equipped with six CF 40, one CF63 and one CF16 ports. With these ports the possibility of cooling down to 80K, heating of the sample up to 600K, in situ activity deposition, manipulation of sample and monitoring of the operation through viewport is assured. Additionally the possibility of pumping the chamber through CF63 port independently from the main pumping system is supplied. Fig. 1. demonstrates the general view of the chamber. The flanged open end of the chamber is closed with a specially constructed CF 150 flange which is equipped with a glass tubulated UHV viewport. Around this viewport scintillation detectors for PAC measurements are mounted. The construction of detector holder allows to place up to eight detectors in the CF150 flange plane and additionally one detector in front of the tubulated viewport. Fig. 1: The general view of PAC chamber. In the upper part of Fig. 2. the position of transporter which brings the sample from the preparation chamber is shown. By turning this transporter it is possible to transfer the sample to the PAC sample holder. Movement of the sample inside the chamber is performed by a special mecha- nical construction shown in the lower part of Fig. 2. Two possible positions of sample holder (one for sample exchange between manipulators, and another one for PAC measurements) are demonstrated in Fig. 2. Fig. 2: The sideview of PAC chamber. In the lower part two possible positions of sample holder are shown. 82 PL9902473" Surfactant-Mediated Growth in Co/Cu(lll) Thin Film System M. Marszalek, J. Jaworski, J. Prokop, H. Wider1, V. Gimple1, M. Dippel1, A. Maier1, and G. Schatz1 ' Faculty of Physics, University ofKonstanz, Konstanz, Germany It has been recently demonstrated that surfactant-modified growth of films influences strongly semiconductor and metal epitaxy [1]. The role of the surfactant, which is introduced as a totally or partially filled atomic layer between the substrate and the film, is that of a catalyst, improving or at least modifying the growth of the film. Recently first reports of surfactant effects appeared and demonstrated layer-by-layer growth at conditions typical for island growth [2]. We present here the results of preliminary study of the influence of In surfactant on growth of the Co on Cu(lll) surface. The system Co/In/Cu(lll) has been investigated with low electron energy diffraction (LEED), medium energy electron diffraction (MEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). A LEED picture taken after evaporation of 30 monolayers of copper on (0001) sapphire crystal at 695 K shown a sixfold diffraction symmetry confirming the (111) orientation of the film and indicated an atomically flat film with few atomic steps and defects. On copper surface prepared in such way several cobalt layers were evaporated with and without In surfactant. MEED patterns were taken during evaporation to study the growth of cobalt. 100 200 300 400 600 315 420 630 time [s] time [s] Fig. 1: Intensity of MEED specular beam as a function of evaporation time for (a) Co evaporation on a pure Cu(l 11) surface and (b) Co evaporation on a Cu(l 11) surface covered with 0.6 ML of In. Fig. l(a) shows the intensity of the beam during evaporation of Co on Cu(lll) surface. The change of intensity, including a steep drop at the beginning and then a slow recovery up to a saturation value is characteristic for growth of the surface by three-dimensional islanding. For 0.5 monolayer of In evaporated on Cu(lll) surface the LEED pattern was different. The signal noise increased and the spots were not as prominent as for pure Cu, however the hexagonal symmetry of copper layer was still observed. MEED measurements performed during deposition of cobalt film on indium covered copper surface showed that the character of cobalt growth changed. Although LEED and MEED of these Co-films show once again sharp spots with little background intensity and clearly visible Kikuchi lines, indicating a smooth surface and a good crystalline structure, the experiment did not yet allow to draw unambiguous conclusions about the growth of Co on surfactant covered surface. In case of layer-by-layer Co growth one should see the oscillations of the MEED beam which would resemble the decaying sine curve in Fig. l(b). Unfortunately the instability of an electron gun during the experiment disabled the observation of distinct oscillations. Further work is underway to determine the importance of surfactant influence on the cobalt growth. References: 1. M. Copel, M. C. Reuter, E. Kaxiras, and R. M. Tromp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 (1989) 632; 2. J. Camarero, J. Ferron, V. Cros, L. Gomez et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 850. PL9902474 83 Film Thickness Determination by Quartz Monitors in Ultrahigh Vacuum Setup M. Marszalek, J. Jaworski, J. Prokop, Z. Stachura, V. Voznyi1, O. Boiling2, and B. Sulkio-Clefl2 ' Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 2 Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Munster, Germany The thickness of the film is the most significant film parameter because it influences almost all film properties. The varied types of films and their applications have generated a numerous ways to measure film thickness. The overwhelming majority of methods are used to films that have been prepared and removed from the deposition chamber. Only a few are suitable for a real-time monitoring of film thickness during growth. The very useful gravimetric technique to measure both deposition rate and film thickness involves quartz crystal oscillator. It is based on using the thickness shear mode of piezoelectric quartz crystal. A measured change in the resonant frequency of the oscillator during the deposition varies linearly with mass deposited on the crystal electrode. If a crystal sensor is placed near the substrate during deposition, the coating on the crystal increases its mass and lowers its resonant frequency. Fig. 1: The frequency changes of reference and monitoring quartz crystals as a function of evapo- ration time. Solid lines represent linear fit results. c i 500 1000 1500 2000 time [s] Here we present the application of quartz-crystal monitors in a deposition chamber of ultrahigh vacuum setup built in our institute. Inside the chamber we built two holders for quartz oscillators. The mass of deposited metal and its evaporation rate is controlled during deposition by a monitoring quartz sensor mounted below and to the side of the substrate holder and so the crystal does not receive the same deposition rate as the sample. The correlation between crystal mass and resonant frequency is not, therefore, direct and a tooling factor correction has to be determined. For this a reference quartz oscillator is mounted on the back side of a rotatable substrate holder. The determination of tooling factor is performed by metal evaporation in one process on both, monitoring and reference, quartz crystals. The calibration of quartz monitors was done by silver evaporation with evaporator described elsewhere [1]. The frequency was sampled every 30 s during 30 min of evaporation. Registered changes of frequency are shown in Fig. 1. The tooling factor between reference and monitoring quartz determined as a ratio of slopes of fitted lines was equal to 2.2(2). In the next step silver was evaporated on glass substrate with the deposition rate of about 9 A/min . The observed frequency change corresponds to deposition of 20.8 mg of silver. Assuming the uniform film thickness and its density as for bulk system it is equivalent to a thickness of 198 A. This result is in a very good agreement with thickness measured by X-ray reflectometry. Reference: 1. J. Prokop, M. Marszatek, J. Jaworski, Z. Stachura, V. Voznyi, and B. Cleff, INP Annual Report (1997) 58. 84 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. S.P. Avdeyev, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., Thermal Multifragmentation in p + Au Interaction at 2.16, 3.6 andS.l GeVIncident Energies, Report GSI - IKDA 98/10 and Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 75; 2. A. Bansil, (J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski) et al., ComptonStudyofN.75~Cu.25 andNi.75-C0.25 Disordered Alloys: Theory and Experiment, Phys. Rev. B57 (1998) 314; 3. P. Bednarczyk, (J. Styczeń, R. Broda, M. Lach, W. Męczyński) et al, High Spin Structure Study of the Light Odd-Afvi Nuclei:45Sc, 45Ti and 43Ca, Eur. Phys. J.A2( 1998) 157; 4. M.A. Bentley, (A. Maj) et al., Mirror and Valence Symmetries at the Centre of the f7/2 Shell, Phys. Lett. B437 (1998) 243; 5. P. Bhattacharyya, (B. Fornal) et al., Three-Valence-Particle Fission Product - J35Sb, Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 109; 6. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al., Recombination oflf9+ Ions with Free Electrons at the ESR, Abstr. of the XX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria, 23-29 July 1997, eds F. Aumayar, G. Betz, H.P. Winter; Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy, 22-26 September 1997, TU 146 and Hyperfme Interactions 114 (1998) 263; 7. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al., Dielectronic Recombination of Lithium-Like Gold: Towards QED Tests, Abstr. of the XX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria, 23-29 July 1997, eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter; Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy, 22-26 September 1997, TU 147 and Hyperfme Interactions 114 (1998) 45; 8. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al., Recombination Measurements of Highly Charged Bismuth Ions, Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany, 14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokier and F. Bosch, p. 160 - C65 and Physica Scripta (1998) (in print); 9. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al., Dielectronic Rydberg-Resonances of the Heaviest Li-Like Ions, Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany, 14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokier and F. Bosch, p. 160 - C66 and Physica Scripta (1998) (in print); 10. R. Broda, New Results in Light, Medium and Heavy Nuclei Produced in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Reactions, Nuovo Cimento A 111 (1998) 621; U.R. Broda, (W. Królas, B. Fornal, T. Pawlat) et al., Dynamical Deformation of Nuclei Participating in Deep-Inelastic Collisions, Acta Physica HungaricaN.S., Heavy Ion Physics 7 (1998) 71; 12. Th. Byrski, (K. Zuber) et al, Extended Spectroscopy in the Superdeformed Well of148{149Gd Nuclei, Phys. Rev. C57 ( 1998) 1151; 13. F. Camera, (A. Maj, M. Kmiecik) et al., The y-Decay of the GDR Built on Superdeformed States in 43Eu, Eur. Phys. J.A2( 1998)1; 14. F. Camera, (A. Maj, M. Kmiecik) et al., GDR Excited in Rotated Nuclei, Acta Physica Hungarica N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 7 (1998) 385; 85 15. W. Chajec, K. Latica, R. Kmiec, R. Kruk, A.W. Pacyna, Magnetism ofNdAuSn Compound, Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print); 16. M. Cholewa et al., Diamond Membranes Applications for Single Ion Detection Using Secondary Electron Emission, Diamond & Related Materials 7 (1998) 510; 17. M. Cinausero, (B. Fornal) et al., The /-Ray Emission as a Probe of Entrance Channel Effects in Fusion-Evaporation Reactions, Acta Physica Hungarica N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 7 (1998) 375; 18. M. Cinausero, (B. Fornal) et al., Giant Dipole Emossion in N/Z Asymetric Heavy-Ion Reactions, Nouvo Cimento A 111 (1998) 613; 19. E. Dryzek, J. Kuriplach, J. Dryzek, Study of the Mg-Cd System by Positron Annihilation Methods, J. Phys.: Condensed Matter 10 (1998) 6573; 20. O. Filies, O. B6lling, K. Grewer, J. Lekki, M. Lekka, Z. Stachura, B. Cleff, Surface Roughness of Thin Layers -A Comparison ofXRR and SFM Measurements, Appl. Surface Science (1998) (in print); 21. Ch. Fine, (K. Zuber) et al., Quadrupole Moment of Superdeformed Bands in I5lTb, Eur. Phys. J. A2 (1998) 123; 22. B. Fornal, (R. Broda, W. Krolas, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesinski) et al., Gamma Spectroscopy of Neutron-Rich Nuclei from the Vicinity of the "Island of Inversion" at N = 20, Acta Physica Hungarica N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 7 (1998) 83; 23. B. Fornal, (R. Broda, W. Krolas T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesinski) et al., High Spin States Above the a -Decaying Isomer in 2UPo, Eur. Phys. J. Al (1998) 355; 24. E. A. GSrlich, K. Lato, R. Kmiec, W. Warkocki, Hyper fine Interactions of155Gd in the Spin-Glass Systems GdAgSn and GdAuSn, Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print); 25. K. Jessen, (J. Wrzesinski) et al., Systematics of Related High-Spin homers in 144Sm and Other N = 82 Nuclei, Eur. Phys.J. A2 (1998)113; 26. D. Kaczorowski, (R. Kruk) et al., Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Ternary Uranium Antimonides UTSb2 (T = 3d-, 4d-, 5d-Electron Transition Metal), Phys. Rev. B58 (1998) 9227; 27. V.A. Karnaukhov, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., Multifragmentation Induced by Light Relativistic Projectiles and Heavy Ions: Similarities and Differences, Preprint JINR E7-98-8 and Yadernaya Fiz. (1998) (in print); 28. M. Kmiecik, (A. Maj) et al., Possible Evidence for the Entrance Channel Effect in Reactions Leading to W, Eur. Phys. J.A1 (1998) 11; 29. A. Kramer, (Z. Stachura) et al., Absorbtion-Edge Technique at the Gas-Jet Target of the ESR, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B146 (1998) 57; 30. A. Kramer, (Z. Stachura) et al., Projectile Excitation Studies for High-Z Ions at a Storage Ring, Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany, 14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokler and F. Bosch, p. 156 - C57 and Physica Scripta (1998) (in print); 31. J. Kruk, K. Burda, G.H. Schmid, A. Radunz, K. Strzalka,, Function of Plastoquinones B and C as Electron Acceptors in Photosystem II and Fatty Acid Analysis of Plastoquinone B, Photosynthesis Research 58 (1998) 203; 86 32. J. Kuriplach, E. Dryzek, J. Dryzek, M. Sob, Preferential Positron Annihilation in Binary Alloys, Acta Phys. Pol. (1998) (in print); 33. S. Lebed, (M. Cholewa, Z. Cioch, P. Golonka, S. Lazarski, A. Potempa, C. Sarnecki, Z. Stachura) et al. Design and First Results of the Nuclear Microprobe in Cracow, 6th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications, Spier Estate, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 11-16 October 1998, p. A2.5 andNucl. Instr. Meth. B (1998) (in print); 34. M. Lekka, J. Lekki, M. Marszalek, Z. Stachura, B. Cleff, Local Adhesive Surface Properties Studied by Force Microscopy, 1-st Int. Symp. on Scanning Probe Spectroscopy SPS'97, Poznan, Poland, 15-18 July 1997 in Acta Phys. Pol. A93 (1998) 421; 35. M. Lekka, J. Lekki, M. Marszalek, P. Golonka, Z. Stachura, B. Cleff, A. Hrynkiewicz, Local Elastic Properties and Adhesion of Organic Surfaces Studied by SFM, Appl. Surface Science (1998) (in print); 36. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al., Electron Bremsstrahlung in Collisions of 223 MeV/u He-Like Uranium Ions with Gaseous Targets, J. Phys. B31 (1998) 2601; 37. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al., Two-Electron Processes in Relativistic Collisions o He-Like Uranium with Gaseous Targets, Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany, 14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokler and F. Bosch, p. 156 - C58 and Physica Scripta (1998) (in print); 38. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al., Study of Electron Bremsstrahlung in Strong Coulomb Fields at the ESR Storage Ring, Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy, 22-26 September 1997 and Hyperfine Interactions 114 (1998) 165; 39. K. Latica, E.A. Gorlich, R. Kmiec, R. Kruk, A.W. Pacyna, Looking at Unusual Magnetism in Rare-Earth Intermetallics with n Sn Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print); 40. I. Matsumoto, (J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski) et al., Compton Scattering Study ofAl-Li Alloy, J. Phys. & Chem. Solids (1998) (in print); 41. W. M^czynski, (P. Bednarczyk, J. Grejaosz, M. Lach, M. Zieblinski, J. Styczen) et al., Gamma-Spectroscopy of the 199At Nucleus with the Recoil Filter Detector, Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 311; 42. A. Miiller, (Z. Stachura) et al., Recent Dielectronic Recombination Experiments, Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy, 22-26 September 1997 and Hyperfine Interactions 114 (1998) 229; 43. M. Neubauer, (A. Kulinska, P. Wodniecki) et al., PAC Measurements in Laser Deposited Ag/Fe and In/Fe Alloys, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 189 (1998) 8; 44. M. Neubauer, K.P. Lieb, M. Uhrmacher, P. Wodniecki, Thermal-Spike Effects in Xe-Irradiated Ag/Fe Bilayers Observed with PAC Markers, Europhys. Lett. 43 (1998) 117; 45. M. Olech, W.M. Kwiatek, E. Dutkiewicz, Lead Pollution in the Antarctic Region, X-Ray Spectrometry 27 (1998) 232; 46. C. Paluszkiewicz, (W.M. Kwiatek) et al., FT-Raman, FT-IR Spectroscopy and PIXE Analysis Applied to Gallstones Specimens, Cellular and Molecular Biology 44 (1998) 65; 47. A. Pieczka, J. Kraczka, W. Zabinski, Mossbauer Spectra ofFe3+- Poor Schorls; Reinterpretation on a Basis of an Ordered Structure Model, Abstr. of TOURMALINE'97, Int. Symp. on Tourmaline, Czech Republik, 20-25 June 1997, p. 72 and J. of Czech Geological Soc. 43/1 (1998) 69; 87 48. A. Pieczka, J. Kraczka, Gossular - Ântradite Garnet from Scams of the Mt. Garby Izerskie, Min. Polon. 29 (1998) (in print); 49. M. Rejmund, (R. Broda, B. Fornal, M. Lach, J. Wrzesiński,) et al., Gamma Spectroscopy of2 Pb with Deep Inelastic Reactions, Eur. Phys. J. Al, (1998)261; 50. P. Rymuza, (Z. Stachura) et al., Higher-Order Effects Studied for K-Shell Excitation ofHigh-Z Projectiles, Proc. of the 3-rd Euroconf. on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions, Ferrara, Italy, 22-26 September 1997 and Hyperfine Interactions 114 (1998) 171; 51. T.R. Saitoh, (A. Maj) et al,. Rotational Bands in l81Ta, Eur. Phys. J. A3 (1998) 197; 52. A. Schmidt, (J. Wrzesiński) et al. High Spin Structure in 123Xe Eur. PhysJ. A 2 (1998) 21; 53. J. Stanek, B. Rajchel, J. Fedotova, P. Fornal, H. Bińczycka, Interaction of Iron with TiN and DLC Coatings, Hyperfme Interactions 112 (1998) 55; 54. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Interference between Electric and Magnetic Amplitudes for K-Shell Excitation ofHigh-Z H-Like Projectiles, Phys. Lett. A238 (1998) 43; 55. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., K-Shell Excitation Studied for H- and He-Like Bismuth Ions in Collisions with Low-Z Target Atoms, Phys. Rev. A57 (1998) 845; 56. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Charge-Exchange Cross Sections and Beam Lifetimes for Stored and Decelerated Bare Uranium Ions, Phys. Rev. A58 (1998) 2043; 57. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al, Total and Subshell Differential Cross-Sections Measured for Electron Capture into Decelerated Bare Uranium Ions, Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany, 14-18 September 1998, P.H. Mokier and F. Bosch, p. 148 and Physica Scripta (1998) (in print); 58. Th. Stöhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Angular Distribution Studies of the Time Reversed Photoionization Process, Abstr. of the IX Int. Conf. on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions, Bensheim, Germany, 14-18 September 1998, eds P.H. Mokier and F. Bosch, p. 162 - C70 and Physica Scripta (1998) (in print); 59. P. Suortti, (J. Kwiatkowska, F. Maniawski) et al., Fermi Surface and Electron Correlations in Al, Studied by Compton Scattering, J. Phys. & Chem. Solids (1998) (in print); 60. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulińska, A. Hrynkiewicz, Co-Sn Intermetallic Phases and their Formation at the Co/Sn Interphase Studied with Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) Method, J. Alloys and Compounds 264 (1998) 14; 61. P. Wodniecki, A. Kulińska, B. Wodniecka, A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, Electric Field Gradients at In Site in Au-In Compounds, Abstr. of XIV Int. Symp. on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions, Pisa, Italy, 20-25 July 1997, p. 205 and Z. Naturforsch. 53a (1998) 349; 62. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulińska, A.Z. Hrynkiewicz, Electric Quadrupole Interaction at mTa in Isostructural Orthorhombic CugHfs and CusZ^ Compounds, Abstr. of XIV Int. Symp. on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions, Pisa, Italy, 20-25 July 1997, p. 207 and Z. Naturforsch. 53a (1998) 355; 88 63. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, M. Marszatek, A. Kulinska, A. Hrynkiewicz, Phase Transition in Nio.30Ino.70 Alloy Studied with PAC Method, J. of Alloys and Compounds 267 (1998) 14; 64. C. T. Zhang, (R. Broda, B. Fomal, W. Kr61as, T. Pawlat) et al., Yrast Excitations in A=126-131 Te Nuclei from Deep-Inelastic l30Te + 64Ni Reactions, Nucl. Phys. A628 (1998) 386. Monographs: 1. A. Hrynkiewicz, Introduction to the Round Table Discussion (in Polish), Polish Physics at the Beginning of 3rd Millennium, ed. J. Szudy, Toruri (1998) 15; 2. A. Hrynkiewicz, Closing of the Round Table Discussion (in Polish), Polish Physics at the Beginning of 3rd Millennium, ed. J. Szudy, Torun (1998) 97; 3. A. Hrynkiewicz, K. Tomala, Mossbauer Spectroscopy (in Polish) Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research, eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print); 4. W.M. Kwiatek, Fluorescence Analysis (in Polish), Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research, eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print); 5. W. Meczynski, J. Styczen, Neutron Activation (in Polish) Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research, eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print); 6. B. Rajchel, Mass Spectroscopy (in Polish), Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research, eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print); 7. Z. Stachura, Microscopy (in Polish), Physical Methods of Measurements in Biology, Medicine and Environmental Research, eds A. Hrynkiewicz and E. Rokita, PWN (in print). Book: 1. A. Hrynkiewicz, Henryk Niewodniczanski (1900-1968) (in Polish), IFJ Editors (1998). Other publications: 1. A. Hrynkiewicz, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna and its Unique Possibilities of Scientific Studies (in Polish), Fizyka w Szkole 1(1998) 4; 2. A. Hrynkiewicz, Harmless Nuclear Energetics (in Polish), Wiedza i Zycie (1998) (in print); 3. A. Hrynkiewicz, Sad Story of Nuclear Energetics in Poland (in Polish), Kultura 1, Instytut Literacki, Paris, France (1998) 9; 89 4. A. Hrynkiewicz, Two Faces of Nuclear Energy (in Polish), Zagrozenia cywilizacyjne I, PAU (1998) 69; 5. A. Hrynkiewicz, Deux Visages de I'Energie Nucleaire, Centre Scientific de l'Academie Polonais des Sciences a Paris, Annales I (1998) 41; 6. A. Hrynkiewicz, Revival of Polish Science under the Rule of Polish Committee of Scientific Research, Forum Akademickie 11 (1998) 20. Proceedings: 1. P. Bhattacharyya, (R. Broda, B. Fornal) et al., Spectroscopy ofN = 82, 83 Xe Isotopes from 248Cm Fission, Proc. of 2-nd Int. Conf. on Exotic Nuclei and Atomic Masses, Shanty Creek Resort, Michigan, USA, 23-27 June 1998 (1998) (in print); 2. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al., Dielectronic Rydberg Resonances of the Heaviest Li-like Ions (in German), EAS-19, Energiereiche Atomare StOsse, Riezlern, Austria, 25-31 January 1998, eds R. Dreizler, B. Fricke et al. (1998) 33; 3. R. Broda, (B. Fornal, W. Krolas, T. Pawlat, J. Wrzesiriski) et al., Spectroscopy of Nuclei Close to the 68Ni Produced in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Reactions, Proc. of Int. Conf. "Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei", Sanibel Island, Florida, USA, 10-15 November 1997 (World Scientific) eds J.H. Hamilton, A.V. Ramayya (1998) 467; 4. R. Broda, (B. Fornal, W. Krolas, M. Lach, T. Pawiat, J. Wrzesinski) et al., Shell Model Nuclei Studied in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Reactions, Proc. of 6-th Int. Spring Seminar "Highlights in Modern Nuclear Physics", May 1998, S. Agata sui due Golfi (World Scientific) 1998 (in print); 5. G. Briikner, A. Czermak, H. Rauch, P. Weilhammer, Position Sensitive Detection of Thermal Neutrons with Solid State Detectors (Gd Si Planar Detectors), Proc. of Int. Conf. "Neutrons in Research and Industry", 9-15 June 1998, Crete, Greece, SPIE 2867; 6. P. J. Daly, (B. Fornal, R. Broda) et al., Exploring Few-Valence-Particle Nuclei Around Magic 132Sn, Proc. of 6-th Int. Spring Seminar "Highlights in Modern Nuclear Physics", May 1998, S. Agata sui due Golfi (World Scientific) 1998 (in print); 7. A. Hoffknecht, (Z. Stachura) et al., Recombination of Highly Charged Ions with Free Electrons at Very Small Energies (in German), EAS-19, Energiereiche Atomare StSsse, Riezlern, Austria, 25-31 January 1998, eds R. Dreizler, B. Fricke at al. (1998)29; 8. J. Jaworski, M. Marszalek, J. Prokop, Z. Stachura, V. Voznyj, B. ClerT, Modular Ultra-High Vacuum Setup for Surface Investigations (in Polish), Proc. of Polish Vacuum Society Congress, Krak6w, Poland, eds T. Stobiecki, M. Szymonski, 25-30 May 1998; 9. A. Kramer, (Z. Stachura) et al., Absorption Edge Technique at the Gas Jet Target of the ESR (in German), EAS-19, Energiereiche Atomare Stosse, Riezlern, Austria, 25-31 January 1998, eds R. Dreizler, B. Fricke etal. (1998)48; 10. S. Lebed, (Z. Cioch, A. Rys", Z. Stachura, L. Zr6dlowski, M. Cholewa) et al., Design and Expected Performance of the New Compact Nuclear Microprobe in the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Cracow, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Electrostatic Accelerators, Obninsk, Russia, 25-28 November 1998 (in print); 11. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al., Electron Bremsstrahlung for lf0+ Impact on Gas Targets, XX ICPEAC, Int. Conf on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria, 23-29 July 1997, eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter (1998) TU 061; 90 12. T. Pawlat, (R. Broda, B. Fornal, W. Krolas, J. Wrzesinski) et al., Spectroscopy of Neutron-Rich Fe and Zn Isotopes Produced in Deep-Inelastic Collisions, Abstr. of the VI Int. School-Seminar "Heavy Ion Physics", Dubna, Russia, 22-27 September 1997, p. 123 and Proceedings eds. Yu. Ts. Oganessian, R. Kalpakchieva (World Scientific) (1998) 514; 13. A. Schmidt, (J. Wrzesinski) et al., Three-Quasiparticle Bands in J23Xe, Proceedings of the Nuclear Structure '98 International Conference, Gatlinburg, 10-15 August (1998) 116; 14. C.T. Zhang, (B. Fornal, R. Broda) et al., Spectroscopy of Few-Particle Nuclei around Magic mSnfrom Fission Product y-Ray Studies, Proc. of Int. Conf. "Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei", Sanibel Island, Florida, USA, 10-15 November 1997 (World Scientific) eds J.H. Hamilton, A.V. Ramayya (1998) 467. Other conference materials: 1. P. Bhattacharyya, (B. Fornal) et al., Three-Particle States in Exotic Fission Product 135Sb, DNP Meeting of the American Physical Society, Santa Fe', New Mexico, USA, 26-27 October (1998) (in print); 2. Th. Byrski, (K. Zuber) et al., Extended Spectroscopy in the Superdeformed Well of l48'149Gd Nuclei, Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conference, Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998, p. 291; 3. E. Dryzek and J. Dryzek, Positron Annihilation Measurements in Mg Rich Mg-In Alloys, Abstr. of 30-th Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Jarnortowek, Poland, 17-21 September 1998, p. 24; 4. Ch. Finck, (K. Zuber) et al., Quadrupole Moment of Superdeformed Bands in 15 Tb, Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conference, Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998, p. 315; 5. A. Kulinska, P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Hrynkiewicz, Au/In Bilayers Studied with '"in Deposited at the Interface, Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, 027; 6. A. Kulinska, P. Wodniecki, M. Uhrmacher, K.P. Lieb, Ion-Beam Induced Phase Transition in the Au-In System, Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, p. Mo75; 7. W.M. Kwiatek, E. Dutkiewicz, B. Kubica, J. Lekki, A.W. Potempa, Z. Stachura, Application of Proton Beams at INP's Van de Graaff Accelerator for Quality Accuracy and Quality Control in PIXE Analysis, Fifteenth Int. Conf. on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, Texas, USA, 4-7 November 1998; 8. W.M. Kwiatek, T. Cichocki, T. Drewniak, M. Gajda, M. Galka, M. Lekka, Preliminary Study of Selected Elements Distribution in Kidney Cancerous Tissues, 8-th Int. Conf. on PIXE, Lund, Sweden, 14-18 June 1998, p. 3.9; 9. W. M^czynski, (P. Bednarczyk, J. Gr^bosz, M. Janicki, J. Styczen, M. Zieblinski) et al., In-Beam Studies with the Recoil Filter Detector for Multidetector y-Arrays, Abstr. of Int. Nucl. Physics Conf., Paris, 24-28 August 1998, 2 (1998) 776; 10. M. Neubauer, K.P. Lieb, M. Uhrmacher, P. Wodniecki, L. Ziegeler, The Size of Thermal Spikes in Xenon-Irradiated Ag/Fe Bilayers, Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, Mo80; 11. A. Nourreddine, (K. Zuber) et al., Population of Superdeformed Bands in Gd, Abstr. of Int. Nuclear Physics Conference, Paris, France, 24-28 August 1998, p. 449; 12. Z. Stachura, (M. Cholewa, Z. Cioch, P. Golonka, C. Sarnecki, S. Lazarski, A. Potempa) et al., Design and First Results of the Nuclear Microprobe in Cracow, 6-th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications, Spier Estate, South Africa, 11-16 October 1998, p. A2.5; 91 13. Th. Stehlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Projectile Excitation Studies for High-Z H- and He-Like Ions, Abstr. of the XX1CPEAC, Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria, eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter, 23-29 July 1997 (1998); 14. Th. StShlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Strong Alignment Observed for the Time-Reversed Two-Step Photoionization Process, Abstr. of the XXICPEAC, Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria, eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter, 23-29 July 1997 (1998) p. TH 190; 15. Th. St6hlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Total and Subshell Differential Cross-Section Measured for Electron Capture into Decelerated Bare Uranium Ions, Abstr. of the XX ICPEAC, Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Vienna, Austria, 23-29 July 1997, eds F. Aumayr, G. Betz, H.P. Winter (1998) p. TH 191; 16. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulinska, K.P. Lieb, M. Neubauer, M. Uhrmacher, Indium Solubility in Iron Studied with Perturbed Angular Correlations, Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, We32; 17. P. Wodniecki, B. Wodniecka, A. Kulinska, A. Hrynkiewicz, Ag-Zr Compounds Studied with PAC Method, Abstr. of 11-th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, 23-28 August 1998, We26. Reports, preprints, notes: 1. C. Brandau, (Z. Stachura) et al., Recombination of Li-Like Ions with Free Electrons at the ESR, GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 104; 2. H. J. Jensen, (J. Wrzesinski) et al., Lifetime Measurement in 4Gd, JUL-3505 (IKP Ann. Report, 1997) (1998) 96; 3. V. A. Karnaukhov, (A. Budzanowski, W. Karcz, M. Janicki) et al., On the Variation of the Coulomb Repulsion in Multifragmentation, Report GSI-IKDA 98/23 (1998); 4. K. Kozak, M. Jasinska, W.M. Kwiatek, J. W. Mietelski, E. Dutkiewicz, Non-Standard Application of Filters from ASS-500 Station for Determination of Air Contamination at Ground Level (in Polish), II Polish Seminar "Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMS Stations", Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 33; 5. A. Kramer, (Z. Stachura) et al., The Absorption-Edge Technique at the Gas-Jet Target of the ESR, GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 100; 6. T. Ludziejewski, (Z. Stachura) et al., Electron Bremsstrahlung in Strong Coulomb Fields at the Internal Gas Target of the ESR Storage Ring, GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 112; 7. B. Rajchel, M. Drwieja, E. Lipinska, R. Hajduk, The Two-Beam-Line Ion Implanter and Review of its Applications to Creation of Complex Layers by the IBAD Method, IFJ Report 1812/AP(1998); 8. Th. StOhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., The Is Lamb Shift in H-Like Uranium Measured on Cooled and Decelerated Ion Beams, GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 99; 9. Th. StOhlker, (Z. Stachura) et al., Angular Distribution Studies of the Time Reversed Photoionization Process, GSI Scientific Report GSI-98-1 (1998) 106. 92 GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. DrJ. Dryzek - grant No 2 P03B 027 10, "Study of Disordered Systems by Positron Annihilation Methods" (1.03.1996 - 28.02.1998); 2. Prof. R. Broda - grant No 2 P03B 150 10, "Structure of Neutron-Rich Nuclei and Mechanism of Their Production in Deep-Inelastic Collisions of Heavy Ions" (1.01.1996 - 31.12.1998); 3. DrK. Zuber- grant No 2 P03B 132 11, "Studies of the Super- and Hiper- Deformations of Atomic Nuclei" (1.01.1996 - 30.06.1998); 4. Prof. A. Hrynkiewicz (Dr M. Lekka) - grant No 2 P03B 033 12, "Biological Applications of SFM: Studies of Mechanical Properties of Cell Membrane" (1.02.1997-31.08.1998); 5. DrE. Dryzek - grant No 2 P03B 009 13, "Study of Positron Annihilation with Core Electrons Using the Coincidence Doppler Broadening Spectrometer" (1.07.1997 - 30.06.1998); 6. Dr F. Maniawski - grant No 2 P03 B 028 14, "High Resolution Compton Spectroscopy Studies of the Electron Properties of Al and Al-Li Alloy" (2.01.1998-31.12.1998); 7. Dr B. Rajchel - grant No T 08C 01915, "Creation of Hard Coating Layers by Ionic Methods for the HSM Cutting Technology" (1.09.1998-31.08.2001); 8. P. Golonka, M.Sc. - grant No 2 P03B 066 15, "Erythrocyte Hemolysis by Organic Tin and Lead Compounds Studied by Nuclear Physics Methods" (1.11.1998 -31.10.1999); 9. Prof. E. Wantuch (Technical University, Krakow, Poland) and Dr B. Rajchel - grantNo7T08C031 08, "Analysis of the Formation of Diamond Like Coatings by IB AD Method on Materials Used for Tools and Endoprosthesis in Controlled Condition of the Substrate" (1.03.1995 - 1.03.1998); 10. Prof. J. Stanek (Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland) and Dr B. Rajchel - grant No 2 P03B 110 09, "Microanalysis of the Influence of Interfaces Layers in Solids" (1.10.1995 - 30.09.1998); 11. Dr A. Pieczka (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland) and Dr J. Kraczka - grantNo6P04D015 08, "Structural States of Tourmalines in the Light of X-Rays and Spectroscopic Investigations and Statistical Interpretation of Crystalochemical Data" (1.04.1995 - 31.03.1998); 12. Prof. W. Zabinski (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland) and DrJ. Kraczka - grantNo6P04D019 11, "Spectroscopic Investigation of Selected Silicate Minerals with Complicated Internal Structure" (1.02.1997-31.01.1999); 13. Assoc. Prof. K. Lqtka (Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland) and R. Kmiec M.Sc. - grantNo2P03B 116612, "Micro- and Macroscopic Investigations of Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Intermetallic Compounds and Phases" (1.01.1997 - 31.12.1999); 14. Ph.D., M.E. . L. Jaworska (The Institute of Metal Cutting, Krakow, Poland) and Dr B.Rajchel - grant No 7 T08D 01914, "The High Pressure Sintering of Diamond Micropowders with Selected Metal and Nonmetal Compounds" (1.01.1998-31.12.2000). Investments Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Dr Z. Stachura - grant A 44, "Van de Graaff Laboratory" (31.12.1998); 93 2. Prof. R. Broda and Dr W. Mqczynski - grant A48, "Development of Gamma Detection and Data Acquisition System" (31.12.1998); 3. Dr Z. Stachura - grant A 55, "Development of the Acquisition System for Biological, Medical and Solid State Studies Using Nuclear Spectroscopy Methods" (1998 - 31.12.1999); 4. Dr Z. Stachura - grant A 57, "Measuring and Control Units used in Solid State Investigations by Nuclear Methods" (1998-31.12.1999). Grants from other sources: 1. Prof. J. Styczen - coordinator, Polish - French Convention between IN2 P3, Polish Laboratories and JUMELAGE (W 3001); 2. Dr M. Marszalek, Dr Z. Stachura, and Dr B. Sulkio-Cleff (Institute fur Kernphysik, Westfdlische Wilhelms Universitdt, Munster, Germany) -grantNo 1376/94/LN, Stiftungfur Deutsch-Polnische Zusammenarbeit, "Construction and Testing of Gamma-Gamma Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectrometer for Diagnostics of Thin Films" (1.10.1995-30.06.1998). CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. R. Broda, "New Results in Spectroscopy of Light-, Medium-, and Heavy Nuclei Produced in Deep-Inelastic HI Reactions", XVI Nuclear Physics Divisional Conference, Structure of Nuclei under the Extreme Conditions, Padova, Italy, March-April 1998; 2. R. Broda, "Shell Model Nuclei Studied in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Reactions", 6th Int. Spring Seminar on Nuclear Physics, Highlights of Modern Nuclear Structure, S. Agata sui due Golfi, Italy, May 1998; 3. R. Broda, "Concluding Remarks", Nuclear Physics Close to the Barrier, International Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 30 June - 4 July 1998; 4. B. Fornal, "Spectroscopy at the Neutron-Rich Edge of Beta Stability Valley", Nuclear Physics Close to the Barrier, International Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 30 June- 4 July 1998; 5. A. Maj, "Search for Entrance Channel Effects in Compound Nuclear Formations", "Giant Resonances '98", Varenna, Italy, May 1998; 6. A. Maj, "Entrance Channel Effects, Deformation and GDR", V Nuclear Physics Workshop, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, September 1998; 7. J. Styczen, "Perspectives Nouvelles Ontrouvertes par le Recoil Filter Detector, RFD", Recontres de Lyon de la Communaute EUROBALL, France, 12-13 February 1998; 8. J. Styczen, "Spectroscopy in Heavy Elements with the Recoil Filter Detector", V Nuclear Physics Workshop, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, September 1998; 9. P. Wodniecki, "Au/In Bilayers Studied with mIn Deposited at the Interface", 11th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998. 94 PRESENTATIONS: 1. E. Dryzek - poster, "Positron Annihilation Measurements in Mg Rich Mg-In Alloys", 30th Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Jarnoh6wek, Poland, 17-21 September 1998; 2. J. Dryzek - oral presentation, "The Diffusion Model for Trapping of Positrons in Inhomogeneous Solids", 30th Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Jarnolt6wek, Poland, 17-21 September 1998; 3. J. Dryzek - poster, "The Calculation of the Annihilation Rate of the o-Ps in the Pick-off Process", 30th Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Jarnort6wek, Poland, 17-21 September 1998; 4. J. Jaworski - poster, "Modular Ultra-High Vacuum Setup for Surface Investigations" (in Polish;, Polish Vacuum Society Congress, Krak6w, Poland, 25-30 May 1998; 5. W.M. Kwiatek - oral presentation, "Preliminary Study of Selected Elements Distribution in Kidney Cancerous Tissues", 8th International Conference on PIXE, Lund, Sweden, 14-18 June 1998; 6. J. Kwiatkowska - poster, "Compton Scattering Study of Al-Li Alloy", International Workshop Inelastic X-Ray Scattering, Montauk, L.I., New York, USA, 18-21 October 1998; 7. M. Lach - oral presentation, "High Spin Structure of 57Ni and Nuclei Nearby", XXXIII Zakopane School of Physics, Zakopane, Poland, 1-9 September 1998; 8. M. Lekka - poster, "Differences in Elastic Properties of Normal and Cancerous Cells Studied by SFM", Biophysics of Cytoskeleton, Obernai, France, 22-27 April 1998; 9. M. Lekka - poster, "Local Elastic Properties of Organic Surfaces Studied by SFM", International Symposium "Nano-Scale Modification of Surfaces", Krak6w, Poland, 28-30 May 1998; 10. M. Lekka — poster, "Cytoskeletal Changes Studied by SFM", VII International Symposium of Polish Network of Molecular and Cellular Biology UNESCO/PAS, Krak6w, Poland, 6-9 June 1998; 11. J. Lekki - poster, "Surface Roughness of Thin Layers - A Comparison of XRD and SFM Measurements", International Symposium "Nano-Scale Modification of Surfaces", Krakow, Poland, 28-30 May 1998; 12. A. Maj - oral presentation, "Properties of Hot Nuclei Studied by the GDR y-Decay in Exclusive Experiments", Nuclear Physics Close to the Barrier, International Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 30 June - 4 July 1998; 13. B. Rajchel - poster, "Microstructure of Carbon Coatings Created by the Dual IBAD Technique", International Summer School, Modern Plasma Surface Technology, Mielno, Poland, 1998; 14. B. Rajchel - poster, "Selected Nuclear Methods for Investigation of Elemental Composition and Structure of Solid Materials", International Summer School, Modern Plasma Surface Technology, Mielno, Poland, 1998; 15. P. Wodniecki - poster, "Ion-Beam Induced Phase Transition in the Au-In System", 11th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998; 16. P. Wodniecki - poster, "Ag-Zr Compounds Studied with PAC Method", 11 International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998; 95 17. P. Wodniecki - poster, "Indium Solubility in Iron Studied with PAC Method", 11th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998; 18. P. Wodniecki - poster, "Ion Beam Mixing of Ag/Fe and Ni/Sb Bilayers Observed with U1ln Markers", 11th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998. MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: 1. R. Broda (chairman), W. Meczynski (managing director), B. Fornal (scientific secretary), P. Bednarczyk, J. Grebosz, M. Kmiecik, M. Lach, A. Maj, M. Niewiara, T. Pawlat, A. Potempa, J. Styczeri, J. Wrzesinski, and M. Zi^blinski, XXXIII Zakopane School of Physics: Trends in Nuclear Physics, Zakopane, Poland, 1-9 September 1998; 2. R. Broda - member of the Advisory Committee, Nuclear Structure at the Extremes, University of Brighton, Lewes, East Sussex, Great Britain, June 1998; 3. R. Broda - member of the Advisory Committee, The Nucleus - New Physics for the New Millennium, Nat. Ace. Centre, Faure near Cape Town, South Africa, January 1999; 4. R. Broda - member of the Advisory Committee, International Conf. on Fission and Neutron-Rich Nuclei, St. Andrews, Scotland, June 1999; 5. W.M. Kwiatek, 4th International School and Symposium on Synchrotron Radiation in Natural Science, Jaszowiec, Poland, 15-20 June 1998; 6. J. Styczeri - member of the Advisory Committee, Nuclear Physics Close to the Barrier, Warsaw, Poland, 30 June - 4 July 1998; 7. P. Wodniecki - member of the International Advisory Committee, //'* International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions, Durban, South Africa, 23-28 August 1998. ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: XXXIII Zakopane School of Physics: Trends in Nuclear Physics, Zakopane, Poland, 1-9 September 1998; Organizing Committee: R. Broda (chairman), W. Meczynski (managing director), B. Fornal (scientific secretary), P. Bednarczyk, J. Grebosz, M. Kmiecik, M. Lach, A. Maj, M. Niewiara, T. Pawlat, A. Potempa, J. Styczen, J. Wrzesinski, and M. Zieblinski. SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: 1. M. Lekka - Ph.D., "Biological Applications of the SFM"; 2. I. Meus - M.Sc, "PIXE and FTIR Renal Stones Investigations"; 3. A. Warunek - M.Sc., "Trace Elements Determinations of Blood Serum from Children with Asthma Diseases"; 96 SCHOLARSHIPS: 1. P. Bednarczyk, Scholarship founded by Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, Paris, in Institut de Recherches Subatomique, Strasbourg, France, 1.05.1998 - 31.12.1998; 2. W. Królas, Fellowship of Institute Nazionale de Fisica Nucleare, Padova, Italy, 1.01.1998 - 30.09.1998; 3. A. Kulińska, Scholarship founded by Sonderforschungsbereich 345 in Zweites Physikalisches Institut der Universität Göttingen, Germany, 1.01.1998 - 31.12.1998; 4. K. Zuber, Scholarship founded by Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, Paris, in Institut de Recherches Subatomique, Strasbourg, France, 1.01.1998 - 22.09.1998. PRIZES: A. Hrynkiewicz, Honoris Causa Doctorate of the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland. SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. R. Broda, "Nuclear Spectroscopy at the Neutron-Rich Edge of Beta Stability Valley", Warsaw, Poland, April 1998; 2. R. Broda, "Dynamical Deformation of Nuclei Participating in Deep-Inelastic Collisions", Univ. di Napoli, Naples, Italy, May 1998; 3. R. Broda, "Selected Results from Gamma-Spectroscopy in Deep-Inelastic Heavy-Ion Collisions", Argonne Nat. Lab., USA October 1998; 4. A. Hrynkiewicz, "Two Faces of the Nuclear Energy", Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland, 27 April 1998; 5. A. Hrynkiewicz, "Two Faces of the Nuclear Energy", A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland, 28 May 1988; 6. A. Hrynkiewicz, " Physical Conditions of the Origin and Evolution of Life", Open Door, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland, 20 May 1998; 7. A. Hrynkiewicz, "Beneficial Nuclear Power Plants", Centenary of Polonium and Radium Discovery, Warsaw, Poland, 19 September 1998; 8. A. Hrynkiewicz, " Constants of Nature Control the Universe ", Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, 26 October 1998; 9. A. Hrynkiewicz, " Perspectives of Practical Applications of the Thermonuclear Fusion", Białystok Branch of the Polish Physical Society, Białystok, Poland, 14 November 1998; 10. A. Hrynkiewicz, "Does Poland Need Nuclear Power? ", Rotary Club, Kraków, Poland, 19 November 1998; 97 11. A. Hrynkiewicz, "Ecological Aspects of Energetics. Does Poland Need Nuclear Power? ", Polish Society, Krakow-Nowa Huta, Poland, 2 December 1998; 12. K. Burda and Z. Stachura, "Biophysics Studied by Nuclear Methods in the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krak6w", Leipzig Universitat, Germany, 3 December 1998; 13. A. Czermak, "Silicon Strip Detectors for Research of y Radioactivity", INFN Padova, Italy, 16 February 1998; 14. J. Dryzek, "Study of the Positron Annihilation Line Using Germanium Detectors", Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, 8 December 1998; 15. B. Fornal, "Spectroscopy in the Vicinity of Neutron-Rich Doubly Magic Nuclei", ArgonneNat. Lab., USA, 11 December 1998; 16. M. Lekka, "Biological Applications of the SFM", Institute of Biochemistry Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, 21 October 1998; 17. B. Rajchel "Microstructure of Carbon Coatings Created by Ion Methods", Institute of Physics, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland, March 1998. INTERNAL: 1. M. Bentley (Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Great Britain), "Gamma-Ray Studies of N~Z Nuclei in the f7/2 Shell"; 2. P. Quentin (Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, Bordeaux, France), "Intrinsic Nuclear Vorticity, Superdeformed Bands and Persistent Currents in Mesoscopic Rings"; 3. P. Lubiriski (Heavy Ions Laboratory, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland), "Study of Nuclear Surface with Antiprotons"; 4. J. Korecki (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland) and P. Korecki (Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland), "Imaging of Atoms Using Mossbauer Spectroscopy"; 5. K. Pomorski (UMCS Lublin, Poland), "Influence of the Initial Spin Distribution on Decay of Compound Nucleus by Fission and Light Particle Emission"; 6. J. Prokop, "Structure and Magnetic Properties of Ultrathin Epitaxial Iron Films Sandwiched by Ruthenium"; 7. D. Fick (Philips-Universitat, Marburg, Germany), "NMR on Solid Surfaces"; 8. R. Hajduk and B. Rajchel, "Investigation of Carbon Coatings Created by Dual Beam IBAD Method. Review of RBS/NRA/PIXE Experimental Data"; 9. E. Dryzek, "Preferential Positron Annihilation in Mg-Cd Alloy"; 10. P. Golonka, "Hemolytical Activity of Organic Tin and Lead Compounds Studied by Nuclear Physics Methods"; 11. G. Schatz (Konstanz University, Germany), "Low-Dimensional Magnetism Studied with Nuclear Probes"; 12. B. Rajchel, "Application of the Dual Beam IBAD Method for Creation of Coating Layers"; 13. M. Baranska (Institute of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland), "Application of the Vibrational Spectroscopy to the Study of Polymorphism and Metallocomplexes of Anti-Ulcer Medicines"; 98 14. H. Mach (Uppsala University, Sweden), "Differences and Similarities between Double Magic Regions 132Sn and 208Pb Studied with OSIRIS Spectrometer in Studsvik"; 15. M. Danielewski (Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland), "Generalised Interdiffusion Model and Its Applications"; 16. M. G6rska (Warsaw University, Poland), "Structure of Exited States of Nuclei Close to 100Sn"; 17. I. Meus and A. Warunek (Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland), "The Use of VdG Accelerator for Biomedical Materials Investigations"; 18. S. Chwaszczewski (IEA Warsaw, Poland), "Nuclear Power Plants in Poland - yes or not?"; 19. J. Jaworski, "GMR and Magnetic Properties of Metallic Thin Films"; 20. M. di Toro (INFN Catania, Italy), "Entrance Channel Effects in Fusion Reactions"; 21. K. Brand (Ruhr Universitat, Bochum, Germany), "The Dynamitron Accelerator at Bochum, from Nuclear Physics to Industrial Ion Implantation"; 22. H. Saitovitch (Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), "HfFe2 and ReNi2B2C: PAC Experiments"; 23. R. Lieder (IP der KFA Jttlich, Germany), "The Present and Future of Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy"; 24. F. Stobiecki (Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland), "GMR in Multilayers of Permalloy/Cu"; 25. R. Broda, "In Which Way and Why Did We Reach the 69Cu and l37Cs Nuclei?". LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. A. Hrynkiewicz, University course for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland: "Physical Methods in Medicine, Biology and Environmental Protection"; 2. A. Hrynkiewicz, Seminar for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 3. A. Czermak, Lectures for graduate students of electronics, Academy of Mining and Metalurgy, Krak6w, Poland, 15 February - 31 March 1998, "Computer Based Control and Measurement Systems for Experimental Physics"; 4. B. Fornal, "The World of Atomic Nuclei", Open Door, INP, Krak6w, Poland, 10 October 1998; 5. E.M. Dutkiewicz, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, March 1998, "Analytical Methods of the Element Content Determination"; 6. J. Gr^bosz, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland, June 1998, "Software Engineer Tasks in a Nuclear Physics Experiment. Controlling the Electronics, Data Acquisition and Data Analysis"; 7. W.M. Kwiatek, University course for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland: "Application of Synchrotron Radiation and Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Biology and Medicine"; 8. W.M. Kwiatek, Teaching of physics at the 3rd Independent High School, Social Educational Society, Krakow, and the membership of the Regional Committee for Inter-School Contest in Physics for High School Students; 99 9. B. Rajchel, University course for students of medical physics, Institute of Physics Jagiellonian University: "Interaction of Ion Beams with Solid Materials. Analysis of Elemental Composition and Internal Structure". SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. S. Aksyonov, Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 2. M. Bentley, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Great Britain; 3. H. Baumeister, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany; 4. O. Boiling, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany; 5. K. Brand, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; 6. B. Cleff, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany; 7. G. Fillebock, Konstanz University, Germany; 8. F. Jundt, IRES Strasbourg France; 9. J. Kuriplach, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; 10. S. Lebed, Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 11. K.P. Lieb, University of Gottingen, Germany; 12. A. Maier, Konstanz University, Germany; 13. K. Moseke, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany; 14. H. Saitovitch, CBPF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 15. V. Sandukovski, JINR, Dubna, Russia; 16. G. Schatz, Konstanz University, Germany; 17. C. Schild, Institut fur Kernphysik, Munster, Germany; 18. V.E. Storizhko, Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 19. F. Sukhodub, Institute of Applied Physics, Sumy, Ukraine; 20. M. di Toro, INFN, Catania, Italy. NEXT PAGE(S) left BL&MK 101 DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL RESEARCH Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz Wasiutynski Deputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Piotr Zielinski Secretary: Maria Magdalena Mayer telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 250 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Neutron Laboratory: Research Staff: Jerzy Janik, Prof. Jerzy Hubert, Assoc. Prof Jan Krawczyk, Ph.D. Maria Massalska-Arodz, Assoc. Prof. Jacek Mayer, Assoc. Prof. Ireneusz Natkaniec, Ph.D. Ewa Sciesiriska, Assoc. Prof. Jan Sciesinski, M.Sc., Eng. Waclaw Witko, Ph.D. Wojciech Zajac, Ph.D. Piotr Zielinski, Assoc. Prof. Technical Staff: Jerzy Brarikowski, M.Sc, Eng. Janusz Sokotowski, M.Sc., Eng. Tadeusz Sarga Administration: Wladyslawa Lisiecka Maria Magdalena Mayer Laboratory of Magnetic Research: Research Staff: Maria Balanda, Ph.D. Valery Baron, Ph.D. Andrzej Pacyna, Ph.D. Julia Rataj, M.Sc. Tadeusz Wasiutynski, Assoc. Prof. Technical Staff: Waldemar Witek, M.Sc., Eng. Tomasz Stachyra 102 limn PL9902475 OVERVIEW: Two main subjects dominated activity of Department of Structural Research this year: dynamics of molecules in condensed matter and magnetic properties of new materials. The former subject is to be understood in a very broad sense. It embraces fast quantum and classical reorientations of small molecules in disordered crystalline phases as well as rather slow motions of large molecules and molecular segments in liquid crystals and polymers. Glassy states occurring in such systems were of particular interest. The magnetic materials studied in our department fall into two categories: canonical substances such as rare earth orthoferrites and the recently discovered molecular magnets. A typical study of a substance in our group consists of a series of experiments involving various complementary methods followed by advanced theoretical and model analysis. The experimental work is performed on great instruments accessible for us owing to the well established network of international cooperations and in great number at our own premises. The main experimental tools of our department are: adiabatic and differential scanning calorimeters, Fourier transformed infrared absorption spectrometer, ac susceptibility/dc magnotemeter and Cahn balance. All of them operate in wide temperature range: 4 - 400 K. Magnetic measurements are carried out in dc field up 56 kOe. An important improvement of out equipment took place last year. New hardware and software were devised to control the calorimetric measurements. Consequently temperature flows as slow as 1 [iK/m'm are now detectable, that makes the calorimeter a perfect tool for the studies of slow relaxational processes in condensed matter. A new option of data acquisition applied to the infrared spectrometer allows one to study the kinetics of phase transformations in real time. The time resolution is of order of few minutes. This is of special importance in the studies of glassy phases which evolve in the time scale of hours. Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz Wasiutyfiski REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902476 Dynamical Effects of Strong Localized Anharmonicity in Crystal Lattices P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana. and T. Srokowski It is well known that the crystal lattices are generally anharmonic. The anharmonicity is, however, pronounced to the largest extent close to the surfaces, grain boundaries, domain walls, dislocations and to other defects, mainly due to a lower coordination of the atoms placed in their vicinity, whereas the bulk of the crystal often satisfactorily complies with the harmonic approximation. The number of the degrees of freedom involved in the anharmonic interactions then is relatively limited. We have shown [1] that the effective equations of motion of the anharmonic part of the described systems has a general form of the Volterra integro-differential equations (VIDE): ua(t) = B(ua(t)) - f VK(t - T)[-vKa{T) + h(r)]dT + fa(t). (1) Jo The vector B{ua{t)) represents the forces among the "anharmonic" degrees of freedom ua. The vectors fh and fa are the forces applied to the harmonic and to the anharmonic part of the system respectively and the matrix V describes the coupling of both parts. The kernel K is the time- and site-dependent Green function of the harmonic subsystem. In the particular case of a dispersionless (semi)infinite 103 bulk crystals the above general equations of motion reduce to differential equations (DE) and in the case of a spatially limited dispersionless bulk crystal to delayed differential equations. As an example we present below the DDE for the displacement «o(0 of a mass M placed in the anharmonic potential V(uo) and attached to a dispersionless one-dimensional medium of the stiffness constant T and of the sound velocitv c: d2u Tdu OVju) 2j,^i.p.(d/2I,) M 0 0 m dt2 c dt du f Fit 2—<(-l) «o(*-2roL/c) = (2) The examples of DE, DDE and VIDE constructed by us for various lattice defects are now under study in order to model the efficiencies of higher harmonics and subharmonics generation as well as to reveal the instances and the physical manifestations of chaos in the dynamics of the defects. Reference: 1. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, and T. Srokowski, Prog. Surf. Sci. 59 (1998) 265. PL9902477 Harmonics Generation and Chaos in Scattering of Phonons from Anharmonic Surfaces P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, and T. Srokowski We have derived the effective equations of motion for the surface atom in a one-dimensional, dispersionless semi-infinite crystal. Two kinds of external perturbation have been considered: an external oscillatory force, which models an external radiation and a monochromatic incident phonon coming from the bulk. The numerical solution of the equations obtained allowed us to predict the efficiency of harmonics and subharmonics generation by the surface, the reflection coefficients of the particular harmonics in the phonon scattering and the rate of the phonodesorption of the surface atoms [1-3]. Amplitude of Applied Force fo(w) o.o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 §• 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.30 0.12 0.25 0.10 of 0.20 0.08 0.15 0.06 us 0.10 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.00 2.0- 1.5- hi. = 1.0- 0.5- iltlLj-.. 0.0- 0.0 0.1 02 0.3 0.4 Incident Wave Amplitude a Fig. 1: Generation efficiencies En of the lowest harmonics and subharmonics by the external oscillatory force 4 f(t) = fo((jj)cos(u)t) applied to the surface atom in the potential Vo(u) = —5M2 + 25w and the reflection coefficients Rn, for the incident wave u(ct + x) = asin(u>t + xui/c); w = 3.5,T/c= 1. The upper part shows the corresponding Lyapunov exponent. 104 References: 1. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, and T. Srokowski, Physica B (in print); 2. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, and T. Srokowski, Eur. Phys. J. (in print); 3. P. Zieliriski and Z. Lodziana, Phase Transitions, submitted. Spin Flop Transition in the Organic Magnet M. Baianda, K. Falk1, K. Griesar1, Z. Tornkowicz2, T. Wasiutyriski, and W. Haase1 1 Darmstadt University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry; 2 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland Organic magnets based on Mn-porphyrin present a very interesting class of materials due to its quasi one-dimensional (ID) character and to the possibility of structure modifications which influ- ence the magnetic ordering. We studied the [MnR4TPP][TCNE]*solvent compound, where TPP- tetraphenylporphyrin, TCNE-tetracyanoethylene and R = OCi2H25, the functional group substituted at the periphery of the porphyrin disc. This compound is built of ferrimagnetic chains with alter- nating spin s of Mnm (S = 2) and of TCNE~ (s = 1/2) [1]. The distances between the chains are « 30 A [2]. At low temperatures correlations between the chains come into play and the system orders ferromagnetically at Tc = 22 K. Below Tc transition to the spin-glass-like state occurs. The coercive field at T = 2.3 K is significant and equals 21 kOe but decreases quickly with temperature. At the magnetization virgin curve a field induced jump is observed which we identity as a spin flop (SF). The SF occurrence suggests that some negative coupling should be present in the system. A study of the temperature dependence of the magnetization process (See Fig. 1) has shown that the SF critical field decreases with T and equals zero for T > 7.5 K. 10 20 Magn. Field (kOe) Fig. 1: Magnetization curves at varried temperature for [Mn(OCi2H25)4TPP][TCNE]. We explain this behaviour as coming from the sign change of the anisotropy constant which, together with interchain interaction is crucial for spin configuration. In the case when there is no path for superexchange coupling between the chains, the weak and anisotropic dipolar interaction should be considered. Its subtle interplay with single ion anisotropy (in the presence of random anisotropy coming from the solvent) may produce a change in spin configuration. For 0 K < T < 7.5 K uniaxial 105 anisotropy along the chain axis favours the antiparallel spin configuration, while for T > 7.5 K the uniaxial anisotropy is lost and the parallel spin alignment perpendicular to the chain axis is preferable. Thus, the SF observed is the transition from the longitudinal to the transverse spin glass state and its occurrence can be an indirect evidence for the dipolar character of the interchain coupling in this family of compounds. References: 1. J.S. Miller, J.C. Calabrese, R.S. McLean, and A.J. Epstein, Adv. Mater. 4 (1992) 498; 2. K. Griesar, M. Athanassopoulou, Z. Tomkowicz, and M. Balanda, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 306 (1997) 57. Critical Currents of Superconducting Ceranr Determined by Magnetic Measurements PL9902478 Z. Tomkowicz1 and M. Balanda 1 Institute of Physics, Jagielhnian University, Krakow, Poland High-Tc ceramic samples present a network of superconducting grains coupled via Josephson junc- tions. The nature of contacts between the grains (insulating or metallic) determines the intergranular current ,]cj and its temperature dependence. While the critical current in the grains (intragranu- lar) JCG in HTC materials is very high, the overall transport critical current is limited by icj. Both icj and JCG are connected with penetration and pinning of vortices and can be determined by mag- netic measurements. The AC susceptibility XAC a^d DC magnetization was measured for two series, (Hoi_3;Prr)Ba2Cu3O7_5 and (Y]_a;Pr^)Ba2Cu3O7_i, where the superconductivity suppressing Pr con- centration is 0 < x < xcr and xcr for both series equals 0.58. The Bean critical state model was used to determine the Jcj (T) values from XAC measurements (see, for example the result for (Hoo.7sPro.25)BCO given in Fig. 1). The obtained Jcj temperature dependences are shown in Fig. 2. It is seen that in- tergrain critical current decreases strongly with T and with x. For low Pr concentration (x < 0.25) the Jcj dependence is well described by the model assuming the S-I-S (superconductor-insulator- superconductor) type of junctions. For higher concentrations both the S-N-S (superconductor-normal metal-superconductor) and the flux creep model seem to play a role. The critical current in the grains as a function of x and of the applied magnetic flield was found from the magnetization hysteresis loops. Results for the (Y,Pr)BCO series are shown in Fig. 3. The vortex pinning force and JCG are determined from M(H). It appears (see Fig. 3) that, in spite of its destructive function, Pr ions, if in small amount (x < 0.08), can serve as an extra pinning centres and a weak enhancement of JCG is observed. -0.015 Fig. 1: XAC for Hoo.75Pro.25Ba2Cu307_s taken at different amplitudes of the driving field. 106 15- T<«4.3K 10- A 5- f 0- l llllllll 0) F '".^£- 2sB""" ' ^!5 2 -5- —"—^x=0 ^^\>' -10- —•—X=0.10 "i -15- —«^-x=0.30 ! * —•- x=0.55 ? -20- 1 , . 1- T- j f 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 -60 -40 -20. 0 20 SO T(K) H(kOe) Fig. 2: Jcj vs T. Results for the system with Zn Fig. 3: Magnetization hysteresis loops at T are shown for comparison. 4.3 K for (Y,Pr)BCO. Neutron Powder Diffraction Study of Mn-Bearing Hematite Samples: Fe2_a;Mn;cO3 in the Range 0 < x < 0.176 1 2 2 O4 V. Baron, J. Gutzmer , H. Rundlf , and R. Tellgren !S 1 • O5 Department of Geology, Hand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, South Africa; 2Institute of Chemistry, Uppsala Univ., Uppsala, Sweden A detailed neutron powder diffraction and calorimetric study was performed to determine the influence of increasing Mn substitution on the crystal and the magnetic structures of hematite. Natural as well as synthetic Mn-bearing hematite samples with the compositional range Fe2-:trMn,cO3 (x = 0 to 0.176) were examined. Calorimetric measurements were performed to determine the Neel T^ and the Morin TM temperature transitions and to provide information on the homogeneity and purity for each sample. All studied hematite samples, irrespective of chemical composition, display weak ferromagnetism at 295 K and coexistence of weak ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases at 10 K (Figs 1 and 2). A slight decrease of the total magnetic moment but a drastic decrease of TV and TM can be attributed to increasing Mn substitution. The results of our study strongly suggest that the presence of small amounts of Mn-substituted hematite is responsible for the unusual magnetic properties of high-grade manganese ore samples from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Figure 1: Weak ferromagnetic structure of Fo_ Mn O at 29S K Figure 2: Antiferromagnetic structure of Fe Mn O, at 10 K PL9902480 107 Neutron Powder Diffraction Study of the Crystal and Magnetic Structures of V. Baron, O. Amcoff1, and T. Ericsson1 1/iist. of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy-Petrology, Uppsala, Sweden The orthorhombic Fe2SiS4 (Space Group no 62, Pnma) showing olivine-type structure has been studied. Measurements using neutron powder diffraction experiments were performed at 295, 140, 120, 40, 20 and 10 K in order to determine the crystal and magnetic structures of Fe2SiS4 at low temperatures. No crystallographic phase transition was observed between 295 and 10 K while two magnetic transitions were found. One transition around 127 K denotes a change from the paramagnetic (P) to an antiferromagnetic (AF) state (Fig. 1) while at 30 K the appearance of a ferrimagnetic (Fi) state is observed (Fig. 2). Different magnetic models are presented. Relations are found between indirect magnetic interactions, on the one hand, and the Fe(4a), Fe(4c) and sulphur positions, on the other hand, and relations between the crystal structure and the magnetic models are given. The neutron powder diffraction results are compared with results, already reported, of Mossbauer and magnetisation measurements [1]. :- +0.67(6) 0 c Fe2t4c) UP down b La +^^t c 0 Fig. 1: Antiferromagnetic structure, T = 40 K. Fe2 (4a) Fe2(4c) up down ^0 -o.3(i)m + Fig. 2: Ferrimagnetic structure, T = 10K. Reference: 1. 1. V. Baron, 0. Amcoff, and T. Ericsson, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1999) (in print). 108 PL9902481 Synthetising Prigogine -Brillouin Information -Thermodynamic Approach with the Probability Balance Synergetic Model of Weidlich-Haag J.Z. Hubert The paper proposes mathematical modelling and physical explanation of the phenomenon of self- developing change of macroscopic structures which self-organise within the complex systems. The model is an attempt to synthesise the Weidlich-Haag social synergetics probabilistic approach with Prigogine's and Brillouin's information -thermodynamics method of reasoning. In the Weidlich-Haag [1] and Weidlich [2, 3] model (which is based on probability balance equations) a change between various a priori possible structures is made possible via - externally introduced into the model - probability transition rates. In this work a model is proposed in which change of macroscopic structure is caused by information- thermodynamic quantities. Namely, appearing of change and its frequency depend on the relation between the value of information negentropy used up and produced by each element of the system as result of calculations, time evolution of frequencies of actual realisation of a priori possible macroscopic structures - which develop within a complex system - has been obtained. Computations make use of Monte-Carlo method in which the time stories of each element of a complex system (in case of social system : of each individual composing it) are followed. This proposed mechanism of change could be used in social synergetics. It explains then one of the basic human and social phenomena: the need of change - change for the sake of change (without any visible, external to the system motivations and reasons). The results are discussed in terms of really observed social phenomena. It is shown that existence of a dense social milieu with intense information circulation must result in increased frequency of change. Novelty of the proposed method of modelling of the phenomenon of change: existing thermodynamic explanations of change in complex systems - like Prigogine's concept of bifurcation - attribute changes within the system to changes without it - changes of thermodynamic conditions on its boundaries. These changes influence the mean values of thermodynamic gradients all over the whole system thus leading to its structural changes. In this work a way has been shown to model the overall structural changes via independent changes of balance of thermodynamic quantities within each element of the complex system. References: 1. W. Weidlich and G. Haag, "Concepts and Models of a Quantitative Sociology", Springer Series in Syn- ergetics 14, Springer (1983); 2. W. Weidlich, "Quantitative Social Science", Physica Scripta 35 (1987) 380; 3. W. Weidlich, "Physics and Social Science - the Approach of Synergetics," Physics Reports (A Review Section of Physics Letters) 204 (1991) 1. Spectroscopic Study of the Glassy State PL9902482 j Sciesiriski, T. Wasiutyriski, and E. Sciesiriska Relaxation phenomena of glasses are a widely explored subject of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Main efforts are directed however to structural glasses. A special class of molecular glass formers are the orientationally disordered crystals like cyclic alcohols. In these crystals the molecules are translationally ordered, limiting the dynamical behavior to the rotational and conformational degrees of freedom. Hence some peculiarities of relaxational behavior could be expected in this case. We have started such kind of investigations for cyclohexanol, a substance which was in the frame of our interest for a long time. We have clarified the phase diagram and phase peculiarities by several experimental methods [1, 2]. Now we have undertaken its glassy behavior studies by means of the infrared spectroscopy. We use our upgraded FTS-14 Digilab spectrometer. Recently a new option was 109 designed and implemented to its acquisition software in order to facilitate the kinetics measurements. This kinetics option enables automatic recording of successive spectra in equal time intervals for later analysis of spectral changes due to the relaxational processes in the sample under study. The time resolution of this technique is of the order of minutes. An example of our results for cyclohexanol is shown in the figure. One sees an isothermal evolution of the glassy crystal at 195 K that is 45 K above its glass transition temperature T5. It is remarkable that the glassy crystal transforms to the metastable orientationally ordered crystal III and not to the metastable disordered crystal I or stable ordered crystal II at these conditions. glass -> phase III T-196K Fig. 1: Time evolution of IR spectra of cyclohexanol in lattice modes region. References: 1. J. Mayer, M. Rachwalska, E. Sciesiriska, and J. Sciesinski, J. Pays. France 51 (1990) 857; 2. E. Sciesiriska, J. Mayer, I. Natkaniec, and J. Sciesiriski, Acta Phys. Polonica 86 (1989) 617. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. W. Chajec, K. Latka, R. Kmiec, R. Kruk, A.W. Pacyna, Magnetism of NdAuSn Compound, Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print); 2. M. Dlouga, S. Vratislav, I. Natkaniec, L.S. Smirnov, The Study of Structural Features of Phase Transitions in N(H/D)4SCN (the Monoclinic Phase) by Neutron Scattering, Kristallografiya 43 (1998) 237 and Crystalography Rep. 43 (1998) 202; 3. K. Holderna-Natkaniec, I. Natkaniec, V.D. Khavryutchenko, Neutron-Scattering Study of Phase Transition in Norbornylene and DL-Norcamphor, ICNS'97, Toronto, Canada, 17-21 August 1997, p. 227; Proc. in: Physica B241-243 (1998) 478; 4. J.Z. Hubert, Invidual and Social Wisdom, Dialogue and Universalism 7-8 (1998) 123; 110 5. R. Jakubas, J.A. Janik, J. Krawczyk, J. Mayer, T. Stanek, O. Steinsvoll, Neutron Quasielastic Scattering by (CH^NH^BiąCln, Physica B241-243 (1998) 481; 6. K. Łątka, E.A. Görlich, R. Kmieć, R. Kruk, A.W. Pacyna, Looking at Unusual Magnetism in Rare-Earth Intermetallics with 119Sn Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Mol. Phys. Rep. (1998) (in print); 7. M. Massalska-Arodź, Scaling in 2-d Distribution of Topological Defects in a Liquid Crystal, Acta Phys. Pol. A94 (1998) 41; 8. M. Massalska-Arodź, G. Williams, I. Smith, Ch. Connoly, A. Aldridge, Molecular Dynamics and Crystallization Behaviour of Isopentylcyanobiphenyl as Studied by Di- electric Relaxation Spectroscopy, J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans. 94 (1998) 387; 9. J. Mayer, W. Witko, M. Massalska-Arodź, G. Williams, R. Dąbrowski, Polymorphism of Right Handed (S) Ą-(2-Methylbutyl) 4'-Cyanobiphenyl, Phase Transitions (1998) (in print); 10. L. Mestres, (I. Natkaniec) et al., X-Ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Study of the Rb2-X(NH^)xSOi System, Abstr. of 7-th Eur. Crystallographic Meeting, Lisbona, Portugal, 24-28 August 1997, p. 187 and J. of the Phys. Soc. of Japan (1998) 1636; 11. A. Migdal-Mikuli, E. Mikuli, J. Mayer, Phase Transitions in [Me(H2O)Ę,](ClO\)i Crystalline Compounds (Me=Zn, Cd, Hg and Cu) Investigated by the DSC Method. Part II, Mol. Materials 9 (1998) 205; 12. E. Mikuli, A. Migdał-Mikuli, J. Mayer, Phase Transitions in Crystalline [M(H20)(,](Cl0i)2 (M=Mg,MnlFe,Co,MlCu,Zn,Cd and Hg), J. Thermal Anal. 54 (1998) 93; 13. I. Natkaniec, L.S. Smirnov, S.I. Bragin, A.I. Solov'ev, Neutron Spectroscopy of K\-X(NHĄ)XI Solid Solution, Kristallografiya 43 (1998) 246 and Crystallography Rep. 43 (1998) 211; 14. I. Natkaniec, M.L. Martinez Sarrion, L. Mestres, L.S. Smirnov, L.A. Shuvalov, Neutron-Scattering Investigations of Ammonium Dynamics in (NH4)2-xRbxSO4 Mixed Crys- tals, ICNS'97, Toronto, Canada, 17-21 August 1997, p. 229 and Proc. in: Physica B241-243 (1998) 487; 15. I. Natkaniec, A.V. Puchkov, Neutron Spectrometry at the IBR-2 Pulsed Reactor (in Russian), Poverhnost 3 (1998) 5; 16. A. Pawlukojc, I. Natkaniec, E. Grech, J. Baran, Z. Malarski, L. Sobczyk, Inelastic Incoherent Neutron Scattering, Raman and IR Absorption Studies on l,8-bis(Dimethylamino)naphthalene and its Potonated Forms, Spectrochimica Acta A54 (1998) 439; 17. J. Polit, (E. Ściesińska, J. Sciesiński) et al., Raman Scattering and Far Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectra of the Four-Component Solid Solution Zn{x)Cd{y)Hg{\ -x- y)Te, Phys. Status Solidi B208 (1998) 21; 18. L.S. Smirnov, (I. Natkaniec) et al., Ammonium Dynamics in Ammonium Sulfate, J. of Korean Phys. Soc. 32 (1998) S98; Ill 19. A. Szytuła, (M. Bałanda) et al., Antiferromagnetic Properties of Ternary Suicides RNiSi (R = Tb-Er), J. Magn. Magn. Mater. (1998) (in print); 20. T. Wasiutyński, Z. Szegłowski, A.W. Pacyna, M. Bałanda, A Study of Magnetic Properties of KCo[Fe(CN)6J, Physica B253 (1998) 305; 21. W. Witko, J. Mayer, J. Ściesiński, E. Ściesińska, M. Massalska-Arodź, R. Dąbrowski, Polymorphism Studies of Righthanded (s)Ą-(2 Methylbutyl)-Ą'-Cyanobiphenyl, Abstr. of 17-th Int. Liquid Crystal Conference, Strasbourg, France, 19-24 July 1998, p. 174 and Phase Transitions (1998) (in print); 22. P. Zieliński, Z. Łodziana, T. Srokowski, Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering on Crystal Surfaces, Physica B (1998) (in print); 23. P. Zieliński, Z. Łodziana, T. Srokowski, Dynamics of Anharmonic Surfaces in Harmonie Crystals, Progr. Surf. Sei. 59 (1998) 265. Other publications: 1. M. Massalska-Arodź, Relaxation Phenomenon in Powders (in Polish), Zeszyty naukowe Uniw. Wrocławskiego pod red. L. Sobczyka i P. Hawranka (1998) (in print). Proceedings: 1. A. Bąk, A. Kocot, M. Massalska-Arodź, Investigations of Dynamics of n-p-(Ethoxybenzylidene) p'-Propylanilina (EBPA) in Solid Phases, Proc. SPIE (1998) (in print); 2. W. Haase, K. Griesar, M. Athanassopoulou, Z. Tomkowicz, M. Bałanda, Is Cooperative Magnetism Possible in Paramagnetic Liquid Crystals Incorporating Transition Metals or Radicals?, European Conf. on Liquid Crystals, Zakopane, Poland, 3-8 March 1997, Abstr. p. 48: Proc of SPIE, eds J. Żmija, R. Dąbrowski (1998) (in print); 3. M. Massalska-Arodź, I. Smith, G. Williams, A. Aldridge, R. Dąbrowski, Relaxational Properties of Supercooled Phase Right Handed (s) Ą-(2-methyl Butyl) -Ą ' - Cyanobi- phenyl (CB15), Abstr. of the European Conf. on Liquid Crystals, Zakopane, Poland, March 1997, p. 276; Proc. of SPIE 3318, eds J. Żmija, R. Dąbrowski (1998) 249; 4. M. Massalska-Arodź, J. Krawczyk, Correlations in a System with Complex Dynamics, Proc. SPIE (1998) (in print); 5. W. Witko, M. Godlewska, P. Dynarowicz, Thermal and Optical Studies of Some di-Methyl-di-Alkyl Ammonium Bromides, European Conf. on Liquid Crystals, Zakopane, Poland, March 1997, Proc. of SPIE 3319, eds M. Tykarska, R. Dąbrowski, J. Zieliński (1998) 162. Other conference materials: 1. A. Bąk, A. Kocot, M. Massalska-Arodź, Investigations of Dynamics of N-P-(Ethoxybenzylidene) P'-Propylaniline (EPBA) Molecules in Plastic Phases, Abst. of Dielectric and Related Phenomena, Szczyrk, Poland, 24-27 September 1998, p. 100; 112 2. B.J. Gabrys, (W. Zajac) et al., Investigation of Local Structure in SPBT/PC Polymer Blends by Means of Small Angle Neutrons Scattering (in Polish), Polish Seminar on "Neutron Scattering", Ma/lralin near Otwock, 18-20 October (1998) 8. GRANTS: 1. Prof. J. J&nik - grant No 2 P302 118 06, " The Study of the Systems with Long Range Disorder" (The State Committee for Scientific Research); 2. Assoc. Prof, M. Massalska-Arodz - grant No 2 P03B 046 11, " Analysis of the Correlations in Systems with Complex Dynamics" (The State Committee for Scientific Research); 3. Assoc. Prof. T. Wasiutynski - grant No 2 P03B 027 13, "The Study of Molecular Systems Far from Equilibrium" (The State Committee for Scientific Research); 4. Dr A.W. Pacyna- grant No 2 P03B 035 14, "Structure, Magnetic Properties and Phase Transitions in Solid Solutions of Rare Earth Ortho- ferrites" (The State Committee for Scientific Research), together with Dr A. Bombik, Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Technology, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy. CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES: INVITED TALKS: 1. T. Wasiutynski, "Magnetic Properties of Molecular Complexes Containing Transition Metals", V International Seminar on Neutron Investigations in Condensed Matter, 30 April - 2 May 1998, Poznari, Poland; 2. M. Balanda, "Magnetic Properties of Mn-Porphirynes", /// International Workshop on Relaxation Phenomena in Dielectric, Magnetic and Supercon- ducting Systems, 22 - 24 March 1998, Darmstadt, Germany; 3. A. Massalska-Arodz, "Correlations in Systems of Complex Dynamics", Dielectric and Related Phenomena, September 1998, Szczyrk, Poland; 4. P. Zielinski, "Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering from Crystal Surfaces", XIX International Seminar on Surface Physics, 15 - 19 June 1998, Polanica, Poland; 5. P. Zielinski, "Harmonic Generation and Chaos in Phonon Scattering from Crystal Surfaces", VI French-Polish Seminar on Phase Transformations in Molecular Materials, 14 - 18 September 1998, Stella Plage, France; 6. P. Zielinski, "Real Time Spectroscopy of Acoustic Waves and Music as Physical Phenomenon", TMR Workshop, 13 - 15 December 1998, Wien, Austria. 