Selección De Bacterias Ácido Lácticas (LAB) Y Adjuntas (NSLAB) Autóctonas De Leche Y Queso, Para El Control De Clostridium Spp

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Selección De Bacterias Ácido Lácticas (LAB) Y Adjuntas (NSLAB) Autóctonas De Leche Y Queso, Para El Control De Clostridium Spp Tesis de Maestría en Biotecnología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República Selección de bacterias ácido lácticas (LAB) y adjuntas (NSLAB) autóctonas de leche y queso, para el control de Clostridium spp. responsables del defecto de “hinchazón tardía” Lic. Bq. Jorge Olivera Rodi Tutor: Dra. Stella Reginensi Co-tutor: Dr. Pedro Díaz Gadea Unidad de Tecnología de los Alimentos Facultad de Agronomía Agradecimientos A mi Tutora de Tesis de Maestría Stella Reginensi, por darme la oportunidad de realizar mi Tesis de Grado y Posgrado en la Unidad de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Agronomía, ser fuente de inspiración en mi formación académica y profesional, así como por el conocimiento brindado. Asimismo, quiero destacar la figura de Jorge Bermúdez, quien me brindó la posibilidad de realizar mi Tesis de Maestría en la temática planteada, guio mi formación académica y fue un pilar fundamental de la Unidad de Tecnología de los Alimentos. Agradezco a mi Co-tutor de Tesis Pedro Díaz Gadea de la Cátedra de Bioquímica del Departamento de Biología Vegetal de Facultad de Agronomía por su guía y asesoramiento en los procesos de extracción y purificación de los compuestos anticlostridiales. Quiero agradecer a CSIC haber financiado esta investigación por medio del Programa CSIC Iniciación a la Investigación y a la Comisión de Posgrado de Biotecnología por las Alícuotas de Apoyo Económico asignadas. Mi agradecimiento a Madelón Portela de la Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas (UBYPA) del Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, quien realizó los análisis de espectrometría de masas. Por otra parte, deseo mencionar a María Julia Pianzzola, Gabriela Irazoqui y Silvana Alborés de la Facultad de Química por aceptar integrar el Tribunal evaluador de esta Tesis, así como por los consejos y devoluciones recibidos. Al resto de mis compañeros de la Unidad de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Marcela González, Jimena Viejo, Nancy Scaronne y Carlos Mattos quienes al igual que Stella Reginensi, me han apoyado a lo largo de todos estos años y con los cuales he compartido tantos momentos. A mis padres Julia Rodi y Héctor Olivera, en reconocimiento a su apoyo, guía, comprensión y estímulo para que siguiera avanzando en mi formación académica. También agradezco a amigos y compañeros de Facultad de Ciencias y Facultad de Agronomía por los momentos compartidos y el ánimo brindado. Índice Índice de Figuras 5 Índice de Tablas 10 Resumen 11 Abreviaciones 12 1. Introducción 13 1.1 Quesos: definición y proceso de elaboración 13 1.2 Clasificación de quesos 19 1.3 Defectos en quesos 20 1.4 Defecto de hinchazón tardía 23 1.4.1 Generalidades 23 1.4.2 Factores que afectan el desarrollo de hinchazón tardía 26 1.5 Características del género Clostridium 29 1.6 Esporulación y germinación en Clostridium spp. 31 1.7 Métodos de control del desarrollo de Clostridium spp. 34 1.8 Fuentes de contaminación y estrategias de control a nivel del tambo 38 1.9 Bacterias ácido lácticas 42 1.9.1 Cultivos iniciadores 44 1.9.2 Clasificación de cultivos iniciadores 45 1.9.3 Desarrollo y contribución de las NSLAB en quesos 48 1.9.4 Actividad antimicrobiana de bacterias ácido lácticas 50 1.9.4.1 Ácidos orgánicos 51 1.9.4.2 Peróxido de hidrógeno 53 1.9.4.3 Acetaldehído, diacetilo y acetoína 53 1.9.4.4 Reuterina 54 1.9.4.5 Reutericiclina 56 1 1.9.4.6 D-aminoácidos 56 1.9.4.7 Bacteriocinas 57 1.9.4.7.1 Mecanismos de acción 57 1.9.4.7.2 Clasificación de las bacteriocinas 58 1.9.4.7.4 Estrategias para incorporar las bacteriocinas en los alimentos 62 1.9.5 Bacterias ácido lácticas con acción anticlostridial 63 2. Objetivo general 67 2.1 Objetivos específicos 67 3. Materiales y métodos 68 3.1 Obtención y procesamiento de muestras 68 3.2 Determinación del NMP de esporas 68 3.3 Aislamiento de cepas LAB y NSLAB 68 3.4 Selección de cepas de bacterias ácido lácticas con actividad anticlostridial 68 3.4.1 Técnica de confrontación por estrías 69 3.4.2 Método de difusión en placa 69 