113 PRESENTATIONS: 1. M. Balanda, "Magnetic Properties of Mn-Porphiryn Based Molecular Magnets", XI Seminar on Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, 4-7 May 1998, Polanica, Poland; 2. M. Balanda, "Spin Flop Transition in the Substituted Mn-Porphiryn Magnet", VI International Conference on Molecule Based Magnets, 12-17 September 1998, Seignosse, France; 3. T. Wasiutyriski, "Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Hexacyanides", XI Seminar on Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, 4-7 May 1998, Polanica, Poland; 4. T. Wasiutyriski, "A Study of the Magnetic Ordering in KCo[Fe(CN)6]", VI International Conference on Molecule Based Magnets, 12-17 September 1998, 12-17 Septem- ber 1998, Seignosse, France; 5. J. Mayer, "Neutron Investigations of CH3NH3" Cations Reorientations in Molecular Crystals, September 1998, Gdansk, Poland; 6. J. Mayer, "Neutron Investigations of CHaNHg" Cations Reorientations in and CH3NH3Bi2Bri1", II National Seminar on Neutron Scattering, October 1998, Madralin, Poland; 7. W. Witko, "Polymorphism Studies of Right Handed (S) 4-(2-methylbutyl)4'-cyanobiphenyl", 17th International Liquid Crystal Conference, 19-24 July 1998, Strasbourg, France; 8. P. Zieliriski, "Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering from Crystal Surface", 9th International Conference on Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter, 26-31 July 1998, Lan- caster, United Kingdom; 9. W. Zajac, "Multiple Scattering Effects in Neutron Scattering Experiments with Polarization Analysis", V International Seminar on Neutron Investigations in Condensed Matter, 30 April - 2 May 1998, Poznari, Poland; 10. W. Zaja.c, "Investigation of Short Range Order in Polymer Blends SPBT/PC by Means of Small Angle Neutron Scattering", II National Seminar on Neutron Scattering, October 1998, Madralin, Poland; 11. V. Baron, "Neutron Diffraction Study of the Crystal and Magnetic Structures of Fe2SiS4", V International Seminar on Neutron Investigations in Condensed Matter, 30 April - 2 May 1998, Poznari, Poland; 12. I. Natkaniec, "Neutron Scattering Studies of Ammonium Dynamics and Phase Transitions in Ki_x(NH4)xY (Y = Cl, Br, I, and SCN) Solid Solutions", V International Seminar on Neutron Investigations in Condensed Matter, 30 April - 2 May 1998, Poznan, Poland; 13. I. Natkaniec, "Ammonium Resonance Modes and Orientational Glass State in Ki-^NEU^I Mixed Crystals", 2nd International Seminar on Relaxor Ferroelectrics, 23-26 June 1998, Dubna, Russia; 114 14. I. Natkaniec, "Neutron Spectroscopy of the Lattice and Low Energy Internal Vibrations in Solid Xylenes", Condensed Matter Physics with neutrons at IBR-2, 2-4 April 1998, Dubna, Russia; 15. I. Natkaniec, "INS Study of Intermolecular Interaction at the Silicon-Fumed Silica Interface", Condensed Matter Physics with Neutrons at IBR-2, 2-4 April 1998, Dubna, Russia; 16. I. Natkaniec, "Neutron Diffraction Study of Thermal Expansion and Compressibility of Piridinium Nitrate and Tetrafluoroborate", 6th European Powder Diffraction Conference, 22-25 August 1998, Budapest, Hungary; 17. I. Natkaniec, "Neutron Scattering Study of Heavy Water and Ice Under Hydrostatic Ar Pressure", 6th European Powder Diffraction Conference, 22-25 August 1998, Budapest, Hungary; 18. I. Natkaniec, "The Study of the Possibility of the Substitution of NH4(I) and NH4(II) Groups in Ammonium Sulfate by Alkali Ions", 6th European Powder Diffraction Conference, 22-25 August 1998, Budapest, Hungary; 19. I. Natkaniec, "Molecular Dynamics of Bicyclo[2.2.1] heptyl Substituents by NMR and Neutron Scattering Methods", Molecular Crystals, September 1998, Gdansk, Poland; 20. I. Natkaniec, "Neutron Spectroscopy of the Lattice and Low Energy Internal Vibrations in Solid Xylenes", Molecular Crystals, September 1998, Gdansk, Poland; 21. I. Natkaniec, "INS and NMR Studies of Phase Transitions and Molecular Dynamics of Norbornane and its Derivatives", VI French-Polish Seminar on Phase Transformations in Molecular Materials, 14-18 September 1998, Stella Plage, France; 22. I. Natkaniec, "Ammonium Dynamics and Phase Transitions in Mixed Salts Ki_I(NH4)IY (Y = Cl, Br, I) and Ki-^NH^SCN", VI French-Polish Seminar on Phase Transformations in Molecular Materials, 14-18 September 1998, Stella Plage, France; 23. I. Natkaniec, "Pressure Effect on Molecular and Lattice Dynamics in Piridinium Nitrate", VI French-Polish Seminar on Phase Transformations in Molecular Materials, 14-18 September 1998, Stella Plage, France; 24. I. Natkaniec, "Low Frequency Internal Vibrations of Norborane and its Derivatives Studied by IINS and Quan- tum Chemistry Calculations", International workshop Neutrons and Numerical Methods, 9-12 December 1998, Grenoble, France; 25. I. Natkaniec, " Neutron Spectrometry and Numerical Simulations of the Low Frequency Internal Vibrations in Solid Xylenes", International workshop Neutrons and Numerical Methods, 9-12 December 1998, Grenoble, France. 115 SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: habilitation: Jacek Mayer EXTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. J. Janik, "Physics and the Problem of the Being and Existence", 27 November 1998, Physical Society, Katowice, Poland; 2. M. Batanda, "Manganese Porphiryns - New Molecular Magnets", 20 May 1998, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland; 3. M. Baianda, "Spin Glasses vs Ferromagnets", 17 November 1998, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Ger- many; 4. J. Mayer, "Polymorphism of Right Handed (S) 4-(2-methylbutyl)4'-cyanobiphenyl", March 1998, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway; 5. J. Mayer, "Polymorphism of Right Handed (S) 4-(2-methylbutyl)4'-cyanobiphenyl", February 1998, Mi- crocalorimetry Research Center, Osaka University, Japan; 6. J. Mayer, "Polymorphism of Right handed (S) 4-(2-methylbutyl)4'-cyanobiphenyl", November 1998, Insti- tute of Chemical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technical University Wroclaw, Poland; 7. I. Natkaniec, "Neutron Spectroscopy of the Lattice and Low Energy Internal Vibrations in Solid Xylenes", 15 December 1998, Lehrstuhl fur Experimentalphysik I, Universitat Bayreuth, Germany; 8. T. Wasiutyriski, "Magnetic Properties of KCo[Fe(CN)6], Prussian Blue Family", 14 May 1998, Institut fur Ex- perimentalphysik, Universitat Kiel, Germany; 9. P. Zieliriski, "Anharmonic Dynamics Crystal Surface", November 1998, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Uni- versity of Wroclaw, Poland. INTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. J. Sciesinski, "Polymorphism of Isopentylocyanobiphenyl Studied by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy"; 2. M. Nowina-Konopka, "A Study of Cyclohexanol Conformations"; 3. H. Stuhrmann (Institute of Structural Biology CEA/CNRS, Grenoble, France), "Anomalous Dispersion of X-ray Diffusion at Wavelenghts Between 3 and 6 A. A New Application of Synchrotron Radiation"; 4. M. Baianda, "Molecular Magnets Based on Mn Porphiryns"; 5. P. Zieliriski, "Dynamics of Anharmonic Surfaces in Harmonic Crystals"; 6. C Carlile (Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Great Britain), "The ISIS Pulsed Neutron Source"; 116 7. St. Urban (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland), "Dielectric Studies and Order Parameter in Nematics"; 8. M. Cieplak (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland), "Kinetic Traps in Protein Folding"; 9. A. Balanda, "Do Properties of Particles Depend on the Envirement? The HADES Project"; 10. J. Mayer, "About Some Consequences of Undercooling"; 11. T. Wasiutyiiski, "Quantum Computers"; 12. O. Steinsvoll (Insitute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway), "50 Years of the Institute in Kjeller"; 13. B. Asmussen (Faculty of Physics, University of Kiel, Germany), "Dynamics of Methane Molecules in Inhomogenous Solids"; 14. J. Mayer, "Study of Reorientation of CH3NH3 Cations by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering"; 15. A. Otko (Institute of Physics Ukrainian Academy of Science, Lwow, Ukraine), "Structural Phase Transitions in Crystals of Trygonal double Molibates and Tungstates"; 16. W. Schranz (Institute for Experimental Physics, Vienna University, Austria), "Strain Stabilized Precursor Clusters in KSCN and RbSCN". 17. M. Balanda; "Molecular Magnets - Report from the ICMM'98 Conference at Seignosse"; 18. M. Massalska-Arodz, "Dielectric Relaxation in Isopentlcyanobiphenyl"; 19. St. Urban (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland), "Dielectric Studies of Homologous Series of Liquid Crystals"; 20. W. Medycki (Institute of Molecular Physics PAN, Poznan, Poland), "CH3NH3" as Quantum and Classical Rotor"; 21. V. Baron, "Neutron Diffraction and Spin Density in Molecular Magnetism: Mn2+/Cu2+ Compounds with an Oxamate or Oxamide Bridge"; 22. A. Wiirflinger (Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany), "Dilatometric Studies of some Molecular and Liquid Crystals under Pressure"; 23. B. Kuchta (Technical University, Wroclaw, Poland), "Cyanoadamantan - Glassy Crystal: Point of View of Computer Simulations". LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. J.Z. Hubert, "Physics of Complexity and Synergetics Applied in Theory of Man and Society", Department of Sociology and Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. SHORT TERM VISITORS TO THE DEPARTMENT: 1. Heinrich Stuhrmann, Institute of Structural Biology CEA/CNRS, Grenoble, France; 2. Bernd Asmussen, Faculty of Physics, University of Kiel, Germany; 3. Collin Carlile, Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Great Britain; 4. Olav Steivsvoll, Insitute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway; 5. Andrzej Otko, Institute of Physics Ukrainian Academy of Science, Lwow, Ukraine. 117 DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS Head of the Department: Prof. Jan Kwieciriski Deputy Head of the Department: Prof. Leonard Lesniak Secretary: Ewa Pagaczewska telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 270 e-mail:[email protected] .edu.pl PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Andrzej Bialas1, Prof. Teresa Lubowiecka6, Ph.D. Piotr Bochnacki, M.Sc. Andrzej Malecki4, Assoc. Prof. Piotr Bozek2, Ph.D. Jacek Niemiec, M.Sc. Wojciech Broniowski, Assoc. Prof. Marek Ploszajczak7, Prof. Marcin Cerkaski, Ph.D. Mariusz Sadzikowski8, Ph.D. Tadeusz Chmaj, Ph.D. Barbara Szczerbiriska, M.Sc., till Oct. 1998 Piotr Czerski, Ph.D. Beata Ziaja, Ph.D. Wieslaw Czyz1, Prof. Emeritus Stanislaw Zubik, Ph.D. Wojciech Florkowski, Assoc. Prof. Piotr Zenczykowski, Assoc. Prof. Krzysztof Golec-Biernat3, Ph.D. Andrzej Horzela, Ph.D. Ph.D. Students: Robert Kaminski, Ph.D. Sebastian Kubis, M.Sc. Edward Kapuscik4, Prof. Mariusz Michalec, M.Sc. Marek Kutschera1, Prof. Slawomir Stachniewicz, M.Sc. Jan Kwieciriski5, Prof. Anna Stasto, M.Sc. Leonard Lesniak, Prof. Barbara Szczerbiriska, M.Sc. Administration: Ewa Pagaczewska, M.Sc., Eng. also at the Institute of Physics, Jagienonian University, Krakow, Poland 2 Alexander v. Humboldt Research Fellowship, Germany - till June 1998 3 The Royal Society Postdoctoral Fellowship, UK - till August 1998 4 also at the Cracow Pedagogical University Associate Editor of the European Physical Journal C; Member of the International Board of Acta Physica Polonica B; Member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences; Honorary Fellow of Grey College, University of Durham, UK, and coordinator at the INP of the educational TEMPUS and SOCRATES programmes 6 Member of the "Acta Physica Polonica" editorial board 7 also at GANIL, Caen, France 8 Member of the "Foton" editorial board 118 OVERVIEW: '™™™9902483 Research activity of the Department of Theoretical Physics concerns theoretical high - en- ergy and elementary particle physics, intermediate energy particle physics, theoretical nuclear physics, theory of nuclear matter, theory of quark - gluon plasma and of relativistic heavy - ion collisions, theoretical astrophysics and general physics. There is some emphasis on the phenomenological applications of the theoretical research yet the more formal problems are also considered. The detailed summary of the research projects and of the results obtained in various fields is given in the abstracts. Our Department actively collaborates with other Departments of the Institute as well as with several scientific institutions both in Poland and abroad. In particular members of our Department participate in the EC network which allows mobility of researchers. Several mem- bers of our Department have also participated in the research projects funded by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research (KBN). The complete list of grants is listed separately. Besides pure research, members of our Department are also involved in graduate and un- dergraduate teaching activity both at our Institute as well as at other academic institutions in Krakow. At present five PhD students are working for their degree under supervision of the senior members from the Department. In the last year we have completed our active partici- pation in the educational TEMPUS programme funded by the European Communities. This programme has in particular allowed exchange of students between our Department and the Department of Physics of the University of Durham in the United Kingdom. In 1998 we joined the SOCRATES - ERASMUS project which will make it possible to continue this exchange. '•£ U-AA. Prbf. Jan Kwiecinski REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902484 Selfconsistent Solution of Galitskii-Feynman Equations at Finite Temperature P. Bozek1'2 1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 NSCL, Michigan State University, USA We solve the in-medium T-matrix equation at finite temperature including the off-shell propagation of nucleons. In this way a self-consistent spectral function for the nucleons is obtained. The results are compared to a calculation using the quasiparticle approximation in the T-matrix equation. Also the effective in-medium cross sections for the two cases are compared. } Collective Mean-Field Effects in Hadronization 1 P. Bozek1-2, Y.-B. He 2, and J. Hiifner2 1™ ! CM 1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg • o I o University, Germany 13 !°" The space-time development of a quark-gluon plasma is calculated from a Vlasov equa- | tion for the distribution function of quasiparticles with medium dependent masses. At each 119 space-time point the masses are calculated selfconsistently from a gap equation, whose form is determined by the requirement that in thermal equilibrium and for a range of temperatures the energy density of the quasi-particle system is identical to the one from lattice calculations . The numerical solutions of the Vlasov equation display confinement. Relations to effective the- ories like that by Friedberg Lee and Nambu-Jona-Lasinio are established [1]. The stability of an expanding parton plasma is analyzed within quasi-particle models. At thermal equilibrium the stability is studied within thermodynamics (mechanical stability) and via a linear response analysis of the Vlasov equation. The instabilities related to a first-order phase transition are found. For a plasma expanding in three and one dimensions far from equilibrium a new type of instability, called dynamical, appears. The relation to cluster formation is shown in a molecular dynamics calculation. Reference: 1. P. Bozek, Y.-B. He, and J. Hiifner, Phys. Rev. C57 (1998) 3263. III! Illl Illl PL9902486 p — We have shown that even moderate excess of neutrons over protons in nuclear matter, such as in 208Pb, can lead to large p-oj mixing at densities of the order of twice the nuclear saturation density and higher. The typical mixing angle is of the order of 10°. The mixing may result in noticeable shifts of the positions and widths of resonances. We also analyze temperature effects and find that temperatures up to 50 MeV have practically no effect on the mixing. The results have relevance for the explanation of dilepton production in reletaivistic heavy-ion colisions. 7T7T Decay in Nuclear Medium W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, and B. Hiller1 PL9902487 1 Physics Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal We have calculated the width for the w —•> nn decay in nuclear medium. Chiral dynamics and low-density approximation are used. At densities around twice the nuclear saturation density we have estimated the partial width for the decay of the longitudinal mode to be of the order of a few tens of MeV, and for the transverse mode a few times less. These values are significantly lower than other estimates in the literature. Tensor Susceptibilities of the Vacuum from Constituent Quarks == W. Broniowski, Maxim Polyakov1, Hyun-Chul Kim2, and K. Goeke1 =1 ==00 ==co 1 Physics Department, Ruhr Universitat, Bochum, Germany;2 Pusan National University, Pusan, ^^ CM South Korea rn We have shown that the constituent quark model leads to simple expressions for the isoscalar and isovector tensor susceptibilities of the vacuum. The values found are negative and of mag- nitude compatible with QCD-sum-rule parameterizations of spectral densities in appropriate L = 1-meson channels. 120 PL9902489 Solitons in a Chiral Quark Model with Non-Local Interactions B. Golli1, W. Broniowski, and G. Ripka2 1 Physics Department, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2 C.E.A. Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Hedgehog solitons have been found in a chiral quark model with non-local interactions. The solitons are stable without the chiral-circle constraint for the meson fields, as assumed in previous Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with local interactions. The soliton can be used to calculate various nucleon properties. An Application of Lax's Formalism to a Class of Curvilinear Axially Symmetric Coordinates in Three Dimensional Space | M. Cerkaski ! o> Solutions of a nonlinear system of differential partial equations in two dimensional space ;g are studied. We prove that the considered system is fully integrable and that its solutions I g> determine an infinite class of mappings of the space of curvilinear axially symmetric coordinates |gJ onto the space of cylindric coordinates. The corresponding family of reverse transformations [ is found in a closed form. An infinite number of the first integrals of the nonlinear system is | obtained. Symmetries of a class of electrostatic systems associated with the considered family : of curvilinear coordinates are discussed. Reference: 1. M. Cerkaski, J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998) 3236. First Order Phase Transitions in Gravitational Collapse P. Bizori1 and T. Chmaj \T- 1 Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA \G> = ^* I On Equivalence of Critical Collapse of Nonabelian Fields P. Bizori1, T. Chmaj, and Z. Tabor1 1 Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA and Institute of Physics, JagieUonian University, Cracow, Poland We continue our study of the gravitational collapse of spherically symmetric skyrmions. For certain families of initial data we find the discretely self-similar Type II critical transition characterized by mass scaling exponent 7 ~ 0.20 and the echoing period A ~ 0.74. We argue that the coincidence of these critical exponents with those found previously in the Einstein- Yang-Mills model is not accidental but, in fact the two models belong to the same universality class. 121 Reference: 1. P. Bizori, T. Chmaj, and Z. Tabor, Los Alamos preprint gr-qc/9901039, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D (1999). Pauli Exclusion Operator and Binding Energy of Nuclear Matter E. SchilW, H. MfitheA and P. Czerski ||||||||||g|||||||||||||l||||||||||||l|| 1 Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany PLyyU249o Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations are performed for nuclear matter with an exact treat- ment of the Pauli exclusion operator in the Bethe-Goldstone equation. The differences in the calculated binding energy, compared to the angle-average approximation, which is commonly used, are non-negligible. These difference exhibits a specific density dependence, which shifts the calculated saturation point towards smaller densities. This effect is observed for various versions of modern models for the NN interaction. Off-Diagonal Parton Distributions and their Evolution x K. Go.ec-Bie.nat and A.D. Martin' |||l|||||||||g|||g|||||||||||||||||M|||||||| 1 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK PL9902494 We construct off-diagonal parton distributions defined on the interval 0 < X < 1 starting from the off-forward distributions defined by Ji. We emphasize the particular role played by the symmetry relations in the "ERBL-like" region. We find the evolution equations for the off-diagonal distributions which conserve these symmetries. We present numerical results of the evolution, and verify that the analytic asymptotic forms of the parton distributions are reproduced. We also compare the constructed off-diagonal distributions with the non-forward distributions defined by Radyushkin and comment on the singularity structure of the basic amplitude written in terms of the off-diagonal distributions. Reference: 1. K. Golec-Biernat and A.D. Martin, Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 014029. PL9902495 Diffractive Dijet Photoproduction as a Probe of the Off-Diagonal Gluon Distribution K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwiecinski, and A.D. Martin1 1 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK We propose exclusive diffractive dijet photoproduction as an ideal measure of the off-diagonal gluon distribution at high scales. We solve the off-diagonal evolution equations for the gluon and quark singlet over the full kinematic domain. We discuss the nature of the solutions of these equations, which embody both DGLAP and ERBL evolution. We give predictions for the transverse momentum distribution of the jets. In particular we quantify the enhancement arising from the evolution of the off-diagonal parton distributions. References: 1. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, and A.D. Martin, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 094001; 2. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwiecinski, and A.D. Martin, "Diffractive Dijet Photoproduction and the Off- Diagonal Gluon Distibution", Proceedings of the 6rd International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS 98), Brussels, Belgium, 4-8 Apr. 1998, edited by Gh. Coremans and R. Roosen (World Scientific, 1998) 408. 122 PL9902496" Saturation Effects in Deep Inelastic Scattering at Low Q2 and its Implications on Diffraction K. Golec-Biernat and M. Wiisthoff1 1 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK We present a model based on the concept of saturation for small Q2 and small x. With only three parameters we achieve a good description of all Deep Inelastic Scattering data below x = 0.01. This includes a consistent treatment of charm and a successful extrapolation into the photoproduction regime. The same model leads to a roughly constant ratio of diffractive and inclusive cross section. Reference: 1. K. Golec-Biernat and M. Wiisthoff, Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 014017. Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll PL9902497 Wigner Problem in Quantum Mechanics A. Horzela and E. Kapuscik1'2 1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Cracow Pedagogical University, Krakow, Poland We investigate algebraic structures which may be obeyed by fundamental quantum mechan- ical operators and their equations of the time evolution. Almost fifty years ago E.P. Wigner reanalysed the standard one dimensional harmonic oscillator and found its equations of motion to be consistent not only with canonical commutation relations of the usual Heisenberg algebra but also with another algebraic structure, inequivalent to the latter. Since that time noncanoni- cal commutation relations have appeared in quantum physics many times. One should mention here the idea of parastatistics, the explanation of zitterbewegung in terms of electron internal structure, the description of symmetries of relativistic quantum theory through deformations of standard Poincare symmetry as well as concepts which have come into physics only recently: non-commutative geometries and quantum groups. Systems of material points put into external force field or interacting with oscillator-like forces allow to find solutions of the Wigner prob- lem within which all operators introduced form a Lie algebra. Algebras which have been found generalize those known from standard quantum mechanics and it may be analyzed what kind of physical effects arise from such generalizations: either new uncertainties emerging directly from the algebra structure or new spectral properties of operators. In order to judge physical consequences appearing when one uses noncanonical commutation rules instead of canonical ones we use methods of representation theory of Lie algebras and groups which however need careful interpretation because of the overlap with difficulties generated by noncommutative character of the underlying geometry. §§ Electrodynamics in Arbitrary Reference Frames Hi and in Arbitrary Material Media = oo " ^s-sf A. Horzela, E. Kapuscik1'2, and M. Widomski2 - OJ §§Oi i Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; 2 Cracow Pedagogical University, Krakow, Poland i • _J ^S The investigation of electromagnetic phenomena in material media still belongs to the most ^^ difficult tasks of electrodynamics. Complexity and variability of material media practically ex- clude effective applications of methods and computational techniques elaborated in the frame- work of standard microscopic electrodynamics with classical vacuum as a ground state. In order 123 to obtain satisfactorily exact descriptions of electromagnetic properties of complex material me- dia one is enforced to use methods and approximations which are difficult to control. Moreover, they usually break covariance properties and the results obtained are valid in one reference frame which choice remains subjective and model dependent. Some time ago we have proposed a reformulation of Maxwell electrodynamics which opens new ways in study of electromagnetic processes in material media. The formalism gets rid of assumptions characteristic for vacuum electrodynamics only and it avoids the usage of con- stitutive relations as primary relations put on quantities needed for a complete description of an electromagnetic system. Fundamental properties of all electromagnetic quantities are their uniquely defined transformation rules and their analysis allows to determine the possible re- lations between them. Within such a scheme it is possible to introduce constitutive relations which do not have analogies in macroscopic classical electrodynamics. They may be used in description of microscopic electromagnetic processes in a different way than it is done in the framework of quantum electrodynamics. Magnetic Field due to Spin-Polarized Nucleons in Neutron Stars === M. Kutschera ^= A model of the ferromagnetic origin of magnetic fields of neutron stars is developed [1]. ^=Tt We assume that a ferromagnetic phase transition occurs inside neutron star cores soon after ^= o the formation. However, due to a high electric conductivity, the core magnetic field is initially = o> fully screened. We study how this magnetic field emerges for an outside observer. After ^sa. some time, the induced field which screens the ferromagnetic field decays enough to unshield ^s a detectable fraction of the ferromagnetic field. We conjecture that weak fields of millisecond ^= pulsars, ~ 108G, could be identified with ferromagnetic fields which are sufficiently unshielded in 108 years. Reference: 1. M. Kutschera, "Emergence of Magnetic Field due to Spin-Polarized Baryon Matter in Neutron Stars", IFJ Report 1806/PH (1998). Mesonic and Quark Degrees of Freedom in the Neutron Star m Matter HI S. Kubis, M. Kutschera, J. Niemiec, and S. Stachniewicz iEE§ It is expected that mesonic and quark degrees of freedom may play an important role in s^ o> the physics of dense matter in neutron stars. Any conclusions, however, as to the presence of e.g. meson condensates and/or quark matter inside neutron stars are subject to uncertainties which reflect incompatible model predictions at a purely nucleon level [1]. In our project, as far as mesonic contributions to the equation of state of dense matter are concerned, we focus on the role of kaons and the isovector scalar meson ao(980) [2]. We find that a threshold density for the kaon condensate to form is very sensitive to a high density behaviour of the electron chemical potential, which is not well known due to uncertainties of nucleon-nucleon interactions. An important effect of the inclusion of the a0 meson is a splitting of proton and neutron masses in the neutron star matter [2]. A proper construction of the nucleon-quark phase transition in dense neutron star matter predicts that nucleons and quarks coexist over a finite range of pressure, with quarks (nucleons) filling gradually larger (smaller) fraction of space. We find, using a simple bag-model equation of state for the quark matter, that properties of such a mixed quark-nucleon phase are determined by the behaviour of nucleon matter isobars which is sensitive to the nuclear symmetry energy at 124 high densities [3]. We study also implications of the presence of a mixed phase for the structure of neutron stars. References: 1. M. Kutschera, Acta Phys. Pol. B 29 (1998) 25; 2. S. Kubis, M. Kutschera, and S. Stachniewicz, Acta Phys. Pol. B 29 (1998) 809; "Neutron Stars in Relativistic Mean Field Theory with Isovector Scalar Meson", in: "Nuclear Astrophysics", eds M. Buballa, W. Norenberg, J. Wambach, A. Wirzba, GSI Darmstadt, 1998; 3. M. Kutschera and J. Niemiec, "Mixed Quark-Nucleon Phase in Neutron Stars and Nuclear Symmetry Energy", IFJ Report 1810/PH (1998). QCD Pomeron in 77 and 7*7* collisions J. Kwiecinski and L. Motyka1 |||||||||||||||||||||] PL9902501 1 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland The reaction 77 —> J/tyJ/ty is discussed assuming dominance of the QCD BFKL pomeron exchange. We give prediction for the cross-section of this process for LEP2 and TESLA energies. We solve the BFKL equation in the non-forward configuration taking into account dominant non-leading effects which come from the requirement that the virtuality of the exchanged gluons along the gluon ladder is controlled by their transverse momentum squared. We compare our results with those corresponding to the simple two gluon exchange mechanism and with the BFKL pomeron exchange in the leading logarithmic approximation. The BFKL effects are found to generate a steeper t-dependence than the two gluon exchange. The cross-section is found to increase with increasing CM energy W as (W2)2X. The parameter A is slowly varying with W and takes the values A ~ 0.23 — 0.28. The magnitude of the total cross-section for the process 77 —> J/^J/ty is found to increase from 4 to 26 pb within the energy range accessible at LEP2. The magnitude of the total cross-section for the process e+e~ —> e+e~ J/tyJ/ty with antitagged e+ and e~ is estimated to be around 0.1 pb at LEP2. We analysed the BFKL pomeron contribution to the 7*7* collision at high energy incorporating the dominant non-leading effects. We confronted our results with the recent preliminary data from LEP for two tagged leptons and gave predictions for the future linear colliders. Penetration of the Earth by Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos Predicted by Low a; QCD J -rr • • / 1 • 1 rv 1, j'1 1 A Pi'j. I Illlllll Mil III Ml Hill Hill Hill Hill II . Kwiecinski, A.D. Martin , and A. btasto PL9902502 1 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK We calculate the cross sections for neutrino interactions with (isoscalar) nuclear targets in the energy domain all the way up to 1012 GeV. Small x QCD effects are included by using a unified BFKL/DGLAP formalism which embodies non-leading ln(l/x) contributions. The few free parameters which specify the input parton distributions are determined by fitting to HERA deep inelastic data. The attenuation of neutrinos transversing the Earth at different nadir angles is calculated for a variety of energy spectra for neutrinos originating from different sources (from Active Galactic Nuclei, Gamma ray bursts, top-down models), as well as for atmospheric neutrinos. For this purpose we solve the transport equation which includes regeneration due to neutral current neutrino interactions besides attenuation. 125 PL9902503 QCD Analysis of the Spin Dependent Structure Function gx at Low x B. Badelek1, J. Kwieciriski, and B. Ziaja 1 Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden The nucleon spin dependent structure function gi is analysed using the unified scheme incorporating both LO Altarelli-Parisi evolution and the double In2(l/x) effects at low x. The latter are found to be important in the region of x which can possibly be probed at polarized HERA. Predictions for the polarized gluon distribution AG(x) at low x are also given. The theoretical description of gi is extended to the region of low x and low Q2 and the predictions are confronted with the recent data obtained by the SMC collaboration. Scalar Mesons R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, and B. Loiseau1 _ PL9902504 1 LPTPE Universite P. & M. Curie, Paris Cedex 05, France Analysis of interactions in the three coupled channels (TTTT, KK and an effective 2TT2TT) has been done using an unitary model with separable potentials [1]. Positions of 5-matrix poles and zeroes as a function of the interchannel coupling strengths have been studied. In all our solutions three scalar resonances were found: a wide /o(500), a narrow /o(980) and a relatively narrow /o(1400). Total, elastic and inelastic channel cross sections, branching ratios and coupling constants have been evaluated and compared with available data. Different approximations to the model have been examined and we have found that the Breit-Wigner multichannel formula, frequently used in the meson spectroscopy has a limited phenomenological applicability (case of overlapping scalar resonances). Reference: 1. Ft. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, and B. Loiseau, "Scalar Mesons and Multichannel Amplitudes", IFJ Report 1804/PH (1998); hep-ph/9810386, accepted for publication in Eur. Phys. J. C. Photoproduction of nn and KK Pairs PL9902505 Chueng-Ryong Ji1, R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, A. Szczepaniak2, and R. Williams3 1 Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA; 2 Physics Department, University of Indiana, Bloomington, USA; 3 TJNAF (CEBAF), Newport News, Virginia, USA Studies of the nn and KK photoproduction on a proton target have been completed for the S-wave part of the reaction amplitudes. Results of the numerical calculations have been published [1], We have shown an importance of the final state interactions and the interchannel couplings on the mass distributions and the momentum transfer dependence of the differential cross sections. We have started studies of the interference effects between the S and P wave amplitudes for the production of the K+K~ pairs near the threshold. Energy and momentum transfer dependence of the eight S-wave spin amplitudes have been calculated. We have found that four independent spin amplitudes are of comparable magnitude at the photon energy of 4 GeV. Reference: 1. Chueng-Ryong Ji, R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, A. Szczepaniak, and R. Williams, Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 1205. 126 PL9902506 DCC and Antibaryons Production in Heavy Ion Collisions M. Sadzikowski In 1998 I finished the work on the DCC production in heavy ion collisions which will appear in Phys. Rev. D. I also worked on the DCC production in the proton - proton and proton- antiproton collisions. I solved the classical equations of the linear sigma model in spherically symmetric coordinates. Another topic of my interest was the production of antibaryons at the QCD chiral restoring phase transition. I treat the baryons as topological defects in the quark-antiquark condensate. The results appeared in the paper submitted to preprint archive hep-ph. Another subject was the quantum effect of radiation from oscilating spherical mirror. I con- tinue this investigation to calculate quantum averages of the energy-momentum tensor beyond s-wave approximation. 2 The Description of F2 at Low Q A.D. Martin1, M.G. Ryskin2, and A.M. Stasto PL9902507 1 Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK; 2 Petersburg Nuclear Physics Insti- tute, Ga.tch.ina, St. Petersburg, Russia 2 We analyse the data for the proton structure function F2 over the entire Q domain, including especially low Q2, in terms of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD contributions. The small distance configurations are given by perturbative QCD, while the large distance contributions are given by the vector dominance model and, for the higher mass qq states, by the additive quark approach. The interference between states of different qq mass (in the perturbative contribution) is found to play a crucial role in obtaining an excellent description of the data throughout the whole Q2 region, including photoproduction [1]. Reference: 1. A.D. Martin, M.G. Ryskin, and A.M. Stasto, European Physical Journal C, online: DOI 10.1007/sl00529801035; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/sl00529801035. PL9902508 Temperature Dependence of the Quark Condensate in the NJL Model with Nonlocal Regulators B. Szczerbiriska and W. Broniowski We have analyzed the temperature dependence of the quark condensate in the Nambu - Jona-Lasinio model with non-local regulators. Such regulators follow e.g. from the instanton - liquid model of the QCD vaccum. Several non-local regulators are tested. It is found that chiral restoration occurs at temperatures Tc ~ !20MeV, and the value of Tc is insensitive to the form of the regulator used. Recovering Corrections to Intermittent Data Analvsis at Low x Region MHIII1 B- ZiaJa PL9902509 A progress in improved analysis of intermittent data in multiparticle production performed in collaboration with dr R. Janik (Jagiellonian University, Krakow) may be reported. Correc- tions due to the standard recovering procedure were discussed in the framework of a model. The work on general corrections which may be applied for the class of multiplicative models are on progress. 197 PL9902510 Weak Radiative Decays of Hyperons P. Zenczykowski Weak radiative hyperon decays were briefly reviewed. We discussed the conflict between expectations based on Hara's theorem on one side and experiment, quark, and VMD models on the other side. Two recent arguments against the interpretation of quark model results as a violation of Hara's theorem were presented and their shortcomings were indicated. Phe- nomenological success of the VMD prescription was emphasized. It was stressed that the predictions of the VMD model are clear-cut and different from those of other approaches. The decisive role of the soon-to-be-processed results of the KTeV experiment on E° -> A7 and E!° —• E°7 asymmetries was pointed out. Reference: 1. P. Zenczykowski, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2185. On the Pattern of Asymmetries in the Pole Model of Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays P. Zenczykowski We study the question whether the pole-model VMD approach to weak radiative hyperon decays can be made consistent with Hara's theorem and still yield the pattern of asymmetries characteristic of the quark model. It is found that an essential ingredient which governs the pattern of asymmetries is the assumed off-shell behaviour of the parity-conserving l/2~ —1/2+ — 7 amplitudes. It appears that this behaviour can be chosen in such a way that the pattern characteristic of the quark model is obtained, and yet Hara's theorem satisfied. As a byproduct, however, all parity-violating amplitudes in weak radiative and nonleptonic hyperon decays must then vanish in the SU(3) limit. This is in conflict with the observed size of weak meson-nucleon couplings. References: 1. P. Zenczykowski, "On the Pattern of Asymmetries in the Pole Model of Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays", IFJ Report 1790/PH (1998), to be published in Acta Phys. Pol. B; 2. P. Zenczykowski, "Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays and Vector Meson Dominance", Talk given at 3rd International Conference on Hyperons, Charm and Beauty Hadrons, Genoa, Italy, 30 June - 3 July 1998; hep-ph/9810337, to appear in Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. B. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. B. Badelek, J. Kwieciriski, Unified Description of the Non-Singlet Spin Dependent Structure Function g\ Incorporat- ing Altartlli-Parisi Evolution and the Double Logarithmic In2(l/x) Effects at Low x, Proc. of the 1997 Workshop on "Physics with Polarized Protons at HERA", eds A. De Roeck, T. Gehrmann (Hamburg) 1998, p. 85; hep-ph/9709363 and Phys. Lett. B418 (1998) 229; 2. A. Bialas, W. Czyz, W. Florkowski, Total 7*7* Cross Section and the QCD Dipole Picture, hep-ph/9705470; TPJU 6/97 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 683; 3. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski, Bose-Einstein Condensation and Independent Production of Pions, hep-ph/9806435 and Phys. Lett. B436 (1998) 153; 128 4. P. Bizori, T. Chmaj, First Order Phase Transitions in Gravitational Collapse, Acta Phys. Pol B29 (1998) 1071; 5. P. Bizori, T. Chmaj, Formation and Critical Collapse of Skyrmions, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 041501; 6. P. Bozek, P. Danielewicz, K. Gudima, M. Pioszajczak, Obserwation of the Mott Effect in Heavy Ion Collisions, Yukawa Inst. for Theor. Phys preprint YITP-97-14 and Phys. Lett. B421 (1998) 31; 7. P. Bozek, Y.B. He, J. Hufner, Transport Theory with Self consistent Confinement Related to the Lattice Data, Phys. Rev. C57 (1998) 3263; 8. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, p — u> Mixing Effects in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions, nucl-th/9804038 and IFJ Report 1793/PH and Phys. Lett. B440 (1998) 7; 9. W. Broniowski, M. Polyakov, Hyun-Chul Kim, K. Goeke, Tensor Susceptibilities of the Vacuum from Constituent Quarks, Preprint RUB-TPH-6/98; IFJ Report 1797/PH and Phys. Lett. B438 (1998) 242; 10. W. Broniowski, B. Hiller, Collective Modes and Current-Algebraic Sum Rules in Nuclear Medium, nucl-th/9807086; IFJ Report 1798/PH and Nucl. Phys. A643 (1998) 161; 11. M. Cerkaski, An Application of Lax's Formalism to a Class of Curvilinear Axially Symmetric Coordi- nates in Three Dimensional Space, J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998) 3236; 12. Chueng-Ryong Ji, R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, A. Szczepaniak, R. Williams, Coupled Channel Analysis of S-Wave mv and KK Photoproduction, IFJ Report 1769/PH and Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 1205; 13. A. Dyrek, M. Sadzikowski, DCC Production from Classical Space, Phys. Rev. (1998) (in print); 14. W. Florkowski, Mean-Field Transport Theory for the Two-Flavour NJL Model, GSI preprint GSI-97-26; hep-ph/9704430 and Eur. Phys. J. A2 (1998) 77; 15. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, A.D. Martin, Diffractive Dijet Photoproduction as a Probe of the Off Diagonal Gluon Distribution, hep-ph/9803464; preprint DTP-98-12 and Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 09400-1; 16. K. Golec-Biernat, L. Gorlich, J. Turnau, QCD Coherence in Deep Inelastic Scattering at Small x at Hera, Nucl. Phys. B527 (1998) 289; 17. B. Golli, W. Broniowski, G. Ripka, Solitons in a Chiral Quark Model with Non-Local Interactions, hep-ph/9807261; IFJ Report 1801/PH (1998) and Phys. Lett. B437 (1998) 24; 18. A. Horzela, The Wigner Problem in Electrodynamics, Tr. J. of Phys. (1998) (in print); 19. R.A. Janik, B. Ziaja, Improved Intermittency Analysis of Single Event Data, hep-ph/9806227 and Phys. Lett. (1998) (in print); 129 20. R. Kaminski, Scalar Meson Spectroscopy from Three Channel Model Analysis of Meson-Meson Scatter- ing, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 3055; 21. R. Kamiriski, Scalar Mesons and Multichannel Amplitudes, hep-ph/9810386; IFJ Report 1804/PH and Eur. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print); 22. E. Kapuscik, Self-Induced Electrostatic Fields, Found, of Phys. 28 (1998) 717; 23. E. Kapuscik, Elementary Charges in Classical Electrodynamics, Tr. J. of Phys. (1998) (in print); 24. S. Kubis, M. Kutschera, S. Stachniewicz, Neutron Stars in Relativistic Mean Field Theory with Isovector Scalar Meson, IFJ Report 1788/PH (1998) and Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 809; 25. M. Kutschera, Neutron Stars: Formation and Structure, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 25; 26. J. Kwieciriski, Spin Dependent Structure Function g\ at Low x, hep-ph/9804004 and Proc. of the Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, 9-11 January 1998, Krakow, Poland, eds K. Fialkowski, M. Jezabek in: Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1201; 27. J. Kwieciriski, C.A.M. Lewis, A.D. Martin, Deep Inelastic Events Containing Two Forward Jets at DESY HERA, hep-ph/9707375; Univ. of Durham preprint DTP/97/58 and Phys. Rev. D57 (1998) 496; 28. J. Kwieciriski, L. Motyka, Diffractive 34. P. Zenczykowski, Weak Radiative Decays of Hyperons, Proc. of NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei in: Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2259; 35. P. Zenczykowski, Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays and Vector Meson Dominance, Proc. of the 3rd Int. Conf. on Hyperons, Charm, and Beauty Hadrons, Genoa, Italy, 30 June - 3 July 1998; hep-ph/9810337 and Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. B (1998) (in print). Proceedings: 1. V.S. Barashenkov, E. Kapuscik, M.V. Liabin, Nature of Relativistic Effects and Delayed Clock Synchronization, Open Questions in Relativistic Physics, ed. F. Selleri (Apeiron, Montreal) (1998) 195; 2. P. Bozek, Particle Production from Off-Shell Nucleons, Proc. of the IV Workshop on Nonequilibrium Physics at Short Time Scales, Rostock Universitat, Rostock, eds K. Morawetz, P. Lpavsky and V. Spicka; 3. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, A. Szczurek, Reggeons in Diffractive Interactions in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, hep-ex/9709471 and Proc. of the Madrid Workshop on Low x Physics, Milaflores de la Sierra, Spain, June 1997, eds F. Barreiro et al. (World Scientific) (1998) 284; 4. K. Golec-Biernat, J. Kwieciriski, A.D. Martin, Diffractive Dijet Photoproduction and the Off-Diagonal Gluon Distribution, Proc. of the 6th Int. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and QCD (DIS'98), Brussels, Belgium, 4-8 April 1998, eds Gh. Coremans and R. Roosen (World Scientific) (1998) 408; 5. A. Horzela, Winger Time Dependent Quantization for External Harmonics Forces, Proc. of the Fifth Int. Conf. on Squeezed States and Uncertainly Relations, Balatonfured, Hungary 1997, eds D. Han et al. (NASA/CP) (1998) 251; 6. A. Horzela, On Clock Synchronization, "Relativistic Physics and Some of its Applications", eds F. Seleri and R.C. Keys (Apeiron, Montreal) (1998) (in print); 7. A. Horzela, Remarks on Clock Synchronization, Open Questions in Relativistic Physics, ed. F. Selleri (Apeiron, Montreal) (1998) 19; 8. R.A. Janik, B. Ziaja, Improved Intermittency Analysis of Indyvidual Events, hep-ph/9807208 and Proc. of Int. Conf. on Correlations and Fluctuations, Matrahaza, Hungary, 14-21 June 1998 (World Scientific) (1998) (in print); 9. R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, K. Rybicki, New Solutions for Scalar-Isoscalar TTTT Phase Shifts, hep-ph/9712336 and Proc. of the 7-th Int. Conf. on Hadron Spectroscopy, HADRON'97, Upton, USA, 25-30 August 1997, eds Suk-Urk Chang, H.J. Willutzki (BNL, Upton, NY) (1998) 397; 10. R. Kamiiiski, L. Lesniak, B. Loiseau, Analysis of New Results for Scalar-Isoscalar TTTT Phase Shifts, hep-ph/9712337 and Proc. of the 7-th Int. Conf. HADRON'97, Upton, USA, 25-30 August 1997, eds Suk-Urk Chung, H.J. Willutzki (BNL, Upton, NY) (1998) 820; 131 11. E. Kapuscik, Wigner Time Dependent Communitation Relations for Particles in External Force Fields, Proc. of the Fifth Int. Conf. on Squeezed States and Uncertainly Relations, Balatonfured, Hungary, 1997, eds D. Han et al. (NASA/CP) (1998) 275; 12. E. Kapuscik, Generally Covariant Electrodynamics in Arbitrary Media, Open Questions in Relativistic Physics, ed. F. Selleri (Apeiron, Montreal) (1998) 239; 13. E. Kapuscik, A. Horzela, Wigner Quantization Problem for External Forces, CP 453 Proc. of the Conf. on "Particles, Fields and Gravitation", Lodz, Poland, 15-19 April 1998, eds J. Rembieliriski and K. Smoliriski, AIP Publishing (1998) 242; 14. S. Kubis, M. Kutschera, S. Stachniewicz, Neutron Stars in Relativistic Mean Field Theory with Isovector Scalar Meson, IFJ Report 1752/PH (1997) and Proc. of the Int. Workshop XXVI on Gross Properties of Nuclei and Nuclear Excitations, Hirschegg, Austria, 11-17 January 1998, eds M. Buballa et al. (GSI Darmstadt) (1998) 74; 15. J. Kwiecinski, B. Ziaja, QCD Predictions for g[ at Small x Incorporating Double In2(l/x) Resummation, Proc. of the 1997 Workshop on Physics with Polarized Protons at HERA, eds A. de Roeck, T. Gehrmann (1998) 90; 16. J. Kwiecinski, A.D. Martin, A. Stasto, The Gluon from a Unified BFKL/DGLAP Analysis of F2, Proc. of the Madrid Workshop on Low x Physics, Madrid, Spain, 18-21 June 1997; eds F. Barreiro, L. Labarga, J. del Peso, (World Scientific) (1998) 9. Other conference materials: 1. R. Kamiriski, L. Lesniak, B. Loiseau, Scalar Meson Spectroscopy from Three Channel Model Analysis of Meson-Meson Scatter- ing, Abstr. of Contributed Papers INPC/98 Int. Nucl. Phys. Conference, 24-28 August 1998, Paris, France (1998) 95. Reports: 1. B. Badelek, J. Kwiecinski, Spin Dependent Structure Function g\ at Small x and Small Q2, Contribution to the 3-rd UK Phenomenology Workshop on HERA Physics, Durham, UK, September 1998 in: hep-ph/98 12297 (1998); 2. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski, Searching for Cold Spots in Multipion Systems, Report TPJU-27-98 and hep-ph/9810545 (1998); 3. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski, BE Condensation and Independent Emission: Statistical Physics Interpretation, hep-ph/9807382 (dedicated to Jan Pisut on occasion of his 60-th birthday) and Report TPJU-17-98 (1998); 4. P. Bizori, T. Chmaj, Critical Collapse of Skyrmions, gr-gc/9801012 (1998); 132 5. W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, B. Hiller, u> —>• 7T7T Decay in Nuclear Medium, IFJ Report 1803/PH (1998); 6. J. Dziermaga, M. Sadzikowski, Antibaryon Density in the Central Rapidity Region of a Heavy Ion Collision, hep-ph/9809313; 7. K. Golec-Biernat, A.D. Martin, Off-Diagonal Parton Distributions and Their Evolution, DTP 98-48 and hep-ph/9807497; 8. K. Golec-Biernat, M. WusthofF, Saturation Effects in Deep Inelastic Scattering at Low Q2 and its Implications on Diffrac- tions, DTP 98-50 and hep-ph/9807513; 9. L. Hadasz, M. Sadzikowski, P. Wegrzyn, Quantum Radiation from Spherical Mirrors, hep-ph/9803032; 10. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (K. Golec-Biernat, L. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Marty- niak, S. Mikocki, E. Lobodziriska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Di-Jet Event Rates in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, DESY preprint DESY-98-076 (1998); 11. M. Kutschera, Emergence of Magnetic Field Due to Spin-Polarized Bayron Matter in Neutron Stars, IFJ Report 1806/PH (1998); 12. M. Kutschera, J. Niemiec, Mixed Quark-Nucleon Phase in Neutron Stars and Nuclear Energy Symmetry, IFJ Report 1810/PH (1998); 13. J. Kwieciriski, A.D. Martin, A. Stasto, Penetration of the Earth by Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos Predicted by Low x QCD, astro-ph/98 12262 (1998); 14. L. Lesniak, Phenomenology of Scalar Mesons, hep-ph/9807539 (1998); 15. A.D. Martin, M.G. Ryskin, A. Stasto, F2 at Low Q2, hep-ph/98 12334v2 (1998); 16. A.D. Martn, M.G. Ryskin, A. Stasto, 2 The Description of F2 at Low Q , Univ. of Durham preprint DTP/98/20 (1998); 17. E. Schiller, H. Miither, P. Czerski, Pauli Exclusion Operator and Binding Energy of Nuclear Matter, nuc-th/9812011; 18. P. Zenczykowski, Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays and Vector Meson Dominance, hep-ph/9810337. B (1998) (in print); 19. P. Zenczykowski, On the Pattern of Asymmetries in the Pole Model of Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays, IFJ Report 1790/PH (1998). 133 GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Assoc. Prof. W. Broniowski - grant No 2 P03B 08 012 (1.01.1997 - 31.12.1999), "Equilibrium and Nonequillibrium Properties of Hadron Dynamics in Effective Chiral Theories"; 2. S. Kubis, M.Sc. - grant No 2 P03B 131 13 (1.07.1997 - 30.06.1998), "Kaon Condensation in Nuclear Matter"; 3. Prof. M. Kutschera - grant No 2 P03D 001 09 (1.09.1995 - 30.09.1998), " Spin Sources of the Magnetic Field of Neutron Stars"; 4. Prof. J. Kwieciriski - grant No 2 P03B 089 13 (1.07.1997 - 30.06.2000), "Physics of Small Values of the Bjorken Parameter x in Deep Inelastic Interactions"; 5. A. Stasto, M.Sc. - grant No 2 P03B 137 14 (1.01.1998 - 31.12.1998), "Studies of Nucleon Structure Function in the Limit of Low Bjorken x"; 6. Dr B. Ziaja-Motyka - grant No 2 P03B 042 14 (1.01.1998 - 22.04.1999), "Teoretical and Phenomenological Analysis of the Nucleon Spin Structure Functions". Grants from other sources: 1. Prof. J. Kwieciriski, Mobility Joint European Project Grant; coordinator at the INP of the educational TEM- PUS programme, contract No M-JEP-09006-95; 1.09.1995 - 31.08.1998; 2. Prof. J. Kwieciriski, "Quantum Chromodynamics and the Deep Structure of Elementary Particles", (within the EU network coordinated by University of Durham, UK), TMR Research Net- work No ERB4061PL970285; FMRX-CT98-0194 (DG 12 - MIHT); 1.03.1998 - 28.02.2002; 3. Prof. J. Kwieciriski, SOCRATES - ERASMUS, The European Community Programme in the Field of Higher Education, project No 47261-IC-1-97-1-PL-ERASMUS; 1998/1999; 4. Prof. L. Lesniak, "Interactions des Mesons", Convention IN2P3, No 93-71. PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: P. Bozek: 1. "Transport Theory with Self consistent Confinement Related to the Lattice Data", Meeting of the German Physical Society, Bochum, Germany, March 1998; 2. "Fragmentation Instability in a Partonic Transport Model", Nuclear Summer School, Gull Lake, USA, July 1998; 3. "Particle Production from Off-Shell Nucleons", Workshop on Nonequilibrium Physics at Short Time Scales, Rostock, Germany, April 1998. W. Florkowski: 1. "Pion Condensation in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions", Brahms Collaboration Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 16-18 April 1998 - invited talk. 134 K. Golec-Biernat: 1. "Diffractive Dijet Production and Off-Diagonal Ghion Distribution", DIS'98 Workshop, Bruxelles, Belgium, 4-8 April 1998. A. Horzela: 1. "Wigner Problem for External Forces" - part II, Int. Conf. on Particles, Fields and Gravitation '98, University of Lodz, Poland, April 1998; 2. "The Wigner Problem" - part II, Int. Conf. on New Insights in Quantum Mechanics, Goslar, Germany, September 1998. R. Kamiriski: 1. "Meson-Meson Scattering and Scalar Meson Spectroscopy", Conference on The Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei, Krakow, Poland, May 1998. E. Kapuscik: 1. "Wigner Problem for External Forces" - part I, Int. Conf. on Particles, Fields and Gravitation '98, University of Lodz, Poland, April 1998; 2. "The Wigner Problem" - part I, Int. Conf. on New Insights in Quantum Mechanics, Goslar, Germany, September 1998. S. Kubis: 1. "The Role of the Symmetry Energy in the Kaon Condensation", Int. School of Subnuclear Physics - from the Planck Scale to the Hubble Radius, EMFCSC Erice, Italy, 28 August - 7 September 1998; 2. "Kaon Condensation in Neutron Star: the Role of Nuclear Symmetry Energy", Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, Oc- tober 1998. M. Kutschera: 1. "Neutron Star Matter", Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, Jan- uary 1998; 2. "Quark-Hadron Transition in Early Universe", Brahms Collaboration Meeting, Krakow, Poland, April 1998; 3. "Gamma-Ray Bursts'98", Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, November 1998. J. Kwieciriski: 1. "QCD Expectations for the Small x Behaviour of Spin Dependent Structure Functions", TEMPUS Workshop and the 3rd Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January 1998 - invited talk; 2. "77c Production in ep Collisions", Workshop on Pomeron and Odderon Physics, Univ. of Heidelberg, Germany, 18-23 March 1998 - invited talk; 135 3. "Diffraction Processes in High Energy Physics", Polish Physical Society Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, April 1998; 4. "Diffractive Jjty Production in High Energy 77 Collisions as a Probe of the QCD Pomeron", Linear Collider Workshop, University of Lund, Sweden, June 1998; 7 2 5. "F2 at Low Q and L. Lesniak: 1. "Photoproduction of TTTT and KK Pairs", MESON'98 - Workshop on Production, Properties and Interaction of Mesons, Krakow, Poland, 30 May - 2 June 1998; 2. "Phenomenology of Scalar Mesons", The Third Int. Conf. of Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum, T. Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, Virginia, USA, 7-12 June 1998 - invited talk. J. Niemiec: 1. "Magnetars", Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, De- cember 1998. M. Sadzikowski: 1. "DCC Pion Production from Classical Sources", Workshop on High Energy Heavy Ion Physics, INP Krakow, Poland January 1998; 2. "Skyrmions Production in Heavy Ion Collisions", Workshop on Heavy Ion Collisions, Modra, Slovakia, August 1998. S. Stachniewicz: 1. " Importance of the HIPPARCOS satelite Mission for Determination of the Age of Globular Clusters", Astrophysical Seminar, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, May 1998. 136 A. Stasto: 2V 1. "F2 at Low Q , QCD'98 Euroconference: 25 Years of Asymptotic Freedom, Montpellier, France, 1-8 July 1998; 2. "Unified BFKL/ DGLAP Description of F2 Data", Meeting of the UK Network on QCD and Particle Structure, University of Durham, Durham, UK, 20 September 1998; 3. "VDM and Parton Model", 3rd UK Phenomenology Workshop on HERA Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK, 20-25 September 1998; 4. "Unified BFKL/DGLAP Description of F2 Data", Hi Collaboration Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 30 September - 2 October 1998 - invited talk. B. Ziaja-Motyka: 1. "Polarized Proton and Neutron Structure Functions g^cfi-QCD Predictions for Small x Region Including In2{\/x) Resumption", Topical Workshop on Low x Physics at HERA, DESY-Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany, 3-6 June 1998; 2. "Improved Intermittency Analysis of Individual Events", Int. Conf. on "Correlations and Fluctuations'98", Matrahaza, Hungary, 18-21 June 1998 - invited talk. P. Zenczykowski: 1. "Weak Radiative Decay of Hyperons", Conference on The Structure of Mesons, Baryons and Nuclei, Krakow, Poland, May 1998 - invited talk; 2. "Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays and Vector Meson Dominance", Int. Conf. on Hyperons, Charm and Beauty Hadrons, Genova, Italy, July 1998. MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: J. Kwiecinski 1. Member of Conference Committee and Session chairman of the TEMPUS Workshop and the 3rd Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January 1998. M. Sadzikowski 1. Member of Organizing Committee of the XXXVIII School of Theoretical Physics, Zakopane, Poland, June 1998. SCHOLARSHIPS: 1. P. Bozek-Ph.D. - Alexander v. Humboldt Research Fellowship - April 1997 - May 1998; 2. K. Golec-Biernat - Ph.D. - The Royal Society Postdoctoral Fellowship, UK - January 1997 - July 1998. 137 SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: 1. St. Zubik - Ph.D. - "Nuclear Giant Resonances According to the Drop Model of Viscons and Compressive Liquid". SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. P. Bozek, "Hadronization through Spinodal Decomposition", University of Heidelberg, Germany, May 1998; 2. P. Bozek, "Hadronic Transport Model with a Phase Transition", Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, USA, September 1998; 3. P. Bozek, "Solving the Galitskii-Feynman Equations at Finite Temperature", NSCL, East Lansing, USA, November 1998; 4. W. Broniowski, "Modification of Hadron Properties in Nuclear Matter", Division of High Energy Physics, INP, Krakow, Poland, March 1998; 5. W. Broniowski, ""p — uj Mixing in Nuclear Matter", Centro de Ffsica Teorica, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Portugal, July 1998; 6. W. Broniowski, "Tensor Susceptibility of the Vacuum from Constituent Quarks", University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 1998; 7. W. Broniowski, "Tensor Susceptibility of the Vacuum in the Quark Model", Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, October 1998; 8. P. Czerski, "Surface Effects in Semi-Infinite Nuclear Matter", University of Tubingen, December 1998; 9. W. Florkowski, "Chirally Invariant Transport Equations", Centro de Fisica Teorica, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Portugal, July 1998; 10. W. Florkowski, "Vector Mesons in Hadronic Matter", University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 1998; 11. W. Florkowski, "Vector Mesons in Nuclear Matter", Dept. of Nuclear Reactions, INP, Krakow, Poland, November 1998; 12. K. Golec-Biernat, "Off-Diagonal Parton Distributions", DAMPT Cambridge, UK, 27 February 1998 - invited talk; 138 13. K. Golec-Biernat, "Off-Diagonal Parton Distributions - Overview", University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, 26 November 1998 - invited talk; 14. K. Golec-Biernat, "Off-Diagonal Parton Distributions - Overview", DESY, Hamburg, Germany, 27 November 1998 - invited talk; 15. S. Kubis, "Kaon Condensation in Neutron Star", Institute of Physics, Department of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Silesian University, Ka- towice, Poland, December 1998; 16. M. Kutschera, "Matter inside Neutron Star", Dept. of Theor. Phys. Silesian University, Katowice, Poland, May 1998; 17. M. Kutschera, "Matter in the Neutron Stars", University of Lodz, Poland, January 1998; 18. J. Kwiecinski, "Probing the QCD Pomeron in ep and e+e~~ Collisions", Department of Radiation Sciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden, December 1998; 19. L. Lesniak, "Multichannel Decays of Scalar Mesons", Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, October 1998; 20. M. Sadzikowski, "Antibaryon Production in Chiral Phase Transition", Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, October 1998; 21. M. Sadzikowski, " Antibaryon Production in Heavy Ion Collisions", BNL, Upton, USA, November 1998; 22. M. Sadzikowski, "Baryon Production in QCD Phase Transitions", SUNY, Stony Brook, USA, November 1998; 23. S. Stachniewicz, "Recent Estimates of Cosmological Parameters", PTMA, Krakow, Poland, March 1998; 24. S. Stachniewicz, "Resonant Phenomena in the Solar System", PTMA, Krakow, Poland, June 1998; 25. S. Stachniewicz, "Dark Matter or the Problem of Missing Mass in the Universe", PTMA, Krakow, Poland, November 1998; 26. P. Zenczykowski, "The Puzzle of Weak Radiative Hyperon Decays", University of Torino, Italy, June 1998. INTERNAL: 1. H. Arodz (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland): "Effective Lagrangian for Gluonic Dynamics"; 2. I. Bialynicki-Birula (Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland): " On the Localization of Photon"; 139 3. W. Broniowski: "/> — u Mixing in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions"; 4. M. Cerkaski: "Is Einstein's Lift a Physical Object in Minkowski's Space? On Science Collaboration in Two Models of a Rocket"; 5. T. Chmaj: "Critical Behaviour in Gravitational Collapse"; 6. J. Czerniawski (Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland): "Reality of Relativistic Effects"; 7. W. Florkowski: "Astrophysical Evidence for Black Holes"; 8. T. Gehrmann (DESY, Hamburg, Germany): "The Spin Structure of the Nucleon"; 9. M. Heyssler (University of Durham, Durham, UK): "Radiation Zeros: More About Nothing"; 10. A. Horzela: "Once More on the Quantum-Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator: - part I - "What is Missing in Textbooks", - part II - "Towards Noncommutative Geometry"; 11. M. Jezabek (Department of Particle Theory, INP, Krakow, Poland): "Neutrino Oscillations and See-Saw Mechanism"; 12. G. Junker (University of Erlangen, Germany): Supersymmetric Methods in Quantum and Statistical Physics"; 13. J. Kalinowski (Inst. of Theor. Phys. Univ. of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland): "Chargino Pairs Production in e+e~ Collisions"; 14. M.W. Krasny (Univ. Paris VI, France/Div. of High Energy Phys. INP, Krakow, Poland): "Is there an Anomaly in ep Scattering at Large Momentum Transfers ?"; 15. L. Lesniak: "Multichannel Meson Interactions"; 16. L. Lesniak: " Limited Applicability of the Multichannel Breit-Wigner Formula"; 17. J. Lukierski (Univ. of Wroclaw, Poland): "From Deformed Relativistic Symmetries to Deformed Field Theory"; 18. M. Lutz (GSI Darmstadt, Germany): "Chiral Dynamics of the Nuclear Equation of State and/or Nuclear Kaon Dynamics"; 19. L. Motyka (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland): "Exclusive Meson Production in Photon-Photon Interactions"; 20. B. Muryn (Department of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, Academy of Mining and Met- allurgy, Krakow, Poland): "Some Problems on Two-Photon Physics in DELPHI Experiment"; 21. M. Nowak (Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland): "Random Matrices and QCD"; 22. A. Orlowski (Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland): "Localizability of Photons versus Localization of Light"; 23. V.N. Piervushin (JINR, Dubna, Russia): "Hamiltonian Reduction of General Relativity"; 24. E. Recami (University of Bergamo, Italy): "Tunneling and Superluminal Motions"; 140 25. M. Sadzikowski: "Baryon Production in Chiral Phase Transition"; 26. Y. Sitenko (Bogolubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine): "Vacuum Polarization Effects in the Background of a Nontrivial Topology"; 27. A. Stasto: 2 "Analysis of F2 Structure Function in the Region of Low <5 "; 28. B. Szczerbiriska: "The Strangeness Production in Quark-Gluon Plasma"; 29. I. Talmi (Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel): "Binding Energies of Nuclei and Atoms"; 30. H. Wilczyiiski (Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions, INP, Krakow, Poland): "Study of Higest Energy Cosmic Rays in the Auger Experiment". LECTURES AND COURSES: M. Kutschera 1. "Theoretical Astrophysics", lectures for Physics students at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 2. Supervising M.Sc. thesis of J. Niemiec, Physics student at the Jagiellonian University and Ph.D theses of S. Kubis and S. Stachniewicz, graduate Physics students at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland. J. Kwieciriski 1. Supervising Ph.D. thesis of A. Stasto, graduate Physics student at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland. L. Lesniak 1. Supervising M.Sc. thesis of L. Bibrzycki, Physics student at Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland. P. Zenczykowski 1. "Introduction to Nuclear and Elemetary Particle Physics", lectures for Physics students at the Cracow Pedagogical University, Poland; 2. Supervising M.Sc. thesis of P. Lach, Physics student at the Institute of Physics, Jagiel- lonian University, Krakow, Poland. SHORT - AND LONG - TERM VISITORS: 1. prof. W. Alberico - University of Torino, Italy, May 1998; 2. dr D. Baiko - A.F. Ioffe Phys. Techn. Inst., St. Petersburg, Russia, December 1998; 3. prof. B. Frimann - GSI, Darmstadt, Germany, June 1998; 4. dr T. Gehrmann - DESY, Hamburg, Germany, May 1998; 5. dr B. Golli - University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, June 1998; 6. M. Heyssler - TEMPUS student, University of Durham, UK, November 1997 - April 1998; 7. prof. Chueng-Ryong Ji - University of North Carolina, Raleigh, USA, May/June, November 1998; 141 8. prof. G. Junker - University of Erlangen, Germany, November 1998; 9. prof. J. Kalinowski - Inst. of Theor. Phys. University of Warsaw, Poland, December 1998; 10. dr D. Knoedler - University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany, November 1998; 11. dr B. Loiseau - LPTPE Paris, France, March/April 1998; 12. prof. J. Lukierski - University of Wroclaw, Poland, October 1998; 13. dr M. Lutz- GSI, Darmstadt, Germany, June 1998; 14. prof. A.D. Martin- University of Durham, UK, July 1998; 15. J. Outhwaite - TEMPUS student, University of Durham, UK, April - July 1998; 16. prof. V.N. Piervushin - JINR, Dubna, Russia, September 1998; 17. prof. E. Recami- University of Bergamo, Italy, December 1998; 18. prof. G. Ripka - Ruhr Universitat, Bochum, Germany, June 1998; 19. prof. Y. Sitenko - Bogolubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine, November 1998; 20. dr A. Szczepaniak - University of Indiana, Bloomington, USA, May/June 1998; 21. prof. I. Talmi - Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, September 1998. NEXT !©fft BLANK V 143 PL9902512 HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS (former DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS) Division coordinator: Prof. Jerzy Bartke Secretaries: D. Filipiak, D. Krzyszton, M. Mielnik telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66 fax: (48) (12) 633-38-84 e-mail: [email protected] OVERVIEW: Following our long-time tradition we will present under a common header the activities of the seven new units created in 1997 on the basis of the former Department of High Energy Physics: Department of Particle Theory (Dept V) Department of Leptonic Interactions (Dept XI) Department of Hadron Structure (Dept XII) Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions (Dept XIII) The ALICE Experiment Laboratory (NAL> The ATLAS Experiment Laboratory (NAT) High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group (PBD) At the end we will list our common activities: lectures and courses as well as seminars. Our research covers a variety of problems of the experimental and theoretical high energy particle physics: the hadronic and leptonic interactions with nucleons and nuclei (characteristics of particle production, including heavy quark physics), e+ e~~ interactions and tests of the Standard Model (also evaluation of radiative corrections), ultrarelativistic heavy ion interactions and search for the quark- gluon plasma, as well as the spectra, composition and interactions of high energy cosmic ray particles. Research on detectors and accelerator components as well as the development of the apparatus for the high energy physics experiments at future accelerators: LHC (CERN, Geneva), RHIC (Brookhaven), B-Factory (KEK, Tsukuba) and TESLA (DESY) is also carried out. The technology of new materials with unique properties such as carbon-carbon composites is also worked on from the point of view of their application in high energy physics experiments. The Division is located in a separate building on the campus of the University of Mining and Metallurgy. This location, close to the Jagiellonian University, facilitates the collaboration with the latter and with the University of Mining and Metallurgy. The joint weekly seminars carried out for nearly 40 years prove this long term tradition. A substantial part of our activities is teaching and training students from the academic community in Krakow at M.Sc. and Ph.D. level. Joint research, teaching and academic training in the high energy physics are carried out within the M. Miesowicz Inter-Institute Centre for High Energy Physics, which was formed by an agreement between the University of Mining and Metallurgy, the Jagiellonian University and our Institute to honour the late 144 Prof. Marian Miesowicz, the founder and the long-time leader of the high energy physics community in Krakow. Since the modern high energy physics experiments require enormous technical, man-power and financial efforts, our research is mainly carried out in large international collaborations. These are listed at proper places in the following text. They were formed at the leading laboratories where large accelerators have been or will be constructed: the European Laboratory for Particle Physics CERN in Geneva (SPS, LEP, LHC), DESY in Hamburg (HERA), Brookhaven National Laboratory (RHIC), Fermilab in Batavia, USA (TEVATRON), and KEK in Tsukuba, Japan (B-Factory). Our work in 1998 resulted in the publication of very interesting results from the e+ e~ experiment DELPHI at LEP, the e+/e~ p experiments Hi and ZEUS at HERA, and on heavy ion collisions from BNL and CERN. Short reviews of some of these can be found in the following pages together with important results obtained in other experiments, like e.g. the cosmic ray experiment JACEE, and also with those published by our theorists. Our computing facilities allow the application of the most advanced Monte-Carlo methods both for solving theoretical problems and for modelling the conditions of experiments. Close research contacts in some projects such as the DELPHI, ZEUS, NA49 and LHC experiments are being maintained with the A. Soltan Institute of Nuclear Studies in Warsaw and the Institute of Experimental Physics of the Warsaw University. In 1998 our division organized the Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics. It should be pointed out that our activity would be practically impossible without the financial support of the State Committee for Scientific Research in Poland, the German-Polish Foundation, the EEC-Network and Mobility Programs, and the generous help of DESY which for several years has been funding most of the per-diem expenses of our staff and students in Hamburg as well as the purchase of the computer equipment. We have also been helped by CERN, IN2P3, KEK, MIT, and the German-Polish Centre for Particle Physics (Bielefeld, DESY-Zeuthen, Dortmund, Karlsruhe, MPI Munich). This support is gratefully acknowledged. We note with great pleasure that the titles of Honorary Professors of our Institute were bestowed on two outstanding high-energy physicists from DESY: Prof. Johann Bienlein and Prof. Bjorn Wiik. Professor Jerzy Bartke 145 PL9902513 DEPARTMENT OF PARTICLE THEORY Head of Department: Prof. Stanislaw Jadach Acting Head: Prof. Marek Jezabek telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Stanislaw Jadach, Prof. r,,. ™T . r, c ,.,.,,'„ Zbigmew Was, Assoc. Prof. Marek Jezabek, Prof. m-w * D- U+ T»7 A r> c „ , ,'. _, . Elzbieta Richter-Was, Assoc. Prof. Kacper Zalewski, Prof. ,, . . , , ~, „ v ' Maciej pSkrzypek, Ph.D. OVERVIEW: Research performed at the Department of Particle Theory is devoted to fundamental particles and their interactions. These studies are closely related to the current and future high energy experiments at e+e~ and hadron-hadron colliders: LEP, TESLA, Tevatron and LHC. The papers reported below cover a wide range of particle physics from neutrino masses and oscillations to processes involving heavy particles like gauge and Higgs bosons or the top quark. An evidence of neutrino oscillations observed by the SuperKamiokande Collaboration was the most spectacular discovery of the year 1998. In a theoretical investigation performed at our department a relation has been found between the so called see-saw mechanism and the bi-maximal neutrino mixing. Since many years a very important and labour-consuming part of the research activities is related to precision tests of the Standard Model. In the last year successful runs of LEP2 stimulated an impressive progress in theoretical description of processes with two- and four-fermion final states in electron-positron annihilation. It is worth stressing that the results of the calculations have been distributed in the form of the computer programs (Monte Carlo and other types) which serve as an indispensable tool in the analysis of the experimental data. Although the whole scientific program is a natural continuation of the activities started earlier a few results obtained in the last year should be mentioned: • Publication of the four-fermion Monte Carlo program KORALW for high energy e+e~ colliders; • Development of the exponentiation scheme at the spin amplitude level and studies of the anoma- lous couplings for the e+e~ —¥ ff^ivy) processes; • Relation between QCD static potentials in momentum and position spaces, and its consequences for bottom and top quark pair production and spectroscopy; • Participation in the preparation of the physics program of the pp experiments on LHC collider particularly for Higgs searches in Standard Model and Minimal Supersymmetric SM. 146 The members of the Department actively participated in a number of international working groups studying physics potential of existing and planned high energy colliders. They also played the leading role in organization of Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Cracow, January 9-11, 1998. Professor Marek Jezabek REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902514 Physics of the W-Pair Production and Decay at LEP2/NLC Energies — The KORALW and YFSWW Projects In the year 1998 our group has continued research on the physics of production and decay of the W bosons. In particular in this period, within the Cracow-Knoxville collaboration, we have completed the new version 1.42 of the Monte Carlo code KORALW. The distribution version of the code is available at our web page [1]. Manual has been published in the form of preprint [2] and submitted to Computer Physics Communications. The program KORALW is an universal code for simmulations of all four- fermion processes in electron-positron collisions. It includes all the so called "background graphs" at the Born level, multiple initial state photonic radiation in the Yennie-Frautschi-Suura approach and dominant first order corrections (e.g. the Coulomb effect). The most important novelty of version 1.42 is the presence of two independent four-fermion phase-space presampiers. Construction of such a presampler is a highly nontrivial task. As compared to the matrix element calculation that at the Born level can be carried over by a number of automated packages capable of evaluating Feynman graphs, the phase-space integration up to now has not been solved in a systematic way for the multi-fermion final states. KORALW 1.42 aims to partly fill-in this gap. The other significant improvement in version 1.42 is the addition of the third order leading-logarithmic corrections to initial state photonic radiation. Previous documented version 1.02 of the program [3] included only the so called "signal graphs" (CC03) doubly resonant with respect to the W bosons. Therefore the new version 1.42 is a much more advanced product. The KORALW code is used by all LEP collaborations in the analysis of LEP2 data. Along with the KORALW, the Cracow-Knoxville collaboration developed two other codes devoted to four-fermion "signal processes": the YFSWW and YFSZZ. The YFSWW code is oriented towards exact simmulation (including higher order corrections) of the WW pair production and decay - the most important area of LEP2 experiments. During the RADCOR conference in Barcelona we have argued [4] that these two codes (KORALW and YFSWW) are in fact complementary and should be used together. This way we introduced the concept of "WW-Toolbox" as the solution to the outstanding problem of reaching the 0.5% ultimate precision level required by the LEP experiments. We have given in [4] the preliminary estimate of the total technical and physical error of the "Toolbox" to be 0.5%. This way we entered into the new domain of precision WW physics. There is however a number of still unsolved problems associated with this project. In particular the photonic corrections to the ZZ-type four-fermion processes, if described in initial state approximation, can lead to severe inaccuracies. We hope to address this and other problems in the forthcoming future. 147 References: 1. http://hpjmiady.ifj-edu.pl; 2. S. Jadach, W. Placzek, M. Skrzypek, B.F.L. Ward, and Z. Was, "Monte Carlo Program KORALW version 1.42 for all Four-Fermion Final States in e+e~ Processes", CERN preprint CERN-TH-98-242 (1998); 3. M. Skrzypek, S. Jadach, W. Piaczek, and Z. Was, "Monte Carlo program KORALW 1.02 for W-pair pro- duction at LEP2/NLC energies with Yennie-Frautschi-Suura exponentiation" , Comput. Phys. Commun. 94 (1996) 216; 4. M. Skrzypek, S. Jadach, W. Placzek, B.F.L. Ward and Z. Was, "Precision Calculations of Heavy Boson Production - YFS Monte Carlo Approach", talk presented at the IVth International Symposium on Radiative Corrections (RADCOR 98), Barcelona, Spain, September 8-12, 1998, to appear in Conference Proceedings. PL9902515 Physics of the Fermion Pair Production and Decay at LEP1/LEP2 Energies — The KORALZ and KK2f Projects In the year 1998 there were two main direction of the work of our group on phenomenology of fermion-pair production at e+e~ colliders. The new technique of exponentiation was for the first time successfully applied in the Monte Carlo context. It integrates techniques of the spin amplitude automatic calculation with the one of soft photon factorization as well as multiparticle phase-space generation. The most important advantages consist of: (i) implementation of bremsstrahlung initial-final state QED intereference, (ii) complete treatment of final state fermion spin including transverse spin correlation in case of production of unstable fermions, (iii) straightforward possibility of implementing additional amplitudes e.g. due to anomalous couplings and with interferences to Standard Model amplitudes, (iv) possibility to generate sample of all two fermion final states in a single Monte Carlo run. Papers [1, 2] are devoted to this subject. There is however a number of still unsolved problems associated with this project. In particular not all two-fermion final states are included. Still missing, or incomlete, are for example ti, veve, and e+e~ final states. That was one of the reason that the work on precursor of KK2f i.e. KORALZ was continued. Effects of diffrerent hypotetical anomalous couplings or new particles were introduced to enable ex- perimental studies of their effects on experimental distributions in the presence of Standard Model and realistic detector conditions. Such studies are essential, e.g. in setting experimental limits on new hypotetical particles masses and/or couplings. Papers [3, 4] were devoted to this subject. References: 1. http://hpjmiady.ifj.edu.pl; 2. S. Jadach, B.F.L. Ward, and Z. Was, "Global Positioning of Spin GPS Scheme for Half-Spin Massive Spinors", Preprint CERN-TH/98-235; 3. S. Jadach, B.F.L. Ward, and Z. Was, "Coherent Exclusive Exponentiation CEEX, The case of the resonant e+e" collisons", Preprint CERN-TH/98-253; 4. A. Jacholkowska, J. Kalinowski, and Z. Was, "Higher order QED corrections to e+e~ -*• vvf at LEP-2", CERN-TH-98-55, Feb 1998, Eur. J. Phys C (in print), hep-ph/9803375; 5. T. Paul and Z. Was, "Inclusion of r anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments in the KORALZ Monte Carlo", CERN-L3-NOTE-2184, January 1998, hep-ph/9801301. 148 illinium PL9902516' Improvement of Theoretical Error in LEP Luminosity Measurements The most precise measurements in LEP are measurements of mass of Z and of total cross section Co at Z peak. Both include as an essential ingredient (especially Phenomenology of High Energy Physics PL9902517 We have conducted reasearch on Bose-Einstein correlations between particles produced in processes of multiparticle production [1-6]. References: 1. A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, Phys. Lett. B436 (1998) 153; 2. A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, Eur. Phys. J. C6 (1998) 349; 3. A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, "Searching for cold spots in multipion systems", hep-ph/9810545; 4. K. Zalewski, "Bose-Einstein correlations in high-energy multiple particle production processes", hep- ph/9810431; 5. K. Zalewski, "Bose-Einstein correlations in multiple particle production", hep-ph/9808271; 6. A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, "BE condensation and independent emission: statistical physics interpreta- tion", hep-ph/9807382. Physics of Heavy Quarks PL9902518 Studies of top quark pair production in e+e annihilation have been continued [1, 2]. A relation was derived between chromostatic potentials in position and momentum space [3] and its phenomenological consequences have been studied in top quark [4] and bottom quark physics. Results were published of calculations of QCD corrections to r lepton polarization in B decays [5]. References: 1. E. Accomando, M. Jezabek, et al., "Physics with e+e~ linear colliders", Physics Reports 299 (1998) 1; 2. Y. Sumino and M. Jezabek, "Decay of top quarks in e+e~ -+ ti near threshold", Acta Phys. Polonica B 29 (1998) 1443; 3. M. Jezabek, M. Peter, and Y. Sumino, "On the relation between QCD potentials in momentum and position space", Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 352; 4. M. Jezabek, J.H. Kiihn, M. Peter, Y. Sumino, and T. Teubner, "The perturbative QCD potential and the it threshold", Phys. Rev. D58:014006 (1998); 5. M. Jezabek and P. Urban, "Polarization of tau leptons in semileptonic B decays", Nucl. Phys. B525 (1998) 350. PL9902519 149 Neutrino Mixing and Oscillations In [1] neutrino mixing has been studied assuming three light neutrinos and see-saw mechanism. A realistic model was found exhibiting bi-maximal mixing for atmospheric and solar neutrinos. Reference: 1. M. Jezabek and Y. Sumino, "Neutino mixing and see-saw mechanism", Phys. Letters B440 (1998) 327. Towards Preparation of the Physics Programme at LHC ^s In the year 1998 the main direction of the work was studying prospects for the MSSM j iO Higgs discovery in SUGRA model. This SUSY model is characterised by 5 parameters only •CM • in rno,m1/2,Ao,t&n(i,sign(fi) therefore a systematics studies on the predictivity of the model for the Higgs discovery can be performed. IS An overview of the potential of the ATLAS detector for the observation of the SM decay channels of MSSM Higgs bosons in SUGRA scenarios is was presented in [1]. Supression of the SM decay modes due to the opening of the SUSY decay channels or due to the SUSY particles in the intermediate loops was quantified for each channel considered as potentially promissing for the MSSM Higgs searches. The {m,A, tanb/3) discovery contour curves were drawn for few represenative scenarios of such supression. The possible observation of the MSSM Higgs boson in the decay to supersymmetric particles was discussed in [2] in more details for channel A/H —> XX —* Aleptons + X at the so called SUGRA point 3, characterised by the fundamental parameters TOO = 200(?eV, m^2 = lOOGeV, A = 0, tan/3 = 2 and sign{fi) = —1. At this point predicted masses for the Higgs bosons H and A are of ~ ZlbGeV, and the kinematically allowed supersymmetric decays to neutralinos compete with otherwise dominant decay to the top-quark pair. It was shown that the enhancement in the mttti distribution might be detectable over the SM and SUSY backgrounds and give complementary information to the signal observed in the A/H —> tt channel. Both above studies complete information of the ATLAS potential in the MSSM Higgs sector presented in the very detailed report [3] for the case of SUSY particles being very heavy, hence not contributing to the Higgs decay modes. i • 4M 300 «» 100 3M MO 100 ISO MO 400 M0 Fig. 1: The expected observability range of the A/H XX —> 4leptons + X in SUGRA model and with ATLAS experiment. References: 1. E. Richter-Was and D. Froidevaux, "MSSM Higgs bosons in SUGRA model: observability in SM decay modes with ATLAS", ATLAS Communications, ATL-PHYS-98-012; 2. S. Zmushko, D. Froidevaux and E. Richter-Was, "Search for the heavy Higgs in SUGRA point 3", ATLAS Communications ATL-PHYS-98-009; 150 3. E. Richter-Was et al., "Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Higgs rates and backgrounds in AT- LAS", Int. J. of Modern Phys. A13, No 9, (1998) 1371. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski, Bose-Einstein Condensation and Independent Production of Pions, Phys. Lett. B436 (1998) 153; 2. T. Ishikawa, Y. Kurihara, M. Skrzypek, Z. Was, Four Quark Final State in W Pair Production: Case of Signal and Background, Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 75; 3. A. Jacholkowska, J. Kalinowski, Z. Wajs, Higher-Order QED Corrections to e+e~ —>• 1/P7 at LEP2, Eur. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print); 4. S. Jadach, W. Placzek, M. Skrzypek, B.F.L. Ward, Z. Was, Exact O(ALPHA) Gauge Invariant YFS Exponentiated Monte Carlo for (Un) Stable W+W~ Production at and beyond LEP-2 Energies, Phys. Lett. B436 (1998) 326; 5. M. Jezabek, P. Urban, Polarization of T Leptons in Semileptonic B Decays, Nucl. Phys. B525 (1998) 350; 6. M. Jezabek, J.H. Ktthn, M. Peter, Y. Sumino, T. Teubner, The Pertubative QCD Potential and the ti Threshold, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 014006; 7. M. Jezabek, M. Peter, Y. Sumino, On the Relation between QCD Potentials in Momentum and Position Space, Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 352; 8. M. Jezabek, Y. Sumino, Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism, Phys. Lett. B440 (1998) 327; 9. L. Motyka, K. Zalewski, Spin Effects in Heavy Quarkonia, The Cracow Epiphany Conf. on Spin Effects in Particle Physics and Tempus Workshop, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January 1998; Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1437; 10. E. Richter-Was et al., Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Higgs Rates and Backgrounds in ATLAS, J. Mod. Phys. A13 (1998) 1371; 11. Y. Sumino, M. Jezabek, Decay of Top Quarks in e+e~ —> ti near Threshold, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1443; 12. Z. W<*s, Trefoil Knot and ad-hoc Classification of Elementary Fields in the Standard Model, CERN-TH/97-162 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 369; 13. Z. Was, Spin Correlations in WW Pair Production and Decay, Cracow Epiphany Conf. on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, 9-11 January 1998, Krakow, Poland, eds K. Fialkowski, M. Jezabek in: Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1481; 151 14. K. ZalEwski, L. Motyka, Mass Spectra and Leptonic Decay Widths of Heavy Quarkonia, Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 107. Proceedings: 1. W. Piaczek, (S. Jadach) et al., Precision Calculation of Bhabha Scattering at LEP, Proc. of the IV-th Intern. Symposium on Radiative Corrections (RADCOR 98), Barcelona, Spain, 8-12 September (1998) (in print); 2. M. Skrzypek, (S. Jadach, Z. Was) et al., Precision Calculation of Heavy Boson Production - YFS Monte Carlo Approach, Proc. of the IV-th Intern. Symposium on Radiative Corrections (RADCOR 98), Barcelona, Spain, 8-12 September (1998) (in print). Reports: 1. J. Baines, (E. Richter-Was) et al., ATLAS Trigger Menus, ATLAS DAQ and Trigger Note ATL-DAQ-98-121 (1998); 2. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski, Searching for Cold Spots in Multipion Systems, Report TPJU-27-98 and hep-ph/9810545 (1998); 3. A. Bialas, K. Zalewski, BE Condensation and Independent Emission: Statistical Physics Interpretation, hep-ph/9807382 (dedicated to Jan Pisut on occasion of his 60-th birthday) and Report TPJU- 17-98 (1998); 4. W. Bogucki, M. Despet, J. Kotula, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski, M. Strek, Mechanical Issues - Design and Fabrication, PHOBOS Report 98-60, MIT (1998); 5. S. Jadach, B.F.L. Ward, Z. Was, Global Positioning of Spin GPS Scheme for Half-Spin Massive Spinors, CERN preprint CERN-TH/98-235 (1998); 6. S. Jadach, B.F.L. Ward, Z. Was, Coherent Exclusive Exponentiation CEEX, the Case of the Resonant e+e~ Collisions, CERN preprint CERN-TH/98-253 (1998); 7. E. Richter-Was et al., ATLFAST-2.0 a Fast Simulation Package for ATLAS, ATLAS Physics Note ATL-PHYS-98-131 (1998); 8. E. Richter-Was et al., MSSM Higgs Bosons in SUGRA Model: Observability in SM Decay Modes with ATLAS, ATLAS Communication ATL-COM-PHYS-98-012 (1998); 9. E. Richter-Was, M. Sapinski, Search for the SM and MSSM Higgs Boson in the ttH with H -4 bb Channel, ATLAS Physics Note, CERN ATL-PHYS-98-132 (1998); 10. M. Skrzypek, S. Jadach, W. Placzek, Z. Was, Monte Carlo Program KORALW v. I.41 for all Four-Fermion Final States in e+e~ Processes, CERN preprint CERN-TH-98-242 (1998); 11. B.F.L. Ward, (S. Jadach) et al., New Results on the Theoretical Precision of the LEP/SLC Luminosity, 29-th Intern. Conf. on High-Energy Physics (ICHEP 98), Vancouver, Canada, 23-29 July 1998; hep-ph/9811245 and Report UTHEP-98-0501 (1998); 152 12. K. Zalewski, Bose-Einstein Correlations in High-Energy Multiple Particle Production Processes, hep-ph/9810431 (1998); 13. K. Zalewski, Bose-Einstein Correlations in Multiple Production, TPJU-18-98; Int. Euroconf. on Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD 98), Montpellier, France, 2-8 July 1998 and hep-ph/9808271 (1998); 14. S. Zmushko, D. Froidevaux, E. Richter-W^s, Search for the Heavy Higgs in SURGA Point 3, ATLAS Communication ALT-COM-PHYS-98-009 (1998). GRANTS: Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Prof. M. Jezabek - grant No 2PB03B08414, "Theoretical investigations of the fundamental interactions of heavy particles", 01.01.98-31.12.98; 2. Prof. Z. Wqs - grant No 2P03B14715, "Precise predictions of the Standard Model in electron-positron colliders", 1.07-31.12.98; 3. Assoc. Prof. E. Richter-Wqs - grant No 2P03B00212, "Searches of the Higgs particle and supersymmetric particles in proton-proton collisions at 14TeV", 01.01.98-31.12.98. Grants from other sources: 1. Prof. M. Jezabek, Grant from The Physics Committee Polish Accademy of Sciences: "Cra- cow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics", publication of the conference proceedings; 2. Prof. S. Jadach - II Maria Sklodowska-Curie Fund, PAA/DOE-97-316, " Calculations of Radiative Corrections to Accelerator Experiments by Monte Carlo and Analyt- ical Techniques", 1.01.98-31.12.98; 3. Prof. S. Jadach - Convention IN2P3, No 72, "Radiative Corrections at LEP", 1.01.98-31.12.98; 4. Assoc. Prof. E. Richter-Wqs- Convention IN2P3, No 95-81, "Higgs searches at LHC", 1.01.98-31.12.98. PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. K. Zalewski, "Bose-Einstein correlations in multiple particle production", Presented at International Euroconference on Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD 98), Montpel- lier, France, 2-8 July 1998; 2. K. Zalewski, "Spin effects in heavy quarkonia", Presented at Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics and Tempus Workshop, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January 1998; 3. K. Zalewski, Physics Fin du Temps, Wroclaw, Poland; 153 4. K. Zalewski, Mesons 98, Przegorzaty, Krakow, Poland; 5. Z. Was, "Spin Correlations in WW Pair Production and Decay", Cracow Epiphany Conf. on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January 1998; 6. Z. Was, "Uncertainties in W-mass and W-width definitions", Meeting of the ALEPH WW group, Annecy, France, 15 - 16 December 1998; 7. E. Richter-Was, "The prospects for Higgs and SUSY searches with LHC", Presented at International Conference on Hadronic Physics, Spatind, Norway, 2-6 January 1998; 8. E. Richter-Was, "The physics programme at LHC", Presented at International Conrefrence Moriond QCD, Les Arcs, France, 21 - 27 March 1998; 9. E. Richter-Was, "Higgs physics overwiew", Presented at ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, France, 28 March - 5 April 1998; 10. E. Richter-Was, "Higgs sector in SUGRA", Presented at ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, France, 28 March - 5 April 1998; 11. E. Richter-Was, "ATLFAST- a fast simulation package for ATLAS", Presented at ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, France, 28 March - 5 April 1998; 12. E. Richter-Was, "The perspectives for Higgs searches with ATLAS", Presented at Workshop on Hadronic Physics with Colliders, Liblnice, Czech Republic, 30 Novem- ber - 1 December 1998; 13. E. Richter-Was, "ATLFAST- a fast simulation package for ATLAS", Presented at Workshop on Hadronic Physics with Colliders, Liblnice, Czech Republic, 30 Novem- ber - 1 December 1998; 14. M. Skrzypek, "Precision Calculations of Heavy Boson Production - YFS Monte Carlo Approach", Talk at IVth International Symposium on Radiative Corrections, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 8-12 September 1998; 15. M. Jezabek, "Polarized top and bottom quarks", Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Krakow, Poland 9-11 January 1998; 16. M. Jezabek, "Top quark pair production at future linear colliders", Euroconference on Standard Model and Beyond, Kerkyra, Grece, 7 September 1998; 17. M. Jezabek, "Bi-maximal neutrino mixing and see-saw mechanism", Euroconference on Standard Model and Beyond, Kerkyra, Grece, 8 September 1998; 18. M. Jezabek, "Bi-maximal neutrino mixing and see-saw mechanism", DESY Workshop: Directions beyond the standard model, DESY, Germany, 1 October 1998; 154 19. S. Jadach, " Coherent CEEX exponentiation", Talk at meeting of ECFA TESLA Workshop, Lund, Sweden, 28 June 1998; 20. S. Jadach, "Status of KK Monte Carlo for fermion pair production", Talk at meeting of ECFA TESLA Workshop, Frascatti, Italy, 9 November 1998; MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEES: 1. K. Zalewski, International Euroconference on Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD 98), Montpellier, France, 2 - 8 July 1998; 2. M. Jezabek, K. Zalewski, S. Jadach and M. Skrzypek: Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Krakow, Poland, 9-11 January 1998; 3. S. Jadach, IVth International Symposium on Radiative Corrections (RADCOR 98), Barcelona, Spain, 8-12 September, 1998; 4. E. Richter-Was, Higgs session on ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, France, 28 March - 4 April 1998. PROCEEDINGS EDITION: 1. M.Jezabek, Proceedings of Cracow Epiphany Conference on Spin Effects in Particle Physics, Acta Phys. Polon. B29, No 5 (1998). SCHOLARSHIPS: 1. M. Skrzypek, Stipend Corresponding Fellow, CERN, 16.06-15.10.1998; 2. E. Richter-Was, Stipend Project Associate, CERN, 16.04-31.12.1998; 3. S. Jadach, Stipend Corresponding Fellow, CERN, 1.03-31.05.1998; 4. S. Jadach, Stipend Project Associate, CERN, 1.08-31.12.1998. SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. M. Jezabek, "On chromostatic Potential in Position and Momentum Space", Talk at Jagiellonian Univ., Krakow, Poland, March 1998; 2. M. Jezabek, "On QCD Potential in Position and Momentum Space", Talk at IFT UW, Warszawa, Poland, April 1998; 3. M. Jezabek, "TESLA - Center for Natural Research of XXI Century", PTF Conversatorium, Katowice, Poland, 22 April 1998; 155 4. M. Jezabek, "Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism", Talk at Jagiellonian Univ., Krakow, Poland, 15 July 1998; 5. M. Jezabek, " Neutrino Oscillations", PTF conversatorium, Krakow, Poland, 8 October 1998; 6. M. Jezabek, " Bi-Maximal Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism", Talk at IFT UW, Warszawa, Poland, 9 October 1998; 7. M. Jezabek, "Center for Natural Sciences - TESLA", Talk at IFD UW, Warszawa, Poland, 9 October 1998; 8. M. Jezabek, "Neutrino Oscillations", PTF Conversatorium, Katowice, Poland, 14 October 1998; 9. M. Jezabek, " Threshold Production of t-Quarks in Linear Colliders", Talk at IFD UW, Warszawa, Poland, 23 October 1998; 10. M. Jezabek, "Bi-Maximal Neutrino Mixing", Talk at Jagiellonian Univ., Krakow, Poland, 27 October 1998; 11. Z. Was, "Knots and ad hoc Classification of the Elementary Fields in Standard Model", Talk at Inst. of Physics, Jagiellonian Univ., Krakow, Poland, 1998; 12. S. Jadach, "MC Event Generators for LEP2", Seminar to plenary meeting of DELPHI Collaboration: CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 5 February 1998; 13. S. Jadach, "Exponentiation CEEX, The case of the Resonant e+e~ Collisons", Seminar at CERN-TH: CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 5 November 1998; 14. S. Jadach, "CEEX for Narrow Resonances", Seminar at INFN Frascati: INFN Frascati, Italy, 12 November 1998; 15. S. Jadach, "Coherent CEEX Exponentiation"; Talk in theory department of Frascatti INFN, Italy, 11 November 1998; 16. M. Jezabek, "QCD Static Potential in Position and Momentum Space", Univ. Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, 3 July 1998; 17. M. Jezabek, " Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism", Univ. Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, 8 July 1998; 18. M. Jezabek, "QCD Static Potential in Position and Momentum Space", BNL, Brookhaven, USA, 30 July 1998; 19. M. Jezabek, "Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism", BNL, Brookhaven, USA, 31 July 1998; 156 20. M. Jezabek, "QCD Static Potential in Position and Momentum Space", Michigan State Univ., USA, 6 September 1998; 21. M. Jezabek, "Neutrino Mixing and See-Saw Mechanism", Michigan State Univ., USA, 7 September 1998; 22. M. Skrzypek, "Physics and Monte Carlo Simulation of LEP2 Experiment at CERN", Talk at University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, 9 March 1998; 23. Z. Was, "Coherent Exclusive Exponentiation", Thursday General Seminar of LAPP Annecy, France, 3 December 1998; 24. E. Richter-Was, "Higgs Physics Overwiew", Plenary Meeting of the ATLAS Collaboration, CERN, September 1998; INTERNAL: 1. M. Jezabek (with A. Zalewska and A. Eskreys), Convining of the weekly seminars: "The Tesla Project"; 2. M. Skrzypek, "Four-fermion Phase-space in KORALW", Krakow, Poland, January 1998; 3. W. Placzek (Jagiellonian Univ.), "KORALW", status report, Krakow, Poland, January 1998; 4. S.A. Yost, (Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA), "Second order radiative corrections to BHLUMI", Krakow, Poland, January 1998; 5. M. Skrzypek, "Update on KORALW v. 1.41", Krakow, Poland, March 1998; 6. W. Placzek (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Recent changes in KORALW Monte Carlo code", Krakow, Poland, March 1998; 7. S. Jadach, "Coherent exponentiation in Quantum Electrodynamics", INP, Krakow, Poland, 25 November 1998; 8. M. Jezabek, "On the definition of heavy quark mass", INP, Krakow, Poland, 30 November 1998. LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. M. Jezabek, Univ. of Silesia, Classical Electrodynamisc, Physics II year; 2. M. Jezabek, Univ. of Silesia, Quantum Mechanics, Physics III year; 3. M. Jezabek, Univ. of Silesia, Quantum Chromodynamisc, Ph.D. studies; 4. M. Jezabek, Univ. of Silesia, M.Sc. of Malgorzata Awramik. 157 SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. S.A. Yost, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; 2. B.F.L. Ward, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; 3. G. Eynard, LAPP, Annecy, France. 159 PL9902521 DEPARTMENT OF LEPTONIC INTERACTIONS Head of Department: Prof. Krzysztof Rybicki telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66 fax: (48) (12) 633-38-84 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff Elżbieta Banaś, M.Sc, E.E. Janusz Martyniak, Ph.D. Andrzej Bożek, Ph.D. Jerzy Michałowski, E.E. Paweł Briickman, Ph.D. Stanisław Mikocki, Ph.D. Krzysztof Cieślik, M.Sc. Zbigniew Natkaniec, M.Sc, E.E. Lidia Görlich, Ph.D. Grażyna Nowak, Ph.D. Leszek Hajduk, M.Sc. Wacław Ostrowicz, M.Sc, E.E. Zbigniew Hajduk, Ph.D. Henryk Pałka, Ph.D. Paweł Jałocha, M.Sc. Grzegorz Polok, Ph.D. Piotr Kapusta, M.Sc, E.E. Maria Różańska, Assoc. Prof. Bartłomiej Kisielewski, Ph.D. Krzysztof Rybicki, Prof. Tadeusz Lesiak, Ph.D. Jacek Turnau, Prof. Ewelina Lobodzińska, Ph.D. Mariusz Witek, Ph.D. Bogdan Lobodziński, Ph.D. Agnieszka Zalewska, Assoc Prof. Technical Staff Andrzej Florek Jacek Garwoliński Bogusław Florek OVERVIEW: 1998 was the first full calendar year of the formal existence of our Department which evolved from the Laboratory of Electronic Particle Detectors (originally called Laboratory of Filmless Detec- tors) founded in 1972. The department is involved in two running experiments (DELPHI at CERN and HI at DESY) and in one experiment (BELLE at KEK) which will start data taking in 1999. In addition, three department members work for the ATLAS collaboration at CERN. Since the DELPHI experiment will soon be terminated, we are considering future enterprises. One possibility is the TESLA project at DESY (our technicians have been working for several years on the construction and testing of superconducting cavities for the project). Another possibility is the LHC-b experiment at CERN. The main results of work done in 1998 are covered in reports on research. Here we mention only a few highlights. In the DELPHI experiment the cross section for the process eJre~ —> WJrW~ has been measured 160 for several energies. Data registered so far allowed determination of the W mass with the accuracy comparable to the Tevatron results. An important role in these measurements has been played by the sophisticated silicon detector to which the Cracow group brought a substantial contribution. The analysis of more HI data has weakened the indication for an excess of very high Q2 events reported in 1997. Thus the paper on isolated leptons with very high transverse momenta was formu- lated even more carefully. In these and in several other studies the topological second level trigger designed, installed and improved by the Cracow-Orsay collaboration was very important. In the BELLE experiment the HALNY system has been designed and installed by our people. The system allows fast readout and filtering of signals from the Silicon Vertex Detector which is crucial for the experiment. One should also mention high-quality carbon-carbon composites produced in collaboration with the High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group. The following events additionally marked the year 1998 in our department: - organization of the Cracow exhibition at DESY (February); - prestigious fellowship of the Foundation of Polish Science granted to Dr E. Lobodziriska (March); - organization of the HI collaboration meeting at Krakow with about 120 participants (September); - bestowing of a title of honorary professor of our institute on Johann Bienlein, our long-term collaborator from DESY (November). It should be added that Assoc. Prof. A. Zalewska continues her work in the SPS Committee at CERN while Prof. J. Turnau is an acting chairman of the Cracow branch of the Society of Polish Physicists. In 1998, due to reorganization in the institute, four persons from the former Electronics Section joined the department. However, they can hardly be called newcomers since all of them have been working with us for quite a time. Now there are 29 people in the department. It should be added that Prof. B. Muryn from the Department of Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Techniques of the Mining and Metallurgy Academy has been working directly with us for a long time. Recently he was joined by Ph.D. student. An extensive information about the: - history of our team; - some of its members; - past and present experiments; - papers (including numbers of citations for most quoted ones), can be found in www.ifj.edu.pl/Dept5/pedc.html. Professor Krzysztof Rybicki 161 REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902522 The BELLE Experiment at KEK B-Factory E. Banas, A. Bozek, P. Jalocha, P. Kapusta, Z. Natkaniec, W. Ostrowicz, H. Paika, M. Rozariska, and K. Rybicki1 The BELLE experiment is dedicated to make precision tests of the Standard Model, in particu- lar to measure CP-violation in B meson decays. It will be performed at the KEK-B e+e~ asymmetric collider with the design luminosity of lQ34cm~2s~1 corresponding to 108 BB pairs per year. The collider is now (January '99) being commisioned. The experimental program requires an universal detector system capable to register a big variety of decay channels with high efficiency and excellent accuracy. In December 1998 the BELLE detector has been completed, now the apparatus is tested with cosmic tracks. The roll-in of the detector is scheduled for March and data taking should start in April '99. The Cracow group participated in preparation of the silicon vertex detector (SVD), in particular in design, production and tests of the fast, readout system, capable to read data at 500 Hz trigger rate with a dead time below 10%. The readout modules are double width VME boards with three independent readout channels containing: - 4 ADC's 10 bits (AD876 or AD9200); - a front multi-event buffer (FIFO CY7C4261); - a signal processor (DSP56302 - Motorola, 66MHz/66MIPS); - an end multi-event buffer (FIFO CY7C4261); - a control unit (XILINX4010). The figure shows the first cosmic track registered in the BELLE SVD. We have also been involved in physics simulations, in particular in studies of semitauonic B decays, which are described in a separate report. JThe BELLE collaboration consists of about 250 physicists from 45 laboratories. 162 PL9902523 Simulation Study of Exclusive Decays of B Mesons into Charmed Mesons and r-Leptons in the BELLE Detector1 M. Rozariska and K. Rybicki We have performed simulation of exclusive decays of B mesons involving the r lepton. These decays are very interesting both as a stringent test of the Standard Model and as a possible window for a new physics. It is possible to reconstruct these decays2 provided that we observe nearly all decay products of the hadronically decaying B° or B+, that the D or D* meson is fully reconstructed and that we measure the r~ decay vertex. Thus obtained r~ energy and direction are reasonably close to the generated values. We have performed extensive simulations for a particular case of the BELLE experiment using these charm decay channels which are most promising from the point of view of both the branching fractions and the detection possibilities. The results are shown in Table 1. The numbers of signal and background events refer to a sample of 108 BB pairs which should be collected during one year of full luminosity running. Table 1: Simulation results for various decay channels. Decay chain Purity Efficiency LSign. Bckgr. B~ ->. DOT~V^, D° -> /^~7r+7r° 50% 0.5 x 10"3 3.2 8.0 B~ -> D°r-J^, D° - 50% 1.9 x 10-3 3.7 9.9 3 jgo _^ D+T-^ £>+ _»/vr-7r+7r+ 92% 4.6 x 10- 21.0 18.9 0 3 B~° _+ Z?*+r-lv, D*+ -»• D+n- , 7T+ 94% 1.6 x 10- 4.5 2.1 "7T° 99% 0.8 x 10~3 7.9 4.3 •+ 100% 2.7 x 10-3 7.2 2.8 B°" -> D*+r-Jv, I3*+ -> D°7r+, r+7r~ 99% 1.3 x 10~3 6.8 1.9 JB~ —> D*°r~V^ D*° —> D°7r°, D° -> i^-7r+7T° 94% 0.5 x 10~3 3.9 1.7 5- _>. D*°r-izp, D*° -> D°7r°, D° -> X~7T+ 96% 1.9 x 10~3 4.4 2.8 0 B- _> D*°r-P7, I?* -»• D°7r°, D° ->• i^-TT+TT + 7T~ 94% 0.9 x 10~3 4.1 3.2 3 5- _j. D*°r-P7, D*° -»• D°7, 83% 0.9 x 10~ 4.7 3.5 /, D° -¥ K~^h 90% 3.4 x 10~3 5.0 4.5 nO if— + 3 £) —r L) T fT) i/ —t LJ 7, i/ —^ ft. K 7T •*"7T~ 88% 1.6 x 10~ 4.6 7.1 + It is seen that for the B° —>• D* T~VT decays the signal to noise ratio is about 2.5 while 3 B~ -> D°T~P^ decays look hopeless also due low purity . The remaining channels are at the limit of our possibilities and would became better with improved vertexing. We have also found that using the direction of the virtual W (opposite to the charmed meson direction) in the parent B rest system allows the measurement of the r polarization. Partial results of this study were published in Acta Physica Polonica B 29 (1998) 2065. 2Hereafter the charge invariance is explicitly assumed i.e. the particle symbol stands for a particle and an antiparticle. + + Thus e.g. B" -> D°r-v^, D° ->• K~n stands for B -¥ WT*VT, W -• K+n~ as well. 3 The purity is defined here as the fraction of genuine events of the channel under consideration in a sample selected by our cuts. ••• ••(••••in inn urn urn Km mi mi ~1 £Q PL9902524 b The DELPHI Experiment at LEP P. Briickman, K. Cieslik, Z. Hajduk, P. Jalocha, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz1 T. Lesiak, J. Michalowski, B. Muryn, A. Oblajcowska-Mucha, G. Polok, H. Palka, M. Witek, and A. Zalewska2 Engineers and technicians contributing to the project: K. Galuszka and T. Gdariski In 1998 the DELPHI experiment operated at the highest LEP2 collision energy of 189 GeV. Thanks to excellent operation of the LEP Collider, large sample of high-quality data corresponding to the integrated luminosity of 158 pb~l has been collected during the year. This allowed for decreasing the error of the W boson mass determination to values near to 100 MeV, which is an important step towards expected final precision of (40 -j- 50) MeV. The increased collision energy and high luminosity enabled new particle searches in wider mass range and with greater sensitivity. The excluded mass range for the Higgs particle has been extended in direct searches up to nearly 95 GeV which, in a view of the relatively low Higgs mass preferred by precise measurements of the Standard Model parameters, makes the higher energy LEP searches to be very exciting. It is foreseen that the 1999 runs will start at (192 4- 193) GeV and the energy will be gradually raised by increasing the superconducting RF cavities gradient, to reach energies well above 200 GeV in the year 2000. This will be most likely the last year of the operation of LEP experiments. The Cracow group duties during the runs included the operation support of the Silicon Tracker, the Inner Detector and the RICH system. Members of the group took part in run preparations of the detectors and in running detector specific and general purpose shifts. Our support of the detectors on the software side included contributions to the alignment of the Silicon Tracker and works on improvement of its precise tracking as well as development of improved particle identification method in RICH (described in separate report). Physics analysis in 1998 was devoted to new physics searches and the Standard Model tests at high energies as well as to many still very interesting studies for high statistics data at the Z° peak. The results of the analysis have been published in 19 papers (eleven further ones have been submitted for publication) and were presented in numerous contributions and talks at 1998 conferences. The Cracow DELPHI members have pursued or took active part in the following investigations: • a study of four-fermion production processes (see separate report); • the measurement of forward-backward assymmetries of quarks at high energies; • the measurement of radiative width of the t]c meson; • an analysis of electron structure function in 77 interactions; • a study of A hyperons spin correlations (see separate report); • a study of the A;, baryon polarization and its exclusive decays; • a search for exclusive decays of charmed baryons (see separate report). It should be added that Assoc. Prof. A. Zalewska was the member of the DELPHI Executive Committee in 1998 and Dr T. Lesiak is the co-conveneur of the DELPHI LEP2 Quark Electroweak Analysis Group. The Cracow group will host the DELPHI collaboration meeting next year. 1 Institute of Electronics, University of Mining and Metallurgy. 2The DELPHI Collaboration consists of about 500 physicists from 53 laboratories. 164 PL9902525 Neutral Current Four-Fermion Production at LEP2 K. Cieslik, H. Palka, and M. Witek Experimental observation of four fermions produced via neutral currents constitutes an important test of the Standard Model (SM). Such processes are described within the SM by higher order dia- grams which include two neutral vector boson propagators. The corresponding cross section can be calculated with a high precision and then compared to the measured value. The discrepancy between the predictions and data could signal the existence of the new phenomena beyond the SM. The anal- ysis of the four-fermion production has been performed for the data collected at the collision energy ranging from 130 to 183 GeV [1]. At presently available statistics, the agreement has been found between the data and the SM prediction. Here we report on the Z°Z° on-shell production observed in the data collected in 1998 at s/s = 189 GeV. The observation of this process can be used to limit the anomalous triple gauge couplings ZZZ and 7ZZ which are forbidden within SM. The search has been performed for four channels: I+l~l+l~, l+l~qq, vvqq and qqqq where I stands for e,fi or r. The result is shown in Fig. 1. The left distribution shows the sum of two invariant masses for all Z°Z° candidates. The points with errors represent the data while the histogram shows the Monte Carlo prediction (light grey for signal and black for background). The 22 observed events are consistent with the 25.6 expected ones (21.1 signal and 4.4 background events). The right picture shows an example + + 2 of the Z°Z° —»• e e~/i /i~ event with /X+JU~ invariant mass of 92.9 GeV/c and the recoil mass of 92.3 GeV/c2. ZZ MASS RECONSTRUCTION DELPHI PRELIMINARY L=158 pb-1 6 - BACKGROUND ZZ SIGNAL 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Sum of Z Boson Ma»e> Fig. 1: The distribution of the sum of two Z boson masses for selected candidates (left) and an example of the Z°Z° ->• e+e~fi+fj.~ event (right). References: [1] P. Bambade et al. (K. Cieslik, H. Palka, M. Witek), "Neutral current four-fermion production in e+e~ collisions at y/s = (130-f- 183)GeV", Internal note DELPHI 98-104 CONF 172 (submitted to HEP'98 Conf. Vancouver, July 22-29). PL9902526 165 Spin-Spin Correlations of A Hyperon Pairs Produced in Hadronic Z° Decays T. Lesiak and H. Palka Correlation studies can provide valuable information on properties of the emitter of hadrons. The studies for boson pairs revealed the existence of an enhancement of the number of identical bosons with small difference of their momenta over that of non-identical bosons (the Bose-Einstein Correlation - BEC). Analogous phenomenon is expected for a pair of identical fermions in the triple spin state [1]. The number of fermion-fermion pairs with parallel spins and close to each other in phase space, could be depleted due to the Pauli exclusion principle. The observation of this effect would allow us to estimate the dimension of the identical fermions emitter, without the need of constructing uncorrelated reference samples which plagues the BEC studies for bosons. The above considerations led us to study spin-spin correlations of pairs of A hyperons produced inclusively in Z° decays [2]. The analysis was based on the sample of 3.5 millions of hadronic Z° decays collected in 19924-95. The A hyperons were selected by reconstructing their decay vertices into pw. The purity of the selected A sample was further improved to 90% level employing particle identification in RICH and ionisation energy losses in the TPC. Events with at least one A hyperon pair in the same quark jet have been selected for the spin analysis. The data sample consists of 3650 AA pairs, 620 of which are pairs of identical fermions. The information on the spin composition of pairs has been extracted from distributions of the angle between two decay protons, each measured in its parent hyperon rest frame. The spin composition of spin triplet (S = 1) and spin singlet (S = 0) states have been determined for both identical and non-identical fermion pairs as a function of the difference Q of their momenta. The fraction of S = 1 component for the AA pairs was found to be consistent with 0.75 in whole analysed Q range. This value is expected for a statistical spin mixture. The spin composition of the AA ( AA ) system is different from a statistical spin mixture for Q < 1.8 GeV, being consistent with a dominance of S = 0 component. The effect observed allows us to estimate (Fig. 1) the spatial dimension (in units of fermi) of Gaussian AA emitter to be: R = O.ll^o'o^5^0*) i O.Ol(syst). The dimension of the emitter of identical A hyperons appears to be significantly smaller than that measured for identical boson pairs i.e. (0.5 -=- 0.75) fm. - i.a L DELPHI i 1 1 r O r Q (GeV) Fig. 1: Fraction of the S = 1 spin state for the AA system vs four-momentum difference Q. The dashed line corresponds to the statistical spin mixture. References: [1] G. Alexander and H.G. Lipkin, Phys. Lett. B352 (1995) 162; [2] T. Lesiak and H.Palka, DELPHI 98-114 CONF 176 (submitted to Conf. HEP98, Vancouver, July 22-29). 166 PL9902527 Search for Charmed Hyperon Decay E® —> AK® T. Lesiak Up to now only the ARGUS experiment]!] has reported the observation of 7.4 ± 3.2 events of the decay in question. Our search for the decay E° -> AK® was peformed in the sample of 3.5 millions of hadronic Z° decays collected in 1992 -r 95. The K® mesons were selected by reconstructing their decay into TT+TT" while A hyperons were found by the observation of their decays into p+K~ pairs1 Heavy baryons produced in e+e~ annihilations at LEP carry a substantial part of energy of their primary quarks. Therefore the pairs AK® were accepted only if their momenta exceeded 9 Gev. In the distribution of AK® invariant mass the peak is seen at the Ej? mass (Fig. 1). The spectrum of Fig. 1 has been fitted assuming a Gaussian signal around 2.47 GeV and the background parametrized by a second order polynomial. The fit yields 40.5t\l'l events of the decay in question with the fitted S° mass of (2474 ± 5) MeV and the width of (14 ± 4) MeV consistent with experimental mass resolution. The AKg hypothesis is further confirmed by fitting a common vertex of A and K°. The invariant mass distribution of AK® pairs for the events passing the fit exhibits the signal of similar strength with reduced width. Preliminary estimate of the product /(S°) x £?F(E° -> AK®), where /(E°) denotes the sum of probabilities of b and c quarks fragmentation into the baryon 2°, gives (1.25 ± 0.30) x 10~3. This suggests fairly large BF(E° ->• AK®), since /(E°) is expected not to exceed few percent. 2.S 2.6 2.7 2.e m(AK°) GeV Fig. 1: The AK® mass spectrum. References: [1] H. Albrecht et al., (ARGUS collaboration) Phys. Lett. B342 (1995) 397. 'Hereafter a particle symbol stands for a particle and an antiparticle. Thus e.g. A0 —> pn stands also for aA°-> p7r+. 167 PL9902528 Results of the New Particle Identification Method G. Polok A new particle identification method has been proposed [1] and applied for data from Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector system in the DELPHI experiment [2]. The Cherenkov photons are emitted into the cone. Their polar 0 and azimuthal 1 0.9 a) DATA 1994 W>. STANDARD • jjO0..7 TW00IM o > 0.5 .c>** 0.4 •» 0.3 } • 0.2 0.1 0 0 10 20 30 1.05 1.15 1.2 1.25 proton* momentum (CeV/c) mu (GeV/c2) Fig. 1: a) efficiency comparison; b) A0 mass distribution. References: [1] G. Polok and T. Ypsilantis, "A new method of the two dimensional analysis for the RICH technique", in preparation; [2] P. Aarnio et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A303 (1991) 233; [3] W. Adam et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A371 (1996) 12; [4] G. Polok, Presented at the RICH'98 Int. Workshop on Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detectors, Ein-Gedi, Israel, submitted for publication in Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A. 168 HIM PL9902529 The HI Experiment at HERA L. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, E. Lobodziriska, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, and J. Turnau1 Engineer contributing to the project: A. Cyz During 1998 the HI experiment collected below 5p&~"\ significantly less than in previous years. This was due to switching HERA from positron to electron beam, which is much more difficult to operate. The physics analysis based on 1994 -=- 1997 data was continued. The main results were described in 8 papers published in 1998, seven further papers have been submitted for publication. Previoujs indications of a possible deviation from Standard Model in the region of very high Q2 have not been confirmed. Members of the HI Cracow group participated in: • the data collection, i.e. the HI run shifts and calorimeter expert shifts; • the developement of new tools for monitoring of the experiment systems via WWW (see separate report); • upgrade of the readout system for Liquid Argon Calorimeter; • running and the developement of the topological trigger (see separate report); • the forward jet analysis and search for new type signatures of the BFKL dynamics; • the instanton search. In September 1998 the HI Cracow group organized meeting of the HI Collaboration in Krakow, in which about 120 physicists participated. Three talks have been also given by theorists from our institute. The organization of the meeting was supported by the Foundation for Polish-German Collaboration, by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research and by the Physics Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences. It should be added that Prof. K. Rybicki is a member of the HI "Wise Men Committee" dealing with the selection of each new spokesperson. I Level 2 Topological Trigger for the HI Experiment at HERA lo L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, and G. Nowak •co ilO ! £J Since 1990 the groups from LAL Orsay and INP Cracow work on the Level 2 Topological Trigger |§ (L2TT) in the HI experiment. The main aim of the trigger is to recognize background and to reject |Q^ it while maintaining high efficiency for good events. The L2TT analysis is based on the topological [ properties of the examined event derived from distributions of energy depositions in calorimeters j and/or track positions, using signals delivered by Level 1 Trigger. During the data taking in 1998, in addition to selections already used in the event filtering, two new possibilities have been introduced: a) In DIS processes, for so called "kinematical peak" events with scattered electron registered in the backward calorimeter (Spacal). The L2TT requirement resulted in higher purity of the sample collected with lowered prescale factor at Level 1; b) For accepting very interesting cosmic events, recently observed in the LEP experiments, charac- terized by a flux of many parallel high energetic muons seen in the detectors. With the L2TT conditions we can achieve very large rate reduction of the LI trigger dedicated for this process. The experience gained during the years of the L2TT operation has shown that use of Level 2 Topological Trigger is essential for the HI experiment to be able to take data efficiently. Four internal HI notes[l, 2, 3, 4] presented the main principles of the system hardware and some of the selections have been published. The habilitation thesis describing this project has been also written. 'The Hi Collaboration consists of about 400 scientists from 39 laboratories. 169 References: [1] J.C. Bizot, M. Jacquet, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, G. Nowak, and D. Hoffmann, "Spacal-based L2TT trigger elements", Hl-04/98/538, April 6, 1998; [2] C. Beigbeder, R. Bernier, J.C. Bizot, D. Breton, B. Delcourt, A. Ducorps, M. Jacquet, D. Hoffmann, E. Banas, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, G. Nowak, and J. Turnau, "Level 2 Topological Trigger (L2TT) Hardware", Hl-07/98/547, July 17, 1998; [3] J.C. Bizot, M. Jacquet, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, G. Nowak, D. Hoffmann, and G. Tsipolitis, "L2TT trigger element with a digital //", Hl-07/98/548, July 31, 1998; [4] J.C. Bizot, M. Jacquet, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, G. Nowak, D. Hoffmann, and D. Schmidt, "Inelastic J/tf> L2TT Trigger Element", Hl-10/98/553, October 15, 1998. PL9902531 A Liquid Argon Purity Monitoring System - Display Programme on WWW A. Cyz and J. Martyniak The World Wide Web plays a very important role as a fast and modern communication tool. It's global nature is useful also for the HI Collaboration, since it allows an easy information access from any place in the world. The liquid argon (LAr) purity monitoring system described in Ref.[l] has been in succesful oper- ation in the HI detector since 1992. In order to realize the experimental goals it is necessary that the energy resolution for electrons is References: [1] HI Collaboration (I. Abt, et al.), "The HI Detector at HERA", Nucl. Instr. Meth. A386 (1997) 310. 170 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. T. Akesson, (B. Kisielewski, P. Malecki, J. Olszowska) et al., Electron Identification with a Prototype of the Transition Radiation Tracker for the ATLAS Experiment, CERN-PPE/97-161 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A412 (1998) 200; 2. P. Brückman, Aj, Polarizationn in the DELPHI Experiment at LEP, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 1405; 3. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jałocha, W. Krupiński, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, A. Zalewska) et al., Rapidity Correlations in A- Baryon and Proton Production in Hadronic Z° Decays, CERN-PPE/97-27 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 247; 4. DELPHI Collab, P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jałocha, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiński, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al., Search for Neutral and Charged Higgs Bosons in e+e~ Collisions at y/s = 161 GeV and 172 GeV, CERN-PPE/97-85 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 1; 5. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jałocha, W. Krupiński, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok) et al., Measurement of the Quark and Gluon Fragmentation Function i Z Hadronic Decays, CERN-PPE/97-108 and Z. Phys. C (1998) (in print); 6. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiński, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al., Search for Charginos, Neutralinos and Gravitinos at LEP, CERN-PPE/97-107 and Z. Phys. Cl (1998) 1; 7. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiński, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al., Charged Particle Multiplicity in e+e~ -» qq Events at y/s = 161 and 172 GeV and from the Decay of the W Boson, CERN-PPE/97-113 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 233; 8. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek) et al., mj at m-z, CERN-PPE/97-141 and Phys. Lett. B418 (1998) 430; 9. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Charged Higgs Bosons in e+e~~ Collisions at y/s = 172 GeV, CERN-PPE/97-145 and Phys. Lett. B420 (1998) 140; 10. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of Trilinear Gauge Couplings in e+e~ Collisions at 161 GeV and 172 GeV, CERN-PPE/97-163 and Phys. Lett. B423 (1998) 194; 11. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., n^,K^,p and p Production in 2° —> qq, 2!° —> uü, dd, ss, CERN-EP/98-95 and E. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 585; 12. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of the Charged Particle Multiplicity of Weakly Decaying B Hadrons, CERN-EP/98-34 and Phys. Lett. B425 (1998) 399; 171 13. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Za- lewska) et al., First Evidence for a Charm Radial Excitation D* , CERN-EP/98-30 and Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 231; 14. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Investigation of the Splitting of Quark and Gluon Jets, CERN-EP/98-24 and Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 1; 15. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (K. Cieślik, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., A Study of the Hadronic Resonance Structure in the Decay r —>• Zni>T, CERN-EP/98-14 and Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 411; 16. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of the Inclusive Charmless and Double-Charm B Branching Ratios, CERN-EP/98-07 and Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 193; 17. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of the W-Pair Cross-Section and the W Mass in e+e~ Interactions at 172 GeV, CERN-PPE/97-160 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 581; 18. DELPHI Silicon Tracker Group, P. Chochula, (W. Kucewicz, K. Gałuszka, T. Gdański, J. Michałowski, H. Pałka) et al., The DELPHI Silicon Tracker at LEP2, CERN-PPE/97-155 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A412 (1998) 304; 19. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Za- lewska) et al., Measurement of \VCS\ Using W Decays at LEP2, CERN-EP/98-115 and Phys. Lett. B439 (1998) 209; 20. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., A Search for nc Production in Photon-Photon Fusion at LEP, CERN-EP/98-151 and Phys. Lett. B441 (1998) 479; 21. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Scalar Fermions and Long-Lived Scalar Leptons at Centre-of-Mass Energies of 130 GeV to 172 GeV, CERN-EP/98-116 and E. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print); 22. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Two-Particle Angular Correlations in e+e~ Interactions Compared with QCD Predictions, CERN-EP/98-138 and Phys. Lett. B440 (1998) 203; 23. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Composite and Exotic Fermions at LEP2, CERN-EP/98-169 and E. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print); 24. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Pair-Produced Neutralions in Events with Photons and Missing Energy from e+e~ Collisions at y/s=130-183 GeV, CERN-EP/98-142 and E. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print); 172 25. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., A Search for Heavy Stable and Long-Lived Squarks and Sleptons in e+e~ Collisions at Energies from 130 to 183 GeV, CERN-EP/98-171 and Phys. Lett. B444 (1998) 491; 26. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, T. Lesiak, H. Paika, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Lightest Neutralino and Stau Pair Production in Light Gravitino Scenarios with Stau NLSP, CERN-EP/98/170 and E. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print); 27. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Charginos, Neutralinos and Gravitions in e+e~ Collisions at ^/s=183 GeV, CERN preprint CERN-EP/98/176 and Phys. Lett. B (1998) (in print); 28. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of Inclusive p°', /o(980), K*)2(1430) and ^(1525) Production in Z Decays, CERN-EP/98-199 and Phys. Lett. B (1998) (in print); 29. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., A Precise Measurement of the Partial Decay Width Ratio R® = F^/Thad-, CERN-EP/98-180 and Eur. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print); 30. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., b Measurement of A pB in Hadronic Z Decays Using a Jet Charge Technique, CERN-EP/98-189 and Eur. Phys. J. C (1998) (in print); 31. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Bruckman, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Study of the Four-Jet Anomaly Observed at LEP Centre-of-Mass Energies of 130 and 136 GeV, CERN-EP/98-198 and Phys. Lett. B (1998) (in print); 32. G. Fischer,(W. Iwanski, P. Kapusta, M. Ziolkowski) et al., A 40 MHz Pipeline Trigger for K° ->• 2TT0 Decays for the CERN NA48 Experiment, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A419 (1998) 695; 33. K. Golec-Biernat, L. Gorlich, J. Turnau, QCD Coherence in Deep Inelastic Scattering at Small x at Hera, Nucl. Phys. B527 (1998) 289; 34. HI Spacal Group, R.D. Appuhn, (L. Hajduk, W. Janczur, K. Rybicki) et al., Series Tests of Fine Mash Photomultiplier Tubes in Magnetic Fields of up to 1.2 Tesla, DESY preprint DESY-97-070 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A404 (1998) 265; 35. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Measurement of the Inclusive Di-jet Cross-Section in Photoproduction and Determination of an Effective Parton Distribution in the Photon, DESY-97-164 and Eur. Phys. J. Cl (1998) 97; 36. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Thrust Jet Analysis of Deep-Inelastic Large-Rapidity-Gap Events, DESY preprint DESY-97-210 and Eur. Phys. J. Cl (1998) 495; 37. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Gorlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., 173 Photo-Production ofi/)(2S) Mesons at HERA, DESY preprint DESY-97-228 and Phys. Lett. B421 (1998) 385; 38. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Hadron Production in Diffractive Deep Inelastic Scattering, DESY preprint DESY-98-029 and Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 206; 39. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Multiplicity Structure of the Hadronic Final State in Diffractive Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, DESY preprint DESY-98-044 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 439; 40. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Observation of Events with an Isolated High-Energy Lepton and Missing Transverse Momentum at HERA, DESY preprint DESY-98-063 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 575; 41. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Differential (2+1) Jet Event Rates and Determination of as in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, DESY preprint DESY-98-075 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 625; 42. Z. Hajduk, W. Iwański, K. Korcyl, J. Olszowska, H.C. van der Bij, The S-Link in the Data Sources for Trigger Demonstrators in the LHC Environment, Abstr. p. 39 and Proc. of the X-th IEEE Real Time Conference (RT'97), Beaune, France, 22-26 September 1997 p. 193 and IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45 (1998) 1845; 43. T. Lesiak, B Meson Spectroscopy, Talk given at MESON'98 Workshop, Krakow, Poland, June 1998 in: Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 3379; 44. M. Różańska, K. Rybicki, On a Feasibility of Measuring Exclusive Semitauonic B° Decays at B-Factories, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 3392. Other publications: 1. S. Błażewicz, J. Chłopek, J. Michałowski, Preparations and Properties of High Modulus Carbon Composites, (in Polish), Karbo - Energochemia - Ekologia Nr 1-2 (1998) 45. Proceedings: 1. S. Błażewicz, J. Chłopek, J. Michałowski, Preparations and Properties of High Modulus Carbon Composites, III-rd Torunian Carbon Symp., 3-5 September 1997, Toruń/Bachotek, Poland (1998) (in print); 2. R. Kamiński, L. Leśniak, K. Rybicki, New Solutions for Scalar-Isoscalar TTTT Phase Shifis, hep-ph/9712336 and Proc. of the 7-th Int. Conf. on Hadron Spectroscopy, HADRON'97, Upton, USA, 25-30 August 1997, eds Suk-Urk Chang, H.J. Willutzki (BNL, Upton, NY) (1998) 397; 3. A. Zalewska, The Silicon in the DELPHI Experiment at LEP2, Proc. of the HEP'97 Conf., Jerusalem, 19-26 August (1998) (in print). 174 Other conference materials: 1. G. Polok, Results of Two-Dimensional Particle Identyfication Analysis Applied for the RICH in the DEL- PHI Experiment, Poster at RICH'98, Ein-Geli, Israel, November 1998 (1998); 2. C. Wajler, J. Michaiowski, S. Blazewicz, Oxidation Resistance of C/C Composite Coated with Silicon - Based Compounds, Extended Abstr. of the Int. Symp. on Carbon Science and Technology for New Carbons, Tokyo, Japan (1998) 368. Reports: 1. B. Asman, (T. Lesiak) et al., Measurement of the Lifetime of b-Baryons, ICHEP'98 Conf. Vancouver, July 1998 in: DELPHI Internal Note DELPHI 98-72 (1998); 2. P. Bambade, (K. Cieslik, H. Patka, M. Witek) et al., Neutral Current Four-Fermion Production in e+e~ Collisions at yfs=130-183 GeV, ICHEP'98 Conf., Vancouver, July 1998 in: DELPHI Internal Note DELPHI 97-104 (1998); 3. C. Beigbeder, (E. Banas, L. Gorlich, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, G. Nowak, J. Turnau) et al., Level 2 Topological Trigger (L2TT) Hardware, HI Internal Note Hl-07/98-547 (1998); 4. W. Bogucki, M. Despet, J. Kotula, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, M. Strek, Mechanical Issues - Design and Fabrication, PHOBOS Report 98-60, MIT (1998); 5. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, M. Lemler, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, P. Zychowski, Mechanical Structures and Cooling System for the PHOBOS Silicon Detectors, PHOBOS Report 98-61, MIT (1998); 6. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, J. Kotula, M. Lemler, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, P. Zychowski, Mechanical Structures and Cooling System for the PHOBOS Silicon Detectors, PHOBOS Report 98-110, MIT (1998); 7. T. Coghen, J. Godlewski, P. Kowalczyk, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, Temperature Distributions in PHOBOS Silicon Modules, PHOBOS Report 98-125 (1998); 8. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of the e+e~ —>• 77(7) Cross Section at the LEP Energies, CERN preprint CERN-EP/98-75 (1998); 9. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Lower Bound for the Standard Model Higgs Boson Mass from Combining the Results of the Four LEP Experiments, CERN preprint CERN-EP/98-46 (1998); 10. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, T. Lesiak, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Leptoquarks and FCNC in e+e~ Annihilations at y/s=183 GeV, CERN preprint CERN-EP/98-177 (1998); 11. K. Galuszka, J. Kotula, M. Lemler, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, P. Zychowski, Mechanical Structures for Silicon Detectors in the PHOBOS Experiment, PHOBOS Report 98-09, MIT (1998); 12. HI Spacal Group, R.D. Appuhn, (L. Hajduk, W. Janczur, K. Rybicki) et al., The Electronics of the HI Lead/Scintillating Fiber Calorimeters, DESY preprint DESY-98-054 (1998); 175 13. Hl Collab., C. Adloff, (K. Golec-Biernat, L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Di-Jet Event Rates in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, DESY preprint DESY-98-076 (1998); 14. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Multi-Jet Event Rates in Deep-Inelastic Scattering annd Determination of the Strong Coupling Constant, DESY preprint DESY 98-087 (1998); 15. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Diffractive Dijet Production at HERA, DESY preprint DESY 98-082 (1998); 16. Hl Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Forward Jet and Particle Production at HERA, DESY preprint DESY 98-143 (1998); 17. Hl Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Charged Particle Cross Sections in Photoproduction and Extrapolation of the Gluon Density in the Photon, DESY preprint DESY 98-148 (1998); 18. HI Collab., C. Adloff, (L. Görlich, L. Hajduk, M.W. Krasny, J. Martyniak, S. Mikocki, E. Łobodzińska, G. Nowak, K. Rybicki, J. Turnau) et al., Measurement of Leading Proton and Neutron Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, DESY preprint DESY 98-169 (1998); 19. T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, Determination of the Spin Composition of AÄ and AA (AX Pairs in Hadronic Z Decays), ICHEP'98 Conf., Vancouver, July 1998 in: DELPHI Internal Note DELPHI 98-114 (1998); 20. B. Muryn, G. Polok, The rjc (2980) Formation in the Two-Photon Collisions at LEP Energies, ICHEP'98 Conf., Vancouver, July 1998 in: DELPHI Internal Note DELPHI 98-99 (1998). GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research 1. Dr H. Palka - grant No 2P03B 033 11, "Study of e+e- Interactions Above W+W~ Threshold", 1 July 1996 - 30 June 1998; 2. Prof. K. Rybicki - grant No 2P03B 055 13, "Participation in the HI Experiment", 1 July 1997 - 1 April 1998; 3. Dr H. Palka - SPUB/P03/178/98, "Participation in the DELPHI Experiment" - part III, 1 July 1998 - 30 June 1999; 4. Prof K. Rybicki - SPUB/P03/154/98, "Participation in the HI and ZEUS Experiment at HERA". 176 Grants from other sources: 1. Polish-German Foundation - for organization of the HI collaboration meeting at Krakow; 2. Physics Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences - for organization of the HI collaboration meeting at Krakow. PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. T. Lesiak "B Meson Spectroscopy", "Meson'98" conference, Krakow, Poland, June 1998; 2. G. Nowak "The High Q2 Neutral Current and Charged Current Cross-sections; HI and ZEUS results", First European Meeting: "From Planck Scale to Electroweak Scale", Kazimierz, Poland, June 1998; 3. K. Rybicki "BELLE - a Detector to Study CP Violation at KEK B Factory", "Hadron Structure '98" conference, Stara Lesna, Slovakia, September 1998; 4. J. Turnau "Structure Function and Hadronic Final States", "Meson'98" conference, Krakow, Poland, June 1998. PRESENTATIONS: 1. L. GSrlich "Cracow Activities at DESY", Restricted European Committee for Future Accelerators, Krakow, Poland, September 1998; 2. G. Polok "A New Method of Particle Identification in RICH Detectors", RICH'98 Int. Workshop on Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detectors, Ein-Gedi, Israel, October 1998; 3. A. Zalewska "Cracow Activities at CERN", Restricted European Committee for Future Accelerators, Krakow, Poland, September 1998. MEMBERS OF ORGANIZING/ADVISORY COMMITTEES: 1. K. Rybicki 18-th Conference on Physics in Collision, Frascati, Italy, 17 - 19 June 1998, (also session chair- man); 2. K. Rybicki "Hadron Structure'98" conference, Stara Lesna, Slovakia, 7 - 13 September 1998, (also session chairman); 3. A. Zalewska "Epiphany" conference, Krakow, Poland, 6-9 January 1998. 177 SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: NOMINATIONS: J.K. Bienlein - Honorary Professor of The Institute of Nuclear Physics. DEGREES: P. Briickman - Ph.D. SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: [talks at the meetings of the collaborations are not included) 1. P. Briickman "A6 Polarisation in DELPHI", DELPHI Forum, CERN; 2. G. Nowak "High-level triggering in modern experiments", Warsaw University, Poland; 3. J. Turnau "Hadronic Final States in Deep-Inelastic Collisions", Warsaw University, Poland; 4. A. Zalewska "A Silicon Tracker in the DELPHI Experiment at LEP2", PHOBOS workshop at Krakow, Poland; 5. A. Zalewska "What you can expect from the VD software at LEP2", DELPHI Forum, CERN; 6. A. Zalewska "CERN Experiments on the PS and SPS Accelerators", Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 7. A. Zalewska "Silicon Tracking Detectors - a Modern Tool of Particle Physics", Silesian University, Katowice, Poland. INTERNAL: 1. J. Turnau, "Very High Q2 Events in HI Experiment"; 2. H. Palka, "Physics Analysis of the DELPHI Data at Cracow"; 3. B. Muryn, " Investigations of 7 — 7 Interactions at DELPHI"; 4. T. Lesiak, "Study of b - baryons in DELPHI"; 5. K. Cieslik, "Study of Four-Lepton Events in DELPHI Experiment"; 6. J. Martyniak, "A Comparison of Photoproduction and Deep-Inelastic Scattering in the HI Experiment"; 7. A. Zalewska, "A New Type of Silicon Detectors"; 8. J. Michalowski, "New Results in Carbon-Carbon Composites"; 9. E. Lobodzinska, "HI Events with Single Leptons of Very High Transverse Momentum"; 178 10. M. Witek, "A New Effect in Four-Lepton DELPHI Events?"; 11. L. Hajduk, "An Upgrade of HERA Collider and of the HI Apparatus"; 12. G. Polok, "Review of Analysis Methods of Signals From RICH Detectors"; 13. G. Polok, "A New Method of Particle Identification in RICH Detectors"; 14. Z. Natkaniec: "A Fast Analysis of Signals from the BELLE Silicon Vertex Detector"; 15. P. Jalocha, "A Fast Analysis of Signals from the DELPHI Silicon Vertex Detector"; 16. T. Lesiak, "B Meson Spectroscopy"; 17. K. Rybicki, "A Study of Decays B -4 D/D*rvr in the BELLE Experiment"; 18. G. Nowak, "The HI and ZEUS Results on Deep Inelastic Scattering at Very High Q2"; 19. J. Turnau, "Review of Deep-Inelastic Scattering"; 20. K. Rybicki, "Present and Future Experiments Involving the Department"; 21. B. Lobodzinski, "Simulation of Some Rare Decays in the BELLE Experiment"; 22. G. Polok, "On the LHC-b Experiment"; 23. L. Hajduk, "Upgrade of the HI Spaghetti Calorimeter"; 24. H. Palka, "Further Study of the Strange Effect in Four-Lepton DELPHI Events"; 25. P. Briickman, "Alignment of the DELPHI Silicon Vertex Detector". SHORT TERM VISITORS: M. Winter, IReS, Strassbourg, France, about 110 participants of the HI collaboration meeting. 179 PL9902532 DEPARTMENT OF HADRON STRUCTURE Head of Department: Prof. Andrzej Eskreys Deputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Jan Figiel telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research staff: Przemyslaw Borzemski, M.Sc. Bronislaw Niziol, Ph.D. Janusz Chwastowski, Ph.D. Bogdan Pawlik, Ph.D. Andrzej Eskreys, Prof. Piotr Stopa, Ph.D. Jan Figiel, Assoc. Prof. Krzysztof Piotrzkowski, Ph.D. Katarzyna Klimek, M.Sc. Maciej Zachara, Ph.D. Krystyna Olkiewicz, Ph.D. Leszek Zawiejski, Ph.D. Maciej B. Przybycieri, Ph.D. Technical staff: Jerzy Andruszkow, E.E. Andrzej Kotarba, E.E. Lucyna Antosiewicz, Krzysztof Oliwa, E.E. Witold Daniluk, E.E. Wojciech Wierba, E.E. Bronislaw Dabrowski, Artur Wtodarczyk. Piotr Jurkiewicz, E.E. OVERVIEW: The XIIth Department of the Institute of Nuclear Research have been involved in the following experiments and projects: • ZEUS experiment at HERA (DESY)1, which represents the main activity of the department. The group from department participating in this experiment consisted of physicists: J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycien, and L. Zawiejski and engineers and techni- cians: W. Daniluk, B. Dabrowski, A. Kotarba, K. Oliwa, and W. Wierba; 'ZEUS collaboration includes 51 institutions from 12 countries. 180 • TESLA project at DESY2. The small subgroup of 3 persons participated in 1998 in this project: P. Borzemski (physicist), J. Andruszkow, and P. Jurkiewicz (engineers); • DO experiment at FNAL (Batavia), USA3 - only one person (B. Pawlik) represented the depart- ment in this experiment; • NA22 - EHS experiment at CERN with one member of department (K. Olkiewicz) actively participating. 11 physicists and 8 engineers and technicians have been involved in carrying this program of research. ZEUS experiment is the continuation of the ivestigation of e±p interactions at HERA collider which has started over 10 years ago and has a perspective of another 5 years of activity. The upgrade of HERA and the expected 5-7 fold increase of luminosity makes the physics program very attractive. Krakow group is responsible for upgrade of of the luminosity monitor to meet the new working conditions after HERA upgrade. TESLA is the project of the new generation linear e+e~ collider planned to be built in Hamburg. DO is the pp experiment carried out at FNAL (Batavia), USA and designed to deliver soon 100 times higher luminosity than has been achieved so far. NA22 is the old experiment performed with the help of the European Hybrid Spectrometer (EHS) and the analysis of its data have been completed in 1998. The analysis of the data from the three presently continued experiments (ZEUS, DO, NA22) cover the program of research ranging from the exploitation of the structure of the matter in photopro- duction, deep inelastic e^p scattering and pp collisions through the searches of the exotic and rare processes (W, Z, top production) to the new approach to the traditional subject like properties of the pion emmission source. This research resulted in 26 publications in renown scientific periodicals. Professor Andrzej Eskreys REPORTS ON RESEARCH: ZEUS Experiment at DESY PL9902533 Measurement of Elastic T Photoproduction at HERA x The perturbative QCD can be applied to ep scattering to calculate properties of elastic heavy vector mesons production. The previous HERA results on J/i/} production [1] have shown that the cross section dependence on W and Q2 can be described by the perturbative QCD models [2, 3]. For the inclusive T production only the upper limits of the cross sections times branching ratio a • BR have been estimated [4]. 2TESLA project includes 34 institutions from 9 countries. 3D0 experiment includes 49 institutions from 11 countries. 'Based on publication : ZEUS Coll., J. Breitweg et al., Measurement of Elastic T Photoproduction at HERA, Phys. Lett. B437 (1998) 432. 181 The measurement of a • BR uses a data sample of 43.2 pb 1 collected by ZEUS. The increased integrated luminosity allows the study of the elastic reaction jp —> fi+fi~p for fi.+fj,~ invariant masses beyond the T mass region and for the range of the photon-proton centre of mass energy 80 < W < 160 GeV. The T(15), T(25) and T(35) resonances are not resolved in this measurement. The measured fi+(i~ mass distribution is shown in Fig. 1. The signals of the J/ip, i>(2S) and T's (unresolved) are apparent. The signals of the J/$, ip(2S) and T's (unresolved) are apparent. The continuum outside the resonance regions is well described by the Bethe-Heitler process apart from anenhancement in the region of 6 GeV, which is consistent with being a fluctuation. The spectrum outside the resonance regions is well reproduced and the distribution has been used to subtract the background under the resonances. ZEUS 1995-97 Fig. 1: Mass distribution of fi+n pairs. The histogram shows the simulated Bethe-Heitler background. Dotted in the J/^> region is drawn to guide the eye. The insert shows the signal remaining in the T region after subtraction of the non-resonant background. The calculated a • BR is 13.3 ± Q.O(stat.)tH(syst.) pb at (W) = 120 GeV. Assuming that a • BR is the same as measured by CDF [5] and using the muonic branching ratio [6] we find CT 7P->T(1S) p = 375 ± 170(stat.)±H(syst.) pb at W = 120 GeV and the ratio ^-^(IS) P/CT7P->.J/^ P = 7 3 (4.8 ± 2.2{stat.)^ e(syst.)) x 10~ . Our measurement yields the higher value than the theoretical an predictions of [3] where K, 60 pb for crlp->r(iS) p d & 0.001 for the ratio are quoted. References: [1] ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg et al., Z. Phys. C75 (1997) 215; HI Collab., S. Aid et al., Nucl. Phys. B472 (1996) 3, Nucl. Phys. B468 (1996) 3; [2] S.J. Brodsky et al., Phys. Rev. D50 (1994) 3134; M.G. Ryskin, Z. Phys. C57 (1993) 89; M.G. Ryskin, R.G. Roberts, A.D. Martin, and E.M. Levin, Z. Phys. C76 (1997) 231; [3] L. Frankfurt, W. Koepf, and M. Strikman, Phys. Rev. D57 (1998) 512; R. Engel and M. McDermott, private communication; [4] BCDMS Collab., D. Bollini et al., Nucl. Phys. B199 (1982) 27; EMC Collab., J.J. Aubert et al., Nucl. Phys. B213 (1983) 1; 182 [5] CDF Collab., F. Abe et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995) 4358; [6] Review of Particle Properties, PDG, R.M. Barnett et al., Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 1. Search for Selectron and Squark Production in e+p Collisions 1 •co at HERA •LO :CM :O O The supersymmetry (SUSY) theories relate bosons and fermions by associating to each fermion a bosonic partner and vice-versa. In the supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (SM) known as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), in which /2-parity (Rp) is conserved, the supersymmetric particles are produced only in pairs and the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is stable. In these models the production of a slepton and a squark is the lowest order process in which supersymmetric particles could be produced at HERA [1, 2, 3]. A search for the i?p-conserving pro- duction and decay of a selectron and a squark e+p —»• e+q\X (a = L, R, b = L, R) has been performed by the ZEUS Collaboration. This process is mediated by the ^-channel exchange of a neutralino. The cross section depends on the MSSM supersymmetry-breaking parameters Mi and M2, on the higgsino mass parameter //, on the ratio of the two Higgs vacuum expectation values tan/3 = W2/V1 > and on ,110 ' tahp&iJii '-; n = -i00GeV! "100 • n\f3S CteV -_ BB nv^O GeV I |D 90 • 80 -;S( \LEP 161-172 QeV- 70 MMS 1 60 SO SO 100 ma [GeV] Fig. 1: Excluded regions at a 95% CL in the plane defined by the selectron and squark mass, for TOXO = 35 GeV (grey area) and mxo = 50 GeV (double-hatched area), for // = -100 GeV and tan/3 — 1.41, where LEP limits on mg are also given. on publication : ZEUS Coll., J. Breitweg et al., "Search for Selectron and Squark Production in e+p Collisions at HERA", Phys. Lett. B434 (1998) 214. 183 One candidate event is found while 1.99lo'84 are expected from the Standard Model processes. The upper limit on the production cross section times branching ratios is found to be a x B < 0.5 pb at a 95% CL for mass differences mg — mo and m, — raxo larger than 10 GeV. Excluded regions in the MSSM parameter space have been derived. We exclude (mg + rrig)/2 < 77 GeV at a 95% CL for mxo = 40 GeV and large values of the MSSM parameter \fi\. The process is dominated by the u contribution and the exclusion limit is 75 GeV when only the u squark is considered. Fig. 1 shows the excluded regions in the plane rog, mg- for fixed values of roxo = 35 and 50 GeV and for tan/3 = 1.41 and fi = -100 GeV. References: [1] S.K. Jones and C.H. Llewellyn Smith, Nucl. Phys. B217 (1983) 145; P.R. Harrison, Nucl. Phys. B249 (1985) 704; T. Bartels, in "Proceedings of the HERA workshop (1987)", edited by R.D. Peccei, DESY 1988, 863; A. Bartl, M. Drees, W. Majerotto, and B. Mosslacher, in "Physics at HERA" edited by W. Buchmiiller and G. Ingelman, DESY 1992, 1118; T. Kon, K. Nakamura, and T. Kobayashi, Phys. Lett. B223 (1989) 461; [2] A. Bartl, H. Fraas, and W. Majerotto, Nucl. Phys. B297 (1988) 479; [3] H. Komatsu and R. Riickl, Nucl. Phys. B299 (1988) 407; T. Bartels and W. Hollik, Z. Phys. C39 (1988) 433; [4] R. Cashmore et al., Phys. Rep. 122 (1985) 275; P. Schleper, in "Future Physics at HERA", edited by G. Ingelman, A. De Roeck and R. Klanner, DESY 1996, 275. PL9902535 Measurement of Three-jet Distributions in Photoproduction at HERA1 The large amount of photoproduction events collected over the period 1995-1997 by ZEUS allowed the studies of the multijet hadronic states. The results of measurements can be compared with the calculations of photoproduction processes beyond leading order in perturbative QCD and can provide the sensitive tests of the existing parton shower models. The properties of multijet events in hadronic collisions have been the subject of earlier studies [1, 2, 3]. Dijet photoproduction accompanied by a third, low transverse energy cluster has been studied by ZEUS [4]. Using the luminosity of 16 pb'1 ZEUS collaboration has measured the cross sections and angular distributions for the three high transverse energy (above 5 GeV) jets. A set of five variables describing three jets were defined in terms of the energies and the momentum three-vectors of the jets in the three-jet CM frame and beam direction. From those the angular variables describing scattering angle of the highest energy jet w.r.t the beam direction and the angle between the plane containing the most energetic jet and the beam and the plane containing the three jets can be defined. In Fig. 1 the results for the measured 2 three-jet cross section are shown together with O(aa s) PQCD calculations [5, 6, 7] and different parton shower models as implemented in PYTHIA and HERWIG Monte Carlo. Good agreement was found between the data and QCD calculations. PYTHIA and HERWIG can also describe the shape of the distributions although the predicted cross sections are too low by about 30-40%. For the angular distributions of the three jets events the results were inconsistent with a uniform population of the available phase space but were well described by both fixed-order PQCD calcula- tions and Monte Carlos. Within the parton shower model the three-jet events are found to occur predominantly due to the initial state gluon radiation, and the fundamental QCD phenomenon of colour coherence is seen to have an important effect on the angular distribution of the third jet. 'Based on publication : ZEUS Coll., J. Breitweg et al., "Measurement of Three-jet Distributions in Photoproduction at HERA", Phys. Lett. B443 (1998) 3944. 184 ZEUS 1995-1996 • Data 10 Harris & Owens o — Klasen Q. PYTHIA i TSA 1 li11 1 i In - HERWIG b -1 "O10 III I l i i \ si = I | i \ 60 80 100 120 140 160 (GeV) Fig. 1: The measured three-jet cross section as a function of the three-jet invariant mass, data - black dots. The inner error bar shows the statistical error. The outer error bar is the quadratic sum of the statistical and the systematic error. The jet energy-scale uncertainty is shown as the shaded band. O(aal) PQCD calculations: Harris & Owens - thick solid; Klasen - dot-dashed line. The thin solid and dashed histograms show PYTHIA and HERWIG predictions. References: [1] UA2 Collab., J.A. Appel et al., Z. Phys. C30 (1986) 341; [2] DO Collab., S. Abachi et al., Phys. Rev. D53 (1996) 6000; [3] CDF Collab., F. Abe. et al., Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 4221; [4] ZEUS Collab., M. Derrick et al., Phys. Lett. B354 (1995) 163; [5] B.W. Harris and J.F. Owens, Phys. Rev. D56 (1997) 4007 and private communication; [6] M. Klasen, T. Kleinwort, and G. Kramer, Z. Phys.-e Cl (1998) 1, hep-ph/9712256; [7] M. Klasen, hep-ph/9808223. PL9902536 Two Jets Production in Neutral Current Deep Inelastic e+p Interactions at 300 GeV C.M.S. Energy1 The exclusive dijet cross section has been measured in deep inelastic e+p scattering at 300 GeV c.m.s. energy at the HERA collider. The whole 1995 data sample collected by the ZEUS detector has been used in this analysis, which corresponds to integrated luminosity of 6.1 pb"1. Jets were identified using the cone and the cluster (ICT) algorithms in the laboratory frame. Jets were required to have axis in the pseudorapidity range -2 < 77 < 2 in laboratory frame and transverse momentum greater then 'M.B. Przybycieri, Ph.D. Thesis, 1998. 185 4 GeV in both, laboratory and center-of-mass frames. Only events with 7 GeV2 < Q2 < 100 GeV2 were accepted. The measured cross section at the hadron level is cr^nl = ^•04±0.0S(stat)to'^(sys)nb v _ 2 74 ± 003 (stat)toit(sys)nb) and at the parton level: a cZl = 3-93 ± 0.04(stat)toH(sys)nb = 3.74 ±^™ 1 1.25 1.5 1.78 2 -3 -15 -2 -la -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 11111II, V -as o as 1 u 2 2 Fig. 1: Differential dijet cross section at parton level versus a) Q , b) £, c) Prmax/Q , d) P The inner (outer) bars indicate the statistical error (statistical and systematic errors added in quadra- ture). Shaded area shows jet energy scale uncertainty. The measured cross sections corrected to parton level (black points) are compared to MC models Ariadne (solid line), Lepto (dashed line), Herwig (dotted line) and NLO calculations. Jets reconstructed with the kj algorithm. Although the shapes of kinematical and jet variables distributions are well described by most of the models (NLO QCD calculations [1], Lepto [2], Ariadne [3] and Herwig [4], which does not describe Q2 distribution), the absolute normalization is not reproduced by any Fig. 1. References: [1] E. Mirkes, hep-ph/9711224; [2] G. Ingelman, LEPTO 6.1, Proc. of the DESY Workshop, Physics at HERA, Eds W. Buchmiiller and G. Ingelman. Hamburg (1991) 1366; [3] L. Lonnblad, ARIADNE v. 4, Comp. Phys. Comm. 71 (1992) 15; [4] G. Marchesini et al., DESY 91-048. The EHS-NA22 Collaboration PL9902537 K. Olkiewicz Estimation of Hydro dynamical Model Parameters for (n+/K+) Interactions at 250 GeV/c 2 The analysis of the data collected by the NA22-European Hybrid Spectrometer (EHS) experiment has been continued. In particular the interesting results have been obtained in the study of geometrical and dynamical properties of the pion emitting source. 1 Antwerp, Brussels, Krakow, Moscow, Nijmegen, Protvino, Rio de Janeiro, Tbilisi, Yerevan Collaboration. 2based on paper by N.M. Agababyan et al., (K. Olkiewicz), Phys. Lett. B 422 (1998) 359. 186 Assuming the hydrodynamical model for the three-dimensionally expanding cylindrically symmet- ric pion source one can attempt to determine the longitudinal Ri, 'out' ifo, and 'side'/?s effective dimensions of the source, exploiting the correlation function of negative pion pairs, subject to Bose- Einstein symmetrization. Due to the non-static nature of the source, these effective sizes vary with the average transverse mass and the average rapidity of the pion pair. More detailed information can be obtained analysing the invariant negative pion spectra. The model predicts that at fixed transverse mass mt the rapidity distribution can be parametrized as follows: 2 2 f(y,mt) = Cmexp[-(y - yo) /2Ay ] with 2 2 Ay = AT? + T0/mt where Cm is an m^-dependent normalization coefficient and yo denotes the midrapidity in the interac- tion c.m.s. The width Ay of the rapidity distribution is determined by the width A77 of the longitudinal space-time rapidity 77 of the pion emitters and by the thermal smearing width yTo/mt, where To is the freeze-out temperature. Parameters To and A7? can be found by fitting Ay dependence on mt. The rapidity distribution were fitted for 23 ra< bins obtaining good agreement between the data and the prediction. Linear dependence of the rapidity width on l/mt was confirmed with parameters AT? = 1.36 ± 0.02 and To = 140 ± SMeV. The fits of the model prediction for the shape of mt distribution in y bins were also performed yielding the y-dependent effective temperature. Combining the results from the analysis of the single particle spectra with those from the two particle correlation function, the following characteristics of the source were found: • The hadron matter undergoes predominantly longitudinal expansion and non-relativistic trans- verse expansion with the mean transverse four-velocity < ut >= 0.20 ± 0.07; • The hadron matter possesses a large temperature inhomogeneity in the transverse direction, the extracted freeze-out temperature at the center of the tube and at the transverse rms radius are 140 ± 3MeV and 82 ± 7 MeV, respectively; • Mean freeze-out time of the source is 1.4±0.1/m/c and its transverse geometrical rms radius is 1.2 ±0.2 fm. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al., Z1 Production in Anti-pp Collisions y/s = 1.8 TeV and Limits on Anomalous ZZ-y and Z11 Couplings, Phys. Rev. D57 (1998) 3817; 2. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al., Probing Hard Color Singlet Exchange in pp Collisions at ,/s = 630 GeV and 1800 GeV, Phys. Lett. B440 (1998) 189; 3. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al., Measurement of the Shape of the Transverse Momentum Distribution od W Bosons Produced in pp Collisions at ^ = 1.8 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 5498; 187 4. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al., Limits on WW^ and WWZ Couplings from W Boson Pair Production, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 51101; 5. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al., Search for Charge 1/3 Third Generation Leptoquarks in pp Collisions at yfs = 1.8 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 38; 6. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al., A Search for Heavy Pointlike Dime Monopoles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 524; 7. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al., Direct Measurement of the Top Quark Mass by the DO Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 52001; 8. DO Collab., B. Abbot, (B. Pawlik) et al., Search for the Decay b —> X(s)/j,+fi~, Phys. Lett. B423 (1998) 419; 9. EHS/NA22 Collab., N.M. Agababyan, (K. Olkiewicz) et al., Estimation of Hydrodynamical Model Parameters from the Invariant Spectrum and Bose-Einstein Correlations of K~ Mesons Produced in (n+/K+)p Interactions at 250 GeV/c, Phys. Lett. B422 (1998) 359; 10. EHS/NA22 Collab., N.M. Agababyan, (K. Olkiewicz) et al., Self-Affine Scaling from Non-Integer Phase-Space Partition in ir+p and K+p Collisions at 250 GeV/c, Phys. Lett. B431 (1998) 451; 11. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., Dijet Cross Sections in Photoproduction at HERA, DESY-97-196 and Eur. Phys. J. Cl (1998) 109; 12. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of the Diffractive Structure Function F2 at HERA, DESY-97-184 and Eur. Phys. J. Cl (1998) 81; 13. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of the t Distribution in Diffractive Photoproduction at HERA, DESY 97-238 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 237; 14. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al., Elastic and Proton-Dissociative p° Photoproduction at HERA, DESY 97-237 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 247; 15. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al., Charged Particles and Neutral Kaons in Photoproduced Jets at HERA, DESY 97-229 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 77; 16. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al., Event Shape Analysis in Deep Inelastic Scattering Events with a Large Rapidity Gap at HERA, DESY 97-202 and Phys. Lett. B421 (1998) 368; 17. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of Jet Shapes in Photoproduction at HERA, DESY 97-191 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 61; 188 18. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of Elastic Y Photoproduction at HERA, DESY 98-089 and Phys. Lett. B (1998) (in print); 19. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of Inclusive D*+- and Associated Dijet Cross Sections in Photoproduction at HERA, DESY 98-085 and Eur. Phys. J. (1998) (in print); 20. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycien, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of the Diffractive Cross Section in Deep Inelastic Scattering using ZEUS 1994 Data, DESY 98-084 and Eur. Phys. J. (1998) (in print); 21. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycierl, L. Zawiejski) et al., Search for Selectron and Squark Production in e+p Collisions at HERA, DESY 98-069 and Phys. Lett. B434 (1998) 214; 22. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., Forward Jet Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, DESY 98-050 and Eur. Phys. J. (1998) (in print); 23. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., Diffractive Dijet Cross Sections in Photoproduction at HERA, DESY 98-045 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 41; 24. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of Jet Shapes in High Q2 Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA, DESY 98-038 and Eur. Phys. J. (1998) (in print); 25. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., High-Er Inclusive Jet Cross Sections in Photoproduction at HERA, DESY 98-018 and Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 591; 26. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., Measurement of Three-jet Distributions in Photoproduction at HERA, DESY preprint 98-162 (1998); and Phys. Lett., B443 (1998) 394. Reports: 1. T. Coghen, J. Godlewski, P. Kowalczyk, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski, Temperature Distributions in PHOBOS Silicon Modules, PHOBOS Report 98-125 (1998); 2. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., ZEUS Results on the Measurement and Phenomenology of F2 at Low x and Low (J2, DESY preprint 98-121 (1998); 3. ZEUS Collab., J. Breitweg, (P. Borzemski, J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, M.B. Przybycieri, L. Zawiejski) et al., Exclusive Electroproduction of Rho° and J/Psi Mesons at HERA, DESY preprint 98-107 (1998). 189 GRANTS: Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Prof. A. Eskreys- grant No 2P03B10612, "ZEUS Experiment"; 2. Prof. A. Eskreys and Prof K. Rybicki, - SPUB No 115/E-343/SPUB/P03/002/97 and 115/E-343/SPUB/P03/154/98"ZEUS and HI Experiments at HERA"; 3. Prof. A. Eskreys, - Funds for the international collaboration granted by the Committee for Scientific Research. Grants from other sources: 1. Prof. A. Eskreys- project POL-219-96, Support from Wissenschaftlich - technologische Zusammenarbeit mit Polen (WTZ). PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. J. Chwastowski, "Lepton-Nucleus Interactions at HERA Collider", International Workshop on Coherent QCD Processes with Nucleons and Nuclei, Trento, Italy, 7-11 September 1998. PRESENTATIONS: 1. J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Klimek, and L. Zawiejski, The Cracow Epiphany Conference, Krakow 5-8 January 1998; 2. J. Chwastowski, "Status of o~tot(jp) Measurement", presentation at the ZEUS plenary meeting, DESY, 19 - 25 October 1998; 3. A. Eskreys, "Luminosity Monitor Upgrade After Year 2000", presentation at the ZEUS plenary meeting, DESY, 19 - 25 October 1998. SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: M.B. Przybycieri - Ph.D. SEMINAR: EXTERNAL: 1. J. Chwastowski: "Luminosity Measurement with ZEUS Luminosity Monitor", Ecole Polythechnique, Paris, France, 28 May 1998. I UEXT 191 DEPARTMENT PL"°2538 OF HIGH ENERGY NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS Head of Department: Prof. Roman Holyriski fax: (48) (12) 633-38-84 telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Anna Dabrowska, Ph.D. Adam Trzupek, Ph.D. Roman Holynski, Prof. Barbara Wilczynska, Ph.D. Dariusz Kudzia, M.Sc, E.E. Henryk Wilczyriski, Assoc. Prof. Andrzej Olszewski, Ph.D. Wladyslaw Wolter, Assoc. Prof. Pawei Sawicki, Ph.D. Barbara Wosiek, Assoc. Prof. Monika Szarska, Ph.D. Krzysztof Wozniak, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Maria Brozyna Marianna Kowalczyk Janina Czajka Mieczyslawa Maniecka Witold Kita Anna Polarska OVERVIEW: In 1998 the research activities of the Department concentrated on investigations of heavy ion interactions and the study of the primary cosmic rays. In the field of heavy ion physics the EMU13 experiment supplied us with the data on Pb collisions with different targets at the energy of 158 GeV/nucleon. High multiplicity Pb-Ag/Br collisions were studied on event by event basis. It is believed that the investigation of individual high multiplicity events should reveal the onset of new phenomena such as e.g., creation of a quark gluon plasma. The fragmentation process of lead projectiles in Pb-Pb interactions recorded in emulsion chambers specially designed for this purpose was also studied. The measured cross section indicated the important role of electromagnetic processes in the high energy Pb-Pb interactions. We also continued the investigations of Au collisions with the components of nuclear emulsion at 10.6 GeV/nucleon (experiment BNL868). The results on the particle production were compared with predictions of the RQMD model. The fragmentation of the Au projectile as well as the target nuclei were analyzed. PHOBOS experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at BNL will investigate Au-Au in- teractions at a center of mass energy 200 GeV/nucleon. Such interactions will produce the highest 192 energy density ever reached in a laboratory. It is expected that under these conditions the quark gluon plasma will be discovered. The preparation for PHOBOS experiment have entered the final stage with the first physical run at the accelerator planned for November 1999. The physicists from our Department and the engineers from the High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group have been involved in computer simulations of various physical processes as well as designing, testing and constructing the elements of the PHOBOS detector. In the field of cosmic ray research our Department has started participating in the Pierre Auger Project. The aim of this broad-based international effort is to study cosmic rays at the highest energies (E > lO^eF) in order to obtain information on the sources and acceleration mechanisms of these high energy particles. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the great effort of all the members of the Department of High Energy Nuclear Interactions in obtaining the significant scientific results in the past year. Professor Roman Holynski REPORTS ON RESEARCH: CERN EMU13 EXPERIMENT x The KLM Collaboration 2 Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes: A. Dabrowska, R. Holynski, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyriska, H. Wilczyriski, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, and K. Wozniak Event-by-Event Analysis of High Multiplicity Pb(158 GeV/nucleon) - Ag/Br Collisions We have presented [1] different methods of analyzing individual nucleus-nucleus interactions. These methods have been applied to study, on an event-by-event basis, high multiplicity collisions of Pb(158 GeV/nucleon) with the Ag/Br targets of nuclear emulsion from the EMU13 experiment. The in measurements of particles produced in these collisions ensure that the results on single event properties are not distorted by acceptance cuts. The global characterization of particle pseudorapidity distributions has not revealed the presence of anomalous events. The analysis of the roughness of T) distributions showed no significant deviations of the single event spectra from the distribution aver- aged over the sample of all events. The search for high density regions in the one-dimensional TJ and 'This research has been partially supported in Poland by the State Committee for Scientific Research, grant No 2P03B18409 and M. Sklodowska-Curie Fund II PAA/NSF-96-256. 2Participating institutions: Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. 193 A systematic study of particle density fluctu- ations at all scales was performed by means Ev. 10811001 Ev- 1OS26001 of the factorial moments method [4]. In sin- gle collision events we observed different pat- terns of dynamical fluctuations (see Fig. 1). Therefore the systematic analysis of parti- cle density fluctuations in phase space do- mains of varying size, performed in terms of factorial moments, can be used as an effec- tive triggering for events with large dynami- cal fluctuations. The analysis presented here indicates that the effects observed in high multiplicity events are dominated by a large combinatorial background. The search for large event anomalies in future heavy ion ex- periments can be performed with the help of FiS-L L°g-l°g pl°ts of the factorial moments F™ known methods, such as those discussed in vs the ,number M of cells calculated for the two .,. ^ ,, ., , , ,, , , ,. Pb-Ag/Br events in the one-dimensional fi (upper this paper. On the other hand, the detection , ,, ~ „ , A -, ,. T. , fi _ „ _ .,, , , ,._ , plots) and Fig. 1) composed of target, angular measurement and charge identification modules appeared to be •in a suitable tool for investigating the projectile fragmentation in Pb-Pb collisions. It has been found that is the experimentally determined cross section of Pb-Pb interactions is greater than the predicted nu- clear charge changing cross section, due to a contribution of electromagnetic processes. The observed IS events of Pb-Pb fragmentation caused by electromagnetic dissociation do not differ significantly from id. the break-up caused by nuclear processes and therefore investigated sample of events is a combination of about 80 % of nuclear origin and the rest of electromagnetic nature. M t - Spacer 5cm . Emulsion " - Emulsion a) b) C) Fig. 1. EMU13 emulsion chamber (a). Blowups of the target module (T), the angular measurement module (M) and the charge measurement module (C) are correspond- ingly shown in Figs: b), c) and d). 194 Angular and charge measurements of singly charged particles and multiply charged fragments emit- ted within restricted cone 8 < 9 mrad {r} = —In tan(6/2) > 5.5) have been performed in consecutive emulsion plates using a semi-automated CCD device. The uncertainty of charge determination was of the order of 10 % for the charges above 30 and of the order of 1-2 charge units for the light fragments. Such accuracy was sufficient to allow us to study different fragmentation topologies. Among various fragmentation channels, there is a well defined class of events corresponding to the fission of the Pb nucleus. The observed fission events correspond to the cross section (jflS3ton RJ 340m&. Another type of Pb fragmentation process, investigated by us, was the multifragmentation in which a heavy projectile breaks up into many fragments of relatively small charges. We have selected events with at least three light N/ fragments and by a light fragment we assume a fragment with a charge 2 < Zj < 15. Despite numerous studies of multifragmentation process, the question whether it can be associated with a phase change or is a statistical process, remains open. The charge distribution for multifragmentation is well described by exponential dependence P{Zf) ~ e~tlZi with coefficient pk = 0.26 ± 0.02 (Fig. 2). Fig. 3 shows the fragment multiplicity distribution. Within statistical error bars this distribution is consistent with the Poisson distribution. We also see no evidence for the angular correlation between fragments. All these observations favor the statistical interpretation of the multifragmentation process. 10" - \ 10" Fig. 2. The charge distribution of fragments for Fig. 3. Multiplicity distribution of Nf fragments multifragmentation events. The line is an expo- in multifragmentation events with the Poisson nential fit to the data points. fit. BNL E868 Experiment 1 PL9902541 The KLM Collaboration 2 The group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes: A. D^browska, R. Holynski, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczynska, H. Wilczynski, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, and K. Wozniak Fragmentation and Particle Production in Interactions of 10.6 GeV/n Gold Nuclei with Hydrogen, Light and Heavy Tragets. We continued the investigation of 10.6 GeV/n Au interactions with different components of nuclear emulsion. The analysis of the fragmentation of the projectile gold nucleus, performed earlier [1,2,3,4], was recently extended to detailed study of different fragmentation channels. The new analysis included also the investigation of the fragmentation of target nuclei and the multiparticle production [5]. In the fragmentation of the target nuclei we do not observe any correlation between the number Ni of target evaporation fragments and the number Ng of recoil target protons for gold interactions with heavy Ag/Br nuclei (Fig. 1). 'This work has been partially supported in Poland by the State Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No 2P03B18409 and the MSC Fund II PAA/NSF-96-256. 2Participating institutions: Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. 195 15 - Au-(Ag,Br) 1 1 fi 10 i T" ' ~T~ * * 5 - - • ° Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Similar independence of Nb and Ng was observed in [6] for interactions of protons and light nuclei with the emulsion nuclei and was interpreted as the existence of a critical temperature of the exited target nucleus. The multiparticle production was studied as a function of the mass of the target nucleus. An attempt to describe experimental data by the Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (RQMD) simulations was only partially satisfactory. The shape of the multiplicity distribution of produced charged particles in Au interactions with heavy targets Ag/Br is reproduced by the RQMD Model, except for the highest multiplicities where the statistics is poor. The shape of the pseudorapidity (??) distribution (Fig. 2) of singly charged relativistic particles Ns emitted from central collisions of Au with Ag/Br is quite well described by the model simulations. On the other hand pseudorapidity dis- tributions measured in inclusive data samples are not correctly reproduced by the RQMD simulations. Model predictions underestimate particle densities at the central pseudorapidity region. References: 1. M. L. Cherry et al., Z. Phys. C62 (1994) 25; 2. M. L. Cherry et al., Z. Phys. C63 (1994) 549; 3. M. L. Cherry et al., Phys. Rev. C52 (1995) 2652; 4. W. Wolter et el., Proc 25th ICRC Durban, Vol. 6 (1997) 5; 5. M. L. Cherry et al., Europ. Phys. J., C5 (1998) 641; 6. A. Dabrowska et al., Z. Phys. C59 (1993) 399. PL9902542 Energy Dependence of the Au Projectile Fragmentation in Au - Emulsion Interactions The process of the fragmentation of the Au projectile interacting with the emulsion target was investigated at the primary energy of 10.6 GeV/nucleon [1, 2] and below 1 GeV/nucleon [3]. The low energy sample was divided into four subsamples of events characterized by different energies of the gold nuclei covering the range from 0.1 to 1 GeV/nucleon. The study of the gold fragmentation in minimum bias samples showed that the high energy gold nuclei were more severely broken up than those of low energies, producing a smaller heaviest fragment, Z\ and releasing more singly charged particles, Np ( Fig. la). The spectator part of the gold nucleus bounded in multiply charged fragments, Z(,ound, also decreases with increasing projectile energy. Fig. lb shows that the mean numbers of alpha particles, Na, and heavier fragments, JV/r (Z> 3), and the mean value of the fragment charge, Z/r slightly decrease with the energy. A new channel of gold disintegration into singly charged fragments is observed at 10.6 GeV/nucleon data contributing to 1.3% of all interactions. 196 Eo [ MeV/nucleon] Fig. 1: The energy dependence of mean values of Zboun^ Z\, Np, Zjr, Na, Njr. Lines are the linear fits to the experimental data as a function of lni?o- Different processes of nuclear fragmentation have been studied, among them the fission of gold nuclei and processes of spallation and multifragmentation. It was found, that the cross section for the fission of gold nuclei decreases with increasing incident energy. On the other hand, characteristics of the spallation process seem to be independent of the incident energy, while those of multifragmentation change with energy. The analysis of fragment multiplicity distributions and angular correlations between fragments for multifragmentation events suggests a statistical nature of this process. References: 1. M.L. Cherry et al., Z. Phys. C 62 (1994) 25; M.L. Cherry et al., Phys. Rev. C 52 (1995) 2652; M.L. Cherry et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 5 (1998) 641; 2. A. Dabrowska, Ph.D. Thesis, INP, Krakow (1998); 3. C.J. Waddington and P.S. Freier, Phys Rev. C 31 (1985) PL9902543 Measurement of Charge of Heavy Ions Using a CCD Camera1 A. Dc^browska, R. Holyriski, D. Kudzia, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyriska, H. Wilczyriski, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, and K. Wozniak Charges of heavy ions can be measured manually in nuclear emulsion by counting grains, gaps or delta electrons along the track. This is, however, a slow and labor-intensive procedure. There were many attempts in the past to automate these measurements by photometry of the track [1], but these proved in many cases difficult to apply. The photometric profile of a track in the emulsion depends on a number of variables: charge and energy of the particle, emulsion grain size and density, location depth and inclination of the track in emulsion, background objects seen in the field od viev, illumination of the field of view, microscope optical properites, etc. The automation attempts so far used mainly the width of the track profile as a relevant parameter, which is relatively insensitive to emulsion properties and illumination. We have succeded in calibrating not only the width, but also the height of track profile, after applying necessary corrections for emulsion properties and illumination [2]. The height of the track profile is a more sensitive measure of charge in the range of small charges, while the width is a better measure of large charges. Fig. 1 illustrates 'This research was partially supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research, Grants No 2 P03B 181 09, 2 P03B 184 09 and by M. Skiodowska-Curie Fund II, Grant No PAA/NSF-96-256. 197 the resolution of the profile height method in the range of small charges. The overall accuracy of both the height and width methods is shown in Fig. 2. The relative error of charge measurements using track profile changes from between 5% and 10% for small charges to 4% for the heaviest nuclei. Measurements using the CCD camera are several times quicker than manual delta electron counting and very reproducible. CtiargeefTOr -MttdonluIaUh • bam) on hdgM tar d-SOn buaclonMgKMriMMn - tuned on IwfcM Tor d-ZKv 10- 5- 20 40 60 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 z Fig. 1. The distribution of the profile height for Fig. 2. The standard deviation of charge vs. charges Z < 10, smoothed with the Savitzky- charge for measurements based on track profile Golay filter. height and width. References: [1] M. Ceccarelli and G.T. Zorn, Phil. Mag. 43 (1952) 356; L. Van Rossum, Ann. Phys. 10 (1955) 643; M. Ichimuraet al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. 300 (1991) 616; S.P. Angius et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B63 (1992) 359; P.G. Bizzeti and M. Delia Corte Nuovo Cim. 7 (1958) 231; [2] D. Kudzia et al., INP Report No 1802/PH, to be published in Nucl. Instr. Meth. PHOBOS EXPERIMENT at RHIC1 The PHOBOS Collaboration 2 PL9902544 Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes: A. Bialas, W. Bogucki, A. Budzanowski, W. Czyz, K. Galuszka, R. Holyriski, J. Kotuia, M. Lemler, J. Michabwski, A Olszewski, P. Sawicki, M. Stodulski, A. Trzupek, B. Wosiek, K. Wozniak, K. Zalewski, and P. Zychowski During 1998 a tremendous progress has been made in both construction of the PHOBOS detector and the preparation of the physics program. This progress guarantees that the PHOBOS experiment will be fully operational at the turn-on of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at BNL, scheduled for the Fall of 1999. The group of physicists and engineers from our Institute contributed significantly to the past year achievements of the PHOBOS Collaboration. All the mechanical support structures for the PHOBOS spectrometer and multiplicity detectors were manufactured at the INP, shipped to the US and now await the installation in the accelerator tunnel. Other hardware activities included the design of the mechanical support and the fabrication of the light guides for the time-of-flight detectors, the final design and the beginning of the construction Supported in part in Poland by Maria Sklodowska-Curie FUND II (PAA/NSF-95-229). 2Participating institutions: From Poland: Institute of Nuclear Physics, Jagiellonian University; From USA: Argonne National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Maryland, University of Rochester, Yale University; From Taiwan: National Central University. 198 of the cooling system for silicon detectors, as well as the conceptual project of the detector enclosures. More details of the hardware activities are described in this Annual Report, at the Chapter: High Energy Physics Detector Construction Group. The physicists from our Institute worked on the development of the software analysis tools and also prepared and successfully tested the reconstruction and analysis of 130 GB of simulated data at the RCF (RHIC Computing Facility). The software package for the analysis of the data obtained from the Testbeam'98 was developed in the collaboration with the PHOBOS group from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Monte Carlo simulation of various physics processes was well advanced. The progress was also made in the development and optimization of the template algorithm for recon- struction and identification of particles recorded in the PHOBOS spectrometer. The following short reports summarize our software activities in 1998. Developments in the Phobos Analysis Tool (PhAT) Software PhAT offline software is based on the object oriented ROOT framework. It provides definitions of basic objects and methods for storing, retrieving and manipulations of data events and properties of all the elements of the Phobos detector. In 1998 work continued in several directions. The general aim was to produce data similar to those that will be obtained during a real experimental run, and to test programs and procedures developed for the purpose of reconstruction and data analysis. A detailed description of detector sensors has been completed, except for classes defining TOF and trigger sensors, that still require more work. A class for storing raw data consisting of digitized signals coming from sensor pads had been designed, a data base of mapping between electronic channels and sensor pads had been constructed and methods for conversion between pads and channels have been written. Tests of the software were performed at the RCF during the first round of the Mock Data Challenge (MDC). In these tests Phobos had transferred some 10 milion events to the RCF storage device, the High Performance Storage Server (HPSS). During the 6 weeks of MDC almost all the raw data transferred to HPSS were reconstructed and analysed using the PhAT software. PhAT software has been performing very well. This was seen in the utilization rate of CPU power that was close to 80% for the Phobos experiment, the highest among all RHIC experiments. Scientists from INP mainly contributed to this success. Their activities included production of simulated raw data, development of programs to test data reconstruction and running the MDC tests. Test Beam '98 Soon after the MDC a test of the Phobos detector sensors took place. It was called Test Beam '98 (TB98). During the two weeks in October a set of 4 silicon planes constructed out of 8 sensors from the Phobos spectrometer module was setup, and together with trigger counters connected to a readout electronics and exposed to beams of several types of particle at energies ranging from 0.3 MeV/c up to8GeV/c (see Fig. 1). TOF start Degrader JJ1^ typei'modules™11 «*°P Fig. 1. The setup of the Test Beam '98 apparatus. The purpose of the tests was to measure a response of the Phobos silicon sensors to particles at different momentum regimes. At the momenta where particles exhibit a minimum ionizing behaviour a signal amplitude would be measured to find out a signal to noise ratio, and important factor in 199 the sensor performance. At high momenta a relativistic rise of energy loss for ionization would be measured and compared with theoretical predictions. In the low momenta range a 1//3 was measured for pions and kaons, and attempt was made to find the amplitude of the signal coming from stopping particles. After two weeks of tests on various beams some 2 X 106 events have been collected, 45 Gbytes of raw data were written to tapes. They were being taken with a frequency up to lOOHz. The system performance was excellent. On the total of 12,000 electronics channels, only 60 channels were found to be noisy. A sig- nal/noise ratio was found to be about 17:1, and a total efficiency 98%. With this signal/noise ra- tio and a stable noise levels it was immediately possible to extract signals coming from physical particles hitting sensors. Fig. 2 In Fig. 2 a sequence of signals in four planes for single track crossing these planes can be seen. The results of the full analysis of the TB98 data will be used for a fine calibration of Phobos detectors for detection of various particles in the broad energy range. Monte Carlo Simulations Heavy ion collisions are complex processes that involve many nonperturbative effects. There- fore our understanding of nucleus-nucleus interactions at relativistic energies are mainly restricted to phenomenological models. Their MC implementation are valuable tool for the initial design of the experiment and further for the analysis of the experimental data. At present, there are at least several MC generators, based on different physical assumptions. For the purpose of PHOBOS experiment we performed comparison of the results produced by four event generators: HIJET, FRITIOF, HIJING and VENUS. For further development we chose HIJING which in our opinion is based on a reliable physics grounds and gives the results which are in agreement with simple extrapolation from the low energy region. At the RHIC energy we expect the appearance of new physical effects, which are not included in the initial design of HIJING. Therefore we introduced modifica- tions to the HIJING output in order to simulate ef- fects of droplets of plasma. In our model we replace some part of charged pions from the HIJING output by pions produced from a spherical thermal source. The momenta of produced pions are distributed ac- cording to Boltzmann spectrum with the temperature of 170 MeV. The results of pure HIJING generator and HIJING generator with 30% of pions produced from plasma droplets were compared. In both cases i ! i 111 i 11 Li lii i 1111 i i! 11 11 f i ii i Li it i In i 11 momentum distributions of positive pions are similar, -5-4-3-2-1012345 whereas pseudorapidity distribution obtained from the modified Hijing shows an excess of pions in the cen- Fig. 3: Pseudorapidity distribution for tral region as compared to the pure Hijing simulations pure Hijing events (dashed histogram) and (Fig. 3). for events with plasma production (full his- togram) . 200 The capabilities of the PHOBOS apparatus allow detailed studies of the HBT effects. At present, there is no well defined method for incorporating Bose-Einstein correlations into MC generators. For our purposes we have tested two methods: the first one based on shifts of momenta of identical particle, the second one based on mixing of events. Our preliminary results show that both methods work reasonably well if the size of the pion source is of the order of 10 fm. For smaller sources, we noted that one should take into account also higher order correlations. In 1999 we are going to perform further tests of both methods and utilize the results to test resolution of the detector. Track reconstruction The momentum measurement and identification of the charged particles will be done in the PHO- BOS spectrometer. It consists of 16 layers of silicon sensors, placed in a 2 T magnetic field, except the first 4 layers located outside the magnet. The reconstruction algorithm is based on the track templates calculated for range of particle momenta, p, and emission angles, 0. A track template contains the information on the hit positions in each layer and the full covariance matrix of deviations from the mean position of the hits. The deviations are due mainly to multiple scattering in the silicon and are strongly correlated. If a particle scatters in a sensor, it influences the hit position in all the sub- sequent layers. Track candidates are created by searching for hits combinations compatible with the template trajectory. Then for each candidate x2 values are calculated. Candidates with probability less than 1% are rejected and the remaining ones are tested for the hit sharing. If a pair of candidates has more then 2 common hits, the less probable candidate is rejected. In the study presented here the reconstruction of pions with total momentum of about 450 MeV/c and emission angle 9 close to 45° was tested. The templates used were calculated for $ step of 0.2° and momentum step of about 2.25 MeV/c. A A Hants. 963 vLav N«*nt » 963 Mean = 7.7sens&-05 25 Mean =0.00705146 HMS =0.00767101 III RMS =0.118121 20 15 10 5 I ii 1 j^BB 0 , ,i, ii iidii!§llllitil3i III,,. 4.03 0.03 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 Fig. 4: Error of reconstructed total momentum ptot and emission angle 6. The reconstructed efficiency of single pion tracks is of the order of 95% . The resolution in 8 (a = 0.13°) is better than the template grid. The resolution in momentum is 7.8 MeV/c (Ap/p = 1.7%) and can be improved by the global momentum fitting. 201 JACEE Experiment1 The JACEE Collaboration2 PL9902545 Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics includes: B. Wilczyriska, H. Wilczyriski, and W. Wolter The cosmic ray energy spectra and composition studies were continued with balloon-borne emulsion chambers. The JACEE results represent the highest energy direct particle-by-particle measurements available on the spectra of cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium nuclei up to 800 TeV. With the improved statistics from the Antarctic flights, the results appear to be fully consistent with the predictions based on models of supernova shock acceleration coupled with the 'leaky-box' model of propagation through the Galaxy [1]. Heavier nuclei indicate generally flatter spectra than the proton spectrum, suggesting a change in cosmic ray composition towards heavy nuclei dominance at energies approaching the 'knee' region of the cosmic ray spectrum [2]. References: [1] K. Asakimori et al., Astrophys. J. 502 (1998) 278; [2] Y. Takahashi et al., Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) B60 (1998) 83. i IIIIIIII in PL9902546 Pierre Auger Project Group from the Institute of Nuclear Physics in 1998 includes: M. Kutschera (Department of Theoretical Physics), B. Wilczyriska, and H. Wilczyriski. The Pierre Auger Project is a broad-based international effort to make a detailed study of cosmic rays at the highest energies. The objectives of the Project are to measure the arrival direction, energy and mass composition of cosmic rays above 1019 eV. The Auger Collaboration involves nearly 50 institutions from 19 countries: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Czech Rep., China, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Vietnam, UK and USA. Cosmic ray energy spectrum extends to energies above 1O20 eV, i.e. eight orders of magnitude higher than the highest energies attained in terrestrial particle accelerators. In spite of the many decades of cosmic ray research, neither the sources nor acceleration mechanisms of these highest energy particles have been identified yet - the existing experimental data is insufficient. The small value of the cosmic ray flux represents a major experimental difficulty in cosmic ray detection - above 1020 eV this flux is about 1 particle/km2/century. Cosmic ray particles of extreme energies travelling the large intergalactic distances interact with photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation [1]. These interactions limit the particles' range to several tens megaparsecs [2]. Therefore, the highest energy cosmic rays which do arrive to the Earth, must come from nearby sources, which should be rather easy to identify. However, the arrival directions of the cosmic rays of extreme energies show no convincing correlation with known astrophysical objects which could be the cosmic ray sources [3]. The aim of the Pierre Auger Observatory [4] is to provide experimental data necessary to determine the origin of the highest energy particles in the universe [5]. The Pierre Auger Observatory detectors will be spread over a total area of 6000 km2, divided into two sites of 3000 km2 each: one in the southern hemisphere (in Province of Mendoza, Argentina) and the other in the northern (in Utah, 'This research was partially supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No 2 P03B 181 09 and by M. Sklodowska-Curie Fund II, Grant No PAA/NSF-96-256. 2Participating institutions: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research - University of Tokyo, Hiroshima University, KEK, Kobe University, Kobe Women's Junior College, Kochi University, Okayama University of Science, Tezukayama Univer- sity, Waseda University, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Louisiana State University, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, University of Washington, Institute of Nuclear Physics - Krakow. 202 Fig. 1: The principle of hybrid detection of extensive air showers in the Pierre Auger Observatory. USA). Thus the full sky coverage will be achieved to enable detailed studies of anisotropy in cosmic ray arrival directions. The Auger apparatus will be a hybrid detector. It will consist of a ground array of water Cerenkov detectors recording the extensive air showers at the ground level and of an optical detector similar to Fly's Eye which will record fluorescence light emitted by nitrogen molecules along the shower path. The principle of hybrid detection of an air shower is shown in Fig. 1. The Auger Observatory will use some novel experimental techniques: Each of the 3200 Cerenkov detector stations will be powered by solar panels and batteries; the communication between the stations and data transfer to a central computer will be done using methods similar to cellular telephone techniques; the accurate timing will be achieved by using signals received from the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The Cracow group participates in development of the fluorescence detector. The current activities are focussed on the detector design optimization through detailed Monte Carlo studies of various components of the detector. References: [1] K. Greisen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 (1966) 786; G.T. Zatsepin and V.A. Kuzmin, JETP Lett. 4 (1966) 78; [2] J.W. Cronin, Nucl. Phys B28 (Proc.Suppl) (1992) 213; F.A. Aharonian and J.W. Cronin, Phys. Rev. D50 (1994) 1892; [3] A.M. Hillas, Nature 395 (3 September 1998) 15; [4] The Pierre Auger Design Report, second edition, Fermilab (1997) (available at http://www.auger.org/admin/DesignReport/); [5] H. Wilczynski, Proc. of the Commission for Astrophysics, Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Krakow, Poland (in print). 203 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. JACEE Collab., Y. Takahashi, (R. Hołyński, A. Jurak, B. Wilczyńska, H. Włlczyński, W. Wolter) et al., Elemental Abundances of High Energy Cosmic Rays, Proc. of the 15-th ECRS, Perpignan, Prance in: Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 60B (1998) 83; 2. JACEE Collab., K. Asakimori, (R. Hołyński, B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter) et al., Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra: Results from the JACEE Experiment, Astrophys. J. 502 (1998) 278; 3. KLM Collab., A. Dąbrowska, (R. Hołyński, D. Kudzia, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al., Comparison of Particle Production in Pb(158 GeV/nucléon) - Ag/Br Collisions with the VENUS and FRITIOF Models, Nucl. Phys. A633 (1998) 357; 4. KLM Collab., M.L. Cherry, (A. Dąbrowska, R. Hołyński, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al., Event-by-Event Analysis of High Multiplicity Pb(158 GeV/nucléon) - Ag/Br Collisions, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2129; 5. KLM Collab., M.L. Cherry, (A. Dąbrowska, R. Hołyński, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al., Fragmentation of the Pb Projectile at 158 GeV/nucléon in Pb-Pb Interactions, Acta Phys. Pol. B29 (1998) 2155; 6. KLM Collab., M.L. Cherry, (A. Dąbrowska, R. Hołyński, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al., Fragmentation and Particle Production in Interactions of 10.6 GeV/N Gold Nuclei with Hydro- gen, Light and Heavy Targets, IFJ Report 1799/PH and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 641. Proceedings: 1. JACEE Collab., B.S. Nilsen, (B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter) et al., New Results on Cosmic Ray H and He Composition from the JA CEE Collaboration, Proc. of the Texas Symp. on Relativistic Astrophysics, Chicago (1998) (in print). Other conference materials: 1. KLM Collab., A. Dąbrowska, (R. Hołyński, A. Jurak, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al., Charges and Angular Distributions of Projectile Fragments Produced in Pb-Pb Collisions at 158 A GeV/c, The Poster Session Summaries Book of XVIII Physics in Collision, Frascati, Italy, 17-19 June 1998, p. 25; 2. KLM Collab., A. Dąbrowska, (R. Hołyński, A. Jurak, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczyńska, H. Wilczyński, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Woźniak) et al., Fragmentation of the Au Projectile Nucleus in Au-Emulsion Interactions in the Energy Range 0.1-10.6 GeV/Nucléon, The Poster Session Summaries Book of XVIII Physics in Collision, Frascati, Italy, 17-19 June 1998, p. 27. 204 Reports: 1. D. Kudzia, (A. Da>rowska, R. Holynski, A. Olszewski, M. Szarska, A. Trzupek, B. Wilczynska, H. Wilczyriski, W. Wolter, B. Wosiek, K. Wozniak) et al., Measurement of Charge of Heavy Ions in Emulsion Using a CCD Camera, IFJ Report 1802/PH (1998). GRANTS: Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Prof. R. Holynski- grant No 2P03B18409, "Multiparticle Production and Fragmentation of Nuclei in Nuclear Interactions at High Energies" (1.08.1995-31.07.1998); 2. Assoc. Prof. W. Wolter- grant No 2P03B18109, "Investigation of Cosmic-Ray Particles in the Energy Range 1012 - 1015eV in the JACEE Ex- periment" (1.08.1995-31.07.1998). Grants from other sources: 1. Prof. R. Holynski- The M. Sklodowska-Curie Foundation II No PAA/NSF-95-229, "Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma - the PHOBOS Project at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)" (1.03.1995-28.02.1999); 2. Assoc. Prof. W. Wolter- The M. Sklodowska-Curie Foundation II No PAA/NSF-96-256, "Energy Spectra of Cosmic-Ray Particles and Nuclear Interactions at Accelerator and Cosmic- Ray Energies" (1.01.1996-31.12.1999). PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. B. Wosiek "Other HEP Experimental Groups in Poland", R-ECFA Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 4th September 1998. PRESENTATIONS: Oral: 1. B. Wosiek, "Event-by-Event Analysis of High Energy Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions", Workshop on High En- ergy Heavy Ion Physics, Krakow, Poland, 14th January 1998; 2. B. Wilczynska, "Study of Gold Nuclei Fragmentation due to Nuclear Interactions at 10.6 GeV/nucleon", Inter- national Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions, Gran Sasso, Italy, 12 - 17 July 1998; 3. H. Wilczynski, "Energy Flow in an Interaction Event With Asymmetric Emission of Secondaries", International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions, Gran Sasso, Italy, 12 - 17 July 1998. 205 Posters: 1. A. Dabrowska, "Fragmentation of the Au Projectile Nucleus in Au-Emulsion Interactions in the Energy Range 0.1-10.6 GeV/nucleon", XVIII International Conference on PHYSICS IN COLLISION, Frascati, Italy, 17 - 19 June 1998; 2. M. Szarska, " Charges and Angular Distributions of Projectile Fragments Produced in Pb-Pb Collisions at 158 A GeV/c", XVIII International Conference on PHYSICS IN COLLISION, Frascati, Italy, 17 - 19 June 1998. ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: Workshop on High Energy Heavy Ion Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland, January 1998. SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: A. Dabrowska- Ph.D., April 1998. SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. H. Wilczynski, " The Highest Energy Particles in the Universe", "INP Open Day", Krakow, Poland, October 1998; 2. H. Wilczynski, "Study of Cosmic Rays with Highest Energies in the Pierre Auger Experiment", Seminar of the Department of Theoretical Physics, INP, Krakow, Poland, November 1998; 3. H. Wilczyriski, "The Puzzle of the Origin of Cosmic Rays with Highest Energies", Polish Physical Society Seminar, December 1998; 4. A. Dabrowska, "Study of the Fragmentation of Au Nuclei in the Energy Range 0.1-10.6 GeV/nucleon", Seminar of the Department of Nuclear Reactions, INP, Krakow, Poland, November 1998; 5. B Wosiek, "Experiments with colliding Beams of Relativistics Nuclei", Warsaw University, Poland, May 1998. INTERNAL: 1. B. Wilczynska, "Measurement of Charge of Heavy Ions in Emulsion Using CCD Camera"; 2. J. Cronin (University of Chicago, USA), "Neutrino Detection in the Pierre Auger Observatory Detectors"; 3. A. Para (Fermilab, USA), "Emulsion Detector for MINOS Experiment"; 206 4. T. Tominaga (Hiroshima International University, Japan), "Detection of Heavy Nuclei in the JACEE Experiment"; 5. A. Dajarowska, "Analysis of the Charge Moments in Multifragmentation Processes for Au Nuclei in the Energy Range 0.1-10.6 GeV/nucleon"; 6. M. Szarska, "Charge Measurements of Projectile Fragments in Emulsion Chambers for EMU13 Experiment"; 7. A. Olszewski, "Mass and Width Measurements of the cj> Mesons Decays Using PHOBOS Detector"; 8. A. Trzupek, "Comparison of the Experimental Results with RQMD Model for Particles Produced in the Collisions of Au Nuclei with Different Nuclear Targets"; 9. K. Wozniak, "Optimization of Particle Track Reconstruction in the Spectrometer of the PHOBOS Detector"; 10. P. Sawicki, "Implementation of the Plasma Source in HIJING Generator"; 11. W. Wolter, "Fragmentation of the Projectile and Target Nuclei in Au-Nucleus Interactions at 10.6 GeV/nucleon"; 12. R. Holyriski, " Comparison of Fragmentation for Au and Pb Nuclei in Collisions with the Different Nuclear Targets"; 13. B. Wosiek, "Analysis of the Factorial Moments of the Angular Distributions of Particles Produced in Au-Au Collisions at 200 GeV/nucleon in CM System". SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. B. Back (ANL, USA), 2. M. Baker (MIT, USA), 3. W. Busza (MIT, USA), 4. P. Decowski (MIT', USA), 5. R. Ganz (UIC, USA), 6. S. Gushue (BNL, USA), 7. W. Lin (NCU, Taiwan), 8. 5. Manly (Yale, USA), 9. A. Mignerey (UM, USA), 10. H. Pernegger (MIT, USA), 11. L. Remsberg (BNL, USA), 12. G. Roland (CERN, USA), 13. 5. Steadman (MIT, USA), 14. A. Sanzgiri (Yale, USA), 15. B. Wadsworth (MIT, USA), 16. F. Wolfs (Rochester, USA), 17. B. Wyslouch (MIT, USA), 18. G.S.F. Stephans (MIT, USA), 19. /. Parib(BNL, USA), 207 20. J. Cronin (University of Chicago, USA), 21. A. Para (Fermilab, USA), 22. T. Tominaga (Hiroshima International University, Japan) 23. T. Sugitake (Hiroshima University, Japan), 24. A. Iyono (OkayamaUniversity, Japan), 25. T. Matsumoto (Hiroshima University, Japan), ANL = Argonne National Laboratory MIT = Massachusetts Institute of Technology BNL = Brookhaven National Laboratory UIC = University of Illinois at Chicago UM = University of Maryland NCU = National Central University, Taiwan NEXT PAGE(S) left BLANK 209 PL9902547 THE ALICE EXPERIMENT LABORATORY Head of Laboratory: Prof. Jerzy Bartke telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66 fax: (48) (12) 633-38-84 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Jerzy Bartke, Prof. Andrzej Rybicki, M.Sc, Ph.D. Student, Ewa Gladysz-Dziadus, Ph.D. Piotr Stefanski, Ph.D. Marek Kowalski, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Ewa Bukala Maria Mielnik, M.A. Danuta Filipiak Maria Pieczora Danuta Krzyszton Tadeusz Wojas OVERVIEW: The Laboratory is involved in research with ultrarelativistic heavy ions: the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS and the preparation of the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. The aim of the NA49 experiment is to study the production of charged hadrons and charged and neutral strange particles in collisions of ultrarelativistic nuclei with nuclear targets. The production of strangeness (A and E-hyperons, -mesons, and both, neutral and charged, kaons), single particle spectra as well as two-pion correlations (boson interferometry) are investigated in a search for the phase transition of nuclear matter to the Quark-Gluon Plasma predicted by Lattice QCD. The NA49 experiment1 is a continuation of NA35 using the lead beam of 158 GeV/nucleon (the NA35 experiment used oxygen and sulphur beams). The major components of the detector are two large volume, fine granularity time projection chambers (MTPC), and two smaller high resolution time projection chambers (VTPC) placed in a magnetic field. The hadron identification system is completed by high resolution time of flight walls. The new additions to the setup are the time of flight system based on Pestov counters and a small "forward" TPC with the new readout scheme. The forward angle calorimeters measure the directional energy flow and provide a trigger on the "centrality" of the collisions. Large acceptance of the detector allows the study of global dynamical observables to be done at the event-by-event level. NA49 is seen by the CERN Management as the only fixed-target heavy ion experiment to remain on the floor until the year 2000, and perhaps even beyond it. 1 Participating laboratories: Athens, Berkeley, Birmingham, Bratislava, Budapest, CERN, Darmstadt, Davis, JINR, Frankfurt, Houston, Krakow, Los Angeles, Marburg, Miinchen, Yale, Seattle, Warszawa, Zagreb. 210 In 1998 interactions of protons with various nuclear targets were recorded with a new "centrality" trigger as well as Pb+Pb interactions at 158 A GeV and at 40 A GeV. Two people from Krakow participated in data taking runs. Our group was responsible for the maintenance of the TPC low- voltage system, built in Krakow in 1994-95. The NA49 physics data analysis was continued in 1998, leading to several publications and con- ference reports. The Krakow group took part in two NA49 workshops, during which the prepared papers were discussed. ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment)2 is a dedicated detector for heavy ion physics at the LHC whose goal is to pursue similar research at much higher energies. The experiment was approved by the CERN Management on February 6, 1997 and should be on the floor in the year 2005 when the LHC is expected to enter into operation. The main tracking detector of ALICE is the large cylindrical time projection chamber (TPC). Its task will be track finding, momentum measurement and particle identification by energy loss dE/dx. Simulations of the TPC performance have been carried out in Krakow. The fragmentation regions of colliding heavy ions seem to be also interesting from the point of view of "exotic" events observed so far only in cosmic ray experiments: "centauros" and "strangelets". An additional, special detector, named CASTOR has been proposed to look for these phenomena. After having been reviewed by the panel of CERN experts, the CASTOR detector was approved in 1998, at least in its calorimeter part, the multiplicity detectors needing some further studies. Our group performed some calorimeter simulations for this proposal. The six subsequent short reports summarize our activities in 1998. Professor Jerzy Bartke REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902548 Baryon Stopping in p+p, P+Pb and Pb+Pb Collisions at 158 A GeV Projectile Energy H.G. Fischer1, A. Rybicki, and F. Sikler2 1CERN, Geneva,, Switzerland, 2KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary Baryon stopping in hadronic interactions can be studied by investigating longitudinal momentum spectra (or xp spectra) of baryons observed in the collision. Especially useful is a comparative study of such spectra for various types of collisions, e.g. hadron-nucleon, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus- nucleus interactions. Such a study is possible in the NA49 experiment for various projectile and target types, and for a large fraction of the available phase space. Moreover, the addition of the Centrality Detector [l] to the NA49 setup allows a more detailed study of hadron-nucleus interactions as a function of collision centrality. Participating laboratories: Alessandria, Aligarh, Athens, Attikis, Ban, Bijing, Bergen, Birmingham, Bombay, Bratislava, Budapest, Cagliari, Calcutta, Catania, CERN, Chandigahr, Clermont-Ferrand, Copenhagen, Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Gatchina, Heidelberg, Ioannina, Jaipur, Jammu, JINR, Kharkov, Kiev, Kosice, Krakow, Legnaro, Lund, Lyon, Marburg, Mexico City, Minsk, Moscow, Minister, Nantes, Novosibirsk, Oak Ridge, Ohio, Orsay, Oslo, Padua, Prague, Protvino, Rehovot, Re2, Rome, Salerno, Sarov, St. Petersburg, Strasbourg, Trieste, Turin, Utrecht, Warszawa, Wuhan, Yerevan, Zagreb. 211 i i i i | I r P- P 10 • P + P D p+ Pb, 0 0 0.5 XF Fig. 1: xp distributions for participating protons (p - p) observed in p+p, peripheral p+Pb (0 < NCD < 2), central p+Pb (NCD > 7), and central Pb+Pb collisions. The results for central Pb+Pb are scaled down by the evaluated number of participant nucleon pairs. Fig. 1 shows results of such a wide study for participating protons in the projectile hemisphere for p+p, peripheral and central p+Pb, and central Pb+Pb interactions. As it can be seen in the figure, the xp distribution steepens up from p+p to p+Pb, and also with increasing centrality for p+Pb. It should be noted that the scaled central Pb+Pb curve falls in between the peripheral and central p+Pb points. The influence of isospin effects from neutron projectiles on the proton yield in Pb+Pb has to be further investigated. This work was supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grunt 2 P03B 09913). References: [1] J. Bachler et al. (NA49 Collab.), "Status and Future Programme of the NA49 Experiment", Addendum-2 to Proposal SPSLC/P264, CERN/SPSC 98-4, January 1998. Transverse Momentum Phenomena in Hadronic Interactions Studied in the NA49 Experiment H.G. Fischer1, A. Rybicki, and F. Sikler2 1CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 2KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest. Hungary The study of transverse momentum distributions and of their correlation with longitudinal kine- matic variables for particles observed in hadronic collisions is a method to obtain information aboui the internal dynamics of a given reaction. A first step of such a study is the investigation of mean pj (the first moment of the corresponding distribution) as a function of the Feynman variable xp. Such an approach provides a simple way of comparing the first-order characteristics of the pr phenomena for different reactions. 212 1 1 i i 1 1.0 - a) - — P b) " o C3 1 '. - -• A -o - V t t t 4 0.5 - ° • * - - - P+P D• P+p +P Pb, 0 v p + Pb, NCD&7 V p + Pb, 7 0 o Pb+Pb, central - Pb + Pb, central - i i i i 1 1 0.5 0.5 XF Fig. 1: Mean pr as a function of a;j? for positive pions (a) and protons (b), as observed in p+p, peripheral 7 p+Pb (0 < NCD < 2), central p+Pb (NCD > ), and central Pb+Pb interactions. Fig. 1 shows the mean pr as a function of xp for positive pions and protons, for the case of p+p, peripheral and central p+Pb, and central Pb+Pb interactions at 158 A-GeV projectile energy. As it can be seen in Fig. la, the well-known "seagull" shape is visible for 7r+ in p+p interactions, which then steepens up from p+p to p+Pb, and also with increasing centrality for p+Pb. It should be noted that the central Pb+Pb points show an intermediate behaviour close to peripheral p+Pb reactions. The influence of resonance decays on the presented phenomenon has to be further investigated. The mean pr dependence on a;^ for protons (Fig. lb) shows a different behaviour: it is rather flat, with a clear increase from p+p through peripheral and central p+Pb, up to central Pb+Pb interac- tions. This work was supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant 2 P03B 09913). Calculation of the ALICE TPC Filling Factor M. Ivanov1 and M. Kowalski 1 University of Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia and GSI, Darmstadt, Germany. IC53 •O5 The occupancy of the ALICE TPC front-end electronics (FEE) channel is one of the most important factors which has to be taken into account in the design of the detector. It influences the pattern recognition performance and thus the detector tracking capabilities, as well as the momentum and dE/dx resolution. In these studies, the FEE channel occupancy is defined as the ratio: _ -Nabove Occupancy = —TJ—, where Nabove is the number of pad x time bin units with a signal above the threshold, to all such units, determined by the TPC geometry and the readout design. 213 Calculations have been performed using the ALICE TPC Slow Simulator algorithm [1]. The highest expected multiplicity of charged particles in the central Pb+Pb event, dN/dy = 8000 has been assumed. Given the ^"s"e ratio and the preamp/shaper parameters from the NA49 experiment, one can find that for the pad size of 2 x 0.35 cm2 the occupancy reaches 65% in the central region. This prohibits the reasonable tracking efficiency and thus several approaches to reduce this number have been tried. One of them is to use shorter pads which allows to reduce the cluster size in the drift direction for inclined tracks. In this approach the pad width has to be increased, to keep the number of FEE channels constant. For the pad size of 0.8 x 0.8 cm2 one observes that the filling factor drops down to 49%. As this number is still not satisfactory one can consider the increase of the TPC inner and outer radii. It should be stressed that due to the very high particle flux, the dependence of the occupancy on the pad-row radius is rather linear than quadratic. This is the effect of the saturation, as the maximal FEE channel load cannot exceed unity. Thus, in order to reduce the occupancy by 50%, the inner radius of the TPC field cage should be at least 140 cm. This can create the problem for the TPC-ITS track matching algorithms. The increase of the outer radius is limited by the presence of the TRD and PID detectors. The above approach is still under carefull study. As the alternative solution one can consider use of the Gaseous Electron Multiplier (GEM) [2] as the readout chambers in the lower part of the TPC. Also the requirements for the parameters of the FE electronics should be studied in details. This work has been supported by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research (grant 2P03B 121 12 and SPUB P03/016/97). References: [1] M. Kowalski, ALICE Note TPC/SIM 96-36; [2] F. Sauli, NIM A 386 (1997) 531. HUN PL9902551 CASTOR - the Forward Detector for ALICE J. Bartke, J. Blocki, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, P. Stefariski, and P. Zychowski The physics motivation for a forward calorimeter for the heavy ion project ALICE at the LHC was already presented in the 1997 Annual Report. Here we shall only briefly recall that this detector aims at obtaining information on hadrons and photons emitted in the forward rapidity region of colliding nuclei and, in particular, to search for "exotic" events reported by cosmic ray experiments: "Centauros" and "long flying component". The schematic representation showing the main components of the CASTOR forward detector can also be found in the 1997 Annual Report. Continuing and extending the earlier works, some experimental observables have been recalculated and more precise predictions for the LHC conditions have been obtained [1, 2], see also the following contribution. Hence the geometrical parameters of CASTOR and its position in ALICE were specified. The project (the full list of authors of the project is given in ref. [1]) was evaluated by the panel of CERN experts and approved in September 1998 for its calorimeter part, the multiplicity detectors needing some further studies. The construction details of the CASTOR calorimeter including its mechanical support have been elaborated (see Fig. 1), stress and deflection calculations have also been carried out [3]. The calorimeter is made of layers of active medium sandwiched between tungsten absorber discs. The active medium consists of planes of silica fibres and the signal is the Cherenkov light produced as they are traversed by the charged particles in the shower. The fibres are inclined at 45 degrees relative to the incoming particles to maximize light output. The calorimeter is azimuthally divided into 8 214 octants. Each octant is longitudinally segmented into 80 layers, the first 8 (~ 14.7 Xo) comprising the electromagnetic section and the remaining 72 (~ 9.47 A/) the hadronic section. The light output from groups of 4 consecutive active layers is coupled into the same light guide, giving a total of 20 readout channels along each octant. Fig. 1: General view of the CASTOR calorimeter construction *""•••••-...... including support. The outer plates (one omitted for clarity) constitute the support for the light guides and photomultip- liers. This work has been supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant No 2P03B 121 12 and SPUB P03/016/97). References: 1. A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, M.Yu. Bogolyubsky, S.N. Filippov, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, Yu.V. Kharlov, A.B. Kurepin, A.I. Maevskaya, G. Mavromanolakis, A.D. Panagiotou, S.A. Sadovsky, P. Stefanski, and Z. Wlodarczyk, Proc. 28-th Intern. Symposium on Multi- particle Dynamics, Delphi (Greece), 1998, to be published by World Scientific; A.L.S. Angelis et al., 10-th ISVHECRI, Gran Sasso, 1998, to be published in Nucl. Phys. B, Proc. Suppl.; 2. E. Gladysz-Dziadus, Yu.V. Kharlov, A.D. Panagiotou, and S.A. Sadovsky, Proc. 3-rd ICPA- QGP, Jaipur, 17-21 March 1997, eds B.C. Sinha et al., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1998, p. 554; 3. A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, J. Blocki, G. Mavromanolakis, A.D. Panagiotou, and P. Zychowski, ALICE/98-46 Internal Note/CAS, CERN, 1998. PL9902552 New Strangelet Signature and Its Relevance to the CASTOR Calorimeter E. Gladysz-Dziadus The hypothesis, presented in [1], to explain the anomalously long-range cascades observed in super high energy cosmic-ray events as the signs of the strange quark matter droplets, suggested the new unconventional strangelet signature. This idea has been developed and adapted to the LHC conditions [2]. It has been shown, by GEANT simulations, that the energy deposition pattern in deep calorimeters could be the spectacular and unconventional signature of different kinds of stable and unstable strangelets. Simulations of the passage of strangelets through the CASTOR calorimeter have been done for the wide spectrum of their parameters, such as: • baryonic number Asjr = 15 — 40 • quarkchemical potential // = 600 - 1000 MeV • energy per baryonic number Eatr = 400 - 1200 GeV 215 CASTOR calorimeter is shown to be the appropriate tool for detection of strongly penetrating objects, such as strangelets, possibly produced in the baryon-rich region in central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies. The CASTOR calorimeter will be sensitive to both stable and unstable strangelets for a wide range of their parameters what is very important in the context of the current experiments which are mostly sensitive only to long-lived objects. Its performance for strangelet detection can be judged from the figure below which shows the response of the calorimeter to one central Pb+Pb HIJING event, containing a strangelet of Asir = 20, Estr = 20 TeV and fi = 600 MeV. (a) Sector with Strangelet 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 R.O. Layer This work has been supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (grant No 2P03B 121 12 and SPUB P03/016/97). References: [1] E. Gladysz-Dziadus and Z. Wlodarczyk, ALICE/97-17, Internal Note/CAS, 1997; E. Gladysz-Dziadus and Z. Wlodarczyk, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 23 (1997) 2057; [2] A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, and Z. Wtadarczyk, Insitute of Nuclear Physics Report No 1800/PH, 1998; ALICE/98-38, Internal Note/CAS, 1998. PL9902553 Proposal for the Experimental Study of Relativistic Hypernuclei J. Bartke, A. Filipkowski1, V. Nikitin2, and A. Parfenov2 1Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; 2Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia Physical motivation for an experiment aimed at investigation of relativistic hypernuclei has been elaborated. Relativistic hypernuclei with energies of a few GeV per nucleon have decay lengths of the order of 10 cm what allows lifetime measurement and determination of branching ratios into various decay channels. At present such data are scarce and exist only for a few lightest hypernuclei. This is due to the fact that in most experiments the produced hypernuclei are very slow. Lifetimes and decay branching ratios of hypernuclei are very interesting from the theoretical point of view as non-mesonic decays of hypernuclei which are dominant for all but the lightest hypernuclei, result from the weak four-baryon interaction: A + p —» p+ n or A + n—>n + n. These processes are otherwise not accessible for experimental investigation being overshadowed by strong interactions. Theoretical estimates indicate that the yield of hypernuclei produced in collisions of relativistic nu- clei increases with incident energy and reaches a maximum of a few /ib in the energy range 3-4 GeV/n. Thus we propose to perform a hypernuclear experiment at the nuclotron (or the synchrophasotron) at the High Energy Laboratory (LVE) of JINR, Dubna. The scheme of the central part of the pro- posed experimental set-up: the 30 cm long vacuum decay volume with silicon trigger counters and 216 multi-wire proportional chambers is shown in Fig. 1. Only these detectors should be built, as a preliminary agreement has been reached about installing them in the existing multi-purpose magnetic spectrometer SFERA which will allow both incident beam definition and momentum determination of secondary particles. This proposal was reported at the "Strangeness in Quark Matter" conference in Padova in July 1998 [1] and is available as the INP Report [2] where a more detailed description of the proposed setup, including the trigger, can be found. SMD SM[ Fig. 1: Vacuum decay volume with trigger counters: PC34 - MWPC's, V - vacuum volume, SMDi_4 - silicon multistrip detectors, with a decay of the ^Be hypernucleus produced in the target T by the incident relativistic carbon nucleus C shown as an example. References: 1. J. Bartke et al., Proc. International Conference "Strangeness in Quark Matter '98", Padova, Italy, to be published in Journ. Phys. G 2. J. Bartke et al., INP Report No 1795/PH, Krakow, Poland, 1998. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. NA35 Collab., T. Alber, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski) et al., Charged Particle Production in Proton-, Deuteron-, Oxygen- and Sulphur-Nucleus Collisions at 200 GeVper Nucleon, Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 643; 2. NA49 Collab., T. Alber, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al., Projectile Fragmentation in Pb+Pb Collisions at 158 GeV/nucleon, Phys. Rev. C (1998) (in print); 3. NA49 Collab., T. Alber, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al., Hadronic Expansion Dynamics in Ultra-Relativistic Pb+Pb Collisions at 158 GeV/nucleon, Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 661; 4. NA49 Collab., H. Appelshauser, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A, Rybicki) et al., Directed and Elliptic Flow in 158-GeV/nucleon Pb + Pb Collisions, LBL-41016 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 4136; 5. NA49 Collab., (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al., Spectator Nucleons in Pb+Pb Collisions at 158 A GeV, Eur. Phys. J. A2 (1998) 383. 217 Proceedings: 1. ALICE Collab., E. Gladysz-Dziadus et al., Generator for Centauro Events Simulation, Proc. of the Third. Intern. Conf. on Physics and Astrophysics of Quark Gluon Plasma (ICPAQGP'97), March 1997, Jaipur, India (1998) (in print). Reports: 1. ALICE Collab., J. Schukraft, (J. Bartke, E. Ghidysz-Dziadus, E. Gornicki, M. Kowalski, A. Ry- bicki, P. Stefariski) et al., ALICE - Technical Design Report of the High Momentum Particle Identification Detector, CERN preprint, ALICE TDR 1 CERN/LHCC 98-19 (1998); 2. A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, Z. Wlodarczyk, The Energy Deposition Pattern as the Unconventional Strangelet Signature and its Relevance to the Castor Calorimater, IFJ Report 1800/PH (1998); 3. A.L.S. Angelis, J. Bartke, J. Blocki, G. Mavromanolakis, A.D. Panagiotou, P. Zychowski, The Mechanical Design and Support for the CASTOR Calorimeter for ALICE, ALICE Internal Note ALICE/98-46 (1998); 4. J. Bartke, A. Filipkowski, V. Nikitin, A. Parfenov, Relativistic Hypernuclei - what and how Can We Learn from them, IFJ Report 1795/PH (1998); 5. NA49 Collab., J. Bachler, (J. Bartke, E. Gladysz-Dziadus, M. Kowalski, A. Rybicki) et al., Addendum-2 to Proposal SPSLC/P264- Status and Future Programme of the NA49 Experiment, CERN Report CERN/SPSC 98-4 (1998). GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Dr M. Kowalski with Prof. E. Skrzypczak (Warsaw University) - grant No 2P03 B 019 12 (terminated 30.06.98), "Study of Dense and Hot Matter Created in 208P6 +208 Pb Collisions at Energy 33 TeV; The NA49 Experiment at CERN"; 2. Prof. J. Bartke with Prof. T. Siemiarczuk (Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies) - grant No 2 P03 B 121 12, "Study of Interactions of Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions at Energies above 1000 Gev/Nucleon in the ALICE Experiment at the LHC Accelerator at CERN"; 3. Prof. J. Bartke with Prof. T. Siemiarczuk (Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies) - special grant No 620/E-77/SPUB P03/016/97, "Study of Interactions of Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions at Energies above 1000 Gev/Nucleon in the ALICE Experiment at the LHC Accelerator at CERN". 218 PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: PRESENTATIONS (oral): 1. J. Bartke, "Relativistic Hypernuclei: What and How Can We Learn from Them", 4-th International Conference "Strangeness in Quark Matter", Padova, Italy, 20-24 July 1998; 2. J. Bartke, "CASTOR: the ALICE Forward Detector for Identification of Centauros and Strangelets in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at the LHC", 28-th International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics, Delphi, Greece, 6-11 September 1998. SEMINARS: 1. M. Kowalski, "Generator pool in the ALICE experiment", PHOBOS Workshop, Krakow, Poland, 14 January 1998; 2. M. Kowalski, "Generator pool in the ALICE experiment", BRAHMS Collaboration Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 16-18 April 1998. SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. A. Parfienow, JINR Dubna, Russia. 219 PL9902554 THE ATLAS EXPERIMENT LABORATORY Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Piotr Malecki telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66, (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 112 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Dariusz Bocian, M.Sc. Bogdan Madeyski, E.E. Szymon Gadomski, Ph.D. Piotr Malecki, Assoc. Prof. Edward Gornicki, E.E. Arkadiusz Moszczynski, M.Sc., E.E. Wieslaw Iwariski, M. Sc, E.E. Jolanta Olszowska, M.Sc., E.E. Anna Kaczmarska, M.Sc. Mariusz Sapinski, M.Sc. Jan Kaplon1, M.Sc., E.E. Andrzej Sobala2, M.Sc. Krzysztof Korcyl, Ph.D. Robert Szczygiel, M.Sc., E.E. Wojciech Krupiriski1, Ph.D. Marcin Wolter, Ph.D. OVERVIEW: ATLAS Experiment Laboratory has been created by physicists and engineers preparing a research programme2 and detector for the LHC collider. This group is greatly supported by members of other Departments taking also part (often full time) in the ATLAS project. These are: J. Blocki, J. Godlewski, Z. Hajduk, P. Kapusta, B. Kisielewski, W. Ostrowicz, E. Richter-W^s, and M. Turala. Our ATLAS Laboratory realizes its programme in very close collaboration with the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Technology of the University of Mining and Metallurgy. ATLAS, A Toroidal LHC Apparatus Collaboration groups about 1700 experimentalists from about 150 research institutes. This apparatus, a huge system of many detectors, which are techno- logically very advanced, is going to be ready by 2005. With the start of the 2x7 TeV LHC collider ATLAS and CMS (the sister experiment at LHC) will begin their fascinating research programme at beam energies and intensities which have never been exploited. Associate Professor Piotr Malecki 1 On leave of absence ^Programme partially supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research grants: 115/E-343/SPUB/P3/004/97, 115/E-343/SPUB/P03/157/98, 2P03B00212 and KBN/S2000/IFJ/009/1998 220 REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902555 The Gas Gain and Xenon Concentration Monitoring System for the ATLAS TRT Gas System Prototype J. Olszowska The prototype VME Gas Analyzer for the ATLAS TRT Gas System Prototype was build. Its goals are monitoring and stabilization of the gas gain and Xenon concentration monitoring. Both moni- toring tasks are implemented in the present version of the prototype, while the gas gain stabilization algorithms and communication with the HV power supplies will be added in next steps. The Xenon concentration measurements are based on the absorption method. Two test counters with carefully chosen geometry are irra- diated with properly collimated X-ray source (Fe55). The ratio of counter rates serves for Xenon contents evaluation. Up to 8 reference counters (straws) for gas gain stabiliza- tion measurements can be used in the system. Signals from counters after digitalization with the charge ADC are his- togramed to form spectra. The peak positions of those spectra are used to monitor the gas gain stabilization as well as for calculations of necessary HV changes. Fig.l Schematic view of the Gas Gain and Xenon Concentration Monitoring System. The data acquisition is based on VME modules: 16-channeI sealer module V560 (CAEN), 8-input charge ADC 1182 (LeCroy), RCB 8047 CORBO VME read-out control board (CES) and MVME 162-5333A VME embedded processor with OS-9 system. Each of the acquisition tasks (sealers rate measurements, ADC histograms collection) can be individually started, stopped and reseted. Each histogram and sealers data collection is gated individually with its own software timer. ADC data readout is based on VME hardware interrupts, as the signals at the ADC inputs occur randomly in time. The data are buffered in the 16-events depth ADC memory. All data acquisition parameters, start, stop and reset commands are send from the host Gas System DCS computer (running Bridge View supervisor application which provides the user interface). The host computer requests the collected or temporary data to be sending back. The protocol implementing the fetching of the data and the sending of the commands has been developed over the TCP/IP layer. Several TCP/IP connections to host can be opened and serviced at the same time. The OS-9 data acquisition software is written in C language. System is divided on processes running simultaneously (communication processes, acquisition process, and interrupt handler routine) which actions are synchronized by sending signals to each other. Collected data, temporary data and acquisition parameters are kept in data modules with semaphores to synchronize access from different processes. The VME/OS-9 data acquisition system have been tested and integrated with the TRT Gas System Prototype. References: 1. Z. Hajduk, "Proposal for gas gain monitoring in TRT gas system", ATLAS TRT Technical note EP-ATE-ZH, 10 February 1998, (http://wwwcn.cern.ch/ hajduk/gain.ps); 2. http://wwwcn.cern.ch/ hajduk/gain.pUR.htm; 3. http://itcowww.cern.ch/jcop/subprojects/ATLAS_TRT/gwg_trt.htm; 4. http://itcowww.cern.ch/LHC_GAS/TRT_GCS/ICDs/GCS-GasAnalyserICD.html. PL9902556 221 Selection of Jets from b-Quark Fragmentation S. Jagielski1, A. Kaczmarska, and M. Wolter 1 Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, UMM Krakow, Poland The capability for efficient identification of high-px jets originating from fe-quark fragmentation plays a key role in the identification of possible Higgs boson and top quark decays in the ATLAS experiment. Also the efficient detection of expected decays of SUSY particles requires tagging of 6-jets. B-tagging can be achieved by two independent methods: vertexing using the relatively long B meson lifetime and soft lepton tagging based on the identification of low px leptons from B decay. The jet tagging method based on electrons from 6-quark fragmentation was studied with simulated events from WH production (run = 100 GeV) [1]. Using the generated Monte Carlo data and the full simulation of the ATLAS detector a set of variables was constructed which constitute the 6-jet signature. Those variables explore the characteristic features of soft electron tracks coming from b—quark as reconstructed by the ATLAS detector, including the information from the Inner Detector and from the Electromagnetic Calorimeter. An additional set of variables characterizes more global features of the 6-jets themselves, like impact parameter of the track in the transverse plane, and therefore is efficient to improve the rejection of jets from non-6 cascade decays. For each track the discriminating function Dtrack containing probabilities for the track to be ele- ctron and to be hadron is calculated. Probabilities are defined for all identifying variables in three pr bins because 10 ^t^iaii- of significant dependence on the transverse momentum of the track. The track with the highest probability of being an electron from fr-quark fragmentation is later used to distinguish between 6-jets and jets of another origin. Fig. 1 shows the jet rejection factors for various types of jets as a function of the efficiency of the b-tagging al- gorithm. The overall soft-electron b-tagging efficiency is obtained by multiplying the algorithm efficiency e%9 by the inclusive branching ratio BRal1 for the electron pro- 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 duction m B decay, calculated tor the chosen threshold or e ajg aU 1 the electron pT (e.g. BR = 14.5% forpf " > 2GeV). For Fig. i: Jet rejection factor Rja, as a function & nominai overall efficiency of the soft electron b-tagging of the efficiency of the b-tagging algorithm, #w / alo n* \ • • • • a 3 of 7 2% e 50 the e b' , for various jet types. ~ - ( b = %) rejection against gluon jets is ~ 200, against c-jets ~ 45 and against u-jets ~ 550. The standard algorithm described above will be combined in the future with the vertexing ^-tagging algorithm to improve the overall ATLAS 6-tagging performance. References: [1] S. Jagielski, A. Kaczmarska, and M. Wolter, "Tagging low px electrons inside jets", ATLAS Internal Note ATL-PHYS-98-129, Acta Physica Polonica (in print). PL9902557 Search for the SM and MSSM Higgs Boson in the tiH, H —¥ bb Channel E. Richter-Wa.s and M. Sapiriski The tiH, // —> bb channel has been proposed [1] as an interesting channel to search for the SM and MSSM Higgs. A detailed simulation of this channel has been performed for Higgs boson masses 222 from 80 to 120 GeV and an integrated luminosity of 3 • 104 pb~l [2]. A clear evidence for an excess of events with four b-tagged jets over the background from W + jets and ti production have been observed (Fig. 1). However, a clean reconstruction of the H -» bb mass peak is difficult because of the combinatorial background from the signal itself. This problem can be to a large extent overcome if both top-quark decays are reconstructed in addition to the reconstruction of the H —>• bb mass peak. In the MSSM scenario, the low tan/? region (up to tan/3 ~ 6) for an integrated luminosity of 3 • 104 pb~l and most of the (m,Ai tan/3) parameter space for an integrated luminosity of 105 pb~x would be accessible with this channel (Fig. 1). Excellent b-tagging capability and good efficiency for jet reconstruction are however necessary to explore this channel to its full potential. 40 $ ATLAS = 175 GeV signai+background background I <§ tth with h -» bb 30 trueH—»bb f 20 10 150 200 250 300 0 200 300 100 40° mA(GeV) mbb(GeV) Fig. 1: Left plot shows expected m^ distributions for the signal and background events and for an integrated luminosity of 3 • 104 p6-1and for mjj = 100 GeV. On the right plot there are 5 [1] J. Dai, J. F. Gunion and R. Vega, Phys. Rev. Lett. (1993) and D. Froidevaux, E. Richter-Was, ATLAS Note, PHYS-No-043 (1996), CERN preprint TH-7459/94, Z. Phys. C67 (1995) 213; [2] E. Richter-Was and M. Sapinski, ATLAS Note, PHYS-98-132 (1998), Acta Phys. Pol. B (in print). Front-End Readout Electronics for ATLAS SCT Tracker 1 joo W. Dabrowski , J. Kaplon, R. Szczygiel, and M. Wolter •LO 1 Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, UMM Krakow, Poland The ABCD chip [1] is one option of the front-end readout of silicon strip detectors in the ATLAS Silicon Tracker. The chips are manufactured using DMILL 0.8 fim BiCMOS radiation hard process, which is suitable for mixed signal design. It provides an excellent radiation hardness performance for a wide variety of devices, including MOSFETs, BJTs, JFETs and high value resistors. The ABCD design is a single chip implementation of the binary readout architecture of ATLAS silicon strip detectors and it comprises all functional blocks required for the binary readout architecture. Compared to the SCT128B prototype the front-end circuits and the pipeline have been imple- mented in ABCD with some minor changes. The most important improvement is the sparse readout logic which allows performing zero suppression on the chip, so that only addresses of hit channels can be read out. The layout of the chip is shown in Fig. 1. Two batches of 8 wafers have been successfully manufactured, while the DMILL process was still in the stabilisation phase in the Temic foundry. Modules equipped with 80 fim pitch and 300 223 thick strip detectors (about 20 pF capacitance load per strip) and six ABCD readout chips were built and tested [2] using both the test setup and the H8 beam at CERN. A set of test setup measurements was taken before detectors were connected and subsequently for the complete module. Fig. 2 shows the noise increase from about 900 el rms up to 1600 el rms after connecting the detector, which is close to the expected value. 40 p- | 1 hybrid 30 OEM module 20 10 0 1000 2000 3000 Chip 1 ENC(el) 40 | | hybrid 30 I HUHrnodu!e 20 r n 10 °< 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 Chip 3 ENC(el) Chip 4 ENC(el) 40 40 | 1 hybrid | ) hybrid 30 30 ~T |jggg module L mn module 20 ~r 20 F- i 10 r 10 E" 0 °C 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 Chip 5 ENC(el) Chip 6 ENC(el) Fig. 1: Layout of the ABCD chip. Fig. 2: Distribution of noise without (hybrid) and with detectors connected (module). The performed tests have proven the full digital functionality of the prototype, however uniformity of some analogue parameters across the chip, in particular of the discriminator offset, has to be improved. The design of the chip has been optimised to meet all the ATLAS specifications. The new batch of chips is expected to be manufactured in the first months of 1999. References: [1] W. Dabrowski et al., (J. Kapfon, R. Szczygiel, M. Wolter - from INP), "The ABCD binary read- out chip for silicon strip detectors in the ATLAS silicon tracker", presented at IV Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments, Rome September 98, CERN/LHCC/98-36 30 October 98, p. 175; [2] D. Ferrere et al., (J. Kaplon, R. Szczygiel, M. Wolter - from INP), "Test on ABCD Chips", ATLAS int. note ATL-INDET-98-217. High Speed Data Transmission Design PL9902559 W. Iwanski, P. Kapusta, E. van der Bij1, and Z. Meggyesi2 XCERN, Geneva, 2RMKI-KFKI, Budapest, Hungary An optical 1 Gbit/s link has been suggested as a medium to transfer the data between front- end electronics and read-out systems in ATLAS at LHC. It was also proposed to have the S-Link as a standard defining a connector for this kind of transmission. Although the mechanical standard of a link hasn't been chosen yet, there are a few ongoing projects which develop designs for these purposes. One of them is the Fiber Channel Slink destination module realized as a PCI mezzanine card (FCS-PMC). The card is a merger of 2 existing modules: Fiber_Channel_Slink [1] and Slink_to_PMC [2] modules and has been designed in collaboration of our Institute with KFKI Budapest and CERN. The primary goal of the project is to produce the PMC card, which can easily be installed on commercially 224 available VME crate controllers, as the most of the test read-out setups is built in this standard. Equally important, the secondary goal is to investigate a possible incorporation of a time critical and demanding part of the high speed link design into local, front-end electronics designs. -'m^n^:;-* The FCS-PMC module itself consists of 2 independent logical parts: the Fiber Channel Slink part and the PCI/PMC part. The first one contains duplex optical transceiver, data serialize!', encoder/decoder and 10k30 Altera chip. This part converts Fiber Channel compatible serial data into/from parallel 32 bit wide Slink data. The second part contains FIFO, 7032S Altera chip and PCI coupler and exchange the Slink data between the FCS-PMC and a host computer over the PCI bus. All components are assembled on 2 sides of the 8 layer PCB (see the photograph). Actually, the first prototype of the module is under tests. S-LINK test software, written under Windows95 system consists of two parts. The first one (SPS - "transmitter") controls the PCI-to-S-LINK interface, the second one (SSP- "receiver") serves the S-LINK-to-PCI unit. The software consists of a VXD driver, operating in the Ring 0 of the Win95 system, for fast control of the hardware, a DLL library, acting as a bridge between the VXD driver and high level language applications, and a Win32 application, equipped with Graphical Interface for easy manipulation of the test program. A Win32 part has been developed using the Visual Basic and it is dedicated to the S-LINK tests only. DLLs and VXDs present a reusable code which can be used as a base for development of other S-LINK applications. References: 1. http://www.rmki.kfki.hu/detector/S-Link/; Illlllllllllllliilllll 2. http://www.cern.ch/HSI/s-link/devices/slink-pmc/. lIllllilllllBllUllllllllllllllll vn ill III PL9902560 Designing of Silicon Strip Detectors for ATLAS J. Kaplon, A.S. Moszczyriski, and R. Szczygiet The ATLAS Silicon Tracker will contain several thousand of silicon strip detectors. Such big quan- tity requires few potential vendors of detectors. One of them is CSEM (Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique) in Neuchatel, Switzerland. Our group has established the cooperation with CSEM since 1996. Our task is to design the set of masks for photolithography required for detector processing at CSEM. Since each factory has its own specific technology ATLAS Collaboration prepares only generic tech- nical specification for detectors. Detailed problems of design must be resolved by designer according to specific "design rules". 225 Fig. 1: Fragment of detector layout. ATLAS Silicon Tracker contains generally two kinds of silicon strip detectors; "barrel" - of rectangle shape and "forward" - of trapezoid shape. "Barrel" detectors have parallel strips with constant distance (pitch). "Forward" detectors have constant angle between strips. Five different types of "forward" detectors for five concentric wheels of different radius have been foreseen for forward part of Silicon Tracker. Two of them for two outer wheels were our subject of interest. The CADENCE program package used widely for designing of integrated circuits is also used for silicon strip detectors designing. The design of two layouts (set of masks) for two kinds of detectors have been done in spring 1998. Fig. 1 shows fragment of one detector layout. The work has been done with CADENCE packages installed in Krakow and at CERN. The set of standard test structures has been designed as well. These structures are "placed" on each silicon wafer (4 inches in diameter) in the neighbourhood of detector (6 x 6 cm approximately). The designed detectors with test structures will be soon processed at CSEM. The TOSCA simulation package has been used in early stage of designing in order to optimize detector parameters. The results of measurements performed on test structures and detectors from first production run in 1996 have been taken under consideration during designing as well. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. T. Akesson, (B. Kisielewski, P. Malecki, J. Olszowska) et al., Electron Identification with a Prototype of the Transition Radiation Tracker for the ATLAS Experiment, CERN-PPE/97-161 and Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A412 (1998) 200; 2. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al., Direct Determination of Two-Pion Correlations for pp —> 27r+27r~ Annihilation at Rest, CERN-PPE/97-135 and Eur. Phys. J. Cl (1998) 139; 226 3. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al., Measurement of the CP Violating Parameter rjoo Using Tagged K° and K°, CERN-PPE/97-148 and Phys. Lett. B420 (1998) 191; 4. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al., An EPR Experiment Testing the Nonseparability of the K°K° Function, CERN-PPE/97-140 and Phys. Lett. B422 (1998) 339; 5. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al., Search for CP Violation in the Decay of Tagged K° and K° to 7r°7r°7r0, Phys. Lett. B425 (1998) 391; 6. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al., The Neutral Kaons Decays to 7r+7r~7r°; a Detailed Analysis of the CPLEAR Data, CERN-EP/98-74 and Eur. Phys. J. C5 (1998) 389; 7. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al., Measurement of the K^ - Ks Mass Difference Using Semileptonic Decays of Tagged Neutral Kaons, CERN-EP/98-152 and Phys. Lett. B444 (1998) 38; 8. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al., First Direct Observation of a T Violation in the Neutral Kaon System, CERN-EP/98-153 and Phys. Lett. B444 (1998) 43; 9. CPLEAR Collab., R. Adler, (M. Wolter) et al., A Determination of the CPT Violation Parameter Re(8) from the Semileptonic Decay of Strangenesss-Tagged Neutral Kaons, CERN-EP/98-154 and Phys. Lett. B444 (1998) 52; 10. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jalocha, W. Krupiriski, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, A. Zalewska) et al., Rapidity Correlations in A- Baryon and Proton Production in Hadronic Z° Decays, CERN-PPE/97-27 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 247; 11. DELPHI Collab, P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, P. Jalocha, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiriski, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Pafka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al., Search for Neutral and Charged Higgs Bosons in e+e~ Collisions at y/s = 161 GeV and 172 GeV, CERN-PPE/97-85 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 1; 12. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiriski, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al., Search for Charginos, Neutralinos and Gravitinos at LEP, CERN-PPE/97-107 and Z. Phys. Cl (1998) 1; 13. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (P. Briickman, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Krupiriski, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, K. Rybicki, M. Witek) et al., Charged Particle Multiplicity in e+e~ —> qq Events at y/s = 161 and 172 GeV and from the Decay of the W Boson, CERN-PPE/97-113 and Phys. Lett. B416 (1998) 233; 14. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek) et al., nib at mz, CERN-PPE/97-141 and Phys. Lett. B418 (1998) 430; 15. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Search for Charged Higgs Bosons in e+e~ Collisions at s/s = 172 GeV, CERN-PPE/97-145 and Phys. Lett. B420 (1998) 140; 16. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, W. Kucewicz, T. Lesiak, B. Muryn, H. Palka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., 227 Measurement of Trilinear Gauge Couplings in e+e~ Collisions at 161 GeV and 172 GeV, CERN-PPE/97-163 and Phys. Lett. B423 (1998) 194; 17. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Investigation of the Splitting of Quark and Gluon Jets, CERN-EP/98-24 and Eur. Phys. J. C4 (1998) 1; 18. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (W. Kucewkz, Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al, Measurement of the Inclusive Charmless and Double-Charm B Branching Ratios, CERN-EP/98-07 and Phys. Lett. B426 (1998) 193; 19. DELPHI Collab., P. Abreu, (Z. Hajduk, K. Korcyl, T. Lesiak, H. Pałka, G. Polok, M. Witek, A. Zalewska) et al., Measurement of the W-Pair Cross-Section and the W Mass in e+e~ Interactions at 172 GeV, CERN-PPE/97-160 and Eur. Phys. J. C2 (1998) 581; 20. G. Fischer,( W. Iwański, P. Kapusta, M. Ziółkowski) et al., A 40 MHz Pipeline Trigger for R° -*• 2TT° Decays for the CERN NAĄ8 Experiment, Nuci. Instr. and Meth. A419 (1998) 695; 21. Z. Hajduk, W. Iwański, K. Korcyl, J. Olszowska, H.C. van der Bij, The S-Link in the Data Sources for Trigger Demonstrators in the LHC Environment, Abstr. p. 39 and Proc. of the X-th IEEE Real Time Conference (RT'97), Beaune, France, 22-26 September 1997 p. 193 and IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45 (1998) 1845. Reports: 1. ALICE Collab., J. Schukraft, (J. Bartke, E. Gładysz-Dziaduś, E. Górnicki, M. Kowalski, A. Ry- bicki, P. Stefański) et al., ALICE - Technical Design Report of the High Momentum Particle Identification Detector, CERN preprint, ALICE TDR 1 CERN/LHCC 98-19 (1998); 2. S. Azman, W. Dąbrowski, J. Kapłon, C. Lacasta, D. Macina, M. Wolter, A. Szsenei, Test on. A BCD Chips, ATLAS Internal Note, CERN ATL-INDENT-98-217 (1998); 3. W. Dąbrowski, (M. Wolter) et al., The ABCD Binary Redout Chip for Siliconn Strip Detectors in the ATLAS Silicon Tracker, IV Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments, Rome, September 1998 in: CERN Report CERN/LHCC/98-36 (1998); 4. S. Jagielski, A. Kaczmarska, M. Wolter, Tagging b-Jets Using Low pr Electrons, ATLAS Internal Note, CERN ATL-PHYS-98-129 (1998). PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. M. Turała Summary Talk, Wire Chamber Conference, Vienna, Austria, February 1998; 2. S. Gadomski "A Measurements of fs/fd using sequential dimuon decays", Annual Conference of the American Physical Society, Columbus, Ohio, USA, April 1998; 228 3. S. Gadomski "Beautiful Physics with CDF" Symposium of the Canadian Physical Society, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, June 1998. PRESENTATIONS: 1. B. Madeyski (E. Gornicki, and S. Koperny), "Power Supply Design", ATLAS SCT Week, CERN, March 1998; 2. B. Madeyski (E. Gornicki, and S. Koperny), "Power Supply Review", ATLAS SCT Week, CERN, March 1998; 3. A. Kaczmarska, "b-Tagging with Soft Electrons", ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, March/April 1998; 4. M. Sapiriski, "The SM and MSSM Higgs Search in ttH, H->bb Channel with ATLAS Detector on LHC", ATLAS Physics Workshop, Grenoble, March/April 1998; 5. M. Sapinski, "Application of Top-Pair Reconstruction in Search of Higgs Boson in ttH Channel", ATLAS Week, Top WG. CERN, 8 November 1998; 6. M. Wolter and D. Macina "ABCD Beam Test Results 1998", ATLAS SCT Week, 10 November 1998. ORGANIZED CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: 1. Z. Hajduk ATLAS TRT Week, CERN, November 1998; 2. P. Malecki R-ECFA Open Session on Particle and Nuclear Physics in Poland, Krakow, Poland, 4-5 Septem- ber 1998. SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: NOMINATIONS: 1. Z. Hajduk - Polish Representative to ACCU (1995-1998); 2. Z. Hajduk - Detector Control System coordinator in TRT-ATLAS Collaboration; 3. Z. Hajduk - Member of the ATLAS Power Supplies Working Group; 4. M. Turala - Member of the LHC Electronics Board - (from 1996); 5. M. Turala - Expert in Physics Advisory Committee (PAC), ZIBJ Dubna, April 1998; 6. M. Turala - Member of the ATLAS SCT steering group (from 1997); 7. P. Malecki - Polish Representative in R-ECFA (Restricted European Committee for Future Accelerators). SCHOLARSHIPS: 1. Z. Hajduk - Scientific Associate, CERN, 1997-1998; 2. K. Korcyl - Scientific Associate, CERN, 1998-1999. 229 SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. M. Sapiriski, "Single Top and Top Pair Reconstruction with Fast Simulation (ATLFAST)", CERN, 8 October 1998, Jet/ETmiss Working Group; 2. Z. Hajduk, "Common Specifications for Inner Tracker LV Power Supplies", ATLAS Power Supplies Working Group, 30 January 1998; 3. Z. Hajduk, "Update of Specifications for Inner Tracker LV Power Supplies" , ATLAS Power Supplies Working Group, 27 February 1998; 4. Z. Hajduk, "PowerDistribution and Patch Panel Location", ATLAS TRT Coll. Meeting, 27 February 1998; 5. Z. Hajduk, "Update on TRT Services", ATLAS TRT Coll.Meeting, 17 April 1998; 6. Z. Hajduk, "Overview of the TRT DCS Status", ATLAS TRT Coll. Meeting, 13 November 1998; 7. Z. Hajduk, "Risk Analysis for Failure of the TRT Components", ATLAS TRT Coll.Meeting, 16 November 1998; 8. Z. Hajduk, "Status of the HV and LV Systems in TRT Detector", ATLAS DCS Coll. Meeting, 17 November 1998; 9. Z. Hajduk, "Specifications for TRT LV Power Supplies", ATLAS TRT Coll. Meeting, November 1998. INTERNAL: 1. M. Kudla (UW-CMS), "CMS Muon Trigger", 8 January 1998; 2. P. Zalewski (UW-CMS), "SUSY at CMS - Experimental Aspects", 15 January 1998; 3. E. Richter-Was, "SUSY - ATLAS Physics Programme", 22 January 1998; 4. D. Bocian and M. Wolter, "Report from Grenoble Physics Workshop", 9 April 1998; 5. W. Dabrowski (FPNT AGH), "Structures of Silicon Detectors", 23 April 1998; 6. K. Jeleri (FPNT AGH), "Physics of Thin Gas Layers", 30 April 1998; 7. J. Szwed (UJ), "Basis of Supersymmetry", 7 May 1998; 8. A. Bialas (UJ), "Higgs Mechanism", 14 May 1998; 230 9. P. Jenni (CERN), "LHC and ATLAS", 21 May 1998; 10. J. Btocki, "Thermal Tension in Silicon Detectors", 18 June 1998; 11. S. Jagielski (FPNT AGH), "Tagging b-jets Using Low pt Electrons", 26 November 1998; 12. M. Wolter, "Programme of Tests for the SCT Frontend Electronics", 3 December 1998; 13. E. Rulikowska, "Monitoring Xe concentration in TRT", 10 December 1998; 14. D. Bocian, "Quantum Computers - CERN School of Computing 1998", 17 December 1998. 231 PL9902561 HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DETECTOR CONSTRUCTION GROUP Head of Section: Marek Stodulski M.Sc, M.E. telephone: (48) (12) 633-33-66 ext.: 53 fax: (48) (12) 633-38-84 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Jacek Blocki, Ph.D. Marian Lemler, M.Sc., C.E. Tomir Coghen, Prof. Krzysztof Pakoriski, Ph.D. Kazimierz Galuszka, M.Sc., M.E. Marek Stodulski, M.Sc., M.E. Jan Godlewski, Ph.D. Pawel Zychowski, M.Sc., M.E. Technical Staff: Marian Despet Mieczystaw Strek Andrzej Straczek OVERVIEW: The main activity of the Group concentrates on the design and construction of mechanical struc- tures and cooling systems applied in high energy physics experiments as well as of some components of future accelerators (LHC at CERN). Research and development of new materials, such as carbon carbon (C-C) composites have also been carried out since 1993 in collaboration with the Department of Leptonic Interactions and the Department of Special Ceramics of the University of Mining and Met- allurgy in Krakow, and, starting in 1998 also with CERN. The latter collaboration is mainly devoted to testing whether the elements from C-C - composites manufactured by the Department of Leptonic Interactions and our Group using various types of technology to obtain the desired properties, can be applied in extreme operating conditions (temperature, radiation, vacuum, humidity) occurring in modern accelerators and their detectors. It should be pointed out that the C-C composites have unique properties, such as low density and mean atomic number (resulting in high values of radiation and interaction lengths) as well as very good mechanical properties, e.g. high Young's modulus comparable to that of steel, good thermal conductivity and resistance for high temperature, which are particularly desirable in high energy physics experiments. In the past the group took part in the construction of wire chambers for several experiments at SPS and the DELPHI experiment at LEP (CERN), of the Liquid Argon Calorimeter and of muon chambers for the HI experiment at HERA (DESY). In 1998 our main activity was concentrated on the design and construction of the supporting structures and the water cooling system for silicon detectors in the PHOBOS - experiment at RHIC (BNL) to be commissioned in 1999. R&D, however, has also been continued on the design of components of the ATLAS and ALICE experiments at LHC which should be commissioned in 2005. Details on our work 232 which is carried out in collaboration with several experimental groups from our Institute, from CERN and BNL are presented in the following Reports on Research. Marek Stodulski REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902562 Carbon-Carbon Composites Applicable in High Energy Physics Accelerators and Detectors J. Blocki, T. Coghen, J. Godlewski, J. Michalowski x, M. Stodulski, and P. Zychowski • Work on the development of the technology of manufacturing elements from C-C composites, has been continued. In particular: Stage I of bi-annual agreement 1998-1999 between CERN and INP on this subject has been realized. The following apparatus has been built in Krakow: — Apparatus for vacuum saturation of C-C composites by means of the CVI - method at about 1300°i<:, - Furnace for high temeperature (up to 1800°K) treatment of C-C composites in argon at- mosphere. C-C specimens from various carbon fabrics and rovings were manufactured in Krakow and tested both in Krakow and CERN. Values of mechanical parameters obtained are comparable to those obtained in leading centres, e.g. Young's modulus E = lOQGPa -f- 500GPa, bending strength a = 300MPa-f- GOOMPa, depending on the internal structure (ID, 2D). Tests performed at CERN in a vacuum chamber have shown that as concerns outgassing, best results are obtained for samples graphitized at 2500 K. These have properties comparable to those of stainless steel. Preliminary tests made in a special chamber at CERN, on the influence of humidity changes on the saturation of samples with moisture and the resulting displacements, gave similar results (best for graphitized samples). To be fully conclusive the tests have to be carried out for several months and will be continued according to the above-mentioned agreement in 1999. • In collaboration with the Department of Special Ceramics of the University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, work on manufacturing composites with special elastic properties has been carried out. Specimens (ID) of various thicknesses (0.3 mm - 29 mm) were fabricated from ultra-high modulus carbon fibres (K1100) and phenolic resin. Presently, these specimens are tested using ultrasonic method to determine their elastic properties. 1 Department of Leptonic Interactions. Hill II Illlllllllillllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiii ooo PL9902563 2Sd High Energy Physics Experiments at LHC J. Blocki, B. Da.browski, J. Godlewski, A. Str^czek, M. Strek, and P. Zychowski ALICE Experiment The mechanical design of the CASTOR calorimeter for the ALICE experiment has been pro- posed. A preliminary study of stresses and deformations for this structure caused by its own weight has been carried out. ATLAS Experiment Cooling system for the ATLAS TRT detector In 1998 substantial progress in the design of the cooling system for the ATLAS TRT detector was made. The impact of substituting water by iluorocarbon was studied both theoretically and experimentally. It has been proven that from the point of view of heat exchange a new cooling liquid will cause no adverse effects. A thermal mock-up of read-out electronics has been built and tested. The results of the tests have been compared with Finite Elements Analysis calculations. Good agreement between tests and calculations has been achieved. Fig. 1. shows a temperature distribution on the electronics board obtained by ANSYS simulation. For the cooling/ventilating gas a new shape of the inlet manifold and distribution area has been proposed. The proposed changes were implemented into the existing mock-up, and tests in a wide range of gas flow were performed. The results of the tests are satisfactory and allow introducing the proposed changes into the final design of the TRT End-cap Wheels. Studies of temperature distribution in the services area were performed. The proposal for cooling the power cables was checked both by experimental tests and ANSYS simulations. This proposal has been already implemented into the design of the TRT detector. In 1998 three students made their diploma theses basing on the topics connected with the TRT cooling system. ili Fig. 1: Temperature distribution on the electronics board. Thermal stress problems of the STC detector Thermal stresses in silicon modules caused by temperature differences between working temper- ature (—15°C) and temperature of glue curing (25°C) have been investigated. Thin glue layers can transmit quite high thermal deformations and induce thermal stresses which have been es- timated using a simple analytical model and then compared with the Finite Element Analysis (ANSYS program). Stress States in the Girder of the Tile Calorimeter In addition, stress states in the girder (Fig. 2), i.e. the main structural element of the Tile Calorimeter, have been analyzed using the ANSYS program. 234 Fig. 2: The FEA model of the girder. PL9902564 High Energy Physics Experiments at RHIC W. Bogucki, T. Coghen, B. Da,browski *, M. Despet, K. Gahiszka, J. Kotula 2, M. Lemler, J. Michalowski 3, M. Stodulski, A. Str^czek, M. Str?k, and P. Zychowski During this year the design of mechanical structures for the silicon detector modules for the PHOBOS experiment was almost finalized. Most of those structures were fabricated in Krakow and shipped to Brookhaven National Laboratory. In particular: • Supporting structure of the inner spectrometer arm - final versions of the base plate and cooling frames were fabricated and tested. Maximum sag of the base plate was measured and it was smaller than 300 microns. Tightness of the cooling frames was tested at 0.1 MPa overpressure and a pressure drop was measured for each frame. The spectrometer arm is supported from the bottom by a sliding and a fixed base. The former was designed and fabricated. Supporting structures for the outer spectrometer arm will be fabricated in 1999. • Supporting structure for the vertex and octagon multiplicity detector modules - final versions of the octagon frame and its sliding base were fabricated. Maximum sag of the octagon structure mounted on the sliding base did not exceed 2.5 mm. Vertical adjustment of the sliding base allows for compensation of that sag. Tightness tests and measurements of a pressure drop were also performed. • Supporting structure for the ring counters - a final version of the detector frame was designed. One complete structure was shipped to the University of Illinois in Chicago. Five remaining structures will be finished in 1999. Besides, we have also been involved in the following activities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): • Installation of the mechanical structures - rail systems were designed and fabricated. The rail systems will serve for installation of the spectrometer arms and the octagon structure inside the magnet and also for their precise positioning. The mechanical structures mounted on the rail systems in the MIT laboratory are shown in Fig. 3. • The spectrometer silicon detector modules - together with people from MIT we designed the silicon detector modules and tooling for their gluing, bonding and storing. Finaly we fabricated the tooling and some components of the modules. 1 Department of Hadron Structure. 2 Division of Mechanical Construction. 3Department of Leptonic Interactions. 235 r 1 Fig. 1: Mechanical structures supporting PHOBOS silicon detectors. SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. J. Blocki, "Summary of All Forces Acting on the Cylinders (definitions of the extreme cases)", ATLAS Week, CERN, 26 February 1998; 2. J. Blocki, "Strength Calculations for the Girder", ATLAS Week, CERN, 26 February 1998; 3. J. Blocki, "Thermally Induced Stress in Silicon-BeO Module Assemblies", ATLAS Week, CERN, 3 June 1998; 4. J. Blocki, "Last Update on the General Forces on the Calorimeter", ATLAS Week, CERN, 4 June 1998; 5. J. Blocki, More Results of FEA Calculations on the Girder", ATLAS Week, CERN, 4 June 1998; 6. J. Blocki, "Status of the New Calculations with the New Load Conditions", ATLAS Week, CERN, 10 September 1998; 7. J. Blocki, "Stresses in the Extended Barrel Girder", ATLAS Week, CERN, 12 November 1998; 8. J. Blocki, "Thermal Stresses in Silicon Detector Modules", Krakow ATLAS Group Meeting, 18 June 1998; 9. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, J. Kotula, and M. Stodulski, "Cooling System for the Silicon Detectors in the PHOBOS Experiment", presented by M. Sto- dulski at the PHOBOS Coll. Meeting, INP, 12 January 1998; 10. W. Bogucki, M. Despet, J. Kotula, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski, and M. Strek, "Mechanical Issues - Design and Fabrication", presented by M. Stodulski at the PHOBOS Monthly Meeting, MIT, 11 April 1998; 11. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, M. Lemler, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski, and P. Zychowski, "Mechanical Structures and Cooling System for the PHOBOS Silicon Detectors", presented by G. Stephans at the PHOBOS Coll. Meeting, MIT, 30 July 1998; 12. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, J. Kotula, M. Lemler, J. Michalowski, M. Stodulski, and P. Zychowski, "Mechanical Structures and Cooling System for the PHOBOS Silicon Detectors", presented by R. Holynski at the PHOBOS Coll. Meeting, BNL, 16 October 1998; 236 13. W. Bogucki, K. Galuszka, J. Kotuia, M. Lemler, M. Stodulski, A. Straczek, "Assembly of the Spectrometer and Installation at BNL", presented by M. Stodulski at the PHOBOS Monthly Meeting, MIT, 14 December 1998; 14. K. Galuszka, J. Kotuia, M. Lemler, J. Michaiowski, M. Stodulski, and P. Zychowski, "Mechanical Structures for the Silicon Detectors in the PHOBOS Experiment", presented by M. Stodulski at the PHOBOS Collaboration Meeting, INP, 12 January 1998; 15. J. Godlewski, "Wheels; Cooling Status" , CERN TRT Meeting , CERN, 26 January 1998; 16. J. Godlewski, "Wheels; Cooling Status" , TRT ATLAS Week , CERN, 26 February 1998; 17. J. Godlewski, "Progress in 'Warm' Fluorinert Cooling for the TRT and Other Detectors, Together with Phase 1 Plans", ATLAS Cooling Working Group Meeting, CERN, 20 April 1998; 18. J. Godlewski, "Status of Warm Fluorinerts Tests", ATLAS Cooling Group Meeting, CERN, 12 June 1998; 19. J. Godlewski, "Gas Distribution Studies", TRT Workshop Gatchina'98; 23 September 1998; 20. J. Godlewski, "Temperature Distribution between End-Cap Wheels and Cryostat", TRT Workshop Gatchina'98; 23 September 1998; 21. J. Godlewski, "Heat Dissipation in Power Cables", TRT Workshop Gatchina'98, 23 September 1998; 22. M. Stodulski, "Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of the PHOBOS Spectrometer Structure", Mechanical Department, Cracow University of Technology , 21 January 1998. 237 COMMON ACTIVITIES OF THE HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS LECTURES AND COURSES: For Jagiellonian University students: 1. J. Bartke, "Physics of Relativistic Nuclei"; 2. J. Figiel, H. Palka, and J. Turnau, "Selected Topics in High Energy Physics"; 3. P. Malecki, "Experimental Methods in Elementary Particle Physics"; 4. T. Lesiak and S. Mikocki, "Seminar on Experimental High Energy Physics"; 5. K. Cieslik, D. Bocian, K. Olkiewicz, T. Wozniak, and M. Witek, "High Energy Physics Laboratory". For INP Ph.D. students: 1. M. Jezabek, "Quantum Chromodynamics". For Silesian University students: 1. M. Jezabek, "Classical Electrodynamics", "Quantum Mechanics". SEMINARS OF THE DEPARTMENTS OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS Joint seminars with the Theoretical Physics Department of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. 1. W. Czyz (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Distortion of Vacuum, Production of DCC, and Beams in RHIC"; 2. J. Bartke, "The "Quark Matter '97" Conference in Tsukuba (Japan)"; 3. A. Bialas (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Influence of Bose-Einstein Correlations on Multiplicity Distributions and Charge Ratios"; 4. K. Fialkowski (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Implementation of Bose-Einstein Correlations into Monte-Carlo Generators"; 5. K. Jeleri (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy), "Linear Electron Accelerators"; 6. A. Dyrek (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Disoriented Chiral Condensate"; 7. L. Lesniak, "Strong Interactions of Mesons"; 8. P. Malecki, "The ATLAS Project"; 9. A. Bialas (Jagiellonian Univ.), "On the Early Stage of Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions: Do We Already Observe Quark-Gluon Plasma?"; 10. H. Palka, "News from LEP-2"; 238 11. J. Turnau, "Recent Results from HERA"; 12. A. Biaias (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Influence of Bose-Einstein Correlations on Multiplicity and Momentum Distributions of Pions"; 13. Th. Ghermann (DESY), "The Spin Structure of the Proton"; 14. A. Biaias (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Quark Model of Strange Baryon Production"; 15. A. Biaias (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Bose-Einstein Correlations and Independent Production of Pions"; 16. L. Motyka (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Diffractive J/f Production in j — 7 Collisions as a Probe of BFKL Dynamics"; 17. M. Jezabek, "Top Quark Pair Production at Future Linear Colliders"; 18. A. Zalewska, "The Future of European Neutrino Physics"; 19. M. Przybycieri (Univ.of Mining and Metallurgy), »W+W~ Production at LEP-2"; 20. K. Fialkowski (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Bose-Einstein Effect in Monte-Carlo for W+W~"; 21. K. Fialkowski (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Anomaly in the Beta Decay of Tritium - Tachyonic Neutrinos or Neutrino Cloud?"; 22. B. Wosiek, "Fragmentation of 158 A GeV Pb Nuclei in Pb + Pb Collisions"; 23. J. Szwed (Jagiellonian Univ.), "The Electron Structure Function"; 24. A. Biaias (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Two-Particle Correlations of Hadrons in e+e~ Collisions". Internal Seminars: 1. B. Szczerbinska (Wroclaw Univ.), "Strangeness Production in Quark-Gluon Plasma"; 2. L. Motyka (Jagiellonian Univ.), "Exclusive Meson Production in Photon-Photon Collisions"; 3. W. Broniowski, "Modification of Hadron Properties in Nuclear Matter"; 4. G. Polok, "Multiphoton Interaction - the First Measurements"; 5. A. Dabrowska, "Fragmentation of Au Nuclei at Energies 0.1-10.6 GeV/n"; 6. J. Kisiel (Silesian Univ.), "Search for Glueballs in the "Crystal Barrel" Experiment at LEAR (CERN)"; 7. J. Michalowski, "Carbon-Carbon Composites and their Application in Particle Detectors and Accelerators"; 8. B. Badelek (Warsaw Univ.), "Thermodynamics of Polarized Targets: Orienting Nuclear Spins"; 9. J. Figiel, "Electroproduction of Vector Mesons"; 239 10. N.N. Nikolaev (Landau Institute and IKP FZ Jiilich), "Leading Baryons in DIS at HERA"; 11. W. Wislicki (INS, Warsaw), "Spin Structure of the Nucleon"; 12. A. Szczurek, "Meson Cloud in Nucleon and Asymmetry of Light Antiquarks"; 13. S. Gadomski, "Measurement of Fragmentation Ratios of the &-Quark into B° and B+ i B° Mesons in the CDF Experiment"; 14. L. Motyka (Jagiellonian Univ.), "The Rochester Conference - Vancouver'98"; 15. S. Jadach, "New Monte-Carlo for LEP-2"; 16. D. Bloch (CRN Strasbourg), "Charm Results from Z Decays in the DELPHI Experiment at LEP"; 17. K. Piotrzkowski (DESY and INP), "Production of Vector Mesons at HERA and Predictions of Quantum Chromodynamics"; 18. J. Bartke, "Two conferences: "Strangeness in Quark Matter" and "Multiparticle Dynamics"; 19. E. Lobodziiiska, "Productions of Jets and Forward-Going Particles at the HERA Collider". Seminars of the TESLA Linear Collider: 1. M. Jezabek, "Static Properties of the t Quark"; 2. A. Zalewska, "General Characteristics of the Experimental Apparatus and Requirements for the Vertex De- tector at TESLA"; 3. E. Rulikowska (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy), "Main Tracker and Optimization of the Applied Gases"; 4. J. Turnau, "Hadronic Final States and QCD Tests at TESLA"; 5. B. Muryn (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy), "Aspects of the Two-Photon Physics at the TESLA Energies"; 6. M. Jezabek, "i-Quark Physics at the TESLA Energies"; 7. M. Witek, " Calorimeters in the Proposed Detector at TESLA"; 8. J. Andruszkow et al., "Electronics for Tests of the TESLA Superconductive Cavities"; 9. T. Lesiak, "Detector Simulations for the Experiment at TESLA"; 10. K. Jeleri (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy), "Introduction to e+e~ Future Linacs and to Free Electron Lasers"; 11. W. Kucewicz (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy), "Active Pixel Sensors with Analog Readout - Proposed R&D for the Vertex Detector at TESLA"; 12. J. Krzywiiiski (Institute of Physics, Warsaw), "Chance for Coherent X-Rays - Free Electron Lasers at the TESLA Project"; 240 13. K. Jeleii (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy), "The TESLA and S-BAND Projects"; 14. M. Witek, "Summary of the Orsay Meeting (Starting the 2nd ECFA/DESY Study on Physics and Detectors for a Linear Electron-Positron Collider)"; 15. E. Rulikowska (University od Mining and Metallurgy), "New Ideas in Gaseous Detectors - GEM and Others"; 16. M. Jezabek, "Precision of the t Quark Mass Determination"; 17. P. Stopa, "Expected Backgrounds at the TESLA Project"; 18. A. Zalewska, "Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) - the CERN Project of the Future e+e~ Collider"; 19. S. Jadach, "Summary of the Lund Meeting (in a Framework of the 2nd ECFA/DESY Study on Physics and Detectors for a Linear Electron-Positron Collider)"; 20. S. Jadach, "QED Corrections to Z Radiative Return at LEP2 and NLC"; 21. E. Rulikowska (Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy), "Summary of the Detector Meeting at DESY"; 22. P. Stopa, "The Neutron Background at TESLA"; 23. A. Eskreys, "HERA Upgrade and its Consequences for Luminosity Measurement"; 24. K. Krop (Univ.of Mining and Metallurgy), "Synchrotron Radiation and its Applications". 241 PL9902565 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND RADIATION TRANSPORT PHYSICS Head of the Department: Prof. Jerzy Loskiewicz Secretary: EwaLipka telephone: (048) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 345 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Scientific Staff: Jan Lasa, Prof. Dominik Dworak, M.Sc. Andrzej Zuber, Prof. Joanna Da_browska, M.Sc. Eng. Urszula Woznicka, Assoc. Prof. Andrzej Drabina, M.Sc. (1/2) Krzysztof Drozdowicz, Ph.D. Barbara Gabanska, M.Sc. Ewa Krynicka, Ph.D. Andrzej Igielski, M.Sc. Eng. (1/5) Jan Swakon, Ph.D. Mirostaw Janik, M.Sc. Eng. Ireneusz Sliwka, Ph.D. Mariola Kosik-Abramczyk, M.Sc. Tadeusz Zaleski, Ph.D. Jadwiga Mazur, M.Sc. Eng. Teresa Cywicka-Jakiel, Ph.D. Eugeniusz Mnich, M.Sc. Eng. Jaroslaw Necki, Ph.D. Grzegorz Tracz, M.Sc. Joanna Bogacz, M.Sc. Tomasz Kozicz, M.Sc. Eng. - graduate student Piotr Mochulski - graduate student Andrzej Lutak - graduate student Technical Staff: Jacek Burda Antoni Ros"ciszewski Wladyslaw Janik Arkadiusz Kurowski Ryszard Haber Tadeusz Zdziarski OVERVIEW: The Department is engaged in research on: Tracer hydrology, Study of the gases responsible for greenhouse effects, Slow-neutron transport in materials, Radon research, Semi-empirical calibration procedures for neutron borehole probes, Application of artificial neural networks in geophysical parameters determination, Neutron and particle transport studies for accelerator shielding and measurement gauges. 242 Studies were continued on models for the interpretation of tracer data and transit time calculations in hydrologic systems and on solute velocities and hydraulic parameters in Karstic Aquifers. At the Kasprowy Wierch Station (Tatra Mountains) were continued the measurements of gases participating in the greenhouse effect (CH4, CO2 and SF6). The same gases are also measured in Krakow. The data obtained during the last two years will make possible an exhaustive study of the balance of greenhouse gases. The use of SF6 as tracer substance for studies of the age of subterranean waters was studied. A method of measuring the concentration of SF6 in subterranean waters was developed and tested on a few spring outlets. The problem of generally valid approximation describing scattering of slow neutrons on hydrogenous mixtures was finalized and published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods A. Also a theoretical method for calculating scattering and diffusion of thermal neutrons was worked out for plexiglass and published in Journal of Physics D. Long term measurements of radon concentration were continued. A simple method for measuring radon concentration in soil gas using track-etch detectors was tested and compared with measurements performed with ionization chamber ALPHAGuard PQ 2000. For the purpose of collecting the soil gas a special probe has been designed which stops the inflow of atmospheric air into the hole. The results were presented at the Int. Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids held in Besancon (France) and will be published in Radiation Measurements. The problem of the measuring time interval for short screening tests by the use of canisters with active charcoal was studied and it was found that the minimal time interval needed to get rid of diurnal variations of concentration equalled 4 or 5 days. A FORTRAN program RADONTRA describing the inflow of radon gas from the soil into houses was positively tested. When studying the radon transport we found that the soil permeability is a very important model parameter. The existing methods of permeability measurement call for a comparison with a standard, which will be the next task. The semi-empirical calibration method was extended to three-layer case and tested on 5 measurements with steel tubings as intermediate layer. The measurements have been performed at Geophysical Company Zielona G6ra. The parameters of the apparent Sa calculation procedure are now under review. The theoretical calculations and computational results were presented at the SPWLA Regional Conference on Well Logging in Moscow. An artificial neural network analysis has been applied to the data from miocene formations situated in Carpathian foreland. A very good description of Ea = f(K, U, Th) dependence was obtained also in this region. The results were presented on SPWLA Regional Conference on Well Logging in Moscow. A study of the problem of influence of inhomogeneity of the (rock) medium on the spatial distribution of thermal neutron flux was performed. First results were reported on National Conference on Achievements and Practice in Oil and Gas Mining Industry in Warszawa. In collaboration with Radiation Protection Group of DESY work concerning the neutron, charged particle and gamma doses in HERA-West hall was carried out. The radiation was generated by interactions of 820 GeV protons on nuclei of the rest gas in accelerator pipe. The results from FLUKA code calculations were compared with measurement in the experimental hall. The agreement was quite good and giving hope that the calculations alone will be sufficient to estimate the doses. Professor Jerzy Loskiewicz 243 REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902566 Density-Removed Thermal Neutrons Diffusion Parameters from the Variable Buckling Experiment Simulated with the Monte Carlo Method J. Dajjrowska and K. Drozdowicz The time decay constant X of the fundamental mode of the thermal neutrons flux, measured in the variable buckling experiment, is defined by: 2 A The decay constants X are measured for a set of samples of different dimensions (i.e. of different bucklings B ) and the material diffusion parameters M M M 4 X = -C (B ) +..., (2) where: = -, BM=~, (vX^> = ^^, = P3C. (3) P P P o The last three parameters defined by Eqs. (3) should be independent of the mass density variability providing that the neutron transport properties do not differ significantly in measured p-.a A samples. Therefore, the question is about an admissible range of change of the bulk density. It might be 35000 - porosity: 40% O answered in an experimental way 3 p = 0.6 p0 = 0.57 g/cm which is very laborious and time 30000 O consuming. Instead, a Monte Carlo [2] G 25000 - computer simulation of experimental series can be made. The computations 8 20000 were made for polyethylene spherical 15000 porosity: 0 samples of two significantly different 3 p = po= 0.95 g/cm densities corresponding to two 10000 porosities (0 and 40 %) of a bulk 5000 _ o material. Neutrons were generated by the volume uniform and isotropic n source in a whole sample, within the 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 i.o 08 100 ps time interval with the same Buckling 82 [cm'2] probability. Their initial energy was sampled from the Maxwellian distribution at the room temperature ET= kT — 0.0253 eV. Like in a real pulsed experiment, after the initial neutron pulse, the neutron fluxes in the samples were scored in 900 time channels, one (is in width, and the decay constants X were calculated [3]. The results of the two simulated series are presented in Fig. 1. As it was expected two curves A. = X(B2) 244 obtained for the two extremal values of the porosity differ significantly. For each curve the diffusion parameters (vSfl), Z>o and C were evaluated and then, according to Eqs. (3), their density removed analogues were calculated . They are given in Table 1. It can be seen that the values of interest differ a little. The study is going on. Table 1. Density removed neutrons diffusion parameters for two different porosities. M M References: 1. J.A. Czubek, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48, No. 2 (1997) 237; 2. J.F. Briesmeister, Monte Carlo N-Particle Code System, LA-12625-M (November 1993); 3. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabariska, and E. Krynicka, INP Rept. No 1635/AP, Krakow (1993). LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. J. Burda, A. Igielski, W. Janik, M. Kosik, A. Kurowski, U. Woznicka, T. Zaleski, Time-Dependent Neutron Field Experimental Set-up at the Pulsed Neutron Generator in the INP, Krakow, Nukleonika (1998) (in print); 2. J.A. Czubek, U. Woznicka, Neutron Flux and Axial Moments in Three-Region Cylindrical Geometry Applied for Neutron Log Calibration. Part I: Theretical Description, Acta Geoph. Pol. XLVI, No 4 (1998) 427; 3. K. Drozdowicz, The Diffusion Cooling Coefficient for Thermal Neutrons in Plexiglas, J. Phys. D31 (1998) 1800; 4. K. Drozdowicz, A Method to Calculate Thermal Neutron Diffusion Parameters for Hydrogenous Mixtures, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A411 (1998) 121; 5. P. Matoszewski, A. Zuber, A General Lumped Parameter Model for the Interpretation of Tracer Data and Transit Time Calculation in Hydrologic Systems - Comments, J. Hydrol. 204 (1998) 297; 6. A. Zuber, J. Motyka, Hydraulic Parameters and Solute Velocities in Triple-Porosity Karstic-Fissured-Porous Carbon- ate Aquifers: Case Studies in Southern Poland, Environmental Geology 34 (1998) 243. 245 Other publications: 1. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, Determination of Hard Coal Qualities by Neutron Methods (in Polish), Mechanizacja i Automatyzacja Gornictwa, Czasopismo Naukowo-Techniczne, Nr 3(331) (1998) 41. Proceedings: 1. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, J. Loskiewicz, G. Tracz, Computational and Experimental Research on Humidity Measurements of Coke and/or Cement, "Bulk Hydrogen Analysis Using Neutrons", Final Report of the Second Research Co-ordination Meeting of the above Co-ordinated Research Programme, IAEA HQ, Vienna, Austria, 17-20 November 1998, IAEA/PS/RCM98-2 (1998) 1; 2. J.A. Czubek, A. Drabina, U. Woznicka, Extension of the Theoretical Approach of the Semi-Empirical Method of Neutron Tool Calibration on the Three-Layer Borehole System, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. Nuclear Geophysics, Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 11 and Proceedings ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc., M-21(309)) (1998) 147; 3. J. Dabrowska, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, A. Igielski, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woznicka, T. Zaleski, Neutron Transport Physics Laboratory Oriented to the Absorption Cross Section Measurements for Geophysics, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. "Nuclear Geophysics '97", Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 25 and Proceedings ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc., M-21(309)) (1998) 205; 4. A. Drabina, U. Woznicka, Apparent Slowing-Down and Migration Length in a Three-Region Borehole Geometry (in Polish), VII National Conf. "New Methodolical and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geophysics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 85; 5. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabariska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woznicka, Homogenity of Samples for Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section Measurement (in Polish), VII National Conf. "New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geophysics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 103; 6. T. Florkowski, (J. Necki) et al., Isotopic Composition od CO2 and NH4 in a Heavily Polluted Urban Atmosphere (Southern Poland), Proc. of an Int. Symp. on "Isotope Techniques in the Study of Environmental Changes in the Hydrosphere and the Atmosphere", IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 14-18 April 1997, IAEA-SM-348/5 (1998) 37; 7. E. Krynicka, Measurement of the Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section of Rocks by a Correlation Method, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. "Nuclear Geophysics "97", Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 9 and Proceedings ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc, M-21(309)) (1998) 179; 8. E. Krynicka, Estimating an Accuracy of the Experimental Results by a Computer Simulation Method (in Polish), VII National Conf. "New Methodolical and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geophysics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 253; 246 9. J. Lasa, Photo-Ionisation Detectors (PID, PDPID) for Gas Chromatography (in Polish), V Polish Chromatographic Seminar on "Eco-Analysis in Environmental Protections", Torun, Poland, ed. B. Buszewski (M. Kopernik University, Torun) (1998) 105; 10. J. Loskiewicz, How Neural Networks Can be Used in Well-Logging Applications, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. on Nuclear Geophysics, Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 17; Proc. in: Publications of the Institute of Geoph. Polish Academy of Sciences, ed. U. Woznicka (1998) 43; 11. J. Loskiewicz, J. Swakori, K. Kulczykowska, Neural Network Estimation of Rock Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section from Natural Radioactivity, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. on Nuclear Geophysics, Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, p. 23 and Proceedings ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc. M021(309) (1998) 189; 12. J. Loskiewicz, J. Mazur, Indoor Radon, Exposure and Hazards, Proc. of the Joint Symp. on the Indoor Environment & Respiratory Illness, Including Allergy, (UNEP, WHO, ILO), 25-27 September 1997, Ustron, Poland (1998) 69; 13. P. Mabszewski, A. Zuber, E. Bedbur, Transport Parameters of Some Herbicides Determined from a Tracer Test, Proc. of Int. Conf. "Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection", Tubingen, Germany, 21-25 September 1998, eds M. Herbert, K. Kovar (IAHS Publ. no. 250) (1998) 529; 14. D. Mazur, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakori, Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow, Proc. of the Fourth Symp. of the Croatian Radiation Protection Association, Zagreb, 11-13 November 1998, eds B. Obelic, Z. Franic (CRPA) (1998) 329; 15. J. Necki et al., Determination of the Bio- and Anthropogenic Emission of Greenhouse Gases" (in Polish), V Polish Chromatographic Seminar on "Eco-Analysis in Environmental Protections", Torun, Poland, ed. B. Buszewski (M. Kopernik University, Torun) (1998) 199; 16. J. Swakon, J. Loskiewicz, Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross-Section Dependence on a Natural Radioactive Elements Con- centrations for Miocene Rocks from Carpathian Piemont (in Polish), VII National Conf. "New Methodolical and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geo- physics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 317; 17. I. Sliwka, Quantative Measurements of the Chlorofluoro-Compounds in Air" (in Polish), V Polish Chromatographic Seminar on "Eco-Analysis in Environmental Protections", Torun, Poland, ed. B. Buszewski (M. Kopernik University, Toruri) (1998) 129; 18. T. Zorski, A. Drabina, M. Stattmiiller, Application of the Semi-Empirical Method of the Neutron Tool Calibration in Oil Industry, Proc. of the Int. Conf. "Nuclear Geophysics '97", Krakow, Poland, 20-23 October 1997, ed. U. Woznicka (Publs. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acad. Sc., M-21(309) (1998) 103; 19. T. Zorski, M. Stadmiiller, A. Drabina, Quantitative Interpretation of Neutron Logs in Geofizyka Krakow Company (in Polish), VII National Conf. "New Methodolical and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geophysics", Koninki, Poland, 22-24 April (1998) 371; 20. A. Zuber et al., Protection of the Malm Aquifer in Cracow Region from Anthropogenic Pollution Determined by 247 Environmental Tracer Methods (in Polish), Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego (Katowice) 1718: "Hydrogeologia obszarów zurbani- zowanych i uprzemysłowionych", red. A. T. Jankowski (1998) 268. Other conference materials: 1. J. Burda, A. Igielski, W. Janik, M. Kosik, A. Kurowski, U. Woźnicka, T. Zaleski, Time-Dependent Neutron Field Experimental Set-up at the Pulsed Neutron Generator in the INP, Kraków (in Polish), National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and Environmental Protection,, Kraków, Poland, 16-18 September 1998, p. 117; 2. J. Dąbrowska, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabańska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woźnicka, Thermal Neutron Diffusion Parameters for Media of Variable Bulk Density (in Polish), National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Kraków, Poland, 16-18 September 1998, p. 112; 3. A. Drabina, U. Woźnicka, Progress of Semi-empirical Calibration Method in the Three-region Borehole Geometry, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. and Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, 8-11 September 1998, p. B2.7; 4. A. Drabina, U. Woźnicka, Progress of the Semi-empirical Calibration Method for the Neutron Porosity Tools, Abstr. of the "Conference and Exhibition on Modern Exploration and Improved Oil and Gas Recovery Methods", Kraków, Poland, 1-4 September 1998, AW-02 (1998) 35; 5. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabańska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woźnicka, Influence of the Rock Material Heterogenity on Using the Pulsed Neutron Generator (in Polish), Methodological Achievements in World Oil-Geology and the Practice in Polish Oil and Gas Mining Industry, Warszawa, Poland, 19 May 1998, p. 47; 6. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabańska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, U. Woźnicka, Neutronie Laboratory Experiments on Geological Samples Useful for Geophysical Interpretation, Abstr. of the Int. Conf. and Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, 8-11 September 1998, p. M1.6; 7. M. Duliński, A. Garlicki, J. Grabczak, A. Zuber, Water Origin Isotopic Analyses in Polish salt Mines (in Polish), IV Meeting of Polish Salt Mining Association (1998) 16; 8. M. Duliński, A. Garlicki, J. Grabczak, A. Zuber, Water Origin Isotopic Analyses in Polish Salt Mines (in Polish), National Symp. " Nuclear Technique in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture, and Environmental Protection, Kraków, Poland, 16-18 September (1998) 141; 9. J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakoń, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, D. Mazur, J. Mazur, On the Applicability of Short Time Measurements to the Determination of Annual Average of Radon Concentration in Dwelling, IRPA Regional Symposium on Radiation Protection in Neighbouring Countries of Central Eu- rope, Praque, 8-12 Sptember 1997 (1998) 142; 10. J. Loskiewicz, J. Swakoń, Analysis of the Correlations between Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross-Section and K, U, Th Concentrations for Miocene Rocks from Carpathian Piemont in Poland, Technical Abstracts of Int. Conf. and Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, Russia, 8-11 August 1998, p. M1.4; 11. D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakoń, Measurement of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas, XIX Int. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Besançon, September 1998; 248 12. A. Zuber, Isotope Methods in Determining the Origin of Brines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (in Polish), III Conf. on Environmental Protection, Jastrzebie Zdroj, Poland, 26 October 1998 (NOT) (1998) 33. Monographs: 1. J. Lasa, I. Sliwka, The Determination of Optimal Operation Conditions of the Electron Capture Detector for Ap- plication to Freons Concentrations Measurements. The Measurements of F-ll and F-12 Freons in the Atmosphere, Environmental Chemistry - Exercises and Seminars, eds E. Szczesniak-Cileciak, P. Koscielniak (Jagiellonicum University Publishers) (in Polish) (1998) (in print). Reports: 1. J. Bogacz, J. Mazur, J. Loskiewicz, M. Janik, D. Mazur, The Use of Diffusion-Barrier Charcoal Canisters for Radon Concentration Measurements in Buildings, IFJ Report 1789/Ap (1998); 2. A. Drabina, U. Woznicka, Neutron Diffusion Approximation Solution for the Three-Region Borehole Cylindrical Geometry. Part II: Numerical Tests and Results, IFJ Report 1794/PN (1998); 3. A. Drabina, J. Loskiewicz, U. Woznicka, T. Zorski, A Comparison of Theoretical Solution of Three-Layer Coaxial diffusion Approximation of the Borehole with the Measurements at Zielona Gora Calibration Facility, IFJ Report 1796/AP (1998); 4. M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon, How Precise is the Determination of the Average Radon Concentration in Buildings from Mea- surements Lasting only a few Days, IFJ Report 1792/AP (1998). GRANTS: Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Prof. A. Zuber - Grant No 6 P04D 019 09, ,,Determining the Origin and Age of Water in Chosen Main Groundwater Systems by Isotope and Noble Gas Methods"; 2. Prof J. loskiewicz - Grant No 9 T12B 014 10, ,,Physics of the Neutron Tools Calibration for the Cylindrical Three-Zone system. Theory, Computer Codes and Practice" (ended 31st March 1998); 3. J. Swakon, Ph. D. - Grant No 6 P04D 046 11, „ A comparison of stationary and pulsed measuring methods of thermal neutron absorption cross-section". Grants from other sources : 1. Prof J. Lasa - IAEA Research Contract 302-F3-POL-8669, ..Measurements of SF6 Concentration in Air and Water in Southern Poland"; 2. Prof. A. Zuber - Coordinated Research Programme (CRP) No F3 40 06, 249 ,,Combined Interpretation of Environmental Isotopes for Analyses of Flow and Transport Parameters by Making Use of the Lumped-Paramater Approach"; 3. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, Ph.D. - IAEA Research Contract No 9613/R1/RBF, "Computational and Experimental Research on Humidity Measurement of Coke and/or Cement"; 4. Prof. J. Loskiewicz - Annex 2 to Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between National Atomic Energy Agency (Poland) and The Foundation ,,German Electron-Synchrotron DESY", ,,Computer and Theoretical Studies of Shielding for High Energy Accelerators", 1997-98. CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. J. Lasa, "Photo-Ionisation Detectors (PID, PDPID) for Gas Chromatography", Vpolish Chromatographic Seminary on "Eco-Analysis in Environmental Protections " , Torun, Poland, 8-10 September 1998. PRESENTATIONS: 1. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, "Determination of Hard Coal Qualities by Neutron Methods", National Conference "Technical Conditions Concerning the Optimization of Coal Blends Compositions", Rudy Raciborskie, Poland, April 1998; 2. A. Drabina and U. Woznicka, ,,Apparent Slowing-Down and Migration Length in a Three-Region Borehole Geometry", VII National Conference ,,New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998; 3. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, and U. Woznicka, ,,Homogenity of Samples for Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section Measurement", VII National Conference ,,New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998; 4. E. Krynicka, ,,Estimating an Accuracy of the Experimental Results by a Computer Simulation Method", VII National Conference „ New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998; 5. J. Swakoh and J. Loskiewicz, ,,Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section Dependence on a Natural Radioactive Elements Concentrations for Miocene Rocks from Carpathian Piemont", VII National Conference ,,New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998; 6. T. Zorski, M. Stadmueller, and A. Drabina, Quantitative Interpretation of Neutron Logs in Geofizyka Krakow Company", VII National Conference ,,New Methodological and Interpretational Achievements in Well-Logging Geophysics", Koninki, Poland, April 1998; 7. A. Zuber, Coordination Meeting of the Coordinated Research Programme on Use of Isotopes for Analyses of Flow and Transport Dynamics in Groundwater Systems, USGS, Reson VA, USA, 18-22 May 1998: a) ,,Combined Interpretation of Environmental Isotopes for Analyses of Flow and Transport Parameters by Making Use of the Lumped-Parameter Approach": b) ,,Some Problems in the Use of Environmental Tracer Methods for Calibration or Validation of Mathematical Models of Flow and Transport in Groundwater Systems"; 8. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, and U. Woznicka, ,,Influence of the Rock Material Heterogenity on Using the Pulsed Neutron Generator", 250 Conf. „ Methodological Achievements in World Oil Geology and the Practice in Polish Oil and Gas Mining Industry", Warszawa, Poland, May 1998; 9. A. Zuber, J. Motyka, K. Osenbriick, S.M. Weise, and J. Grabczak, "Protection of the Malm Aquifer in Cracow Region from Anthropogenic Pollution Determined by Environmental Tracer Methods", Conf. on Hydrogeology of Urbanised and Industrialised Regions, Ustron, Poland, June 1998 ; 10. P. Maloszewski, A. Zuber, and E. Bedbur, ,,Transport Parameters of Some Herbicides Determined from a Tracer Test", International Conf. „ Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection ", Tuebingen, Germany, September 1998; 11. A. Drabina and U. Woznicka, ,,Progress of Semi-Empirical Calibration Method in the Three-Region Borehole Geometry", PWLA International Conf. And Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, Russia, September 1998; 12. J. Loskiewicz and J. Swakon, ,,Analysis of the Correlations between Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Sections and K, U, Th Concentrations from Miocene Rocks from Carpathian Piemont in Poland", SPWLA International Conf. And Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, Russia, September 1998; 13. K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, andU. Woznicka, ,,Neutronic Laboratory Experiments on Geological Samples Useful for Geophysical Interpretation", SPWLA International Conf And Exhibition on Well Logging, Moscow, Russia, September 1998; 14. D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakon, ,,Measurement of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas", International Conf On Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Besancon, France, September 1998; 15. J. Burda, A. Igielski, W. Janik, M. Kosik, A. Kurowski, U. Woznicka, and T. Zaleski, ,,Time-Dependent Neutron Field Experimental Set-up at the Pulsed Neutron Generator in the INP, Krakow", National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Krakow, Poland, September 1998; 16. J. Da^browska, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, E. Krynicka, and U. Woznicka, ,,Thermal Neutron Diffusion Parameters for Media of Variable Bulk Density", National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Krakow, Poland, September 1998; 17. M. Dulinski, A. Garlicki, J. Grabczak, and A. Zuber, ,,Water Origin Isotopic Analyses in Polish Salt Mines", National Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Krakow, Poland, September 1998; 18. A. Drabina and U. Woznicka, ,,Progress of the Semi-Empirical Calibration Method for the Neutron Porosity Tools", Conf. and Exhibition on Modern Exploration and Improved Oil and Gas Recovery Methods ", Krakow, Poland, September 1998; 19. /. Sliwka and J. Lasa, "Quantitative Measurements of the Chlorofluoro-Compounds in Air", V Polish Chromatographic Seminary on " Eco-analysis in environmental protections", Torun, Poland, 8-10 September 1998; 20. J. Necki, M. Zimnoch, J. Miroslaw, and A. Korus, "Determination of the Bio- and Anthropogenic Emission of Greenhouse Gases", V Polish Chromatographic Seminary on "Eco-analysis in environmental protections" , Torun, Poland, 8-10 September 1998; 21. A. Zuber, ,,Isotope Methods in Determining the Origin of Brines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin", III Conf. on Environmental Protection, Jastrzebie Zdroj, Poland, October 1998; 22. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, J. Loskiewicz, and G. Tracz, Computational and Experimental Research on Humidity Measurements of Coke and/or Cement", II Research Co-ordination Meeting of the Co-ordinated Research Programme on „ Bulk Hydrogen Analysis Using Neutrons ", IAEAHQ, Vienna, Austria, November 1998; 251 23. D. Mazur, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakon, ,,Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow", IVSymp. of the Croatian Radiation Protection Association, Zagreb, Jugoslavia, November 1998. MEMBERS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND EDITORIAL BOARDS: 1. A. Zuber, Member of International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), Member of International Association of Cosmochemistry and Geochemistry (IACG), Member of the Advisory Editorial Board of Journal of Hydrology, Associate Editor of Hydrogeology Journal, Member of the Hydrological Commission of the Polish Academy of Science. 2. J. Lasa, Member of the Chromatography Commission and Commission of Analysis of Gases and Air of the Polish Academy of Science. SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: 1. T. Cywicka-Jakiel, Ph.D. Thesis: ,,Determination of Hard Coal Properties by Neutron Scattering"; 2. J. Necki, Ph.D. Thesis: ,,Estimation of the Greenhouse Gas Emission on the Local and Continental Scale Basing on Data Obtained from Remote Station at Kasprowy Wierch". SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. K. Drozdowicz - Centro Atomico Bariloche, Argentina, a) Calculation of the Thermal Neutron Diffusion Cooling Coefficient in Moderators". b) ,,A Correlation Method to Measure the Thermal Neutron Absorption Cross Section of Rocks". INTERNAL: 1. M. Janik, ,,On what Factors Does the Radon Concentration Depend in Soil Gas"; 2. J. Bogacz, ,,Spectrometric Methods in the Measurement of Soil Humidity"; 3. K. Drozdowicz, ,,Calculations and Measurements of Neutrons" - collaboration with Centro Atomico Bariloche; 4. U. Woznicka, ,,Difliision Parameters in Inhomogenous Materials"; 5. M. Janik, ,,On the Radon Transport Equation"; 6. M. Janik, ,,Radons (Rn-220 and Rn-222) in Soil Gas in New Jersey"; 7. J. N^cki and J. Lasa, ,,Measurements of Greenhouse Gases in the Laboratory at Kasprowy Wierch"; 252 8. J. Bogacz, ,,New (LSO, GSO, CdTe, CZT) Detectors of Gamma Radiation"; 9. J.Ne.cki, ,,The Balance of Greenhouse Gases for the City of Krakow"; 10. G. Tracz, ,,The FNGT Method Applied to Measure the Humidity of Coke"; ll.D. Dworak, ,,The Field of Scattered Particles in HERA Tunnel from Interactions on Rest-Gas in the Accelerator Pipe". LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. J. Lasa, Course ,,Instrumental Analytical Methods Employed for Air Pollution Determination", Faculty of Nuclear Physics and Technique, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow Poland; 2. J. Lasa, Course ,,Gas Chromatography and Air Trace Gases Monitoring", Faculty of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 3. J. Lasa, Course ,,Measurements of the Trace Atmospheric Gases Effected in Greenhouse Effect and Earth's Ozone Layer Destruction", Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krak6w, Poland; 4. U. Woznicka, K. Drozdowicz, B. Gabanska, M. Kosik, and T. Zaleski, Laboratory Exercises "Measurement of Macroscopic Cross-Section of Rocks by a Pulsed Neutron Generator", Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland. 253 DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska Consultant: Jacek Capala, Ph.D., (BNL, NY, USA) Consultant: Jerzy Huczkowski, Ph.D. telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 322 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Laboratory of Radiation and Environmental Cytogenetic: Head: Assoc. Prof. Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska Deputy: Anna Wierzewska, M.Sc. Research Staff: Dorota Florjan, M.Sc. Agnieszka Miarka, M.Sc. Janusz Gajewski, M.Sc. Technical Staff: Ewa Bartel Joanna Wiltowska Ewa Kasper, M.Sc. Laboratory of Radiation and Environmental Mutagenesis: Head: Barbara Palka, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Jolanta Adamczyk Igor Pawfyk, M.Sc., Eng., Malgorzata Litwinszyn, M.Sc. Ewa Tomankiewicz, M.Sc., Eng. Neutron Therapy and Pre-clinical Research Division: Head: Wojciech Niedzwiedz, M.Sc. Research Staff: Wojciech Dyga, M.Sc., Eng. Krystyna R^kas, M.Sc., Eng. Technical Staff: Barbara Janiszewska, M.Sc., Eng. StanisJaw Krasnowolski, M.Sc. Tomasz Janiszewski, Eng. 254 OVERVIEW: PL9902567 The year 1998 might again be called as the "Comet Year". The rain of bolides expected in the sky resembles pictures of DNA damages in shapes, numbers, mysterious processes and sometimes challenges to detect them. It was in this year that we detected, in a fluorescent light under the microscope, another "shinning star" a long time expected translocation induced by neutrons and then transferred to its glitter through fluorescence in situ hybridization technic. The year was filled in with measurements and brought plenty of scientific events that are partly reflected in the following pages; strong will and hard work to maintain research standards equal to technologically advanced partners in Europe and in other parts of the World; the USA, Sth Korea. We mainly devoted the year 1998 to the activities concerning our basic research, and requirements and expectations of various Committees in the issues of three research projects. We gather results on genotoxicity of pesticides, occupational exposures, and also the importance of life styles as factors affecting the levels of damage induced in human cells. We have also succeeded to go faster with modernization of our methodology by transferring the single cell "Comet Assay" to the routine work for the analysis of DNA damage induced by UV and X-rays radiation and for the studies on individual variability in the damage repair capacity. On January 13th we installed a new powerful RTG machine. Polish Atomic Energy supported this investment. And this was really the meaningful celebration of 100 anniversary of the discovery of POLONIUM and RADIUM. So, now, before a new therapeutic tool will be used in routine applications for radiotherapy, we with our new beautiful and powerful roentgen machine are deeply involved in the exploration of the strength of radiotherapeutic efficiency of sources and schedules. With the use of gene mutations in TSH -assay, we have finally established good dose response curves for californium 252 neutrons from KAERI source. The third part of our effort concerns an application of different radiation sources for clinical cancer therapy. In cooperation with dr Jacek Capala we have done experiments on Medical Research Reactor in Brookhaven Laboratory. We have also introduced a COMET assay in their laboratory. This is an excellent feeling when both cooperating sides may benefit from co-operation. The year 1998 was also very attractive in the sense of many interesting visits to our Department. AH of them we enjoyed a lot. We were honored to host Dr Diana Anderson from BIBRA International, Carshalton, UK. We are happy to see that her visits have become a tradition so much profitable for both our friendship and programs. The end of the year was equally touching as the beginning when X-ray machine had arrived, at the beginning of December, I won myself, a prize from the International Mutagenesis Society for the outstanding presentation; on the 3rd International Conference of Mutagenesis in Human Populations. I really respect both, working issue of the Conference "Understanding Gene and Environmental Interactions for Disease Prevention" and a prize itself (Five-year-subscription of International Journal of Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis). Whoop! I am proud of myself and of the people in my Department!! -^el^C^-^ CeJZ~/*. Assoc. Professor Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska PL9902568 255 Stable and Unstable Aberration Frequencies after 252Cf Neutrons Irradiation of Human Lymphocytes Pretreated or not with BSH A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, K. R^kas, and A. Kreft' ' University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland (Research was partially supported by grant Polish Committee of Science KBN No 6 P04A05112) Human blood samples were irradiated with neutrons from isotopic 252Cf source at the Faculty of Nuclear Physics and Technics at Academy of Mining and Metallurgy (both neutron source and samples were IO placed in polyethylene block). Chemical pretreatment with BSH (Na2 Bi2HnSH) was done to introduce boron-10 ion into cells in order to check any enhancement effect due to the process of boron neutron capture. Classical cytogenetics was applied to assess the frequencies of unstable aberrations (dicentrics and rings). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes for chromosomes 1, 4 (14.3% of whole genome) and pancentromeric probe was performed to evaluate the frequencies of stable aberrations (translocations). The evaluation of the frequencies of translocations for the whole genome was done on the base of Lucas et al. equation [1]: FG = Fp/2.05fp(l- fp), where Fp means observed translocation frequency evaluated with FISH and fp means fraction of the genome covered with the probe. There is an increase of aberration frequency with dose -without BSH -with BSH 0,2 0,4 0,8 Dose[Gy] Fig. 1: Percent of aberrant cells after irradiation Fig. 2: Unstable aberration frequencies after irradiation with with and without BSH. and without BSH. 0,2 0,4 Dose [Gy] Fig. 3: Stable and unstable aberration frequencies after Fig. 4: Stable and unstable aberration frequencies after irradiation without BSH treatment. CAbF - irradiation with BSH treatment CAbF,FG-as at frequency of unstable aberrations; FG - freque- Fig. 3. ncy of translocations for the whole genome. of radiation both for BSH pretreatment and observed without BSH. There is no significant difference between boron pretreated and not treated cells, although the higher translocation frequency is observed in case of the 256 highest dose with BSH pretreatment. The level of translocations observed is comparable with the frequencies of dicentrics and rings. Reference: 1. J.N. Lucas, et al., Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 62 (1992) 53. illinium PL9902569 Monitoring of DNA and Cytogenetic Damage in Lymphocytes from Skin Cancer Diseases A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Dyga, S. Krasnowolski, A. Wierzewska, and [E. Budzanowska JL Rydygier Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Krakow, Poland. (Research was partially supported by contract of the European Communities INCO-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960300 and grant KBN No 6P04A05112) There is a lot if interest in the studies that would help to understand whether there is a casual association between cancer and various types of molecular or cytogenetic damage detected in human cells. One major oncogenesis process is activation of proto-oncogenes by point mutations or chromosomal translocation. There is substantial evidence that indicates that loss of heterozygosity of certain chromosomes is involved in human carcinogenesis. Our study aimed to elicit the possible association between cancer and DNA and cytogenetic abnormalities induced in lymphocytes of persons bearing various categories of skin cancer cells. Fresh blood was collected by venipuncture from 25 individuals (including nine prior to cancer treatment). All patients were nonsmoking males, however 42.3 % of them were former smokers. Blood samples were divided into two parts and in the first part of samples cytogenetic studies were performed immediately, while from the second part lymphocytes were isolated and stored at - 70° C for further studies in vitro. In the latter one a single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE) known as a Comet assay was performed to study individual susceptibility to the induction of DNA damage by UV or radiation and cellular repair capability. An average of 220 per sample of good metaphase spreads in the first mitotic division, and 100 per sample in the second division, were accepted for analysis of cytogenetic damage. Chromosome and chromatid type aberrations were scored in the cells in the first mitosis and expressed as total aberration frequency including gaps and excluding gaps. Sister chromatid exchanges, high frequency cells and proliferative rate index were screened and evaluated in the second mitosis. Each of the patient revealed exceeding in at least one of the cytogenetic biomarkers level from the biomarker's level detected in reference group. In order to estimate susceptibility of people to environmentally induced damage, in isolated lymphocytes DNA damage was detected after exposures to various radiation. The lymphocytes were isolated from 0.5 ml of blood from each patient, irradiated with 2 Gy dose of X-rays or 6 J/m2 of UV radiation and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE assay) was performed. To compare various individual capability to repair damages, incubation of cells in precense or absence of the agent stimulating cellular division was also done prior to DNA damage analysis. Statistically significant higher response to UV and lower capability to repair UV induced damage in skin cancer patients was observed. No difference between control and skin cancer patients in the induction of DNA damage by X-rays was observed. Acknowledgments: The able assistance of E. Bartel and J. Politowska, is greatly appreciated. PL9902570 257 Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals or Radiation A. Cebulska-Wasilewska (Research was partially supported by contract ERJBIC15CT 960300 from the Commission of the European Communities and Polish Committee of Science KBN No 6 P04A05112) The importance of various environmental exposures has been evident in variation in cancer incidence and mortality. Benzene is considered to be a human carcinogen, is clastogenic to rodents and humans, and it affects the immune response. Workers in various industrial plants, are exposed to benzene and benzene related compounds as a result of various activities in which benzene is processed, generated or used. Major sources of environmental exposure to benzene related compounds, continue to be active and passive smoking, auto exhaust, and driving or riding in automobiles. Benzene is of a particular interest, not only because of its known toxicity, but also because this was to be the parent compound and a model for extensive programs of metabolism of a variety of aromatic chemicals. Ionizing radiation is an unavoidable physical agent that is presented in environment, and public opinion is well aware against radiation risk and strongly against it. The aim of the presentation was the comparison of cytogenetic damages induced in vivo by environmental chemicals with those of radiation. Results from biomonitoring survey on genotoxicity in human blood cells of benzene and benzene related compounds were compared to damages detected in lymphocytes of people who had been accidentally exposed to gamma radiation. In the groups, that had been occupationally or environmentally exposed to benzene related compounds, total aberration frequencies, or percent of aberrant cells ranged between 0 - 0.16 aberrations/cell or 16% of aberrant cells respectively. An multivariate regression analysis confirmed: (i) a significant association between cytogenetic damage and exposure to benzene related compounds, (ii) a possible association between cytogenetic damage and cancer, (iii) a significant influence of smoking habit. In 1996 few persons were suspected to be accidentally exposed to gamma radiation. To estimate the absorbed doses, lymphocytes from their blood were analyzed for the presence of chromosomal aberrations. The frequency of dicentric and rings detected in lymphocytes of two persons confirmed an exposure to ionizing radiation. The absorbed doses estimates were done on the base of dose response curves obtained previously. The doses exceeded ten times the annual permissible dose. The highest total aberration frequency measured was 0.14 aberrations/cell. Comparable levels of cytogenetic damage observed in the groups from the environmental survey and from the accidental exposure to radiation source confirmed that health hazard from radiation exposure in the public opinion is often overestimated in contradiction to everyday environmental hazard. Acknowledgments: The able assistance of E. Bartel is greatly appreciated. Influence of the Electrophoresis Time on the Level of DNA Damage Detection in the SCGE Method A. Cebulska-Wasilewska and W. Niedzwiedz (This work was supported by grants fromlNCO-CopernicusERBI C 15CT960 300) The single cell gel electrophoresis method (SCGE) was developed to estimate the DNA damage induced in individual cells as a result of their exposure to different mutagenic agents. In the present study we investigate the influence of various electrophoresis time on the level of DNA damage detected in Comet method, on the example of genotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide and O,S,S mreealkylodithiolophosphate. Isolated human lymphocytes (PBL) were treated for 30 min. at 4°C with different concentration of H202 (0-80 \M) or O,S,S threealkylodithiolophosphate (0-40 mM). The following treatment of SCGE assay was conducted and cells were exposed to different electrophoresis time (20, 30, 40 min). The DNA damage was assessed using tail moment parameter[l, 2]. To investigate the influence of electrophoresis time on the level of DNA damage detected in comet method we compared the alpha coefficient calculated for dose-response curves. Our results 258 reveal that the increase of the electrophoresis time from 20 to 30 min. resulted in the increase of efficiency of detection of DNA damage (Fig. 1). Further elongation of the electrophoresis time from 30 to 40 min did not increase the sensitivity of the method. Results from H2O2 treatment showed that optimal electrophoresis time is 30 min. This assumption was confirmed by studies with O,S,S threealkylodithiolophosphate (data presented in Fig. 2). Those results reveal that electrophoresis time might be critical in evaluation of genotoxic potency. » 20 min 20 min. 30 min. 40 min. 90 80 - y=0.296x+0.673[20min.] 70 " y=0.884x-l.739[30min] 60 - y=>0.7Z7x + 13.139(40 rain.] 50 - 40 " 30 " i 20 - 10 - 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 Concentration of H202 [uM] Concentration of O, S, S [mM] Fig. 1 and 2: Influence of the electrophoresis time on the level of DNA damage detected in SCGE method. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Msc. M Kuciel for technical assistance. References: 1. V.J. McKelvey-Martin, M.H.L. Green, P. Schmezer, B.L. Pool-Zobel, M.P. De Meo, and A Collins, "The Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay (Comet Assay): A European Review", Mutation Research 288 (1993) 47. 2. D.W. Fairbairn, P.L.Olive, and K.L. O'Neill, "The Comet Assay: a Comprehensive Review", Mutation Research 339 (1995) 37.' PL9902571 Efficiency of the DNA Damage Repair in UV Irradiated Human Lymphocytes A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Dyga, and W. Niedzwiedz (This work was partially supported by INCO-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960 300 grant) We have used a SCGE assay to estimate the influence of cellular process during incubation on DNA damages level and their subsequent repair capacity in UV irradiated lymphocytes taken from young healthy volunteers. We estimated the level of DNA damage exposed to various doses of UV radiation (0-18 J/m ) and examined their own repair capacity in unstimulated human lymphocytes. Fig. 1 presents DNA damage level dependence on time of incubation after different doses of UV radiation. We have also studied an influence of stimulation cellular division process on repair capacity (Fig. 2). Results showed statistically significant influence of the LF-7 (cellular division stimulator) on repair of the DNA damages induced with different dose of UV. Our results indicate that SCGE assay may be useful for studying individual capacity of the DNA damage repair, so it would give us the information about the variability in human radiosensitivity. 259 90 a 18J/m2 18J/m2LF:; 3J/m2 3 J/m2 LF x -1 Xi 80 100 yO 1/mZt- 0 J33i + 2,71 1*2-0,53 70 Dose 0 80 - 60 18J/m2 50 9 J/m2 60 " 6J/m2 | 1 3J/m2 40 - 25 50 75 100 125 60 90 120 150 Incubation time [nun] Incubation time [min] Fig. 1: DNA damage level dependence on time Fig, 2: Influence ofLF-7 on the repair of DNA of incubation after different doses damage induced after 18 Jm'2 and 3 Jm"2 of UV radiation. of UVC radiation. References; 1. C. Gedik, S. Ewen, and A. Collins, "Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Applied to the Analysis of UV-C Damage and its Repair in Human Cells", International Journal of Radiation Biology 62. no.3 (1992) 313; 2. M.H. Green, J.E. Lowe, S.A. Harcourt, P. Akinluyi, T. Rowe, J. Cole, A.V. Anstey, C.F. Arlett, "UVC Sensitivity of Unstimulated and Stimulated Human Lymphocytes from Normal and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Donors in the Comet Assay: a Potential Diagnostic Technique", Mutation Research 273, no 2 (1992) 137; 3. M. Holmberg, "The Effect of Deoxynuclosides on Repair of DNA Breaks in UVC-Irradiated Human Lymphocytes", Mutation Research 218 (1989) 33. PL9902572 Studies on the DNA Damage in L9 Tumour Cells Irradiated in the Presence and Absence of 10B at the Epithermal Neutron Port of the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Niedzwiedz, J. Capala1, and J.A. Coderre1 'Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA (This work was supported by grants from M. Skiodowska-Curie Foundation No. PAA/NIH-97-308) Boron neutron cancer therapy (BNCT) is a binary system based on the nuclear reaction 10B(n,a)7Li, which occurs when a non- radioactive isotope of boron, °B, captures thermal neutrons. Because the ranges of the high-LET products of this reaction in tissue are comparable to the cell diameter, BNCT provides means to kill specifically tumor cells that accumulate 10B. The goal of the present studies was to investigate the DNA damage induced during BNCT in L9 tumour cells. The DNA damage was estimated using a single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) technique. This technique, also known as the comet assay, provides a rapid and very accurate method to assess, in individual cells, the type of initial DNA damage and its repair. In this study L9 rat tumour cells were irradiated with epithermal neutrons from Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor following a 2 hour incubation in cell culture medium with or without boric acid (the final concentration of boron atoms at cells was 10 ppm). The neutron dose rate was 3.043 and 5.328 (cGy/MWmin) for cells with and without boron, respectively. To evaluate the DNA damage we estimate percent of cells expressing high (H) and total (T) type of DNA damage [1,2]. The percent of cells with H+T DNA damage observed in different groups of samples is shown in Fig. 1. As is seen 260 from our data for nontreated cells we observe the increase of DNA damage with increasing dose of neutrons. The cells pretreated with boric acid show higher level of the DNA damage than nontreated cells, although for higher doses the observed effects are statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the relatively higher level of the DNA damage observed in control (cells incubated with boric acid) may suggest that boric acid per se induced most of the damage in these cells. without bar with bor 1.00 p-D.427 O.BD p-0.0018 ** p-0.373 p-0.000•#* 7 p-0.005 0.80 0.40 - 0.80 - 0.00 0.5 1.5 I Doae IQy] Fig. 1: L9 tumour cells treated with neutrons. References: 1. D. Anderson, T.W. Yu , B.J. Philips, and P. Schmezer, "The Effect of Various Antioxidants and Other Modifying Agents on Oxygen-Radical-Generated DNA Damage in Human Lymphocytes in the Comet Assay", Mutation Research 307(1994)261; 2. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Niediwiedi, and D. Nowak, "Hydrogen Peroxide and Radiation Induced DNA Damage Investigated by the "Comet Assay", Nukleonika 41 no 2 (1996) 33. PL9902573 DNA Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes with Neutrons from 252Cf Source A. Cebulska- Wasilewska, W. Niedzwiedz, and A. Kreft1 1 University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland (This work was supported by grant from Polish Committee of Science KBN No 6P04A05112) The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the DNA damage induction in normal and boron enriched human lymphocytes by neutrons from Cf source (source and samples were placed in polyethylene block). Isolated lymphocytes (100 000 cells/ml) were irradiated at Academy of Mining and Metallurgy in Krakow (using 2Cf source emiting 107neutrons/s) in the presence or absence of BSH. The irradiation was performed at a room temperature for 3; 6,5; 13 hours. After the irradiation, single cell gel electrophoresis was performed, according to the procedure described elsewhere [1]. The DNA damage was estimated using tail DNA and tail moment parameters [2, 3]. Figs 1 and 2 present dose-response curves gathered for lymphocytes pretreated or untreated with BSH and irradiated with neutrons. As can be seen from our data, there is a linear increase of DNA damage (reported as a mean value of tail DNA and tail moment) with the time of irradiation in normal lymphocytes and those pretreated with BSH. In the case of boron ions enriched cells we observed a slightly lower effect. 261 without BSH with BSH without BSH with BSH 3 6 9 12 Time of irradiation [h] Time of irradiation [h] Figs 1 and 2: Mean values of tail DNA and tail moment observed in human lymphocytes irradiated with neutrons from 252Cf source placed in moderator. References: 1. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz, and D. Anderson, "Correlations between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced after Chemical Treatment and Radiation", Mutation Research 42 (1998) 83; 2. V. J. McKelvey-Martin, M.H.L. Green, P. Schmezer, B.L. Pool-Zobel, M.P. De Meo, and A. Collins, "The Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay (Comet Assay): A European Review", Mutation Research 288 (1993) 47; 3. D.W. Fairbairn, P.L. Olive, and K.L. O'Neill, "The Comet Assay, a Comprehensive Review", Mutation Research 339 (1995) 37. Preliminary Calculations of a Fast Neutron Collimator Using the MCNP Code J. Gajewski, A, Cebulska-Wasilewska, J. Huczkowski, M. Waligorski ' , P. Olko, ^ B. Lazarska, E. Byrski2, and L. Wielopolski3 'institute ofNuclearPhysics, Krakdw, Poland; 2 Institute of Oncology, Krakdw, Poland; § 3 Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA | (This work was partly supported by KBN grant No 6P04A05112 and PAA/NIH-97-308) Calculations are being performed of a collimator previously used for a cyclotron-produced fast neutron radiotherapy beam, to investigate the applicability of this collimator at a higher neutron energy. Neutron are produced in B^d^B reaction, formerly for deuterons of energy Ed= 12.5 MeV (U-120 cyclotron), to be replaced by deuterons of energy Ed = 30 MeV (AIC-144 cyclotron). Calculations are being Total dose fall £. 100 measurement (12.5 MeV) calculations (12.5MeV) I calculations (30MeV) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Depth in the w ater (cm) Fig. 1 262 performed using the MCNP ( Monte Carlo Neutron Photon ) Transport Code System version MCNP4B2 with neutron - photon cross section data library DLC-189 (MCNPXS library) for energy range up to 100 MeV, to examine the suitability of the collimator for fast neutron cancer radiotherapy using the AIC-144 cyclotron. Fig. 1 shows the measured [1] percentage-depth dose distribution in water, for total (n+gamma) dose and the calculated distribution, for E Sectional profile of the neutron beam —•— measurerreni (12.5 MeV) —*•••• calculations (12.5 MeV) #«#»•%•••••(& ~«— calculations 0123456789 10 (30 MeV) Dstance fromthe axis (cm) Fig. 2 calculated for deuteron energy 12.5 MeV and predicted by the code for Ed = 30 MeV. These calculations are still being performed to improve their accuracy and precision and to investigate the small discrepancies within the measurements and other data are elaborated to check the suitability of this collimator to work with the AIC-144 cyclotron. At this stage, based on the initial calculations, we believe that the collimator could be applied without modification for fast neutron cancer radiotherapy using deuterons of E d = 30 MeV from the AIC-144 cyclotron. References: 1. E. Byrski, Ph.D. dissertation, 1981; 2. J. Skolyszewski et al., "Clinical Application of the Fast Neutrons Coming from U-120 Cyclotron", The Tumors 3 (39) 1979. The Renovation of Tradescantia Plantation by in vitro Regeneration of Plants from Lateral Buds B. Patka, H. Pawtowska1, M. Litwiniszyn, E. Tomankiewicz, and I. Pawtyk ; University of Agriculture, Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Krakow, Poland Tradescantia plants used for mutagenicity testing are heterozygous for flower colour and must be propagated vegetatively in order to maintain genetic identity. The older plants may lost their growth characteristics and plantation may be also contaminated by seedlings not heterozygous for flower colour. To minimize biological variability of the over 20 years old plantation it was decided to regenerate in vitro new plants in sterile conditions from primary meristems. The cloning was performed at the Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Science of the University of Agriculture in Krakow. Plants selected for cloning were previously checked for induction of gene mutations (colour change from blue to pink) by means of X-ray irradiation. Small pieces of Tradescantia shoots, each containing node with lateral bud, were placed vertically in Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented with growth regulators such as N6-benzyladenine (BA) and a- naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The regeneration of shoots and roots was obtained after 4-6 weeks of culturing in controlled conditions, then plants were moved to pots with soil. New plants after short period of adaptation to in vivo conditions were transported to the Institute of Nuclear Physics and placed in the controlled environment of the growth chamber. Gradually developing flowers were screened for the presence of pink cells (gene mutations) in stamen hairs. All new plants were checked and all of them have shown the presence of spontaneously 263 arising pink cells in their stamen hairs. Therefore, it Table 1. Spontaneous gene mutation frequencies was the proof that all plants are heterozygous for in Tradescantia plants obtained by in vitro cloning flower colour. Spontaneous gene mutation from primary meristems. frequencies are shown in Table 1; the mean value for clone 4430 is 3 times higher than for clone 02 and this difference is statistically significant (Ntest, Clone 02 Clone 4430 p < 0.01). Additionally, inflorescences of selected Code NoH GM Code NoH GM plants were irradiated with 1 Gy of X rays and 1 4536 0.15 1 3476 0.62 induced gene mutation frequencies were 13.64 ± 0.52 2 2030 0.06 2 3978 0.78 and 8.37 ± 3.03 for clone 02 and 4430, respectively, 3 4212 0.12 3 2754 0.65 but the difference is not statistically significant 4 1920 0.27 4 2448 0.45 (r-test, p = 0.33). 5 1620 0.19 5 1530 0.59 6 1296 0.15 6 1836 0.16 Tradescantia plants, clone 02 and 4430, 7 4641 0.13 7 1836 0.22 obtained by in vitro cloning from primary meristems 8 4536 0.09 8 1224 0.49 of shoots are practically free from the majority of 9 1296 0.23 9 1836 0.16 pathogens and are propagated further vegetatively to 10 5508 0.05 10 3366 0.45 get sufficient number of plants needed for 11 3328 0.08 11 2142 0.33 experiments. 12 648 0.31 12 1530 0.20 13 1944 0.10 612 13 0.65 Acknowledgements: 14 900 0.11 14 612 0.33 The authors would like to thank Prof. B. Sku- 15 2471 0.04 15 1530 0.39 ciriska, the Head of the Department of Plant Breeding 16 2142 0.47 and Seed Science of the University of Agriculture in Mean value 17 2754 0.07 Krakdw for permission to use the cell culture facilities. ofGM 18 1224 0.41 We thank the Project Leader, Assoc. Prof. A. Cebulska- C102 0.14 ±0.08 19 612 0.82 Wasilewska for permission to use irradiation facilities Cl 4430 0.42 + 0.21 20 1224 0.16 (X ray machine financed by National Atomic Energy Agency grant no 12/IN/97, and the growth chamber NoH - number of screened hairs financed by State Committee for Scientific Research GM - gene mutation frequency x 100 grant no 6 P04A05112). LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. D. Anderson, J.A. Hughes, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, E. Ni2ankowska, Ras p21 Protein Levels in Human Plasma from Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Compared with Lung Cancer Patients and Healthy Controls, Mutation Research 403 (1998) 229; 2. D. Anderson, J.A. Hughes, M.H. Brinkworth, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, E. Ni2ankowska, B. Graca, T. Wiedebaum, K. Peltonen, M. Sorsa, Examination of Ras Oncoproteins in Human Plasma from Healthy Controls and Workers Exposed to Petroleum Emissions, Mutation Research (1998) (in print); 3. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vitro by Environmental Chemicals or Radiation, Abstracts on the 13-th Symposium of the Polish Genetics Society, Warszawa, Poland, 22-25 September 1998 and Journal of Applied Genetics 39A (1998) 175; 264 4. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Niedzwiedz, D. Nowak, E. Kasper, A. Wierzewska, A. Wojcik, E. Bouzyk, DNA and Chromosomal Damage Estimate in Blood of People Suspected of Exposure to Radiation, Nukleonika 43(1998)65; 5. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz, D. Anderson, Correlation between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced after Chemical Treatment and Radiation, Mutation Research 421 (1998) 83; 6. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, K. Rekas, J.K. Kim, Application ofTSHBioindicatorfor Studying the Biological Efficiency of Radiation, Nukleonika (1998) (in print); 7. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, W. Niedzwiedz, A. Wierzewska, D. Nowak, P. Moszczyiiski, Z. Zabiriski, Monitoring of Molecular and Cytogenetic Damage in Lymphocytes from three Persons with Polycystic Kidney Disease, Archives of Medical Research 1 (1998) (in print). Proceedings: 1. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Comparison of Clastogenetic Effects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes with Ionizing Radiation or Environment Pollution, Abstr. of XI Meeting of PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April (1998) 86; 2. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals or Radiation, Abstr. of 28-th Annual Meeting "European Environmental Mutagen Society", Salzburg, Austria, 7-11 September (1998)189; 3. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals or Radiation}, Abstr. of the 3-rd Int. Conf. on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations, Bangkok - Khao Yai, Thajland, 29 November - 4 December (1998) 86; 4. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, W. Niediwiedz, Comparison between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes, Abstr. of "European Radiation Research '98", Capri, 3-7 October (1998) 60; 5. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, J. Capala, K. Rekas, J.A. Coderre, Estimation of Biological Efficiency of the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor Epithermal Neutron Beam Using Tradescantia Assay, Abstr. of the Eight Int. Symposium on Neutron Capture Therapy for Cancer, 13-18 September 1998, La Jolla, California, USA (1998); 6. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz, Comparison between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes, Abstr. of the 3-rd Int. Conf. on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations, Bangkok - Khao Yai, Thajland, 29 November - 4 December (1998) 108; 7. E. Herbut, E. Sosn6wka-Czajka, B. Niziol, Effect of Negative Ion Concentration on Health and Performance of Broiler Chickens, Xl-th Int. Symposium of Young Poultry Scientists, WPS A, Olsztyn, Poland, June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 63; 8. W. Niedzwiedz, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Repair od DNA Damages in Human Lymphocytes Induced by Gamma Radiation, Abstr. of XI Meeting of PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April (1998) 92; 9. W. Niedzwiedz, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Studies on the DNA Damage Induction and their Subsequent Repair in Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Various LET Radiation, Abstr. of 28-th Annual Meeting "European Environmental Mutagen Society", Salzburg, Austria, 7-11 September (1998) P193; 265 10. D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Correlaction between DNA Damages and Chromosomal Aberractions in Human Lymphocytes Induced by Genotoxic Agents, Abstr. of XI Meeting of PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April (1998) 94; 11. D. Nowak, W. Niedzwiedz, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Comparison between DNA and Cytogentic Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes, Abstr. of 28-th Annual Meeting "European Environmental Mutagen Society", Salzburg, Austria, 7-11 September (1998)349; 12. K. Rekas, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, J.K. Kim, Aply ofTHS Bioindicator to Estimate Biological Radioefficiency, Abstr. of XI Meeting of PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April (1998) 93. Reports: 1. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, A. Wierzewska, E. Kasper, Influence of Benzene and Benzene Related Compounds on Cytogenetic Damage in Human Blood Lymphocytes (Polish Workers), Report of the EC Envnment Programme "Biomonitoring of Human Populations Exposed to Petroleum Fuels with Special Consideration of the Role of Benzene as a Genotoxic Component" eds A. Carere, R. Crebelli in: Instituto Superiori di Sanita Report, Serie Relazioni 97/4 , ISSN 0394-9311 (1998) 68; 2. Kim Jin Kyu, A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, Application of Tradescantia Bioindicator for Studying the Biological Efficiency of Neutrons from Cf-252}, KAERI Report TR-955/98 (1998). GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: A. Cebulska-Wasilewska: 1. No6P04A051 12, "Studies on Biological Efficiency of High LET on the Case of Various Energy Neutrons"; 2. No 2 467/IA/620/98, "The Complementation of Laboratory Equipment: Ph-Meter and Electrophoresis System"; Grants from other sources: A. Cebulska-Wasilewska: 1. ERBIC 15CT 960300, "Pesticide Effects on Humans"; 2. PAA/NIH-97-308, "/« vitro Studies on Biological Effectivenees of Therapeutic Neutron Beams in the Presence of1 D"; 3. PAA No 7/SP/98, "Pre-Clinical Tests Concerning Cyclotron AIC-144 Application for Medical Treatment". 266 PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: A. Cebulska-Wasilewska 1. "Comparison between Clastogenic Effects Induced in vivo by Radiation and Chemicals", Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seul, South Korea; 2. "Application of Tradescantia Assay for Biological Monitoring", KAERI, Taejon, South Korea; 3. "Comparison of Clastogenic Effects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes by Ionizing Radiation or Environmental Pollution", XIII Congress PTG Warszawa, Poland; 4. "What is More Hazardous in our Environment: Chemical Pollution or Radiation?", INP, "Open Day", Krakow, Poland; 5. "Comparison of Clastogenic Effects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes by Ionizing Radiation or Environmental Pollution", XI Congress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland. PRESENTATION: 1. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska - The Third Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960300, Krakow, Poland, March 1998, "Progress in Human Monitoring Studies: Sampling and DNA Repair Epability Studies"; - XI Congress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15 - 17 April 1998, "Comparison of Clastogenic Efects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes with Ionizing Radiation or Environmental Pollution"; - 28th Annual Meeting European Environmental Mutagen Society, Salzburg, Austria, 7-11 September 1998, "Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals or Radiation", "Studies on the DNA Damage Induction and their Subsequent Repair in Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Various LET Radiation"; - The 13-th Symposium of the Polish Genetics Society, Warszawa, Poland, 22-25 September 1998, "Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vitro by Environmental Chemicals or Radiation"; - European Radiation Research 98, The 29th Meeting of the European Society for Radiation Biology and The 9th Meeting of the Italian Society for Radiation Research, Capri, Italy, 3-7 October 1998, "Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals or Radiation", "Comparison between DNA and Cytogenetic Damages Induced in Human Lymphocytes"; - The 3rd International Conference on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations, Bangkok - Khao Yai, Thailand, 29 November - 4 December 1998, "Comparison between Cytogenetic Damages Induced in vivo by Environmental Chemicals or Radiation", "Correlation between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced in vitro in Human Lymphocytes"; - Symposium "Molecular Cytogenetics: from Chromatin Structure to Induced Chromosomal Abnormalities", Leiden, The Netherlands, June 1998; - The 4th Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC15CT960300, Budapest, Hungary, September 1998, "Progress in UV Induced DNA Repair Capability Studies". 267 2. W. Dyga - The Third Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960300, Krakow, Poland, March 1998, "Application of SCGE Abson for DNA Repair Capacity Studies". 3. W. Niediwiedz - XICongress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April 1998, "Repair of DNA Damages in Human Lymphocytes Induced by Gamma Radiation". 4. B. Niziol - Symposium "Chosen Problems of Electromagnetic Environment", PAN, Krak6w, Poland, 24 September 1998, "Ion Concentration in the Troposphere". - Symposium "Chosen Problems of Electromagnetic Environment", PAN, Krakow, Poland, 24 September 1998 (with E. Herbut- Institute of Zootechnics, Chichen-Farm, Balice, Poland), "Effect of Negative Ion Concentration on Performance of Broiler Chickens Breeding". 5. D. Nowak - XI Congress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April 1998, "Correlation between DNA Damages and Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Lymphocytes Induced by Genotoxic Agents"; - 28th Annual Meeting European Environmental Mutagen Society, Salzburg, Austria, 7-11 September 1998, "Comparison between DNA and Cytogenetic Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes". 6. K. Rekas - XI Congress PTBR, Siedlce, Poland, 15-17 April 1998, "Apply of TSH Bioindicator to Estimate Biological Radioefficiency". 7. A. Wierzewska - The 4th Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC 15CT960300, Budapest, Hungary, September 1998. ORGANIZED CONFERENCES: "The Third Meeting of the Steering Committee Inco-Copernicus ERBIC15CT960300", Krakow, March 1998: 1. Transferring of biological samples procedures (Workshop 1); 2. Visiting laboratories Department of Radiation and Environmental Biology; 3. Molecular and cytogenetic methods in human monitoring (Workshop 2); 4. Coding system and analyzing of confounding factors (Workshop 3). SCHOLARSHIPS: D. Nowak 1. Batory Foundation of Warsaw Scientific Society - Part of the cover on the participation in 28th EEMS Meeting in Salzburg. 268 AWARDS: A. Cebulska-Wasilewska Awards of the International Mutagen Society to A. Cebulska-Wasilewska for outstanding presentation on 3rd ICEMHP conference "Understanding Gene and Environmental Interactions for Disease Prevention ", 29.11. - 4.12.1998, Bangkok - Khao Yai, Thailand. Award: 5 years subscription for Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. W. Niedzwiedz - Institute Oncology, Krak6w, Poland, "Applying of Comet Assay (SCGE Assay) for Investigation of Induction and Repair of DNA Damage in Human Lymphocytes"; 2. D. Florjan - Institute Oncology, Krakow, Poland, "Investigation of Dependence of DNA and Chromosomal Damage Induced in Lymphocytes with Ionizing Radiations and Chemicals"; 3. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska - AGH, Krakow, Poland, "What is More Hazardous in our Environment: Chemical Pollution or Radiation?"; 4. J. Huczkowski - Institute Oncology, Krakow, Poland, "The Report from the Conference on Neutron Therapy - Londyn, 27.04.1998". INTERNAL: 1. W.Dyga, January 1998, "Influence of UV Radiation on Human with Consideration of DNA Induction and Repair"; 2. D. Nowak, February 1998, "On the Structure and the Function of Telomeres"; 3. W. Niedzwiedz, March 1998, "Gene Therapy"; 4. B. PaJka, March 1998, "Cytochrome P450 System"; 5. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, April 1998, "Cytochrome P450 in Human: Evolution, Catalytic Ability and Interindividual Variation in Expression"; 6. E. Tomankiewicz, April 1998, "Applying of PIXE Method for the Analysis of Biological Samples - Perspectives"; 7. M. Kowalska (Warszawa, Poland), May 1998, "Delayed Mortality of Animal Cells after Ionizing Radiation"; 8. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, June 1998, "Safety and Health Standards for Workers with Bloodborne Pathogens"; 9. H.C. Sikka (NY, USA), September 1998, "Comparative Metabolism of the Liver Carcinogen, 2-Acetylaminoflourene by Rats and Fish"; 10. W. Niedzwiedz, October 1998, "Induction and Repair of DNA Damage in Human Lymphocytes - Advantages and Disadvantages of Comet Assay"; 11. D. Nowak, October 1998, "Dependence between DNA and Chromosomal Damage Induced in Human Lymphocytes"; 12. J. Gajewski, November 1998, "Preliminary Calculations of Present Kolimator of Neutron Beam with an Application of MCNP Program"; 269 13. I. Pawtyk, November 1998, "Radio and Microwaves - do They Threaten Human Health?"; 14. A. Miarka, December 1998, "The Influence of Biskojatooksowanadan (IV) on the Biochemical and Morphological Parameters of Golgi Apparats of Control and STZ - Induced Diabets in Rat Hepatocytes"; 15. H. Staszczuk (ZOZ, INP), December 1998, "The Health Service Reform"; 16. A. Cebulska-Wasilewska, December 1998, "Comparison of clastogenic Effects Induced in vivo in Human Lymphocytes by Ionizing Radiation or Environmental Pollution". LECTURES AND COURSES: A. Cebulska-Wasilewska 1. Syllabus of Radiation and Environmental Mutagenesis Lecture for Students of Medical Physics and Dosimetry Faculty at The University of Mining and Metallurgy , Krak6w, Poland: Lecturers program contains: 1.1 Biological effects of ionizing radiation: a) energy deposition in living cells, b) mechanisms of damage induction on a cellular level, c) radiobiology of neutrons, d) molecular models developing dose response relationship, e) influence of the DNA repair on dose rate and split dose effects, oxygen effects. 1.2 Models of interaction between agents; synergism, antagonism, adaptive response. 1.3 Major environmental hazards: structure dependence models for genotoxic potency, short and long term consequences; stochastic and nonstochastic effects, avoidable cancer causes. 1.4 Role of antioxidants. 1.5 Susceptibility to environmental agents (polymorphism of cytochrome p450). 1.6 Environmental risk characteriration; biological dosimetry of adsorbed dose and chemical exposures, a) biological monitoring of adverse effects, parallelogram and Sv-equivalent models, b) bioindicators; in vivo and in vitro short term assays. 2. Medical Physics and Dosimetry, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland: Laboratory training; Application of various biomarkers for studying biological effectivenes of x-rays and environmental mutagens. SHORT TERM VISITORS TO THE DEPARTMENT: Dr D, Anderson - BIBRA, Carlshalton, Great Britain, November 1998; DrJ. Capala - BNL, N.Y., U.S.A., April, December 1998; Dr J. Kyu Kim - KAERI, Taejon, South Korea, September 1998; Dr C. Siffel - National Institute of Public Health, Budapest, Hungary, October 1998; Prof. H. Sikka - State University College at Buffalo, NY, USA, September 1998; Dr R. Marcos - University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, March 1998; Dr S. Piperakis - DEMOCRITOS, Athens, Greece, March 1998. NEXT left BLANK 271 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR RADIOSPECTROSCOPY Head of Department: Prof. Andrzej Jasinski Deputy Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Zdzisiaw T. Lalowicz Secretary: Maria Noga telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext: 253 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Magnetic Resonance laboratory: Assoc. Prof. Zdzisiaw T. Lalowicz, Head of the Laboratory Research Staff: Artur Birczynski, Ph.D. Zbigniew Olejniczak, Ph.D, Jer2y Blicharski, Prof. Grzegorz Stoch, Ph.D. Jacek W. Hennel, Prof. Piotr Ziarko, M. Sc. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory: Prof. Andrzej Jasinski, Head of the Department and the Laboratory Research Staff: Barbara Chom^towska, M.Sc. Jacek Kibinski, Ph.D. Tomasz Sk6rka, M.Sc. Stanislaw Kwiecinski, M.Sc. Zenon Sutek, Ph.D. Artur Krzyzak, M.Sc. Krzysztof Szybinski, Ph.D. Piotr Kulinowski, E.E. Boguslaw Tomanek, Ph.D. Joanna Pindel, M.Sc. Wladyslaw Wejlarz, Ph.D. Technical Staff: Pawel Borowiec Ryszard Lerch, E.E. Administration: Secretary: Maria Noga Cryogenics Laboratory: Technical Staff: Jacek Kiczek, E.E. Roman Wiertek Piotr Sk6ra, Msc. 272 OVERVIEW: PL9902576 Research at the Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy concerns various aspects of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and its applications to solids and to biosystems. Current research activity covers two areas: investigation of molecular dynamics and structures in solids using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and investigation of humans, small animals and plants using magnetic resonance imaging and localized spectroscopy. The Magnetic Resonance Laboratory is equipped with a 7.05 T wide bore vertical superconducting magnet (MAGNEX 300/89) with a home-built pulse spectrometer. It allows measurements of deuteron NMR spectra at temperatures down to 5 K using an Oxford Instruments continuous flow cryostat. NMR high resolution spectra for ^Si,' 'B, ^Al and 31P nuclei can be measured using MAS-NMR probeheads. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory is equipped with a home—built 360 MHz MR microscope based on a 8.4 T narrow bore superconducting magnet and a MRI/MRS system based on a 2.0 T, 31 cm horizontal bore superconducting magnet. The 8.4 T magnet was obtained as a grant-in-aid from Stanford Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine in Stanford, USA. The Department closely cooperates with the Department of Physics of the Jagiellonian University, the Department of Radiology and Department of Neuropathology of the Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University, the Institute of Human Physiology of the Academy of Physical Education in Krak6w and the Institute of Catalysis, Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow. International collaboration with several research centers as the Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council of Canada in Manitoba, Centre Resonance Magnetique FORENAP in Rouffach, France, MR Centre at the Nottingham University in Nottingham, England, Center for Structural Biology at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, University of Turku, Finland and Max-Planck Institut fur Medizinische Forschung in Heidelberg, Germany plays an important role in our activity. MAGNETIC RESONANCE LABORATORY Molecular reorientation studies aimed at disclosing tunnelling rotation and structural research of amorphous solids were our main topics. Realisation of these projects, both supported by the grants of the State Scientific Committee, required a continuous development of our NMR pulse spectrometer and theoretical methods. The spectrometer, of our own construction, was put into operation in 1997. Recent development was done in the data aquisition by the introduction of a new A/D converter and a pulse programmer. Incorporation of such advanced hardware was paralleled by a major extension of the software controlling the spectrometer that allows us to perform more sophisticated pulse experiments. Tunnelling and reorientations of mixed isotope rotors are currently the most interesting topics. For a given deuteration rate of an ammonium compound we anticipate that deuteron NMR spectra consist of weighted + + + + contributions from the following isotopomers: NH3D , NH2D2 , NH3D and ND4 . Each isotopomer provides a characteristic spectral component reflecting its mobility. Our computer programs supply simulated spectra for various motional models which fitted to experimental ones allow us to evaluate the tunnelling frequency or the reorientation rate. Measurements were performed for a number of partially deuterated samples of (NH4)2S2Og, NH4CIO4, NH4PF6, (NH4)2ZnCl4 and (NH^TeCk in the temperature range 5-100 K. The spectra of NHsD* ions are particularly interesting. A new effect of an isotope ordering was observed. The deeper potential wells are more populated at low temperatures and from that we can determine the magnitude of an asymmetry in the three- dimensional potential. The asymmetry was found to be 7 meV in 9% deuterated (NH4)2S2Og. The structural investigations of amorphous solids by NMR technique have obtained a major boost this year due to the acquisition of a new MAS probe. It covers the full frequency range of all nuclei that are important for structural research. Moreover, it can spin the sample at frequencies up to 15 kHz, which greatly improves the sensitivity and resolution of the method. It is particularly important for quadrupolar nuclei possesing a half-integer spin, such as nB, 23Na, and27 A1. A special simulation program has been written for half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, which takes into account the second-order quadrupolar interaction for the central transition under MAS. It can be used to extract the structural parameters from the central band of the MAS-NMR spectrum. The program was applied 273 to the nB MAS-NMR spectra measured in different forms of borax and colemanite. It was possible to determine quantitatively the relative populations of tetrahedral and trigonal positions of boron atoms in these compounds. A series of synthetic ZSM-5 zeolites with different concentration of aluminium and boron oxides was investigated by MAS-NMR. The samples were annealed at high temperatures for different periods of time in the presence of water vapour. This process closely simulates the performance of the zeolite under natural conditions of the catalytic reaction in the industrial installation. The purpose of the NMR study was to determine the speed and temperature dependence of structural transformations occuring in such conditions, namely the removal of aluminium or boron atoms from the matrix into the pores of the zeolite. A quantitative analysis of these results is in progress. A complete structural analysis of aluminium-boron-phosphate glasses was performed by measuring the MAS-NMR spectra of 27A1, UB, 31P, and 29Si nuclei. The crucial role of silicon or sodium oxides as stabilizers of the glassy form was confirmed. It was possible to determine the structure of dominant short range clusters that form the glass, depending on the concentration of the stabilizers. A model of the aluminium-boron- phosphate glass structure based on NMR and FTIR results was proposed. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING LABORATORY In 1998 we continued investigation of energy metabolites in human calf muscle (m. gastrocnemius) during dynamic contraction, using localised 31P MR spectroscopy. This work was done in collaboration with the Institute of Human Physiology of the Academy of Physical Education in Cracow. The dynamic foot exercise was performed in the 2.0 T magnet on a specially constructed ergometer, recording generated work in time with the resolution of 100 ms. The MR spectra was recorded using probe with surface coil, double tuned to 3IP and proton frequency. The subjects were healthy voluntiers, physically active males. Improvements of hardware and software was made, concerning field homogenity, rf probe optimization and data processing method, to get faster and more accurate measurements of PCr concentration in working muscle. One of investigated problems, was the influence of pre-exercise acidification on work generating capability of the calf muscle. The results show a significant drop in work generating capabilities, increasing of PCr utilization and fastening of acidification of investigated calf muscle, after pre-exercise acidification, induced by exercise of other group of muscle. We continued our investigation of water diffusion tensor in a spinal cord of the rat to detect and to estimate the extent of damage in a drop-weight injury model. After studying excised injured spinal cord in vitro, using MR microscopy, we performed our first sucessfull experiments in vivo of the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at the centre of the injury and 5 mm away rostrally, in the same animal. The experiments were performed at 9.4 T, in collaboration with the Institute for Biodiagnostics in Winnipeg. These were the first measurements of the diffusion tensor in vivo reported. It was shown that DTI of the spinal cord can differentiate between injured and control spinal cord tissues in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. A large increase in isotropy index after injury was observed near the centre of injury, especially in the white matter. This finding is in agreement with the pathophysiology of the spinal cord trauma. The final goal of these research was to apply DTI technique to human spinal cord. We obtained our first diffusion images of the human spinal cord on voluntiers using the spin-echo sequence with navigator-echo to correct motion artefacts due to CSF and vascular pulsations. This work was done in collaboration with FORENAP in Rouffach, on an experimental 3 T whole-body MR scanner. It showed that diffusion tensor imaging may be used in medical diagnoses of the human spinal cord disorders. This work was done in collaboration with the Departments of Radiology and Neuropathology Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University. Fast, graident echo imaging method, was applied to investigate drug tablets (Flegamin) dissolving process, using real - time MR microscopy. Changing pH of the solver simulates dissolving in different parts of gastrointestinal tract. This work, done in collaboration with the Institute of Pharmacy at the Medical Academy in Warsaw, was a matter of disertation. Theory, software and design of planar gradient coils, was developed. Work on designing and testing of a 3T MR system, dedicated to brain functional imaging, was continued in colaboration with the Institute for Biodiagnostic. Professor Andrzej Jasinski 274 REPORT ON RESEARCH: pLggQ2577 Application of Minimum Inductance Method to Designing Biplanar Gradient Coils T. Skorka and A. Jasinski (This research was supported by Polish State Committee of Scientific Research, grant KBN8T11E01312) Purpose: The purpose of the work was to design biplanar gradient coils of low inductance. Introduction: Gradient coils should comply to a number of conflicting requirement depending on their application. In the case of planar geometry the most important requirements are: • generate linear gradient in largest possible volume, • have low inductunce and high speed of switching, • comply to geometrical constraints. Methods: In order to obtain maximum speed of gradient switching Minimum Inductance [1,2] has been used for the design. By use of Green's function expansion of Poisson's equation in cylindrical coordinate system, following equations has been obtained for magnetic field induction: m and inductance: L= where jm is m-order Hankel's transform of current density, I is a current, a and P are constants depends on unit system. Equations for jm can be obtained by minimizing: where L is an inductance, Bn is a desired value of the field in the n* target point, Bz(r) is an actual value of the field in n* target point and K are Lagrange multipliers. Results: For coils consists of two planes of z coordinates ± a and thickness 2c following equation for transform of current density was obtained: where C° and C1 depends on gradient direction. For z gradient coil for example: C° (k, zn) = — e"*" sinh(te) sinh(fan), KC 2 r i C\k) = — 1 sinh(Ae)(e + e sih(kc)) kc\_ kc Calculations were performed for coils with a = 250 mm and 2c = 5 mm. Resulting pattern of transversal 275 gradient coil (X) is shown on the Fig. 1. The pattern fits circle of radius 500 mm. Fig. 2 shows gradient deviation in plane z = 0 derived from above pattern. Range of the acceptable gradient homogeneity is from - 150 mm to 150 mm in the x direction. In the z direction it is smaller (not shown on the map) equal to ±100 mm. Efficiency of the coil is about 0.01 Gs/Acm. Similar calculations were performed for longitudinal gradient coil for the same geometry. Range of acceptable gradient homogeneity is ± 130 mm radially and ± 100 mm in Z direction, efficiency is 0.01 Gs/Acm. Conclusion: The results obtained for planar geometry minimizing the indutance produce relatively smaller region of usable gradient. Ease of active shielding, inherent in this method, further reduces the ratio of usable gradient volume to the total volume of gradient coils. Therefore, fast switching biplanar gradient coils will have much smaller usable volume than comparable cylindrical one. 500 400 3 DO 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 100 200 300 400 500 X[mm] Fig. 1: Pattern of transversal gradient coil. Gradient deviation In % - plans z-0 150 T~ 100 SO -100 -150 -150 -100 100 1SO Fig. 2: Gradient deviation contour plot, plane z = 0, x gradient coil. References: 1. R. Turner, ,jMinimum inductance coils", J. Phys. E: Sci Instrum. 21 (1998) 948; 2. R Turner, ,,Gradient coil design", Magn. Reson. Imag. 11 (1993) 903. 276 PL9902578' Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Injured Spinal Cord of a Rat in vivo a Comparison with in vitro Experiments A.T. Krzyzak, A. Jasinski, P. Kozlowski1, D. Adamek2, P. Sagnowski3, and J. Pindel 3 Institute for Biodiagnostics, NRC, Winnipeg, Canada; Division ofNeuropathology; Division of Radiology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (This work was supported by the Committee of Scientific Research of Poland, grants No 2 P03B 083 14 and 8 THE 024 09) Introduction: Water diffusion became one of the important contrast mechanisms in MRI when it was found that ischemic injury of brain tissue changes rapidly diffusion coefficient. Since then Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) has been used to investigate brain and spinal cord tissue [1]. During last years attention was focused on the implementation and development of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in investigations of brain tissue. Most of the work on diffusion imaging of the spinal cord was done in vitro, on excised spinal cord of the rat. [6, 7]. There are only a few MR papers investigating the rat spinal cord in vivo. Surface coils were used to image it at 7.0 T [3], to image and do localized MRS at 4.7 T [4], whereas implanted coils were used at around 2.0 T for imaging [5, 8]. The aim of this study was to correlate the presence and extent of spinal cord tissue damage with changes in water diffusion tensor components in vivo and in vitro, on a rat model of spinal cord injury. Of special interest is a comparison of absolute values of diffusion tensor components (DTC) measured in vivo and after fixation in vitro. Subjects: Well characterized "dynamic load" rat spinal cord injury model [16] with minor modifications was used to induce injury. Male Wistar rats of 250 g to 300 g were used for all experiments. For in vitro experiments laminectomy was performed at the Thl3 level under general anesthesia. Animals were sacrificed 10 min. to 4 hrs after the injury. Spinal cords were fixed in situ by formaline perfusion. After excision they were placed in 4% formaline solution. Before measurements the samples were placed in sample tubes filled with formaline solution or physiological solution. The control group consisted of spinal cords without any laminectomy. For in vivo experiment rats were anesthetized to a surgical depth with isoflurane in an oxygen/air mixture and maintained with isoflurane in the same carrier gases. Animals were intubated, attached to a rodent ventilator. Laminectomy at the Thl3 spine level was performed. After injury the wounds were closed and animals were placed in a MR probe. Rats were maintained at 37° C. A motion detector was placed on their chest to synchronize the MRI system to the animal breath rate. First diffusion weighted MR images were recorded 60 min. after inducing the spinal cord injury. Methods: In vitro samples were measured in a home-built MR microscope, with a 6.4 T narrow vertical bore magnet. MR images (256 x 256) were acquired at room temperature (21° C) with an in-plane resolution 40 x 40 um and a slice thickness of 400 u.m - 800 ^m. The following acquisition parameters were used: TR = 0.8 s, TE = 47 ms, gradient b-factor up to 800 mm2/s. In vivo experiments were done in a 9.4 T/21 horizontal magnet equipped with an actively shielded gradient system (Magnex Scientific) with a Bruker Medspec imaging system. An inductively coupled, single turn flat ellipsoidal surface coil, 18,5 mm by 25 mm ID was used. A home built dedicated probe allowed tuning and matching while the animal was in the magnet. MR images in the form of a 128 x 256 matrix were acquired with a FOV of 2 cm, TR = 2 s, TE = 40 ms, gradient b-factors up to 2000 mm2/s, slice thickness of 1 mm, 4 averages and temperature 37°C. A conventional Spin-Echo imaging sequence (Tl and T2 weighted) with diffusion gradients symmetrical around 180° rf pulse was used to measure the effect of diffusion on MR images in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Diffusion tensor components (DTC) were evaluated for each pixel of the image [1]. No motion artefacts were observed on in vivo DW images. 277 Results: Table 1 shows values of transverse DTC (DT = (Dxx + Dyy)/2), longitudinal DTC (DL = Dzz), trace (TR) and isotropy index (ID = DT/DL), for different ROIs of grey matter and white matter, obtained from the transverse image of the injured and control spinal cord in vivo and in vitro. In vitro data were normalised to the same temperature of 37 °C assuming the same temperature dependence as for water. Values of DTC, TR and ID for injured (1) and control (2) rats in vivo (xlO'2 mm2/s +/-25%) DXX DYY DZZ DT DL TR ID DC1 0,045 0,049 0,090 0,047 0,090 0,061 0,520 DC2 0,024 0,026 0,252 0,025 0,252 0,101 0,099 VC1 0,032 0,029 0,077 0,030 0,077 0,046 0,398 VC2 0,021 0,012 0,224 0,016 0,224 0,086 0,075 DH1 0,067 0,065 0,077 0,066 0,077 0,070 0,859 DH2 0,082 0,061 0,126 0,071 0,127 0,090 0,566 SGI 0,053 0,059 0,085 0,072 0,085 0,066 0,850 SG2 0,059 0,051 0,197 0,124 0,197 0,102 0,629 CC1 0,092 0,095 0,104 0,099 0,104 0,097 0,956 CC2 0,071 0,068 0,135 0,102 0,135 0,092 0,752 Values of DTC, TR and ID for injured (1) and control (2) rats in vitro (xlO"2 mm2/s +/-15%) DXX DYY DZZ DT DL TR ID DC1 0?04 0,042 0,097 0,064 0,097 0,091 0,447 DC2 0,046 0,027 0,127 0,04 0,127 0,068 0,33 VC1 0,05 0,055 0,12 0,06 0,12 0,086 0,55 VC2 0,04 0,03 0,09 0?04 0,09 0,058 0,427 DH1 0,05 0,056 0,087 0,07 0,087 0,074 0,814 DH2 0,046 0,032 0,063 0,044 0,063 0,05 0,725 SGI 0?04 0,092 0,098 0,091 0,098 0,092 0,94 SG2 0,042 0,016 0,083 0,035 0,083 0,051 0,433 CC1 0,067 0,058 0,08 0,073 0,08 0,074 0,92 CC2 0,043 0,078 0,09 0,079 0,09 0,084 0,83 Table 1: Values of diffusion tensor components measured in vivo and in vitro for injured (index 1) and control (index 2) spinal cord of the rat. DC - Dorsal Column (Right, Left); VC - Ventral Column (Right, Left); SG(R, L) - Substantia Gelatinosa (Right, Left); DH(R, L) - Dorsal Horn (Right, Left), CCR- Central Canal Region. For in vivo data changes due to injury are more significant then in vitro. The DL is decreasing, while the DT is increasing (and thus the ID is increasing) near the centre of injury, as compared to the values from the control. Conclusions: It was shown that DTI of the spinal cord can differentiate between injured and control tissue in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. A large increase in isotropy index after injury was observed near the centre of injury, especially in the white matter. Absolute values of the DL components for control rats are about two times higher in vivo than in vitro, for the same structure, whereas for DT this difference is smaller. It demonstrates the effect of formaline fixation. This finding is in agreement with the pathophysiology of the spinal cord trauma. References: 1. A.T. Krzyzak et al., Proc. Of the ISMRM VI Meeting, Sydney (1998) p. 1931; 2. B.A. Inglis, L. Yang et al., Mag. Reson. Imag. 15 (1997) 441; 278 3. M.L. Banson et al, Magn. Reson. Imag. 10 (1992) 929; 4. F.O. Zelaya et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 35 (1996) 443; 5. J.C. Ford et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 31 (1994) 218; 6. E.D. Wirth III et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 30 (1993) 626; 7. V. Gulani et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 38 (1997) 868; 8. D.A. Fenyes and P.A. Narayana, Proc. ISMRM VI Meeting, Sydney 1998, p. 1252. PL9902579 Investigations of Human m. Gastrocnemius during Dynamic Exercise using 31P MR Spectroscopy in vivo — Influence of Pre-Exercise Acidification P.Kulinowski, J. Zolajdz1, Z.Suiek, A.Jasinski, K. Szybinski, J.Kibinski, J. Majerczak1, andKDuda1 Institute of Human Physiology, Academy of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland (This work was supported by a grant from Polish State Committee of Scientific Research, KBN 4PO5D/001/09 and by Magnex Scientific Ltd.) Purpose: The main objective of our investigations was to determine influence of pre-exercise acidification on power output and PCr utilisation in human skeletal muscles during dynamic exercise. Introduction: The ability of adaptation of human skeletal muscles to different work load is a key question in understanding of muscle metabolism. Important factors limiting muscle performance are enhanced metabolite concentrations (ADP, Pi, AMP, IMP and H*) [1] and depletion of metabolic substrates. Acidification seems to play a very important role in a muscle fatigue [2]. However, the physiological mechanism responsible for this is still unknown. This is why we have tried to evaluate the influence of pre-exercise on the rate of PCr utilisation, intracellular pH changes and power generation capabilities of human m. gastrocnemius during dynamic foot exercise. Methods: The subjects were healthy volunteers, physically active, non-smoking males (age: 22-24 years, body weight: 65-85 kg, height: 180-190 cm). Volunteer examination consisted of two steps. On the first visit MR signal from the m. gastrocnemius was acquired at rest and during foot exercise with incremental work load, until exhaustion. On the second visit the subject was additionaly acidificated by incremental arms exercise on a cycloergometer until exhaustion. The MR signal at rest, before and after acidification was recorded. It was followed immediately by foot exercise protocol with MR signal acquisition, exactly the same as during the first visit. The level of the body acidification was measured by arterialised blood samples ([H+] and [HCO3"] in the Table 1). The MR data were acquired in a 2.0 T magnet (Magnex Scientific, type Sports II) using double tuned probe-head with a two turn 50 mm ID surface coil, located 10 cm distal to fossa poplitea. The dynamic foot exercise was performed in the magnet, on a specially constructed ergometer, registering generated work vs. time with a resolution of 100 ms. Every three consecutive muscle contractions, performed with a pace of 1 sec, were followed by a Is rest break for a signal acquisition. Time resolution of MR measurements was 120 sec (30 signal accumulations with 4 sec recovery time) and was associated with a step of exercise load. Signal to noise ratio of MR data was rather poor because of low concentrations of interesting metabolites, movement noises and restricted acquisition time. MR data were analysed in time-domain using MRUI97.1 software package, utilising prior knowledge of relative a, p, y ATP chemical shifts, line splitting and relative line intensities [3]. Finally, after Tj correction, relative metabolite concentrations PCr/ATP and Pi/ATP, as well as intracellular pH were assessed. 279 Results: 1. The physical work capability of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles after pre-exercise acidification was significantly reduced (p = 0.02) relative to control measurement (6.031 ± 1.652 vs. 7.787 ± 3.195 kJ respectively). 2. M. gastrocnemius intracellular pH measured during final step of foot exercise performed after acidification was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the control test (6.65 ± 0.25 vs. 6.85 ± 0.26 respectively). 3. PCr/ATP ratio in the m. gastrocnemius at rest in the control experiment was 4.18 ± 0.70 and in the final stage of incremental test dropped to 1.45 ± 0.80. In the experiment with acidification the pre-exercise PCr/ATP ratio was not significantly different from control study (4.74 ± 0.76) and no difference in PCr/ATP ratio in this muscle immediately after the arms exercise was observed (5.07 ± 1.46). Moreover, the final step exercise PCr/ATP ratio in this experiment (1.19 ± 0.53) was no significantly different from the control measurements. Table 1: Experimental results. Control protocol W = 7.787 ±3.195kJ Rest 50% of max Maximum workload workload PCr/ATP 4.18 ±0.7 1.45 ±0.80 Intracellular pH 6.95 ±0.16 6.85 ± 0.26 [H+][nmol/l] 41.0 ±1.7 42.4 ±1.7 [HC03"][mmol/l] 25 ±1 23±1 Protocol with acidification W = 6.031 + 1 652kJ Rest before Rest after 50% of max Maximum acidification acidification workload workload PCr/ATP 4.74 ± 0.76 5.07 ±1.46 1.19 ±0.53 Intracellular pH 6.86 ±10.19 6.69 ± 0.25 [H+]tnmol/l] 42.0 ±1.8 54.7 ± 6.7 45.0 ± 3.0 [HC03"][mmol/l] 24.3 ±1.5 17±1.7 20.5 ±1.9 Discussion: Pre-exercise acidification, induced by arms exercise, significantly decreases the physical work capacity of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. In the study with pre-exercise lower value of performed work was accompanied by the greater PCr depletion and greater intramuscular acidosis when compared to the control study. This suggests that acidosis accelerates the PCr depletion in the working muscle. This data supports hypothesis that acidosis may directly and indirectly contribute to muscle fatigue. References: 1. R.H. Fitts, Physiol. Rev. 74 (1994) 49; 2. K. Sahlin, Acta Physiol. Scand 128 (1986) 83; 3. R. de Beer, Quantitative in vivo NMR", lecture notes, available at http://dutnsic.tn.tudelft.nl:8080/c59_to_html/c59.html. PL9902580 Quantitative Assessment of Injury in the Spinal Cord of a Rat in vivo using MRI of Water Diffusion Tensor A.T. Krzyzak, A. Jasinski, P. Kozlowski1, D. Adamek2, P. Sagnowski3, and J. Pindel 1Institute for Biodiagnostics, NRC, Winnipeg, Canada;1 Division ofNeuropathology; 3 Division of Radiology Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (This work was supported by the Committee of Scientific Research of Poland, grants No 2 P03B 083 14 and 8 THE 024 09) Introduction: Water diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has proven to be a valuable, non-invasive mean of visualisation and quantitative assessment of the injury of spinal cord tissues. Up-to-date investigations of in vitro water diffusion tensor imaging show possibilities of an early quantification of the presence and extent of damages induced by injury [1,2]. However, only a few works concerning in vivo DTI investigations were published so far [4 ]. The aim of this study was to investigate the water diffusion in the injured spinal cord of the rat in vivo and to measure the water diffusion tensor components to detect and to estimate the extent of damages. Subjects: 18 male Wistar rats of 250 g to 300 g weight were anaesthetised to a surgical depth with 3-4% isoflurane in an oxygen: air 40:60 mixture and maintained with 1.5-2.5% isoflurane in the same carrier gases. Animals were intubated orally, attached to a rodent ventilator and maintained at 60 breaths per min. A laminectomy at the Thl3 spine level was performed. Spinal cord injury was induced using a dynamic weight-drop model. The wounds were then closed with a suture and animals placed in a MR probe in the supine position. The animals were maintained at 37 C all the time by placing them on a water blanket. A motion detector was placed on their chest to synchronise the MRI system to the animal breath rate. First diffusion weighted MR images were recorded 60 min. after inducing the spinal cord injury. Methods: Experiments were done in a 9.4 T/21 horizontal magnet equipped with an actively shielded gradient system (Magnex Scientific) with a Bruker Medspec imaging system. An inductively coupled, single turn flat elipsoidal surface coil, 18,5 mm by 25 mm, made of SWAG #18 copper wire, attached to a 1.5 mm acrylic plate was used. A home built dedicated probe allowed tuning and matching while the animal was in the magnet. A standard multislice spin-echo sequence with diffusion gradients symmetrical around 180 rf pulse, applied in 6 directions was used to measure the diffusion tensor components. MR images in the form of a 128x256 matrix were acquired with a FOV of 2 cm, TR = 2 sec, TE = 40 msec, gradient b-factors up to 1200 mm2/sec, slice thickness of 1 mm, and 4 averages. A single gradient direction took 15 min. Diffusion tensor components (DTC) were evaluated for each pixel of the image [2, 3]. Results: Good quality MR images free from any motion artefacts were obtained from the normal and injured spinal cord of the living rat. T1/T2 weighted images show very little contrast in the spinal cord. Diffusion weighted images show very good contrast and differentiation between the grey and the white matter, depending on the diffusion gradient direction. The injured region of the spinal cord is seen very well in diffusion weighted images. Longitudinal DTC (DL = Dzz), transverse DTC (DT = (Dxx + Dyy)/2) and isotropy index (ID = DT/DL) for different ROIs of grey matter, white matter, obtained from the transverse image of the injured spinal cord in the centre of injury and 5mm above were calculated. The DL is decreasing, while the DT is increasing (and thus the ID is increasing) near the centre of injury, as compared to the values from control sample (ID -0.15 for WM). 281 [x10"1mm2/s] CONTROL RATS 0,02 0,015 0.01 i P DOR DCL O.CR O.CL VLCR VRIX VCR VCL SOR SQL DrR CH. VhR VHL CCR Fig. 1: DT (dark) and DL (white) for different ROIs of the control rats at the laminectomy level. Isofropy index ID forcontro l and injured rats P DCR 0a aCR Eta Vl£R VFCL VCRVaSGRSGLDWCH.VWVH.CCR Fig, 2: ID for the given ROIs for the injured spinal cord of a rat in the cross-section in centre of injury (white) and 5 mm above of injury (dark). Fig. 3: Histopathology cross-section of spinal cord of a rat and corresponding diffusion weigted (X-direction) MR image. 1-P - pyramidal tracts; 2-DC(R, L) - Dorsal Column (Right, Left); 3-DLC(R, L) - Dorso Lateral Column (Right, Left); 4-VLC(R, L) - Ventro Lateral Column (Right, Left); 5-VC(R, L) - Ventral Column (Right, Left); 6-SG(R, L) - Substantia Gelatinosa (Right, Left); 7- DH(R, L) - Dorsal Horn (Right, Left); 8-VH(R, L) - Ventral Horn (Right, Left); 9-CCR - Central Canal Region. Conclusions: The obtained results show differences in the anisotropy of water diffusion in different parts of the injured spinal cord. A large decrease in the anisotropy after injury was observed near the centre, especially in the white matter. DTC determined from the saggital images illustrate the propagation of injury along the spinal cord allowing visualisation and quantification of the extent of damage. References: 1. M.E. Moseley et al, Magn. Reson. Med. 14 (1990) 330; 2. A. Jasiriski, Proc. IVth NMR School, Zakopane, Poland (1996) p. XXI; 3. P.J. Basser, J. Mattiello, and D. LeBihan, J. Magn. Reson. B103 (1994) 247; 4. A.T. Krzyzak and A. Jasmski et al., MAG*MA VI, suppl. (1998) 119; 5. A.T. Krzyzak et al., Proc. of ISMRM, 6th Scientific Meeting in Sydney, vol. 3 (1998) 1931. 282 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. H. Haranczyk, W.P. We.glarz, Z. Sojka, The Observation of Solvable Extractive Fraction in Horse Chestnut Aesculus Hippocastanum I.) Bast Using Proton Magnetic Relaxation, Holzforschung (1998) (in print); 2. A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, M. Baj, W.P. Wejlarz) et al, • Monitoring Injury in a Rat Spinal Cord Using MR Microscopy of a Water Diffusion Tensor, ESMRMB'97, 14-th Annual Meeting, Magn. Reson. Mat. Phys. Biol. Med. in: MAG*MA, Suppl. V No II (1998)161; 3. A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, W.P. Wfglarz, M. Baj) et al., Visualisation of the Extent of Damage in a Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model Using MR Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor, MAG*MA, Suppl. (1998) (in print); 4. S. Kwieciriski, (A. Jasinski, P. Kulinowski) et al., NMR Microscopy of Drug Relasefrom Tablets, ESMRMB'97, 14-th Annual Meeting, Magn. Reson. Mat. Phys. Biol. Med. in: MAG*MA, Suppl. V, No 11(1998)164; 5. D. Reichert, (Z. Olejniczak) et al., Carbon-13 Spin Exchange in Durene as Measured by MAS-NMR Spectroscopy, Solid State Nucl. Magn. Resonance 13 (1998) 137; 6. L. Stoch, (Z. Olejniczak) et al., Mixed Network ALPO4-BPO4-SiO2Glasses, Ceramics 53 (1998) (in print); 7. B. Sulikowski, (Z. Olejniczak) et al., The Synergetic Effect of Cobalt and Indium in Ferrierite Catalysts for Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide with Methane, Chem. Commun. 24 (1998) 2755; 8. We.glarz, (A. Jasinski, A. Krzyzak, J. Pindel) et al., Mi? Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor in Biological Systems, Appl. Magnetic Resonance 15 (1998) 333. Other publications: 1. A. Krzyzak, A. Jasinski, J. KuSmiderski, D. Adamek, P. Sagnowski, M. Baj, MR Microscopy Measurements of Water Diffusionn Anisotropy in a Rat Spinal Cord (in Polish), Rez. Magn. Med. 6 (1998) 5; 2. Zagrodzki, (S. Kwiecinski) et al., Application of Magnetic Resonance Tomography in Studies of Constant Dissipation System (in Polish), Farmacja Polska 54, No 5 (1998) 9. Proceedings: 1. D. Adamek, (A. Krzyzak) et al., In the Search of Better Insight into Pathology of Spinal Cord Injury. Investigations on NMR Water Diffusion Imaging in Relation to Patomorphological Changes in Spinal Cord of Rat after Experimental Weight drops Injury, Zentralblatt fur Neurochirurgie 59 (1998) 211; 2. A. Birczynski, Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, G. Stoch, P. Ziarko, 2H-NMR Spectra of Partially Deuterated Ammonium Compounds (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow, Poland (1998) 84; 3. A. Birczynski, Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, G. Stoch, P. Ziarko, 2H-NMR Spectra of Partially Deuterated Ammonium Compounds (in Polish), 283 Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar onNMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 4. S. Blicharski, Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation in the Presence of Two High Frequency Fields (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 5. S. Blicharski, Application of Smoluchowski Equation to Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation in the Presence of Intermolecular Interactions (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 6. B.A. Chometowska, (Z. Sutek, A. Jasinski, P. Kulinowski, K. Szybinski, Kibiriski) et al., Relative Metabolites Concentration in Human m. Gastrocnemius during Dynamical Exercise as Determined by Localised 31P MR Spectroscopy "in vivo" (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krakow, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 7. M. Derewinski, (Z. Olejniczak) et al., Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane on Large Pore Zeolites, Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation on Light Alkanes, eds E.G. Derouane et al., Kluwer Academic (1998)397; 8. A. Jasinski, (A. Krzyzak) et al., Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging in an Injured Spinal Cord of the Rat in vivo at 9.4 T, Polish Symp. on "Application of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Related Areas", 24-26 June 1998, Warszawa, Book of Abstracts (1998) p. L5 and Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med. (MAGMA) ESMRMB'98, 17-20 September 1998, Geneva, Switzerland 6 Suppl. (1998) 119; 9. A. Jasinski, (A. Krzyzak, J. Pindel) et al., Investigation of Spinal Cord Injury on a Rat Model Using Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Proc. of the IV-th Annual Meeting of the British Chapter of the ISMRM, Nottingham, 18-19 December (1998) B8; 10. A. Jasinski, (A. Krzyzak, K. Szybinski) et al., MR Imaging of Water Diffusion in Human Spinal Cord (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 1 l.J. Kibinski, (A. Jasinski, K. Szybinski) et al., Ergometerfor Physical Examination of Human Limb Muscles with Application of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (in Polish), Medicina Sportiva vol. 2, No 1 (1998) 36; 12.S.B. King, (B. Tomanek) et al., A Means for Enhancement MR Spectroscopy in vivo, Proc. of the Int. Soc. magn. Reson. Med., Vlth Scientific Meeting, April 1998, Sydney, Australia (1998) 2031; 13.A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, W.P. Wejlarz, M. Baj) et al., Investigation of Injured Spinal Cord of a Rat Using MRI of Water Diffusion Tensor in vitro (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow, Poland (1998) 328; 14. A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, M. Baj) et al., Quantitative Assessment of Injury in the Spinal Cord of a Rat Using MR Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor, Proc. of the Int. Soc. for Magn. Res. in Medicine, Sixth Scientific Meting and Exhibition, Sydney, Australia, 18-24 April 1998 (1998) 1931; 15. A. Krzyzak, (A. Jasinski, W. W^glarz, J. Pindel) et al., MR Imaging of Water Diffusion Tensor Changes after Mechanical Injury in Rat Spinal Cord "in vivo" (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 284 16.P. Kulinowski, Z. Sulek, A. Jasinski, J. Zola^dz, Processing of3iP Spectra in vivo -- Quantitative Determination of Relative Metabolites Concentration (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow, Poland (1998) 340; 17.P. Kulinowski, (Z. Sulek, A. Jasihski) et al., Influence of Initial Organism Acidification on Metabolic Processes in Human m. Gastrocnemius -- Investigations Using Localised Spectroscopy 3IP MR "in vivo" (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 18.Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, E. Wendowa, P. Ziarko, Tunnelling and Reorientation of Ammonium Ions in (NDJ^TOS (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland (1998) 88; 19.Z. Olejniczak, L. Stoch, M. Sroda, MAS-NMR Spectra of2CaO*Al2O3 Glasses (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow, Poland (1998) 80; 20.G. Pasterna, T. Kupka, J. Blicharski, Z. Lalowicz, 1H, 2D and l3C NMR Spectroscopy on Selected IGEPALS (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow, Poland (1998) 246; 21.R. Poupko, Z. Luz, D. Reichert, G. Hemple, Z. Olejniczak, P. Tekely, Carbon-13 Spin Exchange in Durene: Distinction Between Spin Diffusionn and Self Diffusion, Proc. of the Joint 29-th Ampere - 13-th ISMAR Conf., Berlin, 2-7 August (1998) 322; 22. T. Skorka, A. Jasinski, Selected Problems of Dedicated Gradient Coil Design and Construction for MRI/MRS (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland (1998) 314; 23.T. Sk6rka, A. Jasinski, Application of Minimum Inductance Method to Biplanar Gradient Coils Designing (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 24.G. Stoch et al., NMR Spectral Analysis ofNdxY2.xCoi7 and NdxY2.x COM B (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow, Poland (1998) 76; 25.L. Stoch, Z. Olejniczak, M. Sroda, MAS-NMR of Multicomponent Inorganic Glasses (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 26.Z. Sutek, A. Jasinski, J. Kibinski, J. Zol^dz, J. Kozub, P. Kulinowski, Application ofilP MRS to Study Fatigue of Human Skeletal Muscles (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow, Poland (1998) 336; 27.Z. Sulek, (P. Kulinowski, A. Jasiriski, J. Kibinski) et al., Influence of Pre-Exercise Acidification on Power Output and PCr Utilisation in Human m. gastrocnemius Determined by 'P MR Spectroscopy in vivo, Proc. of the IV-th Annual Meeting of the British Chapter of the ISMRM, Nottingham, 18-19 December (1998) D9; 28. K. Szybinski, A. Jasinski, A New MRI Method of Internal Structure Determination, Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med. (MAG*MA), 17-20 September 1998, Geneva, Switzerland, 6 Suppl. (1998) 145; 285 29. K. Szybinski, (A. Jasinski, J. Kozub) et al., High Resolution of Human Spinal Cord MR Imaging on SIGNA 1.5 T System (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 30.M. Weychert, I. Wawer, S. Kwiecinski, A. Jasinski, Microtomography in Herbs Investigations (in Polish), Proc. of the XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR and its Applications, Krak6w, Poland, 1-2 December (1998) (in print); 31.W.P. Wfglarz, A. Jasinski, A. Krzyzak, Z. Sulek, MRI of Water Diffusion Tensor in Biological Systems (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krakow, Poland (1998) 324; 32.W.P. We_glarz, A. Jasinski, A. Krzyzak, Mi? Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor in Biological Systems, Proc. of the Joint 29-th AMPERE - 13-th ISMAR Int. Conf. on Magnetic Resonance and Related Phenomena, Berlin, Germany, 2-5 August (1998) 249; 33.J. Zoladz, K. Duda, A. Jasiriski, Z. Sutek, P. Kulinowski, Study of Energetics and High Load Ability of Human Skeletal Muscles (in Polish), XXX National Sem. on "Nuclear Magnetic Reson. and its Applications", December 1997, IFJ, Krak6w, Poland (1998) 332; 34.Zohyi£, (A. Jasinski, J. Kibinski, Z. Sulek, P. Kulinowski) et al., Human Muscle Energetics During Dynamics Exercise - MRS Studies, Medicina Sportiva vol. 2, No 1 (1998) 112. Other conference materials: 1. A. Birczynski, Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, G. Stoch, P. Ziarko, E. Wendowa, 2H-NMR Spectra of Partially Deuteurated Ammonium Compounds (in Polish), XI Polish Conf. "Molecular Cristals 98", Gdansk - Jelitkowo, Poland, September (1998) 33; 2. T. Grabias, (Z. Lalowicz) et al., The Influence Deuteration on the Phase Transition in (NH4) 2TeCU Studied by NMR, Ampere VI NMR School, Zakopane, 31 May - 5 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 39; 3. J. Janas, (Z. Olejniczak) et al, Synergetic Effect of Cobalt and Indium in Ferrierite Catalyst for Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of Nitric Oxide, 14-th European Experimental NMR Conf., Bled, Slovenia, 10-15 May 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 97; 4. A. Jasinski, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Investigation of Spinal Cord Injuries and Skeletal Muscles Physiology, Lecture at II Polish Symposium "Problems of Medical Physics", Szczyrk, Poland, 15-18 October (1998) 35; 5. A. Jasinski, W.P. We_glarz, Diffusion Tensor Imaging in an Injured Spinal Cord of the Rat in vivo, 29-th AMPERE - 13-th ISMAR Satellite Symp. on Spatially Resolved Magnetic Resonance, 30 July -1 August 1998, Leipzig, Germany, Book of Abstracts (1998); 6. A. Kaflak, (S. Kwiecinski, A. Jasinski) et al., Proton NMR Microimaging of Human Trabecular Bone, 1-st Krak6w - Winnipeg Workshop in Biomedical Applications of MRI and MRS, 6-8 November 1997, Krakow, Poland (1998) 37; 7. J. Kozub, (A. Jasinski, Z. Sulek, P. Kulinowski, J. Kibinski) et al., Applications of MR Localised Spectroscopy in Examining Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscles (in Polish), XXXV Conf. of Polish Radiologists, Katowice, Poland, 10-13 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) A-87; 8. Z. Lalowicz, Z. Olejniczak, A. Birczynski, G. Stoch, P. Ziarko, Deuteron NMR Spectra of Partially Deuterated Ammonium Compounds, 14-th European Experimental NMR Conf., Bled, Slovenia, 10-15 May 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 85; 286 9. G. Pasterna, (Z. Lalowicz) et al., Experimental and Theoretical NMR Studies on Selected Lyotropic Liquid Crystals, Ampere VI NMR School, Zakopane, 31 May - 5 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 5; 10.P. Sagnowski, (A. Krzyzak, M. Baj, A. Jasinski) et al., MR Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor in Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model, 10-th European Congress od Radiology, 2-7 March 1997, Vienna, Book of Abstracts (1998) 13; ll.Z. Sulek, (P. Kulinowski, A. Jasinski, K. Szybinski, J. Kibinski) et al., Human Muscle Energetics as Studied by $A{31$P MR Spectroscopy in vivo, Ampere VI NMR School, Zakopane, 31 May - 5 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 21; 12.B. Tomanek, Multi - Ring Surface Coils, Workshop on Computational Electromagnetics in Magnetic Resonance, College Station, Texas, 30 May -1 June 1998, Book of Abstracts (1998) 32; 13.1. Waclawska, Z. Olejniczak, On the Structure Order in Non-Crystalline Borates, Abstr. of 18-th Int. Congress on Glass, San Francisco, 5-10 July 1998, 368; 14.Zagrodzki, (S. Kwiecinski) et al., Examination of Tablets Structure with Application of Magnetic Resonance Tomography (in Polish), Conf. Materials "Contemporary Methods of Medicines, Drugs, Poisons and Beverages Analysis", Poznan, Poland, April (1998). Book: 1. J.W. Hennel, T. Kryst-Widigowska, J. Klinowski, A Primer of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Imperial College Press, London (1998). GRANTS: 1. Prof. A. Jasinski - grant No 8 Tl 1 024 09, ,,Development of Early Diagnostic Method of the Spinal Cord Injury Based on MRI of Water Diffusion Anizotropy and Localised MRS", 36 months since 01 September 1995; 2. Dr J. Zotqdz (prof. A. Jasinski - principal investigator) - grant No 4 P05D 001 09, ,,Study of Influence of Metabolic Changes in Acid - Base Status on the Rate of Oxygen Uptake and Creatine Phosphate Utilization in Working Human Skeletal Muscules Using Localised MRS", 36 months, since 01 July 1995; 3. T. Skorka, M.Sc. and prof. A. Jasinski (supervisor) - grant No 8 Tl IE 013 12, ,,Magnetic Field Gradient Generation for Fast MRI Methods and Localised MRS", 18 months, since 01 July 1997; 4. DrZ. Olejniczak - grant No 2 P03B 077 13, ,,High Resolution NMR Solid State Spectroscopy for Quadrupolar Nuclei with Half- Integer Spins", 24 months, since 01 September 1997; 5. A. Krzyzak, M.Sc. and prof. A. Jasinski (supervisor) - grant No 2 P03B 083 14, ,,Measurement of Water Diffiusion in Biological Systems Using MRI of Diffiusion Tensor", 18 months, since 01 January 1998; 6. P. Kulinowski, E.E. and prof. A. Jasinski (supervisor) - grant No 8 Tl IE 008 15, „Application of Localised MRS in Studies on Human Skeletal Muscules Physiology", 18 months, since 01 July 1998; 7. Assoc. prof. 2. T. Lalowicz - grant No 2 P03B 074 15, ,,Studies on Rotational Dynamics of Ammonium Ion Isotopomers by Deuteron NMR Dedicated for Crystalline Structure and Phase Transitions Qualification", 26 months since 01 September 1998; 8. Dr K. Szybinski - grant No8TllE01815, ,,Measurements of Brain Volume and its Structures Using MR Tomography", 18 months since 01 September 1998. 287 PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. Z. Sulek, P. Kulinowski, A. Jasinski, K. Szybinski, J. Kibinski, J. Zolajdz, K. Duda, and J. Majerczak, ,,Human Muscle Energetics as Studied by 31P MR Spectroscopy in vivo", Ampere VINMR School, Zakopane, Poland, 31 May - 5 June 1998; 2. A. Jasinski, P. Koziowski, A.T. Krzyzak, D. Adamek, and P. Sagnowski, ,,Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging in an Injured Spinal Cord of the Rat in vivo at 9.4 T", Polish Symposium "Application of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Related Areas ", 24-26 June 1998, Warsaw, Poland; 3. W.P. W^glarz, A. Jasinski, and A.T. Krzyzak, ,,MR Microscopy of Water Diffusion Tensor in Biological Systems", 29th Ampere - 13th ISMAR International Conference on Magnetic Resonance and Related Phenomena, 2-5 August 1998, Berlin, Germany, 4. A. Jasinski, ,,Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Investigation of Spinal Cord Injuries and Skeletal Muscles Physiology", Lecture at II Polish Symposium „ Problems of Medical Physics", Szczyrk, Poland, 15-18 October 1998; 5. A. Jasinski, investigation of Spinal Cord Injury Using Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging", Symposium Honoring Prof Dr Hans W. Spiess, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland, 26-27 October 1998; 6. A. Jasinski, ,,Localised NMR Spectroscopy in vivo", International Workshop on Modern Spectroscopic Techniques in Biophysics, Neptune, Romania, 1-5 June 1998; 7. A. Jasiriski, ,,Solid State NMR, NMR and Sir Peter Mansfield: The Art of Multiple - Pulse Line Narrowing and Amphiphilic Liquid Crystals", The 2nd Nottingham Symposium on Magnetic Resonance, Nottingham, Great Britain, 20 December 1998; 8. Z. Sutek, P. Kulinowski, A. Jasinski, K. Szybinski, J. Kibinski, J. Zofcyiz, K. Duda, and J. Majerczak, ,,Human Muscle Energetics as Studied by 31P MR Spectroscopy in vivo", Ampere VI NMR School, Zakopane-Poland, 31 May - 5 June 1998. ORGANIZED CONFERENCES: XXXI Polish Seminar on NMR, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland, 1 - 2 December 1998. INTERNAL SEMINARS: 1. J. Hennel, interlaced EPI, part IV"; 2. D. Adamek, CMUJ Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuropathology, ,,Ubiquityn and GFAP in Model Injury of a Rat Spinal Cord"; 3. J. Hennel, ,,About Some Factors Affecting Resolution"; 4. J. Hennel, ,,Apodisation or Windowing"; 5. G. Stoch, ,,Nonstatistical Aspect of Density Matrix"; 288 6. Z. Olejniczak, ,,Measurement of Homonuclear Coupling Carbon-Carbon in Solids"; 7. F. Hennel, FORENAP, France, ,,Elimination of Ghosts in Interlaced EPI"; 8. G. Stoch, ,,Phase Parameters in NMR Spectra."; 9. J. Pindel, ,,About Cloning"; 10. S. Kwiecinski, ,,Fast Imaging Method FLASH and Its Applications in Magnetic Resonance Tomography"; 11. J. Hennel, ,,Origin of Ghosts in EPI and Method of Their Elimination"; 12. A Jasinski, ,,Department of Nuclear Radiospectroscopy Research Perspectives"; 13. J. Hennel, introduction to Discrete Fourier Transform"; 14. A. Jasinski, J. Kibinski, Z. Sutek, K. Szybinski, A. KrzyZak, and P. Kulinowski, ,,Report on ESMRMB Conference, Geneva'98"; 15. A. Krzyzak, ,,Report on ISMRM Conference, Sydney'98"; 16. J. Kibinski, ,,Project of Console for 8.4 T Microscope". LECTURES: 1. A. Jasinski, diffusion Tensor Imaging in Excised Spinal Cord of The Rat", Lecture at MR Centre for Molecular Biology, Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Floryda Gainesville, Floryda, USA; 2. Z. Olejniczak, ,,Tunneling and Reorientations of CD3 Group", Laboratoire de Methodologie RMN, University Henri Poincare, Nancy, France, February 1998; 3. J.W. Hennel Series of six lectures on ,,The Theory of Magnetic Resonance Tomography", Institute of Physics, Torun University, 12-16 May 1998. SHORT TERM VISITORS TO THE DEPARTMENT: \.DrF, Hennel, FORENAP, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France; 2. Dr P. Koziowski, Institute for Biodiagnostics, NRC, Winnipeg, Canada; 3. Prof. M. Punkkinen, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; 4. Prof. J, Seliger, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 5. Doc. dr J. Murin, Department of Physics, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia; 6. Doc. dr D. Oldak, Department of Physics, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia; 7. Doc. ing. J. Uhrin, Department of Physics, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia; 8. Dr P. Sandor, Varian Application Laboratory, Darmstadt, Germany; 9. Dr R. Leibundgut, Varian International AG, Switzerland. 289 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Head of Department: Prof. Zdzislaw Szeglowski Deputy Head of Department: Barbara Petelem, Ph.D. telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 390, 399, 392, 394 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] PERSONNEL: Laboratory of Chemistry and Radiochemistry Head: Professor Zdzislaw Szeglowski Research staff: Barbara Kubica, Ph.D. Maria Tuteja-Krysa M.Sc. Technical staff: Roman Fialkowski Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Separation Processes Head: Barbara Petelenz, Ph.D. Research staff: Ryszard Misiak, M.Sc. BogdanWas, M.Sc, Ch.E. EwaOchab, Ph.D. Pawei Zagrodzki, M.Sc., Ch.E. Technical staff: Miroslaw Bartyzel Mirostaw Szaikowski, M.Sc., Ch.E. Laboratory of Environmental Radioactivity Head: Miroslawa Jasinska, M.Sc. Research staff: Krzysztof Kozak, M.Sc., Nucl.E. Jerzy Wojciech Mietelski, Ph.D. Technical staff: Jerzy Oskar Krupa, M.Sc. Pawet Gaca, M.Sc. 290 PL9902581 OVERVIEW: In the Laboratory of Chemistry and Radiochemistry, research on chemistry of the transactinide elements 104 (Rf), 105 (Db) and 106 (Sg) in model systems with their homologs (Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, and W) was continued, and studies on ion-exchange and extraction behaviour of Tc, Re and Os as homologs of Bh(107) and Hs(108) were started. Basing on the law of periodicity, conditions for separation of superheavy elements Rf, Sg,and Bh were adjusted. The cooperations involved the JINR, Dubna, the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Moscow, and the Technical University of Dresden. A particularly important achievement was participation of our group in the third experiment in the world on aqueous chemistry of Sg, performed in the summer 1998 in GSI Darmstadt. The Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, was continuing non-stop records of the ground-level atmospheric radioactivity. Besides, Pu content was determined in two-years collection of rainwater samples. An air monitoring station was recently equipped with a prototype y-spectrometric scintillation system which, modem-coupled with the central server, will be tested in the Laboratory. For ultra-low-background measurements a muonic chamber was designed and made, and new spectrometer's background was recorded in various shielding configurations. Research on a-active and y-active environmental contaminants in Antarctic samples, supplied by the Institute of Botany of the Jagiellonian University, resulted in an M.Sc. thesis defended in June 1998. Other cooperations of the Laboratory in 1998 have been the following: a) determination of ^Sr and 137Cs in wild animals bones (Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Technical University, Budapest, Hungary and Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland); b) PIXE determinations of trace elements in ASS-500 air filters (Department II of the Institute) and mineralogical studies of collected dusts (Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University and the Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University, Krakow); c) a-spectrometric determination of radium isotopes in river waters and bottom sediments (Institute of Geography, UJ) and use of Pu and Cs contaminations as tracers to follow-up natural processes in peat bog (University of Agriculture, Krakow); d) preparation of a-spectrometric sources by electrodeposition (other groups of the Department) and determination of 241Pu in a-spectrometric Pu sources (Silesian University, Katowice, Poland); e) comparative measurements of y-background dose rate, using the PMS station, TL detectors and Gamma- Tracer probe (Health Physics Section of the Institute). In recognition of his expertise in radioecolgy, Dr Mietelski has been admitted as a Regular Member of the U.I.R. (Union Internationale de Radioecologie). Mrs Jasinska, Mr Kozak and Dr Mietelski received the Prize of the President of the City of Krakow for "Organising and conducting continuous radiological monitoring of the air in Krak6w and for the researches at the radioactive contamination of the environment". The project on construction of the internal target assembly for isotope production was continued in the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, in cooperation with the Cyclotron Section and Division of Mechanical Constructions of the Institute, and with the JINR, Dubna. In the meantime, in pilot experiments on the internal beam of the AIC-144 cyclotron, small activities of nC PET tracer were obtained from proton irradiated B2O3 targets. A joint project with the Silesian Medical Academy, on applications of 32P sources (pure P' emitter) in intravascular brachytherapy (IVBT), was started. Chemical and ionic methods of preparation of 32P sources and their TL dosimetry were tested in cooperation with the Laboratory of the Ion Implanter and with the Health Physics Section of the Institute. Measurements of the activity of selenoenzymes in the context of human thyroid health or disease were continued in cooperation with the Medical College of the Jagiellonian University, and with the Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland. for Prof. Zdzislaw Szeglowski dr Barbara Petelenz 291 REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902582 Sorption of Hf, Zr and Nb on Ion-Exchange Resin from Solutions Mineral Acids B. Kubica, M. Tuteja-Krysa, and Z. Szeglowski Sorption coefficients of Hf, Zr and Nb on nickel-potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) (NF), on nickel hexacyanoferrate (II) composite ion exchanger (NCF) and on the ion exchange resins (Dowex-1 and Dowex-50) from inorganic acids solutions were determined. Obtained results indicate that hafnium, zirconium and niobium in sulphuric and hydrochloric acids form hydrolytic anionic and cationic complexes which are adsorbed on the examined ion exchangers. Pu-241 in Samples of Forest Soil from Poland PL9902583 J.W. Mietelski, J. Dorda', and B. Was 1Institute of Physics, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland The measurements of 241Pu activity in coniferous forest soil samples from Poland were performed in two ways: by alpha spectrometric re-measurements of plutonium sources [1] 3-4 years after their preparation (i.e. by the 241Am ingrowth) and by direct measurements of 241Pu using liquid scintillation (LS) spectrometry. Both methods gave consistent results but in our case the accuracy of direct LS measurements was higher. A high correlation (R2 = 0.878, p < 0.0001) was observed between the activities of 241Pu and B8Pu, whereas almost no correlation (R2 = 0.214, p = 0.0051) was noticed between 24IPu and 239«240Pu (Fig. 1.). S 1 o.o 300 300 Fig. 1: Correlation plot for radioactive concentrations of plutonium isotopes in forest soil samples. B8 241 m 2M 241 r Left: Pu (^238(238) and Pu (MI.LS), right: the ' pxx (^m24o) and (4241, 2392392424OO The ^ u and - pu activities were determined previously [1]. This can be easily explained by the common origin of 241Pu and isotopes from Chernobyl fallout (the global fallout components for the most active samples could be neglected), whereas the global fallout component of m 240Pu dominates over the Chernobyl component for the majority of the samples. Enhanced levels of 241Pu were observed in all samples from the farthest north-eastern Poland. The maximum observed activity concentration obtained by the 241Am ingrowth was (254 ±43) Bq/kg, whereas direct measurements gave (284 ±31) Bq/kg (the same sample, activities calculated for May 1, 1986). The estimated M1Pu maximum deposition from Chernobyl fallout in this area (sum of depositions for two examined layers of one site) was (1.03 ± 0.11) kBq/m2. This will result in an additional 24!Am activity of about (30.1 ± 3.2) Bq/m2 292 after 70 years. The average activity ratio for 241Pu to total **•m 240Pu was of the order of 25, and for Chernobyl fractions of activities the average for this ratio was 56. Reference: 1. J.W. Mietelski and B. Was, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 46 (1995) 1203. PL9902584 Radionuclides in Rised Bogs on Example of "Bor za Lasem" in Orawsko- Nowotarska Valley in Tatra Mountains Foothill, Poland K. Boron1, J.W. Mietelski, P. Gaca, and M. Jasinska 1 Department of Soil Reclamation and Peat-Bog Protection, Academy of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland The Orawsko-Nowotarska Valley is situated west from the Nowy Targ town in the Tatra Mountains foothill. The valley contains about 15 bogs, some of them almost undamaged, other in varies stages of destruction. The "Bor za Lasem" is a rised bog with the area of about 42 ha, whose northern part was exploited and drained and the southern part is undisturbed. The stratigraphic-levelling profile of "Bor za Lasem" was traced out. Peat samples were collected from two deep openings (down to 75 cm, one on an undisturbed area, the second one in a disturbed area, seven samples from each site) and from two other shallow openings on a disturbed area (down to 20 cm, three samples from each site). Two 5 dm3 samples of water were collected also as well as some plant samples. Peat sample parameters as relative, absolute and volumetric wetness, bulk density and capillary capacity were determined. The measurements of radiocesium (137Cs and 134Cs) radioactive concentrations in all samples were performed on a low-background HPGe gamma- spectrometer. Then peat and plant samples were ashed and the ashes were re-measured on this spectrometer in the aim to determine more accurately the 134Cs/137Cs activity ratio, to find out the proportion between the global fallout and the Chernobyl fractions of radiocesium. Then, a standard radiochemical procedure was applied for determination of plutonium. Plutonium activity was measured on an alpha spectrometer with silicon detectors. The obtained results on the activity concentrations of all radionuclides will be compared with the history of the fallout. The diffusion-migration model will be applied to study the mobility of radiocesium and plutonium in the rised bog environment. This data will be helpful in future investigations on the bog destruction processes. Accumulation of Plutonium, Strontium, Europium, Americium, and Curium Radioisotopes in Bones of Wild Herbivorous Animals iio :0O J.W. Mietelski, Z. Szeglowski, M. Jasinska, P. Gaca, K. Kozak, M. Tomczak1, M. Zalewski1, and N. Vajda2 'Medical University of Biafystok, Biophysics Division, Biafystok, Poland; 2Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Technical University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary Many investigators reported enhanced levels of long lived non-volatile nuclides in samples from north- eastern Poland. This was considered to be a result of presence of a single "hot particle" in the sample. Investigations conducted in last years in the Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory allowed us to conclude that on this area a non typical isotopic composition of Chernobyl fallout was very common. It seems that the quasi-continuous fallout of huge numbers of small "hot particles" occurred there from the high altitude radioactive-cloud, which moved toward the Scandinavia on 26th of April, 1986. Interesting question is if those radionuclides are bioavailable? If so, they should be accumulated (at least partially) in bones of wild phytophagans, since most of those radionuclides (plutonium, strontium, americium, europium) are known as bone seekers. The investigations on this problem started in this year: 38 samples of bone from front leg of deers, roe-deers, wild boars and elks were obtained from hunters from Biafystok district. Samples were dried, grounded and then analysed on the HPGe low-background gamma spectrometer for the presence of all gamma emitters. Natural radionuclides belonging to the thorium series, as well as 40K and ^a (cosmogenic) were 293 found. From artificial radionuclides only Cs was observed with no doubts. After these measurements the samples were ashed and radiochemical analyses for the presence of 238, 239, 240, 241Pu,24IAm,244AmandI54-155Eu were performed. Initial measurements of ^Sr in two samples were performed on a liquid scintillation spectrometer at Budapest. The project is still in progress and will be conducted till the middle of the year 2000, being supported by a grant No 6P04G09014 from the State Committee for Scientific Research. Cs-137 in Tree Rings from Opole Region (Silesia, Poland^ P.L. Urban1, P. MazurVandJ.W. Mietelski PL9902586 1 Polish Children's Found, Warszawa, Poland Two sets of samples of annual of tree rings: six of common pine (Pinus silvestris L. ) and six of European birch (Betula pendula L.), along with bark samples from the same trees, were separated from the trunks. The trees were growing in the Opole region (Silesia). This is the area with relatively high Chernobyl Cs deposition (about 40 kBq/m2). Masses of samples were between 100 g and 200 g. Initial direct measurements of radiocesium with a low-background HPGe gamma spectrometer have shown that in most cases the radioactive concentrations in bulk samples were close to the detection limit. Further, the samples were ashed in 400°C during two days in the oven. The ashes (about 0.5 g of each sample) were transferred to polyethylene cups and soaked with acetone. After evaporation of acetone the ashes formed a thin layer in the bottom of cup, what improved the geometric conditions of measurements. Ashes were again measured with a low-background gamma spectrometer, typical measurement time was two days. The obtained results showed that the most of radiocesium is present in bark, and the birch's bark was far more active then the pine's one. The tree rings from 1986 (the year of the Chernobyl accident) did not show increased activity, and generally the activity is increasing from the inside of tree to the bark (see Fig. 1). This suggests the diffusion from bark as the main process, which is reflected in the radiocesium profile within the trunk. The project has been extended to the analysis of potassium absorption in timber of those species. Scholarships of the Polish Children's Fund are gratefully acknowledged by two of us (P.L. Urban and P.Mazur). 0.04-1 Emu birch fHHpine 0.03- O) 0.02- 0.01- (TT3 0.00- • E=l _IH1 _ EH nil m 81-83 84-86 87-89 90-92 93-95 96-98 bark sample Fig. 1: Radioactive concentration of Cs in pine and birch timber samples (annual rings and bark). 294 PL9902587 Monitoring of Finely Dispersed Components of the Atmospheric Aerosols in Krakow - Results of Isotopic and Geochemical Studies K. Kozak, M. Michalik1, and W. WUczynska-Michalik2 institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; 2 Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University, Krakow, Poland Radioactive aerosols (particles size >0.3 em) were collected on chlorinated PVC Petrianov filter FPP-15- 1.5 using the high volume Aerosols Sampling Station (ASS-500) during the years 1990-1995. The radioactive contamination was measured by the low-background gamma spectrometry. The observed activities were on the 3 134 22 3 level from few tenths of $Bq/m ( Cs, Na) to several SBq/m . The role of resuspension and the influence of other parameters on the observed radioactive concentrations were discussed. Cross-correlation analysis of Cs activities in air (coming from Chernobyl accident) respective to activities of cosmogenic Be in air (which is 134 137 the indicator of stratospheric input) was discussed. All Cs and a part of Cs are from the Chernobyl accident fallout and the rest of Cs was from the global fallout after the atmospheric nuclear explosion tests. Both radiocesium isotopes might came from resuspension of fine soil particles as well as from the stratosphere. Interpretation of the observed Cs is difficult. Part of its activity might came from the stratosphere as the remains of the nuclear tests in the sixties, but there can be also some radiocesium from resuspended soil (see Table 1). Table 1: Values of average 134Cs to 137Cs activity ratios, percentage input of pre-Chernobyl, stratospheric and resuspended fractions contributing to 137Cs radioactive concentration in ground level air in INP-Krak6w. Year Average 134Cs/137Cs activity Percentage of pre- Percentage of 137Cs Percentage of 137Cs j ratio for given year Chernobyl 137Cs [%] j from stratosphere [%] from resuspension [%] : 1990 0.14 19 ; 67 ±14 35 ±24 | 1991 0.11 37 ! 37 ±17 100 + 21 r 1"" -~ ~ I 1992 0.08 40 ! 54 ± 16 51+22 ; 'r ~" i 1993 0.06 34 1 77 ±12 33 + 14 ! 1994 0.04 48 | 65 ±15 37 ±18 j 1995 0.03 52 . 69 + 8 45 ± 11 i Numerous types of natural and anthropogenic dust particles were determined in aerosols. Dust particles were of different size (<0.1 5m-20 em), morphology and chemical composition. The composition of finely- dispersed dust varies during a year. The amount of very fine (0.1-1 6m) carbonaceous particles ("soot") were high (especially during winter-time and winter-early-spring period). Carbonaceous particles contained sulphur (in elementary form and in sulphates or other components) and chlorine. Spherical particles of fly-ash from power plants, quartz grains, irregular aluminosilicates, and Fe-oxides were also present. Gypsum and Na- sulphates crystals were present in some samples. In the spring-summer period pollens were very common. Seasonal changes in the composition of dust are related to anthropogenic (industrial activity, "heating period", usage of home coal-fired furnaces) and natural (development of vegetation cover, wind erosion of soils and rocks) factors. 295 PL9902588 Obtaining ofn C from B2O3 Target Bombarded by the Internal Proton Beam in the AIC-144 Cyclotron E. Bakewicz, M. Bartyzel, H. Doruch, E. Ochab, and B. Petelenz On December 18, 1998, in two subsequent experiments on the AIC-144 cyclotron, a PET tracer nC was obtained via the nuclear reaction: Targets from pre-melted boron oxide B2O3 of natural isotopic abundance were bombarded by the internal proton beam for 10 min each, at the proton energy of 10 MeV (acceleration radius = 41 cm) and intensities of 3,3 and 1,7 |jA. Gamma-spectrometric measurements of the irradiated targets exhibited very high radionuclidic purity of the product: only the annihilation peak (511 keV) was detectable in the spectra which were recorded immediately after activation as well as after complete decay of nC. The measured half-life of the product (22 ± 1 min) agrees rather well with the value of tm = 20.3 min, generally accepted for nC. Thick-target yield ofH C was about 220 MBq/uAh in the reported experiments. 4000-1 3000H 8"2000H 1000- O 250 500 750 1000 E (keV) Fig. 1: Gamma spectrum of the B2O3 target, measured ca. 30 min after EOB. Detection system: 35 cm3 HPGe detector (INP, Krak6w) coupled with SILENA multichannel analyser. Preparation and Evaluation of Various 32P Sources for Intravascular Brachytherapy PL9902589 B. Petelenz, P. Bilski, E. Ochab, B. Rajchel, J. Styczen, P. Walichiewicz1, J. Wodniecki1, and K. Wilczek1 ' The Silesian Medical University, 2nd Clinical Hospital of Cardiology, Zabrze, Poland A relatively high percent of restenoses, being a long-term complication of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), can be significantly reduced by short-range ionizing radiation applied locally, immediately after PTCA. In search for dosimetrically favourable and easy to handle radiation sources for this purpose, we tried a pure P" emitter P (ti/2 = 14.3 days). Ways of preparation of P sources were the following: (1) Neutron activation of P layers implanted into metallic surfaces by ionic methods; (2) Conversion coating of metallic surfaces in aqueous solutions containing 32PO43" ions; (3) Direct application of 32 32 31 Na2H PO4 solutions in the angioplasty balloon. It was shown that: (I) P sources obtained by P ion 296 implantation followed by neutron activation can be useful, but only if activation of the support material by thermal neutrons is negligible; (2) Phosphate layers on stainless steel surface exhibit rather poor adhesion. Similar layers on titanium require further studies; (3) Liquid 32P sources ensure very good radial dose distribution but only utmost care in filling the balloon can give a reliable activity-dose dependence. Dosimetry 32 of liquid sources, performed in a PMMA pphantom by thermoluminescence method showed that P sources of radioactive concentration of 200 MBq/cm can deposit therapeutic dose during about 12 min of exposition. TL detectors manufactured for this purpose in our laboratory show very good spatial resolution and can be recommended for similar studies. 12 3 4 Distance from the balloon surface, mm Fig. 2: Measured and fitted dose rates at various distances from the balloon surface. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. J. Chlopicka, Z. Zawieja, P. Zagrodzki, J. Frydrych, P. Skrta, M. Krosniak, Lead and Cadmium in the Hair and Blood of Children from a Highly Industrial Area in Poland, Biological Trace Element Research 62 (1998) 229; 2. J. Grzybek, M. Jasinska, K. Kozak, J.W. Mietelski, Activity ofCs134 and Cs157 Radionuclides in Fruiting Bodies of Selected Mushrooms Species Growing in Poland, Acta Poloniae Toxicologica 2 (1998) (in print); 3. J.W. Mietelski, Transuranic Elements and Sr-90 in Samples from Forests of Poland, Nukleonika 43 (4) (1998)449; 4. J.W. Mietelski, K. Kozak, B. Wa_s, M. Jasinska, I.O. Krupa, Plutonium Isotopes Concentration in the Ground Level Air and Rain Samples from Krakow, 13-th Radiochemical Conf., Marianskie Laznie-Jachymor, Czech Rep., 19-24 April 1998 and Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 49, Suppl. 1 (1998) (in print); 5. E. Ochab, R. Misiak, Etheral Extraction of Carrier-Free 139 Ce as a Method of Separation of Cesium from Lanthanum Target, Nukleonika 43 (4) (1998) 499; 297 6. B. Petelenz, R. Misiak, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz, Possibilities for Production of Medial Radioisotopes on the AIC-144 Cyclotron in the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Nukleonika43 (1998)429; 7. J. Pociask-Karteczka, M. Jasińska, J.W. Mietelski, Radionuclide Content in the Upper Vistula River Sediments in a Coal Mining Region in Poland (East Central Europe), Water, Air and Soil Pollution 102 (1998) 355; 8. M. Schädel, W. Brüchle, E. Jäger, B. Schausten, G. Wirth, W. Paulus, R. Gunter, K. Eberhardt, J.V. Kratz, A. Seibert, E. Strub, P. Thörle, N. Trautmann, A. Waldek, S. Zauner, D. Schuman, R. Misiak, Y. Nagame, K.E. Gregorich, Aqueous Chemistry of Seaborgium (Z = 106), Radiochimica Acta 83(1998)163; 9. D. Schumann, M. Andrassy, H. Nitsche, A.F. Novgorodov, R. Misiak, M. Schädel, W. Brüchle, B. Schausten, J.V. Kratz, H. Bruchertseifer, Sorption Behaviour of W, Hf, Lu, U, and Th on Ion Exchangers from HCL/H2O2 Solutions. Model Experiments for Chemical Studies of Seaborgium (Sg), Radiochimica Acta 80 (1998)1; 10. D. Schumann, H. Nitsche, St. Taut, D.T. Jost, H.W. Gäggeler, A.B. Yakushev, G.V. Buklanov, V.P. Domanov, Din Thi Lien, B. Kubica, R. Misiak, Z. Szeglowski, Sorption Behaviour of Rutherfordium and Thorium from HCl/Hf Containing Aqueous Solution, J. Alloys and Compounds 271-273 (1998) 307; U.Z. Szeglowski, L.I. Guseva, Dinh Thi Lien, B. Kubica, G.S. Tikhomirova, V.P. Domanov, O. Constantinescu, M. Constantinescu, A.B. Yakushev, On-Line Ion-Exchange Isolation of Short Lived Zr, Hf Mo, Ta and W Isotopes as Homologs of Transactiniae Elements, Abstr. of the 7-th Int. Conf. SIS'97 and J. Radioanal. Nuci. Chem. 227 (1998) 145; 12. T. Wasiutyński, Z. Szeglowski, A.W. Pacyna, M. Bałanda, A Study of Magnetic Properties ofKCo[Fe(CN)6], PhysicaB253 (1998)305; 13. Z. Zachwieją, J. Chłopicka, M. Krośniak, M. Fołta, P. Zagrodzki, The Lead Content in Blood and Hair of Children from the Region of Exploitation and Processing of Sulfur, 4-th Intern. Symp. on Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine, Barcelona, Catalonia, 19-22 May 1996; in: J. of Geochemical Exploration, Special Issue (1998) (in print); 14. P. Zagrodzki, F. Nicol, M.A. McCoy, J.A. Smyth, D.G. Kennedy, G.J. Beckett, J.R. Arthur, Iodine Deficiency in Cattle: Compensatory Changes in Thyroidal Selenoenzymes, Research in Veterinary Science 64 (1998) 209. Other publications: 1. W. Chełmicki, M. Klimek, K. Krzemień, M. Jasińska, K. Kozak, J.W. Mietelski, Spatial Differentiation ofCesium-137 Concentration in Wieliczka Foothills near Bochnia (in Polish), Folia Geographica (1998) (in print). Proceedings: 1. P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ochab, M.P.R. Waligórski, Optimisation ofLiF: Mg, Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Proton Radiotherapy, Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July (1998) (in print); 2. K. Kozak, M. Michalik, W. Wilczyńska-Michalik, Monitoring of Fine-Dispersed Components of the Atmospheric Aeosols in Krakow; Results oflsotopic and Geochemical Studies, 298 II Int. Scientific Conf. "Air Protection in the Theory and Applications, Szczyrk, Poland, 2-4 czerwiec 1998; IPICE, PAN Zabrze (1998) (in print). Other conference materials: 1. S.A. Karamian, Y.T. Oganessian, J. Adam, A.G. Belov, Ch. Brancon, O. Constantinescu, M. Hussonnois, G.V. Muradian, J. Trochon, Z. Szeglowski, Photon- and Neutron- Induced Reactions with Isomeric Targets, Abstr. Of the VTI-th Int. Conf. SIS'97 Heavy Ion Physics, World Scientific, Singapore, New jersey, London, Hong Kong (1997) 2; 2. B. Kubica, M. Tuteja-Krysa, Z. Szeglowski, Sorption Behaviour ofHf, Zr and Nb onn Ion Exchanges from Inorganic Acid Solutions (in Polish), National Conf. on Radichemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May (1998) 18; 3. W.M. Kwiatek, E. Dutkiewicz, B. Kubica, J. Lekki, A.W. Potempa, Z. Stachura, Application of Proton Beams at INP's Van de GraaffAccelerator for Quality Accuracy and Quality Control in PIXE Analysis, Fifteenth Int. Conf. on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, Texas, USA, 4-7 November (1998); 4. J.W. Mietelski, Transuranic Elements and Sr-90 in Samples from Forest Ecosystems of Poland (in Polish), National Conf. on Radiochemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May (1998) 43; 5. J.W. Mietelski, B. Wąs, Determination of Radium Concentration in Environmental Samples (in Polish), National Conf. on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May (1998)73; 6. R. Misiak, E. Ochab, The Best Conditions Obtaining Isotopically Pure Y-88 (in Polish), National Conf. of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May (1998)84; 7. E. Ochab, R. Misiak, Ether Extraction of 139 Ce in Ethyl Ether - HNO3 System, as a Method of Separation ofSesiumfrom Lanthanum Target, National Conf. of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May (1998)83; 8. M.A. Olech, J.W. Mietelski, P. Gaca, Radioactive Contamination of Lichens and Mosses Collected in Antarctica, Abstr. of 8-th Int. Symp. on Environmental Radiochemical Analyses, Blackpool, 23-25 September (1998)76; 9. B. Petelenz, E. Ochab, R. Misiak, Possibilities for production of Medical Radioisotopes on the AIC-144 Cyclotron in the Institute of Nuclear Physics (in Polish), National Conf. of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May (1998) 27; 10. Z. Szeglowski, Studies on Aqueous Chemistry of the Elements 104, 105, and 106 in Model Systems with Their Homologs Hf, Ta, and W (in Polish), National Conf. of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz, Poland, 18-21 May (1998) 14; Reports: 1. M. Budzanowski, K. Kozak, M. Jasińska, E. Ryba, I. Guca, J.O. Krupa, Comparison of the Background Gamma Dose Rate Measurements Using PMS Station, TL Detectors, and Probe Gamma-Tracer (in Polish), Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMS Stations, CLOR, Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 68; 299 and Probe Gamma-Tracer (in Polish), Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMS Stations, CLOR, Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 68; 2. K. Kozak, M. Jasinska, W.M. Kwiatek, J.W. Mietelski, E. Dutkiewicz, Non-standard Application of Filtres from ASS-500 Station for Determination of Air Contamination at Ground Level (in Polish), Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMS Stations, CLOR, Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 33; 3. W. Paulus, R. Giinter, W. BrUchle, K. Eberhardt, K.E. Gregorich, E. Jager, J.V. Kratz, U. Kirbach, B. Kubica, R. Misiak, Y. Nagame, M. Schadel, B. Schausten, E. Schimpf, A. Seibert, E. Strub, D. Schumann, P. Thorle, N. Trautmann, Aqueous Chemistry ofSeaborgium, GSI Scientific Report (1998); 4. B. Petelenz, J. Halik, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz, R. Misiak, L. Zrodlowski, J. Ligocki, J. Kotula, Internal Target Assembly for the Activations at the AIC-144, Part II: Mechanical Design of the Assembly - Stage 1 (in Polish), IFJ Report 1813/C (1998); 5. B. Petelenz, E. Bakewicz, M. Bartyzel, E. Ochab, H. Doruch, n Obtaining of C from B2Oi Target Bombarded by the Internal Proton Beam in the AIC-144 Cyclotron (in Polish), IFJ Report 1814/C (1998). GRANTS: Grants from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Prof. Z, Szeglowski - grant No 3 T09A Oil 15, "Studies on Chemical Properties of Transactinide Elements in Aqueous Media in Model Systems with their Homologs ( Hf, Ta, W, Tc)"; 2. DrJ. W. Mietelski - grant No 6P04G09014 , "Accumulation of Isotopes of Pu, Sr, Eu, Am and Cm in Bones of Wild Herbivorous Animals"; 3. Prof. J. Wodniecki (Medical University of Silesia), Leader with dr Petelenz, Principal Investigator - grant No4P05B132 14, "Studies on Possibilities of Using Pure P Emitters in Intravascular Brachytherapy as a Method of Prevention of Restenoses after Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty". Investment grants: 1. DrB. Kubica, "Measurement and Control Equipment for a Radiochemical Laboratory" - 2 stages; 2. Dr M. Jasinska, "Anti-Coincidence Shielding for Ultra-Low-Background Measurements of Environmental Radioactive Contaminations"; 3. Dr B. Petelenz - grant No 2467/1 A/620/98, "Elements of an Internal Target Assembly for Irradiations in the AIC-144 Cyclotron". PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: 1. J.W. Mietelski, K. Kozak, M. Jasinska, J.O.Krupa, and B.Wajs, "Plutonium Isotopes Concentration in the Ground Level Air and Rain Samples from Krak6w" (poster), 13th Radiochemical Conference, Marianskie Laznie, Czech Republic, 19-24 April 1998; 300 Second Polish Seminar on the Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with stations ASS-500 andPMS, CLRP, Warsaw, Poland, 7-8 May 1998; 3. J.W. Mietelski and B.Wa_s, "Determination of Radium Concentration in Environmental Samples" (oral presentation), National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May 1998; 4. J.W. Mietelski, "Transuranic Elements and Sr-90 in Samples from Forest Ecosystems of Poland" (oral presentation), National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May 1998; 5. K. Kozak, M. Michalik, and W. Wilczyriska-Michalik, "Monitoring of Fine-Dispersed Components of the Atmospheric Aerosols in Krakow; Results of Isotopic and Geochemical Studies" (oral presentation), Second International Conference on Scientific Theory and Practical Protection of the Air, Szczyrk, Poland, 2-4 June 1998; 6. J.W. Mietelski, M.A. Olech, and P. Gaca, "Radioactive Contamination of Lichens and Mosses Collected in Antarctica" (poster), 8th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analyses, Blackpool, 23-25 September 1998; 7. J.W. Mietelski, J. Pociask-Karteczka, and M. Jasinska, "Radium Isotopes in Upper Vistula River and its Tributaries" (poster), 8th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analyses, Blackpool, 23-25 September 1998; 8. P. Zagrodzki, "Safety Selenium Level in Children's Blood in Poland" (poster), XVII Scientific Congress of Polish Pharmaceutical Society, Krakow, Poland, 10-13 September 1998, S.II.P-8; 9. P. Zagrodzki, R. Ratajczak, and Z. Zachwieja, "The Influence of Selenium Deficiency on Iodine Metabolism Parameters in Children with Goiter" (poster), 5th International Symposium on Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine, Munich, Germany, 8-10 May 1998. Abstract Book. P-72; 10. P. Zagrodzki, M. Krosniak, M. Bartyzel, and Z. Zachwieja, "Selenium Status of Children with Goiter from Tarnobrzeg Region" (poster), Conference: Vitamins and Microelements in Human Feeding - Bioavailability and Nourishment, Warsaw, Poland, 2-3 June 1998, P45; 11. E. Ochab and R. Misiak, "Etheral Extraction of Carrier-Free 139Ce as a Method of Separation of Cerium from Lanthanum Target" (oral presentation), National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May 1998; 12. R. Misiak and E.Ochab, "The Best Conditions of Obtaining Isotopically Pure 88Y" (poster), National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May 1998; 13. B. Petelenz, E. Ochab, R. Misiak, and E. Bakewicz, "Possibilities for Production of Medical Radioisotopes on the A1C-144 Cyclotron in the Institute of Nuclear Physics" (oral presentation), National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May 1998; 14. B. Kubica, R. Misiak, M. Tuteja-Krysa, and Z. Szeglowski, "Sorption Behaviour of Hf, Zr and Nb on Ion Exchangers from Inorganic Acid Solutions" (poster), National Conference on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 18-21 May 1998; 301 15. W.M. Kwiatek, E.M. Dutkiewicz, B. Kubica, J. Lekki, W. Potempa, andZ. Stachura, "Application of Proton Beams at INP's Van de Graaff Accelerator for Quality Accuracy and Quality Control in PIXE Analysis", Fifteenth International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, Denton, Texas, USA, 4-7 November 1998. LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. J.W. Mietelski, "Radioisotopes in Industry, Mining, Medicine and Science", Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University, Krakow (Lecture at post-graduate course on labour medicine, 3 times per 2 hours); 2. J.W. Mietelski, Scientific supervising of the master's thesis of Mr P. Gaca (Department of Chemistry Jagiellonian University); 3. B. Petelenz, "Cyclotron Production of Radioisotopes for Medicine", a lecture for the 4th year students of the Faculty of Nuclear Physics and Technology at the University of Mining and Metallurgy in Krakow, specialising in Medical Physics and Dosimetry, 5 May 1998. AWARDS: 1. M. Jasinska, MSc, K. Kozak, MSc Eng., and J.W. Mietelski PhD, The Prize of the President of the City of Krak6w in the Field of Science and Technics (for the years 1996- 97) for "Organising and conducting continuous radiological monitoring of the air in Krak6w and for the research at the radioactive contamination of the environment", Krakow, 9 June 1998. SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: J.W. Mietelski: 1. "Radioactive Contamination of Mushrooms", Polish Botanic Society, Mycological Division, Poznan, Poland, 29 April 1998; 2. "Necessity of the ^Sr Contamination Monitoring in North-Eastern Poland", Polish Medical Physics Society, Bialystok, Poland, 10 February 1998; 3. "Activities of the Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory at the Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics (Krakow)", Institute of Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Budapest, Hungary, 8 October 1998. B. Petelenz: "Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine - Which and Why?" 1. T. Kosciuszko High School, Krak6w, 10 November 1998; 2. Seminar of Medical Physics and Dosimetry, Faculty of Nuclear Physics and Technology, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, 18 November 1998. 302 INTERNAL: 1. M. Bartyzel, "Procedures of Obtaining 67Ga, 28Mg, "'Tl Applied in V.U.B. Belgium"; 2. B.F. Myasoedov (Russian Academy of Sciences, Vernadskij Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry), "Behaviour of Radioactive Elements in the Environment. Problems and Perspectives"; 3. J.W. Mietelski, "24!Pu in Forest Litter Samples from Poland"; 4. P. Gaca, "Radioactive Contamination of Antarctic"; 5. W. Wilczynska-Michalik and M. Michalik, "Monitoring of Fine-Dispersed Components of the Atmospheric Aerosols in Krakow: Results of Isotopic and Geochemical Studies"; 6. B. Petelenz, "Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine - Which and Why?", Open House Day, Institute of Nuclear Physics. SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. N. Vajda, Institute of Nuclear Techniques Technical University of Budapest, Hungary; 2. D. Bodizs, Institute of Nuclear Techniques Technical University of Budapest, Hungary; 3. A. Baeza, University of Caceres, Spain; 4. L.I. Guseva, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vernadskij Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russia; 5. B.F. Myasoedov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vernadskij Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russia; 6. J. Wodniecki, Medical University of Silesia, 2end Clinical Hospital of Cardiology, Zabrze, Poland; 7. P. Walichiewicz, Medical University of Silesia, 2end Clinical Hospital of Cardiology, Zabrze, Poland; 8. K. Wilczek, Medical University of Silesia, 2end Clinical Hospital of Cardiology, Zabrze, Poland; 9. J.R. Arthur, The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK; 10. F. Nicol, The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK. 303 DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS RESEARCH BY COMPUTERS Head of Department: Prof. Krzysztof Parlinski telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 209 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Pawel Jochym, Ph.D. Jan Lazewski, M.Sc. Krzysztof Parlinski, Prof. Zbigniew Lodziana, Ph.D. Malgorzata Sternik, Ph.D. OVERVIEW: The main activity in the Department was related with ab initio calculations of phonon dispersion curves. There is a new discovery in the world that due to standardization of supercell ab initio calculations in density functional theory (DFT) approach, and development of the direct method the calculations of phonons from first-principles become possible. We have made effort to customize such calculations. Our source of ab initio information comes from the usage of MSI software, in particular from CASTEP module. The Hellmann-Feynman forces calculated there, are imported into our programs, which, in turn, are able to find the force constants and calculate phonon dispersion curves, and phonon densities of states. Using this method we have derived the ab initio phonon dispersion curves for GaAs, GaAl and doped GaAsxAli-x. The calculated dispersion curves agree within a few percents with those which have been measured by the inelastic neutron scattering. Other crystals are under consideration. Similar phonon dispersion curves calculations for molecular crystals C2H2, OC(ND2)2 and Na^COs have been carried on using empirical potentials with tabulated universal parameters. The only available neutron scattering data for OC{ND2)2 agrees very well with our result. We add that for crystals with Van der Walls potentials, like majority of molecular crystals, the standard ab initio programs do not work, thus the empirical approach is the only possible way at the moment. We have made as well similar phonon calculations of a number of chalcopyrites AgGaS2, AgGaSe2, AgGaTe2, CdGeAs2 and CdGeP2. Another activity has been related with the Monte Carlo simulation of the pseudospin model for the order-disorder phase transition in KSCN crystal. For this model a calculated correlation function was able to describe, at least qualitatively, an unusual temperature dependence of the width of quasi elastic peak measured by neutron scattering. 304 Our aim is to relate in future the model calculations, such as for KSCN with complete set of parameters derived from first-principle calculations. Part of the parameters comes from harmonic phonons, another part is related to crystal elasticity and anharmonicity. Effort to find these parameters using CASTEP has already been made. Prof. Krzysztof Parliiiski REPORTS ON RESEARCH: The Pseudospin Model of RbSCN Z. Lodziana and W. Schranz1 1 Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Elastic processes occurring in the vicinity of phase transition can vitally change the behavior of materials close to the transition temperature. To obtain more insight into such influence, we investigated the microscopic pseudospin model of the order-disorder phase transition in improper ferroelastic. The proposed model, has four pseudospins per unit cell and possesses symmetry properties of the thiocyanate crystals. The mean field analysis predicts that such system can exhibit first or second order phase transition, depending only on a single parameter connected to the coupling of the order-parameter and elastic strains. In particular the model can describe tricritical behaviour [1]. Performing recently Monte-Carlo simulations, we have gained some insight into microscopic fluc- tuations. 3d- Monte-Carlo simulation showed, that for the certain strength of order-parameter and strain coupling, which is equivalent to the 4-spin interaction, the system is close to the tricritical point. The calculated temperature dependence of the order parameter is in very good agreement with the experimental data of RbSCN - see Fig. 1. - MC 0.4 • HrefHnoence . • Neutron scatt. • o 0,3 • 0,2 - 0.1 e * 0.0 0,926 0,960 0,976 1,000 1,028 T/r. Fig. 1: Comparison of the temperature dependence of the order parameter A - neutron data; o - birefringence; o - MC points. The result also shows, that the growth of the size of precursor clusters is suppressed when ap- proaching Tc from below, whereas the order parameter susceptibility is increasing. This is in a good agreement with the diffuse neutron scattering data on RbSCN and KSCN, which yields an increase 305 of the diffuse intensity with increasing temperature below Tc, whereas its width remains constant in the whole ordered phase. These results show, that inhomogeneous elastic effects can stabilize the precursor clusters at order- disorder phase transition below Tc. References: 1. W. Schranz, H. Warhanek, R. Blinc, and B. Zeks, "Pseudospin Model of KSCN", Phys. Rev. B40 (1989) 7141; 2. Z. Lodziana, W. Schranz, and A. Fuith, "Monte Carlo Simulations of the Pseudospin Model of RbSCN", J. Phys.: Condens. Matter (in print). Phonons in AgGaS2 Chalcopyrite Crystal within the Force Field Approach J. Lazewski and K. Parliriski The chalcopyrite structure is the ternary analogue of diamond structure and is a superstructure of zinc-blende. It is described by the space group 1424 (D^)- All of the atoms, just like in diamond and zinc blende structures, are tetrahedrally coordinated to four other atoms. The conventional tetragonal body-centered unit cell consists of four molecules and contains 16 atoms [1]. The wide family of the ternary semiconductors AIBinX^1 (A = Ag, Cd, Cu; B = Al, Fe, Ga, Ge; X — As, P, S, Se, Te) which crystallizes in chalcopyrite structure have found application in solar cells, solar energy conversion, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and various non-linear devices [2]. One aim of our work was to estimate the phonon dispersion curves and phonon density of states (DOS) of AgGaS2 compound. To obtain structural parameters i.e. lattice constants and atoms po- sitions, and inter-atomic forces the Cerius2 package [3] was used. In the Hamiltonian of the crystal the van der Waals and Coulomb contributions were taken into account. The Coulomb interaction was calculated using the Ewald method. To determine potential parameters the Universal Force Field (UFF) [4] was used. This force field consisting of fundamental parameters is based only on the ele- ments, their hybridizations and connectivities. The UFF was generated from a set of hybridization dependent atomic bond radii, a set of hybridization angles, van der Waals parameters, torsional and inversion barriers, as well as a set of effective nuclear charges. We optimize geometry of crystal min- imizing the energy expression by the conjugate gradient and the truncated Newton methods. First, we optimize cell parameters and atom positions. Then the stability of the crystal was checked in PI symmetry. After each minimization step the effective charges for the Coulomb interaction were recalculated. The minimization was provided until the neighbouring forces reached negligible values. The phonon dispersion curves and phonon density of states can be calculated from forces which are generated within the same inter-atomic potential. For that we used the direct method [5] and calculated forces Fj(n), which arise when a single atom n is displaced from its equilibrium position. These forces are related to the cummulant force constants $,j(n,m): where Uj{m) is the j-component of the displacement of atom m. Later, the cummulant force constants were introduced to the dynamical matrix, which was diagonalized in order to give phonon frequencies. Usually, a single set of forces is not sufficient to find all independent force constants. In the case of chalcopyrites seven independent displacements are required. To minimize systematic errors two sets of positive and negative displacements of u,(m) were calculated. We selected displacements of 1% of lattice constants as appropriate values. The calculations of all fourteen lists offerees were performed on 2x2x2 supercell with 128 atoms. Then, the over-determined system of equations for 3>ij(n, m) was solved by an algorithm which simultaneously provides a least-squares solution [6]. According to 306 0 .08 .10 .15 .20 .26 .SO .40 .46 .SO wave vector Fig. 1: Phonon dispersions for AgGaS2. Fig. 2: Phonon density of states for AgGaS2- the direct method the 2x2x2 supercell size gives exact phonon frequencies for all five high-symmetry points F, X, Z, N, P of the body-centered tetragonal Brillouin zone. Because primitive unit cell for chalcopyrite structure contains 8 atoms complete phonon spectrum consists of 24 dispersion curves: 3 acoustic and 21 optical one. The calculated phonon dispersion curves of discussed chalcopyrite is shown in Fig. 1. No softening of phonon branches is observed, what confirms that the simulated structure is stable against any perturbation, including these which are incompatible with the supercell size. The phonon density of states for AgGaS2 is presented in Fig. 2. We conclude, that Force Field methods with Universal Force Field (UFF) parameters are very fast way to build up investigated crystals in proper symmetry with stabile structure. But obtained results are rather qualitative than quantitative. The lattice constants and the dynamic properties are described within more than 10% errors. References: 1. G. Burns and A.M. Glazer, "Space Group for Solid State Scientists", 2nd ed. (Academic Press Inc, San Diego, 1990); 2. J.L. Shay and J.H. Wernick, "Chalcopyrite Semiconductors. Growth. Electronic Properties and Appli- cations" (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1975); 3. Cerius2 is a system developed by BIOSYM/Molecular Simulations Inc.; 4. A.K. Rappe, C.J. Casewit, K.S. Colwell, W.A. Goddard, and W.M. Skiff, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 10024; 5. K. Parlinski, Z. Q. Li, and Y. Kawazoe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 4063; 6. K. Parliriski, program PHONON. Lattice Dynamics of Gai_xAlxAs from ab initio Calculations P.T. Jochym, M. Sternik, and K. Parlinski The vibrational frequencies of pure GaAs and AlAs crystals have been already calculated with big success using ab initio techniques, however the problem of phonon modes in Gai-sAl^As alloys remains still open. For Ga^Ali-^As alloys, no neutron diffraction data exists, which could asses the dispersive character of normal modes, and only experimental frequencies at F point are known from Raman and infrared spectroscopy. In this paper we present an ab initio approach to the vibrational properties calculation in Ga^Ali-^As system. We calculate the dispersion curves of pure GaAs and AlAs crystals and ordered Ga^Ali-^As system using the direct method of phonon dispersion calculation described in Ref. [1]. Phonons in GaAs and AlAs We start the calculations from pure GaAs and AlAs crystals. Both crystals have the same symmetry F43m and only two atoms in primitive fee cell. The calculated lattice constants, 5.60 and 5.63 A, respectively, for GaAs and AlAs crystals, agree very well with experimental ones, 5.653 A [2] and 5.637 A [3]. 307 G«A» 300 •us 200 iMOO I IF** ^? I 0 §•400 AU> / ^ v/ ^— 300 200 •*—= 100 0> • • 1 1 • • r x k/ p p p r x r L X W L Fig. 1 Fi§- 2 Phonon dispersions calculated for GaAs and AlAs crystals (left) and for periodically ordered Gao.75Alo.25As and Gao.25Alo.25As structures (right). Fig. 1 shows the phonon dispersion curves calculated along several high-symmetry lines, together with experimental points measured by inelastic neutron scattering [4]. The direct method of phonon dispersion calculation applied to lxlxl supercell of GaAs or AlAs allows to find "exact" phonon frequencies at two high symmetry points, F (excluding LO mode) and X. At those two points the calculated phonon frequencies agree with experimental data within 3%. Moreover, the overall shape of all phonon dispersion curves is reproduced quite well. The largest discrepancy, appears for GaAs crystal at L point. In the case of AlAs, where the experimental data are rather rare, we can expect the same accuracy of calculated dispersion curves. Phonons in i^^ To obtain a superstructure with Al concentration x = 0.25 or 0.75, we replace in the lxlxl supercell of GaAs one Ga atom by Al or in AlAs one Al atom by Ga, respectively. Then the system is optimized to get vanishing forces. During system relaxation the As atoms increase slightly their distances to Al atoms. The As atoms shift from (0.25, 0.25, 0.25) to (0.25012, 0.25012, 0.25012) and (0.24991, 0.24991, 0.24991) for x = 0.25 and 0.75, respectively. The resulting structure has a P43m symmetry with three non-equivalent atoms. The calculated lattice parameters were 5.61 and 5.62 A for x = 0.25 and 0.75, respectively. The symmetry of the unit cell is P43m and it contains 8 atoms. Thus, there are 24 phonon branches, i.e. 4 times more then in fee lattice of GaAs or AlAs. Fig. 2 shows dispersion curves calculated along Tp — Xp — Tp direction in reciprocal space of the primitive cubic cell of the superstructures. Subscripts p and / indicate high-symmetry points in the Brillouin zones of the primitive P43m and face-centered F43m lattices, respectively. References: 1. K. Parliriski, Z.Q. Li, and Y. Kawazoe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 (1997) 4063; 2. G. Giesecke and H. Pfister, Acta Cryst. 11 (1958) 369; 3. G. Natta and L. Passerini, Gazz. Chim. Ital. 58 (1928) 458; 4. D. Strauch and B. Dorner, J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2 (1990) 1457. 308 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. O. Blaschko, (Z. Lodziana) et al., Strain-Stabilized Precursor Clusters in Potasium Thiocyanate, Phys. Rev. B58(13) (1998) 8362; 2. P.T. Jochym, M. Sternik, K. Parliiiski, TiC Lattice Dynamics from ab Inito Calculations, Eur. Phys. J. B (1998) (in print); 3. K. Parliriski, Principles of Computer Simulation of Phase Transitions and Domain Pattern in Ferroic Crys- tals, J. of Korean Phys. Soc. 32 (1998) S711; 4. K. Parlinski, Y. Kawazoe, Modelling of Phase Transitions by the First-Principle Methods, Phase Transitions 65 (1998) 73; 5. K. Parliriski, Z.Q. Li, Y. Kawazoe, How to Simulate the Structural Phase Transition by the First-Principle Method, Phase Transitions (1998) (in print); 6. R. Sikora, K. Parlinski, Computer Simulation of Switching Behaviour in an Orthorombic Model, Phase Transitions (1998) (in print); 7. M. Sternik, P.T. Jochym, K. Parlinski, Lattice Dynamics of GaAlxAs$1_x Studied by ab initio Calculations, Computational Materials Science (1998) (in print); 8. P. Zieliriski, Z. Lodziana, T. Srokowski, Anharmonic Effects of Phonon Scattering on Crystal Surfaces, Physica B (1998) (in print); 9. P. Zielinski, Z. Lodziana, T. Srokowski, Dynamics of Anharmonic Surfaces in Harmonic Crystals, Progr. Surf. Sci. 59 (1998) 265. Other publications: 1. E. Rokita, (J. Lazewski) et al., Thermal Conversion of Sr-Contaminated Brushite into Calcium Pyrophosphate - EXAFS Studies of Sr Coordination, 4-th Nat. Symp. of Synchroton Radiation Users, Krakow-Przegorzaly, Poland, 18-19 June 1997; Folia Physica (1998) 155. Proceedings: 1. Z. Lodziana, Chaotic Nucleations of Domains in Two Component PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: INVITED TALKS: 1. K. Parliriski, "Phonon Dispersion Curves Calculated with a Direct Method", Structures and Properties of Inorganic Crystals from Theory and Experiment, Plon; 2. P.T. Jochym, "Lattice Dynamics of Cubic Crystals by ab initio Calculations", Structures and Properties of Inorganic Crystals from Theory and Experiment, Plon; 3. K. Parliriski, "Calculation of Phonon Dispersion Curves", TMR - Elasticity k Relaxattion, 1998, Vienna, Austria; 4. K. Parliriski, "Calculation of Phonon Dispersion Curves", Neutron and Numerical Methods, 1998, Grenoble, France; 5. Z. Lodziana, "Computational Investigations of Inhomogenous Strain Efects near Phase Transitions", TMR - Elasticity & Relaxattion, 1998, Vienna, Austria; 6. K. Parlinski, "Calculation of Phonon Dispersion Curves from Generic Force Fields of Chalcopirytes", MSI users meeting, Warszawa, Poland; 7. P.T. Jochym, "Lattice Dynamics of Cubic Crystals by ab initio Calculations", MSI users meeting, Warszawa, Poland; 8. K. Parlinski, "Simulation of Crystal Properties", General Polish Scientific Session on the Topic Physics at the Border in Third Millennium, on Occasion of Hundred Anniversary of Birthday of Aleksander Jablotiski, Toruri, Poland. PRESENTATIONS: 1. Z. Lodziana "Mesoskopische Strukturen und Inhomogene Verzerrungsfelder bei Phasenubergangen", poster presentation on Osterreichische Physikalische Gesellschaft, 1998, Gratz, Austria; 2. K. Parlinski, "Calculations of Phonons from ab initio or Force Field Software", Workshop Electronic Structure Calculations for Industry and Basic Sciences, 1998, Vienna, Aus- tria. SCHOLARSHIPS: K. Parlinski, Lousanne Scholarship. SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. K. Parlinski, "Calculation of Phonon Dispersion Curves of C2H2, OC(ND2)2 and Na2CC>3 from Generic Force Field", Institute de Cristallographie, Universite de Lousanne, Switzerland; 310 2. Z. Lodziana, "Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Solid State Physics", Vienna University, Austria; 3. Z. Lodziana, "Monte Carlo Approach to the Order-Disorder Phase Transition in KSCN", Vienna University, Austria. INTERNAL: 1. M. Haluska, "Introduction to Physics of Fullurens"; 2. P.T. Jochym, "Determination of Crystal Ground State from Quantum-Mechanical Calculations", part I, II; 3. P.T. Jochym, "Elements of the HTML Language"; 4. P.T. Jochym, "Methods of Pseudopotential Generation"; 5. P.T. Jochym, "Dynamics of ZrC Crystal Lattice"; 6. P.T. Jochym, "Methods of Determination of Elastic Constants from ab initio Calculations"; 7. J. Lazewski, "Utilization of Simple UNIX Tools for Automatization of Calculations"; 8. J. Lazewski, "Phonon Dispersion Curves for Some Chalcopyrite Crystals within the Force-Field Approach"; 9. J. Lazewski, "First-Principle Calculations of Dynamics Properties of CuInSe2M; 10. J. Lazewski, "Geometry Optimalization of AgGaX2 (X=S,Se,Te) Crystals by ab initio Methods"; 11. Z. Lodziana, "Influence of Non-Linear Effects on Surface Dynamics"; 12. K. Parlinski, "Selection of the Supercell for Phonon Determination from ab initio Calculations"; 13. W. Schranz, "Methods of investigation of elastic properties of materials". SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. Miro Haluska, Vienna University, Austria; 2. Wilfried Schranz, Vienna University, Austria. 311 PL9902590 HEALTH PHYSICS LABORATORY Head of Department: Dr Pawei Olko Assoc. Prof. M.P.R.. Waligorski (up to 30.06.98) Deputy Head: Elzbieta Ryba, E. E. Secretary: Irena Lipenska telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext. 411 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Pawel Bilski \ M.Sc, NucLE. Dariusz Mazur 2, M.Sc., Nucl.E. l 3 Maciej Budzanowski t M.Sc, E.E. Pawel Olko , Ph.D., NucLE. Barbara Marczewska, Ph.D. Michal P.R. Walig6rski4, Ph.D., Assoc. Prof. Research Staff, on Leave of Absence (since 1991): Maryla Olszewska-Wajsioiek5, Ph.D., NucLE. Piotr Wasiotek5, Ph.D. Technical Staff: J6zefDybel Bronislaw Motyka 6 Irena Gruca 7 Anna Nowak Jerzy Ibkowski' Tomasz Nowak' Irena Lipenska 8 Elzbieta Ryba 9, E.E. OVERVffiW: The activities of the Health Physics Laboratory at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow are principally research in the general area of radiation physics, and radiation protection of the employees of the Institute of Nuclear Physics. Theoretical research concerns modelling of radiation effects in radiation detectors and studies of concepts in radiation protection. Experimental research, in the general area of solid state dosimetry, is primarily concerned with thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry, and more specifically: development of LiF:Mg, Ti for medical applications in conventional and hadron radiotherapy, and of LiF:Mg, Cu, P for low-level natural external ionising radiation. Environmental radiation measurements (radon in dwellings and in soil air) are also performed using track detectors. The Laboratory provides expert advice on 1 Radiation Safety Officer; 2 Graduate Student; 3 Head of Laboratory (1.07.98 - 31.12.98); 4 Head of Laboratory (1.01.98 - 30.06.98); 5 to the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, USA; 6 Radiation Protection Officer (till 31 December 1998); 7 till 30 June 1998; 8 Laboratory Assistant, Secretary, 9 Chief Specialist, Chief Radiation Safety Officer. 312 radiation protection regulations at national and international levels. Routine work of the Health Physics Laboratory involves design and maintenance of an in-house developed TL-based personnel dosimetry system for over 200 radiation workers at the INP, monitoring and supervision of radiation safety on INP premises, and advising other INP laboratories on all matters pertaining to radiation safety. We also provide personal TLD dosimetry for several customers outside the INP, mainly in hospitals and nuclear research institutes in Poland. The year 1998 was another eventful year for the Health Physics Laboratory. In retrospective, our main effort in 1998 has been directed towards preparation and participation in the 12th International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry in Burgos, Spain, the main forum for progress and development in TLD, where Mike Waligorski gave an invited lecture, I was a member of the Scientific Committee and where our group of four presented a total of 10 papers and posters. We continued our two research projects and a technical project granted from the National Committee for Scientific Research (KBN). One of the KBN research projects is aimed at developing novel miniature TLD detectors with improved LET and dose characteristics for precise phantom measurements in eye cancer radiotherapy with proton beams. The second KBN project concerns the application of ultra-sensitive LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) TLD detectors in environmental monitoring of gamma ionising radiation. The main objective of this last project is to develop and to test a system for rapid, short-term monitoring of environmental radiation (RACE - Rapid Assessment of accidental Exposures) based on ultra-sensitive MCP-N detectors developed at our laboratory. In 1998 we also completed a technical project concerned with refurbishing our calibration laboratory for radiation protection. A new irradiation assembly with a high-intensity Cs-137 source, an automatic dosimetric bench and a high- class ionisation chamber with electrometer were installed and put in operation. They allow us to precisely calibrate personal dosimeters and radiation protection monitors. We continued our investigations of the concentration of radon in houses and in soil using CR-39 plastic detectors, together with the group of Prof. Jerzy Loskiewicz. We successfully took part in the intercomparison of passive radon detectors (3% deviation, 9th place out of 70 participants) organised in NRPB, Great Britain. Several of our research projects involved measurements and detector irradiation in collaborating laboratories abroad and visits by foreign experts. We irradiated TLD detectors in the medical proton beam at the Hahn-Meitner Insitute in Berlin in ISL laboratory. Dr Heese and Prof. Homeyer from HMI visited us in December to advise us on the development of our eye-proton radiotherapy stand. The response of MCP-N detectors after low-energy X-rays from a synchrotron light source was investigated with our chips exposed at Stanford (USA) in collaboration with Dr Nisy Ipe. LiF:Mg, Ti detectors with different concentration of Ti and Mg were prepared for experiments in the medical proton beam at Louvain, Belgium, in collaboration with Dr Loncol of Saint Luc Hospital. We hosted Prof. D. Hahn-Mendoza from the University of Caracas, Vene- uela, who, over a period of six months, investigated doses in eye-phantoms using our miniature MTS-N dete- ctors. We took part in a mailed TLD intercomparison of environmental doses with CIEMAT (Madrid, Spain), and hosted Mrs Ana Maria Romero Gutierez and J.M. Gomez-Ros. Maciej Budzanowski visited CIEMAT, Madrid to continue our joint investigations on the use of LiF:Mg, Cu, P detectors in environmental mea- surements of natural radiation. Pawet Bilski visited the Hahn-Meitner Institute in Berlin for TLD irra-diation in proton beams. Mike Walig6rski attended, together with Prof. Jaworowski from the Central Laboratory of Radiation Protection in Warsaw, the 48th Session of UNSCEAR in Vienna. Mike Waligorski attended several meetings of two Sub-Committees of the National Board for Atomic Energy and gave a regular undergraduate course of lectures on Radiation Dosimetry in Oncology to the students of the University of Mining and Metallurgy (AGH), while I gave a lecture on introduction to radiation protection for nuclear medicine students from Collegium Medicum UJ. E. Gruca, an AGH student, completed her M.Sc. degree project in our Laboratory, while another five students are still working on their graduation projects. Dr Barbara Marczewska continued her study of TL materials based on CaF2".Tm. We plan to use CaF2:Tm detectors in measurements of doses in proton beams. Two members of our research staff, Dr Olszewska-Wa^siolek and Dr Wa^siotek, are continuing their leave of absence from the INP to the Los, Alamos, NM, USA for the 6th consecutive year. In June 1998,1 completed a temporary contract with the IAEA, Vienna, in the Dosimetry and the Medical Radiation Physics Section. In my absence Mike Waligorski took over the management of the Health Physics Laboratory. I would like to thank him for his enormous effort in running the Health Physics Laboratory till the end of June 1998. Dr Pawet Olko 313 RAPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902591 What Can Solid — State Detectors do for Clinical Dosimetry in Modern Radiotherapy? M.P.R. Waligorski! 1 also Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland (invited talk at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) The emergence of new modalities in radiation therapy, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, vascular brachytherapy, Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT), proton therapy or boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), stimulates new clinical applications of solid state detectors: thermoluminescence (TL) detectors, radiochromic dye films or alanine. New dosimetry techniques will have to be developed for dynamic radiotherapy, employing dose-integrating detectors with a high spatial resolution. A brief review of modern radiotherapy techniques, accompanied by up-to-date references to descriptions of some dosimetry approaches is given, followed by comments on the application and optimisation of TL detectors for proton beam dosimetry. Optimisation of LiF:Mg, Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Proton Radiotherapy g P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ochab, and M.P.R. Waligorski ==O (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) ^^ Oi Miniature LiF:Mg, Ti (MTS-N) pellets, of diameter 1-2 mm and thickness 0.5 mm, specially designed for == Q_ dosimetry in proton radiotherapy, have been produced at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow, Poland. ^^ The influence of dopant composition, activation method and cooling rate on the dose/LET response of these TL ^= detectors was tested. It appears that these dosimetric characteristics are governed mainly by the Mg-dopant - : " supralinearity and efficiency for high-LET radiation are highest for samples with the lowest content of magnesium. However, the method of production of LiF:Mg, Ti, and the cooling rate following the 400°C stage of annealing, alone and in combination, also have a considerable effect on the supralinearity and on the relative efficiency after alpha-particle and proton irradiation. We have shown that some improvement of LiF:Mg, Ti characteristics over those of standard TLD-100 is possible, for dosimetric applications in proton radiotherapy. The new miniature MTS-N detectors can be applied for in vitro phantom dosimetry in proton beams, e.g. for ocular radiotherapy. Calculation of the Relative Effectiveness of Alanine Detectors to X-Rays and Heavy Charged Particles Using Microdosimetric One-Hit Detector Model G) P. Olko (accepted for publication in Radiation Protection Dosimetry) = crt = i Systems described by 1-hit Poissonian statistics which show a sublinear response after high-doses of y-rays and a decreased efficiency for densely ionising radiation are called "one hit detectors". The Microdosimetric One-Hit Detector Model has been applied to predict the ESR signal of alanine after X-rays, y- rays and Heavy Charged Particle (HCP) irradiations. The two fitted parameters of the model are d, the target diameter, scaled by the density of the target p, and a, the saturation coefficient, which describes the probability of the effect occurring after an energy deposition event within the target. For alanine the best fitted model parameters are d = 6 nm, a = 0.2 10"4 Gy"1. The model derived target size exceeds typical molecular dimension of alanine molecules. For alanine the target size may be related to the effective range of the free radical recombination in alanine. The model calculation can be applied in the dosimetry of soft X-rays and in proton beam dosimetry. 314 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Initial energy [MeV/amu] Fig. 1: Measured (symbols) and calculated (lines) average relative efficiency of alanine vs initial energy (MeV/amu) of charged particles stopping in the detector. The experimental data were taken from Hansen et all (1987) and Hansen & Olsen (1990), calculation: present work (bold lines) and Waligorski etal. (1989) (dashed lines). PL9902594 Modelling of the Thermoluminescence Response of LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Detectors after Doses of Low Energy Photons P. Olko, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski \ A. Fasso2, and N.E. Ipe2 1 also Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland; 2 Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre Stanford, USA (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) A simple numerical approach has been developed to predict the relative (to Cs-137 y-rays) response of LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) thermoluminescence detectors after doses of photons in the energy range from 4 to 1000 keV. The following major factors influencing the TL detector response were taken into account: (i) mass energy absorption coefficients for LiF:Mg, Cu, P and air (ii) attenuation of low-energy X-rays in a thick TL detector; (iii) self-absorption of thermoluminescence light in a thick detector; and (iv) the relative TL efficiency (intrinsic luminous efficiency), r\, of MCP-N detectors, which strongly depends on the photon energy via radiation ionisation density. The values of t| were calculated using the Microdosimetric One-Hit Detector model and fitted with the function r\ = 0.794 - exp [-(E[keV]-4.663)/9.69] over the range of photon energies, 4 keV < E < 40 keV. The results of model calculations agree well with experimental values of T| measured in the energy range 6-18 keV at SLAC using monoenergetic synchrotron radiation and with litera-ture data for higher energies. This approach may be useful in practical applications of MCP-N detectors in X-ray dosimetry, such as e.g. TL dosimetry of mammography units. 315 1.2 1.1 - 1.0- 0.9- 0.8- o 0.7- 0.6- OH 0.5- model 0.4- model -pure LiF 0.3- synchrotron X-rays 0.2- 6 keV Fe-SS hard filtered X-rays 0.1 - 0.0- 0 10 15 20 25 30 Photon Energy, E/keV Fig.l: Calculated response of MCP-N detectors for low energy photons (full line) and experimental data from measurements performed at Stanford and in Riso. Estimation of the Time Elapsed between Exposure and Readout Using Peak ||§ in a> Ratios of LiF:Mg, Cu, P gj LO oCM M. Budzanowski, J.C. Saez-Vergara', E. Ryba, P. Bilski, P. Olko, and M.P.R. Waligorski2 WB a i CEEMAT, Radiation Dosimetry, Madrid, Spain; 2 also Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) The applicability of peak area ratios (peak2/peak4 and peak3/peak4) in the glow-curves of LiF:Mg, Cu, P for the estimation of time between exposure and readout, tER, was studied. MCP-N and GR-200 LiF:Mg, Cu, P detectors were exposed to simulate an "accidental" dose at times before readout ranging from 24 hours to three months. Two groups of detectors were exposed simultaneously to determine the fading of irradiated detectors and the sensitivity variations of stored, non-irradiated detectors. Peak areas were evaluated using a comuterised glow curve analysis code. The peak2/peak4 ratio is well suited for evaluating tER below one week, while the peak 3/peak 4 ratio - for tER up to three months. The method can be applied in personal and environmental dosimetry to evaluate the date of a high dose-rate, accidental exposure. Proton Irradiations of 7LiF:Mg, Ti Thermoluminescence Detectors: Influence of Dopant Concentration on Dose Response and LET Dependence of TL Efficiency Th. Loncol', J.M. Denis \ S. Vynckier \ P. Scalliet1, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski(2), and P. Olko is 1 St. Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium; 2 also Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) Variation of Ti and Mg concentration is known to modify substantially the dosimetric characteristics of the standard LiF:Mg, Ti detector commonly used in radiotherapy. Preliminary studies conducted by the Institute of Nuclear Physics at Krak6w showed that the optimisation of Ti concentration could induce lower 316 supralinearity and higher TL efficiency in heavy particle beams. These results should lead to further investigation of new TL detectors appropriate to hadrontherapy. In particular, the influence of both Mg and Ti dopant concentrations on TL response in proton beams was studied. 7LiF:Mg,Ti pellets (diameter 4.5 mm, thickness 0.5 mm) doped with 30 different combinations of Ti and Mg (5 Ti contents : 4, 13, 39, 130, 260 ppm; 6 Mg contents : 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960 ppm) were irradiated at different depths of the Bragg curve in a 65 MeV clinical proton beam. From the analysis of dose response and TL efficiency and its dependence on LET, recommendations on optimal dopant concentration are drawn for the clinical use of the dosemeter in nrotontherapy. : Development of Optimised Thermoluminescent LiF:Mg, Ti Detectors I ^ for Dosimetry in Radiotherapy jir> = CM 1 i[ §s P. Bilski, P. OIko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ryba, and M.P.R. Waligorski 1 °- 1 also Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland | (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) - While thermoluminescent detectors (TLD) are widely used for dosimetry in radiotherapy, their properties are optimised for radiation protection rather than for clinical applications. In particular, the dose response of commercially available TLDs is not linear in the range of doses applied in radiotherapy. The most commonly used LiF:Mg, Ti detectors show supralinear dose response above ca. 2 Gy or even at lower doses. In addition, the dose characteristics are not constant for a given detector type but may vary considerably from batch to batch. The reason for this is that commercial TL manufacturers do not control some details of production procedures, as their variation do not affect the main low-dose properties of TLDs , which are their only area of interest. In the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krak6w (INP) thermoluminescent detectors for various fields of application (medicine, radiation protection, environmental measurements, etc.), in various physical forms (powders, pellets, miniature and thin-layer detectors) and made of different thermoluminescent materials (LiF:Mg, Ti, LiF:Mg, Cu, P and CaSO^Dy) have been produced for nearly three decades. Recently, a research program aimed at developing LiF:Mg, Ti detectors optimised for radiotherapy applications have been initiated. The performed investigations included testing of wide range of Mg and Ti concentrations and different methods of introducing of dopants into LiF. The main improvement was obtained by increasing of the content of Ti, resulting in a linear response up to ca. 10 Gy, rather than the usual 2 Gy. Additionally, the influence of other factors (e.g. annealing conditions) on the dose response of detectors was also tested. The new improved detectors will soon be commercially available from the INP. I Thermally - Induced Fading of Individual Glow Peaks in LiF:Mg, Cu, P I at Different Storage Temperatures I00 1 m J.C. Saez-Vergara \ M. Budzanowski, J.M. Gomez-Ros \ and A.M. Romero ' 1° | <£ ' CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain | Q^ (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) | The time evolution of individual TL peak intensities in LiF:Mg, Cu; P has been studied for several I arage temperatures ranging from -20°C to +50°C and for time-periods from 10 minutes to three months . lhe experiments were carried out using commercially available LiF:Mg, Cu, P phosphors (GR-200 from China, MCP-N from Poland). The glow curves obtained were analysed using the FADA deconvolution program developed at CIEMAT. The influence of initial trap filling was studied by comparing two sets of detectors irradiated before and after the storage period. The results show no major differences between the two LiF:Mg, Cu, P varieties. The data show a good stability (1.00 ± 0.06) of the main dosimetric peak (peak 4) at all temperatures and over all time periods. In contrast, peak 2 and peak 3 show an exponential decrease, the rate of which strongly depends on storage temperature (peak 3 half-life changes from 300 hours at room temperature to 20 hours at +50°C). 317 PL9902599 Comparison of the Light Sensitivity of LiF:Mg, Cu, P, LiF:Mg, Ti, and A12O3:C L. Duggan1"2, M. Budzanowski, K. Przegietka3, N. Reitsema4, J. Wong4, and T. Kron1'2 'Newcastle Mater Hospital, Waratah, Australia; 2University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; 3Nicholas Copernicus University, ToruA, Poland; 4Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Characterisation of the effects of light on irradiated thermoluminescence dosimeters may affect accurate dose measurement. The aim of the study was to compare the light sensitivity of three TLD materials - LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N, Poland), LiF:Mg, Ti (GR-100, China) and A12O3:C (Stillwater Sciences, USA) - and to highlight the resulting limitations of their use in practical dosimetry. In addition, the effects of light exposure on individual glow peaks and dose response were investigated. Preliminary measurements showed there was (45 ± 5)% reduction in MCP-N thermoluminescence intensity after two weeks of direct sunlight exposure. Using a calibrated spectral lamp, the half life of TL response was found to be one day and five hours for MCP- N and GR-100, respectively, which was attributed to the lesser UV sensitivity of MCP-N. AfeC^C showed an immediate, constant enhancement of (26 ± 4), due to light-induced thermoluminescence. Fig. 1: The effects of light exposure from an arc lamp on LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) glow curves. The curves show the decreasing trend of light induced fading of the TL signal. IO • o ;co oCM Measurements of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas by CR-39 Detectors ^S a> O) D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakon ^g; (presented at thel9lh International Conference on Nuclear Tracks In Solids, August 31 - September 41998, ^^ Besancon, France) A miniature diffusion chamber with a 25 x 4 x 0.5 mm CR-39 track etch detector (Pershore Moulding Ltd), mounted on the 1.1 m long pole has been developed for radon gas measurements at 1 meter depth in the soil. For chemically etched CR-39 (7 h, 70° C NaOH) and automatic track analysis the lowest detection limit of the chamber was found to be 0.5 MBq h m'3 and the useful exposure range from 2 to 20 MBq h m"3. The typical exposure time in the soil is between 2 to 14 days. The chamber was tested against the active probe AlphaGUARD and yielded consistent results for soils with typical values of permeability and which are not saturated with water. The pilot measurements of radon gas in soil conducted with the miniature diffusion chambers around 48 buildings in Krakow and Silesia regions yielded an average radon concentration of 13 kBq m'3. The chambers are to be applied to measure radon concentration in soil before constructing new houses at high radon risk areas. 318 PL9902601 Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow D. Mazur, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakofi (presented at the IV Symposium of the Croatian Radiation Protection Society, Zagreb, 11-13 November 1998, Zagreb, Croatia) In early 80-ties thin layer thermoluminescence CaSO4:Dy DA-2 detectors were developed at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland to measure signal from alpha-particles emitted by radon daughters. These TL detectors, installed in some active pumping devices, are still routinely applied for monitoring of radon daughter concentration in Polish coal mines. At the beginning of 90-ties the Institute participated in the national survey of radon concentration in dwellings using CR-39 detectors. Nowadays the research concentrates on the development of methods for the short and long time measurements of radon concentration in dwellings, to verify the applicability of the short time measurements to the determination of the annual average radon concentration and to develop methods for measurements of radon concentration in soil gas. In these measurements Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD), charcoal canisters and ionisation chamber AlphaGUARD are applied. mm Development of TL Dosimeters Based on MTS-N (LiF:Mg, Ti) Detectors =1 CM for in vivo Dosimetry in a Co-60 Beam 1 O Ho E. Bubula1, E. Byrski1, J. Lesiak1, andM.P.R Waligorski1'2 Us05 ^= -J 'The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Centre of Oncology, Krak6w, Poland; 2The Henryk Niewodniczanski = Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland ^^ Thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters based on solid LiF:Mg, Ti (MTS-N detectors, produced at the ' ^lstitute of Nuclear Physics in Krak6w), were developed for in vivo dosimetry in Co-60 radiotherapy beams. A batch of 100 MTS-N detectors underwent several cycles of irradiation with 1 Gy of Co-60 y-rays and annealing. An Individual Response Factor (IRF) was ascribed to each detector. The accuracy of the detectors was assessed in each cycle by measuring the distribution of their IRFs after each exposure. The repeatability, or stability, of each detector was assessed by measuring the distribution of its IRF over a given number of cycles. Linearity was tested over the dose range 50 cGy - 250 cGy, in one readout cycle. After IRF correction, the accuracy of the batch of 100 detectors exposed to 1 Gy was about 2% . The repeatability was found to be better than 2% for 69 of the 100 detectors tested over six consecutive cycles. The unknown value of dose can thus be estimated from a single IRF- corrected detector against a detector calibrated with a known dose of about 1 Gy, to within about 2% or better. The response of the MTS-N detectors after doses in the range 50-250 cGy can be well represented by a linear fit. TL dosimeters consisting of 5 mm-thick cylindrical plexiglass holders containing one or three MTS-N detectors were exposed on a water phantom over beam incidence angles 0° - 60°. The relative difference in the response was found not to exceed 2% of that at 0°, thus confirming the suitability of our dosimeters for in vivo dosimetry. jfi Application of Individually Calibrated Solid LiF:Mg, Ti (MTS-N) Detectors 1= o in Clinical Dosimetry 111 g M.P.R. Waligorski1-2, J. Lesiak1, E. Bubula1, E. Byrski1, E. Ryba2, P. Olko2, and P. Bilski2 ^= 'Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland; 2Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krak6w, Poland ~^ (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) The applicability of individually calibrated solid LiF:Mg, Ti detectors (MTS-N, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland) in clinical dosimetry was investigated. By attending to repeatability and stability of 319 annealing and readout parameters, it was possible to select from a group of about 100 MTS detectors calibrated in external Co-60 or 9 MV photon beams a subgroup of at least 70% of these detectors whose individual response factors (IRFs) did not vary by more than 2.5% (SD) from the mean value over six cycles of annealing-lGy exposure and readout. A 3-step readout of detectors was found to be at least as accurate and more convenient than linear readout. MTS-N detectors were applied in in vivo dosemeter assemblies and used for in vitro measurements of dose distribution around a gynaecological afterloading brachytherapy applicator with Cs-137 sources in order to verify therapy planning calculations. These detectors were also applied in inter-calibration measurements of Co-60 beams. (Work partly supported by KBN Research Project No 8T11E02908) 25 N=75 Co-60 MEAN=0.998 20 3 - STEP SD=0.027 READOUT g UJ 15 uj Q LL o 10 UJ GO 5 n 0,8 0,9 1,0 1.1 1,2 AVIRF Fig. 1: Distribution of Average Individual Response Factors (AVIRF) of 75 MTS-N detectors exposed to six calibration series of 1 Gy of Co-60 gamma rays and read out with: a) linear ramp, b) 3-step readout Characterization of Low-Energy (6 - 30 keV) Response of Polish TLDs g| ^ (MTS-N, MCP-N) with Synchrotron Radiation and Determination pf 8 of Some Fundamental TLD Quantities I ™O o N.E. Ipe,1 A. Fasso1, K.R. Kase1, R. Kaur1, P. Bilski, and P. Olko g = 1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre, Stanford, USA — (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) The response of Polish TLDs was determined using synchrotron radiation. Relative to 137Cs gamma rays, the response of MTS-N (LiF:Mg, Ti - 0.4 mm thick) increased from 0.4 to 1.4 between 6 and 30 keV and that of MCP-N (LiF:Mg, Cu, P - 0.4 mm thick), increased from 0.2 to 1.2 between 6 and 26 keV. A theoretical model for TLD response which can be used to determine fundamental quantities such as light attenuation coefficient (f), energy attenuation coefficient u(k) and overall TLD efficiency t\, was developed. Results of scheduled experiments to determine these fundamental quantities will be reported. Light attenuation was experimentally determined by irradiating TLDs and reading them with unirradiated TLDs placed on top. Values of f = 15.6 and 17.2 cm"1 were obtained for MTS-N and MCP-N, respectively. Energy attenuation was determined by irradiating a stack of 6 TLDs and reading out each TLD. Values of |i(k) = 37.2, 30 and 14.2 cm'1 were obtained for k = 7, 8 and 10 keV, respectively for MTS-N. For MCP-N, jj.(k) =12.1 cm"1 for 320 k = 10 keV. Results of Monte Carlo calculations to determine energy deposition and hence C at each energy will also be reported. [ Fast Automatic Glow Curve Deconvolution of LiF:Mg, Cu, P Curves !g and its Applications in Routine Dosimetry ;O I g J.M. Gomez-Ros , J.C. Saez-Vergara1, A.M. Romero1, and M. Budzanowski i_i !Q_ . i ' CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain I (presented at the 12 Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998) A fully automatic computer program for the deconvolution of LiF:Mg, Cu, P glow curves is described. This program permits the subtraction of the residual contribution of the high temperature peaks, producing the best fitted values for the kinetic parameters and the areas of the dosimetric peaks. The very short processing time required to analyse each curve and the automatic peaks search algorithm make the program suitable for routine dosimetry. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, P. Olko, M.P.R. Waligorski, Influence of Concentration of Magnesium on the Dose Response and LET-Dependence ofTL Efficiency in LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Detectors, Radiat. Measurements 29 (1998) 355; 2. M. Budzanowski, (E. Ryba) et al., The Fading of Different Peaks in LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N and Gr-200A) TL Detectors, Abstr. of the 3-rd Int. Symposium Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation, Lumdetr'97, Ustron, Poland, 6-10 October 1997, p. 18 and Radiat. Measurements 29 (1998) 361; 3. P. Olko, Calcium Fluoride, CaF2'.Tm (TLD-300) as a Thermoluminescence One HIT Detectors, Radiat. Measurements 29 (1998) 383. Proceedings: 1. P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ryba, M.P.R. Waligorski, 10 Years of Experience with High-Sensitive LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Thermoluminescent Detectors in Radiation Dosimetry, Proc. of the IRPA Regional Symp. on Radiation Protection in Neighbouring Countries of Central Europe 1997, Prague, Czech Republic, September 1997 (1998) 498; 2. P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ochab, M.P.R. Waligorski, Optimisation ofLiF: Mg, Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Proton Radiotherapy, Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print); 3. M. Budzanowski, J.C. Saez-Vergara, P. Bilski, J.M. Gomez-Ros, P. Olko, Rapid Assessment of Accidental Exposures (RACE) with MCP-N (LiF:Mg, Cu, P) Detectors, Proc. of the IRPA Regional Symp. on Radiation Protection in Neighbouring Countries of Central Europe 1997, Prague, Czech Republik, September 1997 (1998) 502; 4. M. Budzanowski, J.C. Saez-Vergara, E. Ryba, P. Bilski, P. Olko, M.P.R. Waligorski, Estimation of the Time Elapsed Between Exposure and Readout Using Peak Ratios ofLiF: Mg, Cu, P, Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print); 5. J.M. Gomez-Ros, J.C. Saez-Vergara, A.M. Romero, M. Budzanowski, Fast Automatic Glow Curve Deconvolution ofLiF: Mg, Cu, P Curves and its Application in Routine Dosimetry, Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print); 321 6. Th. Loncol, (P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski, P. Olko) et al., Proton Irradiation of$A7$LiF: Mg, Ti Thermoluminescent Detectors: Influence of Dopant Concentration on Dose Response and LET Dependence pfTL Efficiency, Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print); 7. D. Mazur, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon, Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow, Proc. of the Fourth Symp. of the Croatian Radiation Protection Association, Zagreb, 11-13 November 1998, eds B. Obeli6, Z. Frame" (CRPA) (1998) 329; 8. P. Olko, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Walig6rski, N.E. Ipe, Modelling of the Thermoluminescence Response ofLiF: Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Detectors after Doses of Low-Energy Photons, Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print); 9. J.C. Saez-Vergara, M. Budzanowski, J.M. G6mez-Ros, A.M. Romero, Thermally-Induced Fading of Individual Glow Peaks in LiF: Mg, Cu, P at Different Storage Temperatures, Proc. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July 1998 (in print). Other conference materials: 1. N.E. Ipe, A. Fasso, K.R. Kase, R. Kaur, P. Bilski, P. Olko, Characterization of Low-Energy (6-30 keV) Response of Polish TLDs (MTS-N, MCP-N) with Synchrotron Radiation and Determination of Some Fundamental TLD Quantities, Abstr. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July (1998) 34; 2. J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, D. Mazur, J. Mazur, On the Applicability of Short Time Measurements to the Determination of Annual Average of Radon Concentration in Dwelling, IRPA Regional Symposium on Radiation Protection in Neighbouring Countries of Central Europe, Prague, 8-12 September 1997 (1998) 142; 3. D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon, Measurement of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas, XIX Int. Conf. on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Besancon, September 1998; 4. M. Tuszynski, R. Baranczak, T. Rozek, D. Mazur, Measurements of Indoor Radon Concentration and Radon Concentration in Soil Gas in Silesia Region by Cr-39 Detectors (in Polish), 2nd Polish Symposium "Problems of Medical Physics", Szczyrk, 15-18 November (1998) 147; 5. M.P.R. Walig6rski, What Can Solid State Detectors do for Clinical Dosimetry in Modern Radiotherapy?, Abstr. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July (1998) 86; 6. M.P.R. Walig6rski, J. Lesiak, E. Bubula, E. Byrski, E. Ryba, P. Olko, P. Bilski, Application of Individually Calibrated Solid LiF: Mg.Ti (MTS-N) Detectors in Clinical Dosimetry, Abstr. of the 12-th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, Burgos, 5-10 July (1998) 88. Reports: 1. J. Bogacz, J. Mazur, J.Loskiewicz, M. Janik, D. Mazur, The Use of Diffusion-Barrier Charcoal Canisters for Radon Concentration Measurements in Buildings, IFJ Report 1789/Ap(1998); 2. O.N. Borisov, (E. Bakewicz, H. Doruch, K. Daniel, T. Kwiecien, R. Taraszkiewicz) et al., New Beam Extraction System for the AIC-144 Cyclotron, Communication of the JINR E9-98-130 (1998); 3. M. Budzanowski, K. Kozak, M. Jasiriska, E. Ryba, I. Guca, J.O. Krupa, Comparison of the Background Gamma Dose Rate Measurements Using PMS Station, Thermoluminescent Detectors and Probe Gamma- Tracer (in Polish), Monitoring of Environmental Radioactive Contamination with ASS-500 and PMS Stations, CLOR, Warszawa, Poland, 7-8 May 1998, CLOR Report 137 (1998) 68; 322 4. M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, J. Swakon, How Precise is the Determination of the Average Radon Concentration in Buildings from Measurements Lasting only a Few Days?, IFJ Report 1792/AP(1998). GRANTS: Grants from The State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. DrP. Olko - grant No 8T1 IE 018 13, "New Thermoluminescent LiFrMg, Ti Detectors for Conventional and Proton Radiotherapy of Cancer" (1997-1999); 2. Dr P. Olko - grant No 4P05 D03 013, "Development of the Method for Rapid Assessment of the Doses of Ionising Radiation in Natural Environment Using Ultra Sensitive Thermoluminescent Dosimeters" (1997-1999); 3. Dr P. Olko - Technical grant No 2094/JA/620/97, "Laboratory for Calibration of Dosimeters and Dosimetric Devices" (1997-1998). CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: Oral presentations: 1. 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998: - P. Olko: "The Microdosimetric One-Hit Detector Model for Solid State Dosimetry"; - N.E. Ipe, A. Fasso, K.R. Kase, R. Kaur, P. Bilski, and P. Olko, "Characterization of Low-Energy (6 - 30 keV) Response of Polish TLDs (MTS-N, MCP-N) with Synchrotron Radiation and Determination of Some Fundamental TLD Quantities"; - Th. Loncol, J.M. Denis, S. Vynckier, P. Scalliet, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski, and P. Olko, "Proton "Irradiations of 7LiF:Mg, Ti Thermoluminescence Detectors: Influence of Dopant Concentration on Dose Response and LET Dependence of TL Efficiency". 2. 19th International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Besancon, France, 31 August -4 September 1998: - D. Mazur, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, P. Olko, and J. Swakon, "Measurements of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas by CR-39 Detectors". 3. IV Symposium of the Croatian Radiation Protection Society, Zagreb, 11-13 November 1998: - D. Mazur, J. Swakon, J. Bogacz, M. Janik, J. Loskiewicz, and P. Olko, "Research on Measurements of Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soil at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krak6w". Poster presentations: 1. 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998: - P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ochab, and M.P.R. Waligorski, "Optimisation of LiF:Mg,Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Proton Radiotherapy"; - P. Olko, P. Bilski, M. Budzanowski, M.P.R. Waligorski, A. Fasso, and N. Ipe, "Modelling of the Thermoluminescence Response of LiF:Mg, Cu, P (MCP-N) Detectors After Doses of Low Energy Photons"; - M. Budzanowski, J.C. Saez-Vergara, E. Ryba, P. Bilski, P. Olko, and M.P.R. Waligorski, "Estimation of the Time Elapsed between Exposure and Readout Using Peak Ratios of LiF:Mg, Cu, P"; - P. Bilski, P. Olko, M. Budzanowski, E. Ryba, and M. Waligorski, "Development of Optimised Thermoluminescent LiF:Mg,Ti Detectors for Dosimetry in Radiotherapy"; 323 - J.C. Saez-Vergara, M. Budzanowski, J.M. Gomez-Ros , and A.M. Romero, "Thermally - Induced Fading of Individual Glow Peaks in LiF:Mg, Cu, P at Different Storage Temperatures"; - M.P.R. Waligorski, J. Lesiak, E. Bubula, E. Byrski, E. Ryba, P. Olko, and P. Bilski, "Application of Individually Calibrated Solid LiF:Mg, Ti (MTS-N) Detectors in Clinical Dosimetry". INVITED TALKS: 1. 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, 5-10 July 1998: - M. Waligorski, "What Can Solid -State Detectors do for Clinical Dosimetry in Modern Radiotherapy"? MEMBERS OF ORGANISING COMMITTEE: 1. P. Olko, 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, 1998. CHAIRMAN OF SESSION: 1. P. Olko, 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, July 1998; 2. P. Bilski, 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, July 1998; 3. M. Budzanowski, 12th Solid State Dosimetry Conference, Burgos, Spain, July 1998. SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: 1. E. Gruca, M.Sc. SEMINARS: INTERNAL: 1. S. Shvidkij, "Program EYPLAN for PC Computers"; 2. A. Molokanov, "Detectors for Dosimetry of Therapeutic Proton Beams"; 3. B. Marczewska, "Poli - and Monocrystalic CaF2:Tm Thermoluminescent Detectors"; 4. M. Budzanowski, "Acreditation of Research Laboratory"; 5. G. Hahn-Mendoza, "Applications of Miniature Thermoluminescent Detectors for Dose Estimation in Brachytherapy of Eye Tumours"; 6. E. Ryba, "Preparatory Works on Accreditation of the Laboratory of Radiation Dose Measurements with the TL Method"; 7. J.M. Gomes-Ros, "Applications of Glow Curve Analysis (GCA) to the Study of Thermoluminescence Processes and Thermoluminescence Dosimetry"; 8. J. Heese, "Proton Beam Treatments of Eye Tumours at the Hahn-Meitner Institute Berlin"; 9. H. Homayer, "Modern Applications of Fast Ions". 324 LECTURES AND COURSES: 1. M.P.R. Walig6rski, "Radiotherapy, Radiobiology and Dosimetry in Oncology", two 1-semester undergraduate courses given to 4* and 3 year students of the Department of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krak6w, Poland; 2. P. Olko, "Introduction to Radiation Protection", lecture to 4th year students of Collegium Medicum. SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. Dr L. Duggan, Newcastle Mater Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; 2. Dr J.M. Gomes-Ros, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; 3. Prof. G. Hahn- Mendoza, Central University Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; 4. Dr J. Heese, Hahn - Meitner Institut, Berlin, Germany; 5. Prof, H. Homeyer, Hahn - Meitner Institut, Berlin, Germany, Germany; 6. Dr A. Molokonov, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Lab. of Nuclear Problems, Dubna, Russia; 7. DrA.M. Romero, C.I.E.M.A.T., Madrid, Spain; 8. Dr S. Shvidkij, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Lab. of Nuclear Problems, Dubna, Russia. 325 PL9902606 CYCLOTRON SECTION Head of Section: Edmund Bakewicz, M.Sc, E.E. Telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 365 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Henryk Doruch, M.Sc, E.E. Ryszard Taraszkiewicz, Ph.D. Jerzy Starzewski, M.Sc, E.E. Technical Staff: Krzysztof Daniel, M.Sc., E.E ^*l J^f Tadeusz Francuz Wojciech PyzK>ł Jerzy Korecki, M.Sc, E.E. Bogusław Salach Mieczysław Kubica Jacek Sulikowski, M.Sc. Bogdan Lipka ^"T ft M <: v Janusz Łagisz ^arek ™ach- M'Sc' R Maria Mirek Ryszard Tarczon Tadeusz Norys OVERVIEW: The main aim of our Department is to put into operation the AIC-144 cyclotron for medical purposes. In 1998 the following works were performed: 1. The new R.F. generator for AIC - 144 cyclotron was put into operation. We carried out many tests in full range of frequency (from 10 MHz up to 27.5 MHz) and power (up to 120 kW). The remote control of generator from operation room was designed, made and checked. Many efforts were done to improve Q-factor of the resonator. The new electrical contacts between resonator and acceleration chamber were made; improving of the energetic fitting resonator-feeder was performed. The new moving system of the trimmers was made and put into operation. We carried out some experiments with a model of the resonator leading to improve-ment of the energetic parameters for 18-27 MHz. 2. To obtain best acceleration and extraction of protons (20-60 MeV) and deuterons (10-30 MeV) the series of measurements of the magnetic field were carried out. Then, the proper correction of the magnetic field structure was made. Inside the acceleration chamber the ferromagnetic correcting units were mounted. The fine structure of the field was corrected (decrease of the 1st harmonic's amplitude in the center and in the extraction region). Then, as a result of the series of measurements and experiments in 1998 for the first time we obtained a proton beam with energy about 40 MeV (internal beam). The maximal energies of deuterons (30 MeV) and a-particles (60 MeV) were reached. For the first time we used inner beam of 1! protons to obtain isotope C after irradiation of the B2O3 targets. 326 3. In cooperation with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, calculations and computer simulation of the beam extraction system for protons, deuterons and a-particles were carried out. All needed materials and arrangement for building the extraction system were bought. The technical documentation was prepared together with our Division of Mechanical Construction. Some components of the extraction system (the magnetic channels) were made in 1998. All system will be finished and put into operation in 1999. 4. For lack of financial support our efforts on the computer control of the AIC-144 cyclotron were generally stopped. Only the computer stand for control of the powej?' supplies from operation room was developed and put into operation. Bakewicz LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Articles: 1. B. Petelenz, R. Misiak, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz, Posibilities for Production of Medial Radioisotopes on the AIC-144 Cyclotron in the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Proc. of the National Conf. of Nucl. And Radiochem. „ 100-Th Anniversary of the Discovery of Polonium and Radium", Kaziniierz Dolny, P{oland, 18-21 May 1998 and Nukleonika 43 (1998) 429. Reports: 1. O.N. Borisov, (E. Bakewicz, H. Doruch, K. Daniel, T. Kwiecien, R. Taraszkiewicz) et al., New Beam Extraction System for the AIC-144 Cyclotron, Communication of the JINR E9-98-130 (1998); 2. J. Halik, B. Petelenz, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz, R. Misiak, L. Zr6dlowski, J. Ligocki, J. Kotula, Internal Target Assembly for Activation of Metallic Targets in the Cyclotron AIC-144, Part 2: Mechanical Design, Stage 1 (in Polish), IFJ Report 1813/C (1998); 3. B. Petelenz, E. Bakewicz, M. Bartyzel, E. Ochab, H. Doruch, Obtaining of uCfrom B2O3 Target Bombarded by the Internal Proton Beam in the AIC-144 Cyclotron (in Polish), IFJ Report 1814/C (1998). GRANTS: Grants from PAA: 1. E. Bakewicz - grant No A43(l 1/IN/97), Construction of the Extraction System for AIC-144 Cyclotron" (end of the realization - 30.03.1998); 2. E. Bakewicz - grant No A60 (6/IN/98), Construction of the Extraction System of Protons and Deuterons for Cancel Radiotherapy" (end of the realization-30.12.1998). SEMINARS: EXTERNAL: 1. E. Bakewicz, ,,Present Status and Perspectives of the AIC-144 Cyclotron Exploatation", 23.10.1998, PAA, Warszawa, Poland. 327 INTERNAL: 1. E. Bakewicz, H. Doruch, ,,The Electrostatic Elements of the Extraction System of the AIC-144 Cyclotron"; 2. E. Bakewicz, H. Doruch, R. Taraszkiewicz, „ Analysis of the Experimental Results Leading to Obtaining 60 MeV Protons and 30 MeV Deuterons"; 3. E. Bakewicz, R. Taraszkiewicz, ,,Main Characteristics of the Special Materials for the Beam Extraction Systems of the Cyclotrons"; 4. J. Korecki, ,,Data Acquisition and Control System ADAM-Application for High-Current Power Supplies of the AIC- 144 Cyclotron"; 5. N. Morozow (JINR, Dubna), K. Daniel, ,,The AIC-144 Cyclotron Magnetic Field Structure; Measurements and the Next Iterations"; 6. N. Morozow (JINR, Dubna), Calculations of the Isochronous Fields for Protons and Deuterons Acceleration"; 7. J. Sulikowski, W. Rautian (TIRA, Petersburg), ,,Problems of the Optimal Tunings H.F. Generator ,,Krakowiak" and the Resonanse Contour of the AIC- 144 Cyclotron"; 8. M. Talach, ,,Conditions of the Resonance System Modernisation for the Highest Frequencies of the AIC-144 Cyclotron"; 9. B. Wojniak, ,,Modern Vacuum Systems". SHORT TERM VISITORS: 1. Dr Dora de Castro Rubio Poll, Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 2. Dr Wanderley de Lima, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 3. Dr Y. Jahanbakhsh, NRC, AEOI, Teheran, Iran; 4. Dr E. Petrov, Russian Institute for Power Radiobuilding, St. Petersburg, Russia; 5. DrW. Rautian, Russian Institute for Power Radiobuilding, St. Petersburg, Russia; 6. E. Goriunow, M.Sc, TIRA, St. Petersburg, Russia; 7. S. Maslov, M.Sc., TIRA, St. Petersburg, Russia; 8. DrN. Morozov, JINR, Dubna, Russia; 9. Dr E. Iller, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland; 10. Prof. St. Kulinski, JNP, Swierk, Poland; 11. Dr M. Pachan, INP, Swierk, Poland; 12. Dr E. Plawski, INP, Swierk, Poland; 13. Dr J. Sura, INP, Swierk, Poland. NEXT PAGEfS) left BLANK 329 PL9902607 CYCLIC ACCELERATOR R&D SECTION Head of Division: Assoc. Prof. Jerzy Schwabe telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 371, 381 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ifj.edu.pl/cyklo.html PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Jerzy Schwabe, Assoc. Prof. Helena Godunowa, M.Sc, Chem. Eng. Andrzej Balmas, M.E. Maria Potempa, E.E OVERVIEW: During the last year our division has been engaged in research on the following topics: • theoretical investigations on maximal orbit separation in the extraction zone of the AIC- 144 S and other isochronous cyclotrons. • designing an optimum extraction system for the AIC-144 S. • Space Charge Effect on acceleration dynamics of p, d high intensity beams in an isochronous cyclotron intended to be a driver in Accelerator Driven System. • H~ beam dynamics simulations for case of the Rez-U 120 M cyclotron performed in terms of optimizing the acceleration parameters (in the frame of collaboration agreement with INP, Rez near Prague, Czech Rep.). Cooperation with other cyclotron divisions: JINR, Dubna, Russia; INP, Rez near Prague, Czech Rep.; PINP, Gatchina-St. Petersburg, Russia. Assoc. Professor Jerzy Schwabe 330 REPORTS ON RESEARCH: PL9902608 Progress in Designing of the Extraction System for the AIC-144 J. Schwabe and H. Godunowa The further investigations were worked out in terms of optimizing beam extraction from the AIC- 144. Numerous beam dynamics simulations performed with MAIC codes have shown that parameters the beam has when entering the separation zone have a great influence on extraction efficiency to be reached. At first, our emphasis was placed on the beam parameters that the beam comes into the separation zone with. The matter of the study was to answer the question: which ones and to what extent the beam parameters affect the efficiency of beam extraction. As shown in Fig. 1, the extraction region was divided into three contractual zones: the beam formation zone, the beam separation zone and the beam extraction zone. or oewi PHnse spncc BY NNOI USING SIMULATION or »E«M PHnse SOACE BY USING NMPS n I c - 144 s ceo nsv p> I C - 144 S 60 M*V tp) Rf1Oin_ PHBSE PUHNE PI wag PI_ANC UOt:KHITH0UT Hinilt UIMJIM 14M>g uQi.s-MiTH usic wrs r1 tirjdl ^7en —vT?_ftCC.FWSIUtCFi) 1^ «tc»imitir(ii) EXTMKCTIQN mm mm, «•«"•• j --gi.-. | .««T.« ZOtf : MI ptMimx rtMi Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Beam formation during acceleration process The computer simulations of beam dynamics of its run in the formation zone have indicated that there exists a possibility to improve the beam parameters by making the proper choice of the negative acceleration phase and its gradient; in other words creating the "hole" in the negative acceleration phase run allows to form the beam as desired, see Fig. 2. Fig. 1, in turn, shows the case without RACHI of 1X>.4 SCAM PHASE SPACE POINTS ElHEROY OF 1,2.3.4 BEAM PH.SP. POMT5 AT EXTIWCnON AZMUTH 240 6* (AIC-144) ATIJCTRACTtOH AZIMUTH 240 4ag0UC-144) 40 R-«i.acm v^ a2Jcm R>M«. R*\«* ^ E Si sa &*-Z s^^\ BF^Z BS-Z BE-Z 54 WITMACC.Pf ASE-CAV1TY (»J) i^T i TURNS Fig. 3 Fig. 4 preliminary formation of a beam, for more details see also Ref. [1]. Using this way of beam formation one can reduce the radial extent of a beam and its energy spread, see Figs. 3 and 4. Besides this it is possible to shape a beam in a such way that allows to avoid the "phase barrier effect". By the "phase barrier effect" we define the phenomenon of particle deceleration in the extraction zone that 331 occurs when acceleration phase gets over a value of Fa > 7r/2. This effect, if not controlled, causes the significant beam intensity losses during extraction and therefore is undesirable. Fig. 5 gives an illustration of the "phase barrier effect", that is reported in more details in Refs [1, 2]. COM.SIMU-«TI0N OF THE «CC.PH«ae BURS IEF» EFFECT IN T« SEOIWIT tCN ZONE OT EXTRACTION HEOION Fig. 5 References: 1. J. Schwabe, H. Godunowa, " Proposal for Efficiency Improvement of Beam Extraction from the AIC-144. Beam Formation During its Acceleration", IFJ Report No 1805; 2. J. Schwabe, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 368 (1996) 593. Beam Separation Problems J. Schwabe and H. Godunowa PL9902609 Beam separation simulations performed for the AIC-144 revealed complexity of the process. The difficulties with separation we had experienced during beam extraction trials are mainly due to a high orbit density which features the AIC-144 as well as other IC of the similar type. The high orbit density caused by the low energy gain per turn brings increasing the time spent by particles in the resonance region. This region is in the separation zone, see Fig. 1 in the previous section. In case of the AIC-144 the region ranges within Ar = 1.2 cm, where particles do about 20 turns, see Fig. 1. Passing through the resonance region the beam experiences the different kinds of resonance excitations. Due to linear resonance, see Fig. 2, when Qr = 1 ± 0.03, the radial amplitude of oscillations increases after 9 turns and accounts to about Aa ~ 0.6 cm. Because of non-linear resonance of the 4th order the amplitude increases after 1.5 turns up to around Aa ~ 1.5 -4-1.8 cm, see Fig. 3. As a rule, these oscillations are incoherent if beam radial phase spaces are large. However, by decreasing the angle of beam radial phase space slope in the region it is possible to reduce partly this incoherence. n • i (r "—i 0,8 6S 7« TI M « « « IBS US 116 113 120 125 130 RADIUS Fig. 1 Fig. 2 332 It is difficult to eliminate the influence of these resonances up on extraction process because of the low energy gain per turn. Therefore, it is necessary that the acceleration phase should be 0 in the separation zone, and the span of the zone minimized. EXCIRFITION OF BEFW1 (WDIW. Nl RESONnNCC VS INITIflL RKJWL nMPl_ITUQC «T DUTeRENT VCJ INITIWL WMPLirUOE : ma to»1 Fig. 3 The simulations performed indicated that in case of the AIC-144 so-called "resonant"extraction method (making use of LR+ NLR) loses its advantages for the reason of the low energy gain per turn (low values of acceleration phase in the separation zone). Besides this, there is a probability that the beam gets uncontrollably into the zone of the fringe magnetic field, see Fig. 4, where its larger part is likely to be lost but its remainder will be radially deformed. It is noteworthy, that in the separation zone, where Qr ~ 1, the particles are usually under the influences of actions of three types, which affect them in conjunction; these are: linear resonance LR, non-linear resonance NLR oem anvxT 9CPDwrzaN ©v UBINO NL.a-excxrnnoN WITH LOW CNER6V SPRERO CT 4-CONTfVX. POINTS «P 4 MMTML MK IftKC K4HH g«<»> 1 J Fig. 4 Fig. 5 and the phenomenon of orbit precession. Their using in combination and in a proper way permits the high values of extraction coefficient to be reached. After performing numerous computer simulations, the optimum combination of these effects was finally found for the AIC-144. Introducing the first subharmonic in the zone where QT < 1.003 is expected to be most favorable. In this case one gets fast excitation of LR that in turn excites the NLR of the 4th order. The first introduced subharmonic also brings orbit precession in the relevant direction Qr < 1, where the magnetic field is perturbed. It is this combination that provides the beam orbit to be controllably brought into the AIC-144 extraction system, see Fig. 5. The other way, contrary to the first one, consists decreasing influences of LR and NLR as far as it is possible. In this case the first subharmonic has to be introduced into the magnetic field before the separation zone input, for the AIC-144 in the range of radii 62 -j- 62.25 cm. Doing so, it is possible to obtain the orbit precession with low amplitudes of free oscillations and after about 3 or 4 turns the beam can be brought out into the fringe magnetic field region where the AIC-144 extraction system is placed, see Fig. 6. 333 [ORBIT acpmwtioN er us INS PRECUBXON However, using this method one has to take into ac- [ PI I C - 1A4 I BO HIV tp? count developing the radial orbit asymmetry, which depends on the energy of accelerated particles, see u J Fig. 4. Simulation plots shown in Figs 5 and 6 for \ the two outlined methods allow merits and demer- 1 1 its of them to be compared. Utilizing the second ins mi 1 method one can encounter the difficulties (orbit de- / formation develops), that arise when operating cy- 1 clotron in the variable-energy mode. Our study on separation problem for the AIC-144 will be pre- sented in details in the paper which actually is be- Fig. 6 ing prepared to be reported. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Report: 1. J. Schwabe, H. Godunowa, "Proposal for Efficiency Improvement of Beam Extraction from the AIC-144. Beam Formation During its Acceleration", IFJ Report 1805/AP (1998). SEMINARS: INTERNAL: 1. J. Schwabe, "A Space Charge EflFect on the Beam Dynamics in Some Isochronous Cyclotrons. Consideration of Some Compensation Methods"; 2. J. Schwabe, "Progress in Designing of the Extraction System for the AIC-144. Optimum Conditions for Beam Separation"; 3. H. Godunowa, "Formation of a Beam During its Acceleration on IC". 335 PL9902610 COMPUTING AND NETWORKS Head: dr Zbigniew Jakubowski telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 293 (Main Site) (48) (12) 633-33-66 ext.: 48 (High Energy Physics Lab.) e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Head: Zbigniew Jakubowski, Ph.D. Software Group: Aneta Baran, M.Sc, E.E. Aleksander Potocki, M.Sc., E.E. Krystyna Batko, M.Sc., E.E. Piotr Szular, M.Sc. Antoni Cyz, E.E. Witold Wajda, M.Sc. Support Group: Pawel Malota Jacek Rospond Zofia Kawula Wladyslaw Piasecki OVERVIEW: The responsibility of the Network Group covers: - providing central services like WWW, DNS (Domain Name Server), mail, etc.; - maintenance and support of the Local Area Networks,; - operation of the Wide Area Networks (LAN); - the support of the central UNIX servers and desktop workstations; - VAX/VMS cluster operation and support. The two-processor HP-UNIX K-200 and 6-processor SGI Challenge XL servers were delivering stable services to our users. Both servers were upgraded during the past year. SGI Challenge received additional 256 MB of memory. It was neccessary in order to get all benefits of true 64-bit architecture of the SGI IRIX 6.2. The upgrade of our HP K-200 server were problematic so we deceided to buy a new powerfull machine and join the old and new machine via the fast network. Besides these main servers we have more than 30 workstations from IBM, DEC, HP, SGI and SUN. We observed a real race in PC technology in the past year. Intel processors deliver currently a performance that is comparable with HP or SUN workstations at very low costs. These CPU power is aspecially visible under Linux that is free Unix-like operating system. The clusters of cheap PC computers should be seriously considered in planning the computing power for the future experiments. The CPU power was further decentralized—smaller but powerful computers cover growing computing demands of our work-groups creating a small "local computing centers". The stable network and the concept of central services plays the essential role in this scenario. 336 Unfortunately the network performance for the international communications is persistently unac- ceptable. We belive that attempts to join the European Quantum project is the only way to achieve the reasonable international network performance. In these plan polish scientific community will gain 34 Mbps international link. The growing costs of the "real meetings" give us no alternative to "virtual meetings" via the network in the international collaboration. Our LANs realized in the standard coax cable technology have reached their capacity. The total length of coax cable lines exceeds well 5 km. Thunderstorms in the summer 1997 resulted in major damages of the backbone network of the main site. In spring 98 we have constructed a new bacbones for both IFJ sites. We have used fast CISCO switches in both locations. More than 800 m of lightguides were laid. The base for the new cabling technology was created. It is also impossible to change all the network technology within a year because of the cost reasons. The general concept of these hardware change is inspired by the spider web. We tried to achieve an evolutional change from old to new hardware by building the new infrastructure upon the existing one thus minimizing costs and users discomfort. With the change to fibers and structural cabling we are ready for the further technological step i.e. the change to 100 Mbps technology. VAX/VMS operating system is being slowly out phased in major physics laboratories. Shifting central services from VMS to UNIX and/or making VMS services available to non-VMS users was one of the central issues of the past year. The VAX/VMS systems have been definitely out phased during 1998. The era of VAX computers is finisched. The growing complication of the financial laws requires the change in the administration of the Institute. It is no longer possible to have separate personnel, financial etc. systems. With the health system reform it is no longer possible to operate on split systems and add the results "per saldo". Instead every person has it own account and that fact plays essential role in the whole administration system. That requires from the Network Group serious preparation in terms of support, backup and network security. Being given the limited manpower of our Group we have been trying to deliver the best possible support to our users. Growing discrepancy between science and the "free market" makes it very hard to keep the reasonable service niveau due to staff instability. Dr Zbigniew Jakubowski GRANTS: Grant from the State Committee for Scientific Research: 1. Dr Z. Jakubowski - grants KBN No 1038/IA-LAN/97 and No 1038/IA-LAN/98, "The Extension of the Local Area Network of the Institute of Nuclear Physics". SCIENTIFIC DEGREES: 1. Krystyna Batko, M.Sc, I.E. 2. Piotr Szular, M.Sc. 337 PL9902611 DIVISION OF MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION Head of Division: Jerzy Halik, M.Sc, M.E. Deputy Head of Division: Leszek Żródłowski, M. E. telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 ext.: 459 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Head: Jerzy Halik, M.Sc, M.E. Design Section Head: Leszek Żródłowski, M.E Engineers: Zbigniew Cioch Andrzej Ryś Bogusława Hożewska Witold Sobala Jerzy Kotuła Krzysztof Wiśniewski Józef Ligocki Wiesława Tałach Technicians: Piotr Mazur Construction Section Head: Jerzy Halik, M.Sc., M.E. Engineers: Barbara Dzieża Marek Wróbel Tadeusz Śmiałowski Technicians: Jarosław Adamek Józef Rogowski Zdzisław Błaszczak Roman Romanow Mirosław Dubiel Andrzej Seweryn Jerzy Grzybek Maciej Sowiński Krzysztof Grzybek Władysław Szwaja Jerzy Kantorski Henryk Świerk Jan Majka Zbigniew Toch Józef Michniak Piotr Topolski 338 Julian Mizioł Zygfryd Trulka Wacław Nędza Jerzy Wcisło Mirosław Papież Ryszard Zając Stanisław Pelc Zbigniew Zasadzki Ryszard Pyzioł Bogusław Zięba Maciej Rachwalik OVERWIEV: The Department of Mechanical Construction consists of the Design Group and the Mechanical Workshop. The activity of the Department includes the following: • designs of devices and equipment for experiments in physics and their mechanical construction and assembly, particularly vacuum chambers and installations for HV and UHV; • maintenance and upgrading of the existing installations and equipment in our Institute; • participation of our engineers and technicians in design works, equipment assembly and maintenance for experiments in foreign laboratories. The Design Group is equipped with PC-computers and AutoCad graphic software (release 12 and 13) what allows to make drawings and a mechanical documentation which meets world standards. Also ANSYS (version 5.2) - a software for mechanical, heat and magnetic calculations using finite-elements methods is used in our design activity. The Mechanical Workshop can offer a wide range of machining and treatment methods with satisfactory tolerances and surface quality. The Workshop offers the following possibilities: • turning - cylindrical elements of a length up to 2000 mm and a diameter up to 400 mm, and also disc-type elements of a diameter up to 600 mm and a length not exceeding 300 mm; • milling -elements of length up to 1000 mm and gear wheels of diameter up to 300 mm; • grinding - flat surfaces of dimensions up to 300 mm x 1000 mm and cylindrical elements of a diameter up to 200 mm and a length up to 800 mm; • drilling - holes of a diameter up to 50 mm; • welding - electrical and gas welding, including TIG vacuum-tight welding; • soft and hard soldering; • mechanical works including precision engineering; • plastics treatment - machining and polishing using diamond milling, modelling, lamination of various shapes and materials, including plexiglas, scintillators and light-guides; • painting - paint spraying with possibility of using furnace-fired drier of internal dimensions of 800 mm x 800 mm x 800 mm. Our workshop posses CNC milling machine which can be used for machining of work-pieces up to 500 kg. The machine allows the following tool movements in particular axes: X - 1000 mm, Y - 500 mm, Z - 500 mm; it is controlled by HEIDENHAIN 407 Control System, and ensures the accuracy and reproducibility of machining of 0.01 mm in each of the axis. In 1998 the Department of Mechanical Construction designed, manufactured and assembled an equipment for the following foreign laboratories: • Deutches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, FRG; • Jagiellonian University, Krakow; • Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; • University of Rochester. Rochester, NY, USA; • Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. 339 Besides the large designs and systems described below, some interesting works have been made for the departments of our Institute and other institutions: 1. The works for Cyclotron Section: • The assembly of dipole magnet for extraction the cyclotron beam: - design and manufacturing of technological device for winding magnet coils; - winding of 16 coils; - manufacturing and assembly of magnet collars driving system; - design and manufacturing of vacuum chamber placed inside the magnet; - manufacturing of magnet cooling system; • assembly of remachined magnet yoke and mentioned above units. Finalizing of design and manufacturing of magnetic channel I; • Design and manufacturing of magnetic channel II; • Design and manufacturing of a device for magnetic field measurements in the region of magnetic channel I inside the cyclotron chamber; • Design of a device for measurements magnetic field in the region of magnetic channel II inside the cyclotron chamber; • Design of deflector II for extraction cyclotron beam outside the cyclotron chamber. 2. Manufacturing of mechanical elements of gradient coils. 3. Manufacturing of Anti-coincidence Shielding for Low-Background Measurements of Radioactive Contaminations of the Environment. 4. The upgrade of Luminosity Monitor for ZEUS Experiment at DESY. 5. Manufacturing of experimental chamber frames for SHOWER Detector at HADES Experiment at GSI in Darmstadt. 6. Experimental Chamber for Free Electron Laser Project on Tesla Test Facility at DESY. 7. Supports for diagnostic equipment of TTF FEL Project at DESY . REPORTS ON ACTIVITY: In this report the most important installations and devices designed and manufactured at the Department of Mechanical Construction are shown. Detector Enclosures for PHOBOS Experiment Preliminary Design W. Bogucki, J. Godlewski, J. Halik, and J. Kotula PL9902612 A correct performance of silicon detectors and their electronics requires keeping them in air having constant and appropriate parameters. Namely air humidity must be kept at a level of 20%±10% and air temperature at 15°C. Besides , dry air in the detectors environment will exclude condensation process on surfaces of heat exchangers of detector cooling system and particularly on a surface of a read-out electronics. The air humidity at the inlet of enclosures should be controlled and monitored. The main purpose of using enclosures for PHOBOS silicon detectors is to ensure such conditions. The range of detector enclosures design includes: • installation for supplying dry air to the silicon detector space (two arms of spectrometer, vertex detector and multiplicity rings); 340 • system of supporting structure and thin screens (made of mylar foil and thin plastic or metal sheets) forming a sort of closed "tents" for particular components of detector - one common "tent" for two arms of spectrometer and vertex detector and six separate "tents" for multiplicity rings; • control and monitoring system of the supplied air parameters and status of particular components of installation. Air parameters: • experimental hall: temperature 15 °C, relative humidity < 50 %, • environment of detectors: temperature 15 °C, relative humidity 20 % ±10 %, • inside the enclosed space an over-pressure of about 50 Pa should be kept in order to exclude a penetration of humid air and contamination from experimental hall space. It is foreseen to design six separate enclosures for multiplicity rings and one common enclosure for two arms of spectrometer and vertex detector or five separate enclosures for multiplicity rings and one common enclosure for two arms of spectrometer, vertex detector and one multiplicity ring closest to the vertex detector. To ensure the required air parameters the installation equipped with compressor unit and water cooler has been proposed. It can be operated at lower air pressure and dries the air to final relative humidity (p = 20 % (at t = 15 °C). Applying the system of pressure stabilisation and constant temperature at the inlet, the facility can ensure the best accuracy of relative humidity stabilisation. Using the cooling water of temperature about 20 °C one can achieve the required humidity for the pressure 1.5 to 4 bars. Besides a monitoring system of air parameters inside the enclosures has been proposed. It monitors the following parameters: • temperature of air and its humidity in each space surrounded by enclosures. For spectrometer arms and vertex detector enclosure two sets of sensors are foreseen. It gives total number of 8 sets of temperature and humidity sensors; • pressure in each separate space - 7 sensors of pressure; • pressure and temperature at a source outlet; • temperature and humidity at the inlet and outlet of a system of air temperature stabilisation. Fig. 1: Detector enclosure of central part of PHOBOS detector. 341 PL9902613 Mechanical Structure for Time of Flight Wall for PHOBOS Experiment F. Wolfs1, R. Pak1, J. Halik, J. Kotula, and X Ligocki University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA According to the requirements defined by our colleagues from University of Rochester the design mechanical structure for TOF Walls for PHOBOS experiment have been prepared. Design consists of following units: 1. mounting fixture - a unit used to keep in a position a set of four scintillators and 8 light-guides and two photomultipliers placed on both sides of scintillators; 2. a frame used for mounting in array 30 mounting fixture with 120 scintillators defining TOF Wall; 3. set of plates and rails for moving and positioning the frames of TOF Wall in a proper position in relation to the IP with accuracy of 0.5 mm; 4. movable support for used for transportation and installation of TOF Wall I inside the magnet yoke and; 5. movable table similar to the mentioned above but equipped with a set of adjustment bolts to keep and plates to keep TOF Wall II in position outside the magnet. Besides the complete design which has been almost completed in 1998 the following elements and units has been manufactured in the workshop: • 500 pieces of light-guides has been made using the diamond tools and machining parameters chosen in our workshop; • 4 devices for gluing scintillators and light guides have been designed and manufactured; • 65 sets of mounting fixture have been machined and assembled. Fig. 1: PHOBOS detector with TOF Wall. 342 pL99026i4 Internal Target Assembly for the Activation at the AIC-144 Cyclotron. Mechanical Design of assembly - stage I B. Petelenz, E. Ochab, E. Bakewicz, R. Misiak, J. Halik, L. Zrodlowski, J. Ligocki, and J. Kotula Aiming at production of neutron-deficient isotopes at the AIC-144 cyclotron, a project on construction of the internal target assembly has been initiated in the Department of Nuclear Physical Chemistry, in the co-operation with the Cyclotron Section and the Division of Mechanical Constructions of this Institute, and with the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of JINR, Dubna. During the 1998, a mechanical design of main part of assembly has been proposed and purchased before mechanical parts have been delivered owing to the investment grant from the State Committee of Scientific Research. In this stage of design 3D drawing files of following units has been made: • intermediate vacuum chamber (Fig. 1) with two main ports for co-axial with a path of target movement, two ports perpendicular to main ones one of them used for assembly and disassembly of a target, one port equipped with a window used for observation of target assembly and a port for vacuum diagnostic; • gripping mechanism consisting of two jaws used for clamping the target plate to the target body, guiding element made of stainless steel pipe, cooling system placed inside the guiding element, and two rods transferring the clamping force from pneumatic actuator to the jaws, special blocking mechanism which keeps the target in the position in emergency case (a drop of air pressure). Besides pneumatic system distributing compressed air to particular components as actuator, vacuum valves, cooling system has been prepared. The different ways of transport system from experimental hall to the radio-chemical laboratory has been discussed but final decision will be taken after the calculation and simulation of radiation inside the hall. Fig. 1: Intermediate vacuum chamber of internal target assembly. 343 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: Article: 1. H.-G. Ortlepp, (L. Zrodtowski) at al., "The 4 TV-fragment-spectrometer FOBOS", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 403 (1998) 65. Other conference material: 1. Z. Stachura, (Z. Cioch) at al., "Design and First Results of the Nuclear Microprobe in Cracow", ICNMTA-98, 6-th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Microprobe Technique and Applications, Spier Estate, South Africa, 11-16 October 1998. Reports: 1. W. Bogucki, J. Halik, J. Kotuta, J. Godlewski, "Detector Enclosures for PHOBOS Experiment at BNL. Preliminary Design ", MIT Report 98 - 122; 2. B. Petelnz, (J. Halik, L. Zrodtowski, J. Ligocki, J. Kotuta) at al., "Internal Target Assembly for the Activations at the AIC-144 Cyclotron. Pt. II. Mechanical Design of the Assembly - Stage I", IFJ Report No 1813/C (1998). Sett BLANK 345 PL9902615 MAGNETIC FIELD WATER TREATMENT SECTION Head of Section: Marek Kopec, M.Sc. telephone: (48) (12) 637-02-22 exL: 476, 475 e-mail: [email protected] PERSONNEL: Research Staff: Marek Koped, M.Sc. Antoni Szkatula, Ph.D. (retired) OVERVIEW: In the last year the activity of the team was focused on industrial implementing of methods developed, as well as on designing and implementing devices for magnetohydrodynamic water treatment and water filtration in the magnetic field. - Phase I of research for Ostrowiec Stealworks in Ostrowiec Swie_tokrzyski (IFJ N-3454 Research) on the possibilities of implementation of the methods of magnetohydrodynamic water treatment in water and sewage circuits, as well as of the method of filtration in the magnetic field were completed. In this part of research, phase analyses of deposits from water and sewage circuits were carried out. In the rolling mill circuit of Ostrowiec Stellworks, a magnetic filter with a capacity of 200 m3/h, designed in the Institute of Nuclear Physics was installed and tested. Implementation of this filter is predicted for the year 1999. - Research for the Kozienice Power Station in Swierie G6rne (IFJ N-3450 Research) on determination of the phase composition of total suspended solids in water-steam circuits was completed. - A preliminary evaluation was completed on economic effects of implementation of the prototype magnetic filter FM-500 which has been operational since 1993 in the circuit of turbine condensate cleaning in the 225 MW unit in the power station in Potaniec. Marek Kope6 346 REPORT ON RESEARCH: PL9902616 Determination of the Phase Composition of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in Water-Steam Circuits in the 200 and 500 MW Power Units M. Kopec, A.Szkatuta, and J. Kraczka Considering the planned installation of devices for cleaning turbine condensate in the 200 and 500 MW power units in the Kozienice Power Plant, the authors conducted phase analyses of total suspended solids (TSS) in water-steam circuits of the plant. The samples were obtained by filtering of the predetermined volume of the condensate through membrane filters, and also taken during stoppages of power units directly from the water-drums of boilers and from water supplying tanks. Products of corrosion, i.e. iron oxides and hydroxides, are main components of TSS in water-steam circuits of a power plant. The selection of the proper method of condensate cleaning depends on the phase composition of these contaminants. If TSS are composed mostly of ferromagnetic corrosion products (magnetite, maghemite, metallic iron), the most technologically and economically viable cleaning system is in the form of magnetic filters with a ferromagnetic bed suspended in the magnetic field. For all samples the authors conducted chemical and X-ray powder analyses, as well as photographed them using a scanning electron microscope (at the Institute of Forensic Investigations in Krakow) at magnifications of 100-5,000 times. Mossbauer spectroscopic measurements were carried out as the essential method of phase composition determinations. An exemplary Mossbauer spectra of the samples, and their Mo'ssbauer parameters are presented below. V£LOCITY(mm/s) VELOCITY(mm/s) Fig. 1: Mossbauer spectra of samples K-1, and K-7. Table 1: Mossbauer parameters of sample K-1 collected during a power start-up, as well as sample K-7 taken during stoppage of a power unit. Sample aff.m Subspectrum Relative area Interpretation K-1 51.8 sextet 17% a-Fe2C>3 49.4 sextet I 68% Fe3O4 46.1 sextet II 33.3 sextet 8% a-Fe doublet 7% non-magnetic phase with Fe3+ oct. K-7 51.2 sextet 12% a-FeaOs 49.1 sextet I 84% Fe3O4 45.6 sextet II 32.9 sextet 4% a-Fe 347 Fig. 2: Scanning microscopy image of sample K-5. Fig. 3: Scanning microscopy image of sample K-7. 349 IFJ AUTHOR INDEX: Adamczak A., 15,16 Fornal B., 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 Adamski A., 79 Freindl L., 3,4 Bakewicz E., 295, 342 Gaca P., 292 Balewski J.T., 28 Gajewski J., 261 Bałanda M., 104, 105 Gałuszka K., 163, 197, 234 Banaś E., 161 Gąsiorek St., 79 Baron V., 106, 107 Gdański T., 163 Bartke J., 213, 215 Gładysz-Dziaduś E., 213, 214 Bartyzel M., 295 Godlewski J., 232, 233, 339 Bednarczyk P., 58, 59 Godunowa H., 330, 331 Białas A., 197 Golec-Biernat K., 121, 122 Białkowski E., 32 Górski A.Z., 19 Bilski P., 295, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319 Görlich L., 168 Blocki J., 213, 232, 233 Grebosz J., 58, 59 Bogacz J., 318 Grotowski K., 26 Bogucki W., 197, 234, 339 Gruszecki M., 32 Bożek A., 161 Hajduk L., 168 Bożek P., 118 Hajduk R., 79, 80 Broda R., 47,48,49, 50,51,52 Hajduk Z., 163 Broniowski W., 119, 120, 126 Halik J., 80, 339, 341, 342 Briickman P., 163 Hołyński R., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197 Budzanowski A., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 29, 197 Horzela A., 122 Budzanowski M., ...313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 320 Hrynkiewicz A., 60, 74 Burda K., 75, 76 Huczkowski J., 261 Cebulska-Wasilewska A., 255, 256, 257, 258, Hubert J. Z., 108 259, 260, 261 Iwański W., 223 Cerkaski M., 120 Jagielski S., 221 Chmaj T., 120 Jakiel J., 26, 27 Cholewa M., 80 Janicki M., 29 Cieślik K., 163, 164 Janik M., 317, 318 Cioch Z., 80 Jałocha P., 161, 163 Coghen T., 232, 234 Jasiński A., 274, 276, 278, 280 Czech B., 6 Jasińska M., 292 Czerski P., 121 Jaworski J., 81, 82, 83 Cyz A., 168, 169 Jochym P.T., 306 Czyż W., 197 Kaczmarska A., 221 Dąbrowska A., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196 Kamiński R., 125 Dąbrowska J., 243 Kapłon J., 222, 224 Dąbrowski B., 233, 234 Kapusta P., 161, 223 Despet H., 234 Kapuścik E., 122 Doruch H., 295 Karcz W., 29 Drozdowicz K., 243 Kibiński J., 278 Drożdż S., 8, 9, 10, 17, 18 Kistryn M., 5 Drwięga M., 79 Kliczewski S., 3, 4, 5 Dryzek E., 71 Kmiecik M., 53, 54 Dryzek J., 70, 71 Kmieć R., 66, 67, 68 Dutkiewicz E.M., 73 Kopeć M., 346 Dyga W., 256, 258 Korcyl K., 163 Florkowski W., 119 Kościelniak F., 32 350 Kotuła J., 197, 234, 339, 341, 342 Niedźwiedź W., 257, 258, 259, 260 Kowalski M., 212 Niemiec J., 123 Kozak K., 292, 294 Nowak D., 255 Kozela A., 7, 8 Nowak G., 168 Kozik E., 6 Obłąkowska-Mucha A., 163 Kraczka J., 69, 346 Obryk E., 33 Krasnowolski S., 256 Ochab E., 295, 313, 342 Królas W., 47, 49, 50, 51, 52 Okołowicz J., 12 Kruk R., 66, 67 Olkiewicz K., 185 Kudzia D., 196 Olko P., 261, 313, 314, 315, 316, Krzyżak A.T., 276, 280 317, 318,319 Kubica B., 291 Olszewski A., ... 18, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197 Kubis S., 123 Olszowska J., 220 Kulessa B., 18 Ostrowicz W., 161 Kulinowski P., 278 Pacyna A.W., 66, 67 Kulińska A., 60, 61, 62 Palarczyk M., 13 Kutschera M., 123, 201 Pałka B., 262 Kwapień J., 9, 10 Pałka H., 161, 163, 164, 165 Kwiatkowska J., 65 Parliński K., 305, 306 Kwiatek W.M., 72, 73 PawłatT., 47, 49, 50, 51, 52 Kwieciński J., 121, 124, 125 PawłykL, 262 Lach M., 58 Petelenz B., 295, 342 Lekka M., 74 Pindel J., 276, 280 Lekki J., 74, 80 PolokG., 163, 167 Lemler M., 197, 234 Potempa A., 80 Lesiak T., 163, 165, 166 Prokop J., 81, 82, 83 Leśniak L., 125 Pysz K., 5 Leśniewski P., 66, 67, 68 Rajchel B., 77, 78, 79, 295 Ligocki J., 341, 342 RękasK., 255 Lipińska E., 79 Richter-Wąs E., 221 Litwiniszyn M., 262 RóżańskaM., 161, 162 Lazarska B., 261 Ryba E., 315, 316, 318 Lazarski S., 80 Rybicki A., 210, 211 Łażewski J., 305 Rybicki K., 161, 162, 168 Łobodzińska E., 168 Sadzikowski M., 126 Lodziana Z., 102, 103, 304 Sapiński M., 221 Loskiewicz J., 317, 318 Sarnecki C, 80 Maj A., 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 Sawicki P., 197 Maniawski F., 65 Schwabe J., 330, 331 Maranda S., 80 Siudak R., 3, 4, 5 Marszałek M., 81, 82, 83 Siwek A., 6 Martyniak J., 168, 169 Skórka T., 274 Mazur D., 317, 318 Skwirczyńska I., 5, 6 Męczyński W., 58, 59 Srokowski T., 11, 18, 102, 103 Michałowski J., 163, 197, 232, 234 Stachniewicz S., 123 Mietelski J.W., 291, 292, 293 Stachura Z., 63, 64, 74, 80, 81, 83 Mikocki S., 168 Staszel P., 26, 30 Misiak R. 342 Staśto A., 124, 126 Mitura M., 79 Sternik M., 306 Moszczyński A.S., 224 Stefański P., 213 Muryn B., 163 Stodulski M., 197, 232, 234 Natkaniec Z., 161 Strączek A., 233, 234 351 Stręk M., 233, 234 Wierzewska A., 256 Styczeń J., 58, 59, 80, 295 Wilczyńska B., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201 Sułek Z., 278 Wilczyński H., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201 Swakoń J., 317, 318 Witek M., 163, 164 Szarska M., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196 Wodniecka B., 60, 62 Szczerbińska B., 126 Wodniecki P., 60, 61, 62 Szczurek A., 5, 20, 22, 24 Wolski R., 31 Szczygieł R., 222, 224 Wolter W., 192,193, 194, 195, 196, Szeglowski Z., 291, 292 201, 221, 222 Szkatuła A., 346 Wosiek B., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197 Szklarz Z., 80 Woźniak J., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197 Szybiński K., 278 WójcikM., 8, 17, 18 Ściesłńska E., 108 Wrzesiński J., 47, 49, 50, 51, 52 Sciesiński J., 108 Zalewska A., 163 Tomankiewicz E., 262 Zalewski K., 197 Trzupek A., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197 Ziają B., 125, 126 Turnau J., 168 Zieliński P., 102, 103 Tuteja-Krysa M., 291 Ziębliński M., 58, 59 Waligórski M., 261, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318 Żenczykowski P., 127 Wasiutyński T., 104, 108 Żychowski P., 197, 213, 232, 233, 234 WąsB., 291 Źródłowski L 80, 342