3.4.3 Método de la doble capa de agar 69 3.5 Identificación y caracterización genotípica de las cepas con actividad 70 anticlostridial 3.5.1 Extracción de ADN genómico 70 3.5.2 Secuenciación del gen del ARNr 16S 70 3.5.3 Caracterización mediante técnicas de fingerprinting 71 3.5.3.1 Caracterización genotípica mediante RAPD-S1 y RAPD-S4 71 3.5.3.2 Caracterización genotípica por (GTG)5-PCR 71 3.5.3.3 Caracterización genotípica por BOX-PCR 71 3.5.3.4 Análisis de los perfiles de fingerprinting 72 3.5.4 Identificación por técnicas de PCR especie-específicas 72 3.6 Determinación de los mecanismos de acción inhibitoria 73 2 3.7 Evaluación de la acción inhibitoria de los sobrenadantes de cepas LAB y 73 NSLAB sobre aislamientos de Clostridium nativos de productos lácteos 3.8 Cinéticas de crecimiento y producción de compuestos antimicrobianos 74 3.9 Purificación y caracterización de compuestos anticlostridiales 74 3.10 Evaluación de la sensibilidad de C. tyrobutyricum a la nisina 75 3.11 Determinación de la sensibilidad de cepas LAB y NSLAB a la lisozima 76 3.12 Evaluación de la actividad anticlostridial de la lisozima 76 3.13 Comparación de la acción anticlostridial de los sobrenadantes de cepas 77 LAB y NSLAB respecto a la lisozima y en combinación con ésta 4. Resultados y discusión 78 4.1 Determinación del NMP de esporas 78 4.2 Aislamiento y selección de cepas de bacterias ácido lácticas con actividad 78 anticlostridial 4.3 Identificación y diversidad genética de las cepas con actividad 84 anticlostridial 4.4 Determinación de los mecanismos de acción inhibitoria 90 4.5 Cinéticas de crecimiento y producción de compuestos antimicrobianos 96 4.6 Evaluación de la acción inhibitoria de los sobrenadantes de cepas LAB y 103 NSLAB sobre aislamientos de Clostridium nativos de productos lácteos 4.7 Purificación y caracterización de compuestos anticlostridiales 110 4.8 Evaluación de la sensibilidad de C. tyrobutyricum a la nisina 120 4.9 Evaluación de la actividad anticlostridial de las fracciones eluídas 120 4.10 Determinación de la sensibilidad de cepas LAB y NSLAB a la lisozima 122 4.11 Evaluación de la acción anticlostridial de la lisozima 124 4.12 Comparación de la acción anticlostridial de cepas LAB y NSLAB respecto 125 a la lisozima y en combinación con ésta 5. Conclusión y perspectivas futuras 128 6. Anexos 130 Anexo 1 130 Anexo 2.1 134 3 Anexo 2.2 150 Anexo 3 154 Anexo 4 158 7. Bibliografía 160 4 Índice de Figuras Figura 1. Reagrupación de las micelas de caseínas de la leche por 14 coagulación mixta. Figura 2. Etapas de la producción quesera en la elaboración de quesos 18 madurados. Figura 3. Fotos de quesos afectados por hinchazón tardía. 24 Figura 4. Fermentación ácido butírica. 31 Figura 5. Esquema de la estructura de la espora y micrografías 32 electrónicas de transmisión de esporas de C. tyrobutyricum. Figura 6. Etapas del proceso de esporulación bacteriana. 33 Figura 7. Proceso de germinación de esporas bacterianas. 34 Figura 8. Vías de contaminación de la leche cruda con esporas de 38 Clostridium spp. Figura 9. Balances químicos de las fermentaciones homoláctica y 43 heteroláctica. Figura 10. Recuento bacteriano (UFC/g) a lo largo del tiempo (días) de las 49 poblaciones LAB y NSLAB en queso. Figura 11. Compuestos antibacterianos generados a partir de la reuterina. 55 Figura 12. Clasificación de bacteriocinas sintetizadas por bacterias Gram- 59 positivas. Figura 13. Mecanismo de acción asociado a cada clase de bacteriocina. 61 Figura 14. Método de confrontación de estrías en agar MRS. 79 Figura 15. Método de difusión en discos en placas de agar RCM. 80 Figura 16. Gráfica del diámetro de halo de inhibición obtenido para cada 81 cepa por el método de difusión en agar. Figura 17. Método de la doble capa de agar. 82 Figura 18. Recuentos bacterianos (UFC/mL) de C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 obtenidos en las placas correspondientes al método de la doble 83 capa. Figura 19. Predominio de cada especie respecto al total de aislamientos 84 BAL con actividad anticlostridial. 5 Figura 20. Porcentaje de cepas LAB y NSLAB con actividad anticlostridial 86 en leche, queso y suero lácteo. Figura 21. Dendrogramas construídos a partir de los perfiles de bandas de 87 las técnicas de Rep-PCR: BOX-PCR y (GTG)5-PCR. Figura 22. Dendrogramas construídos a partir de los perfiles de bandas de 88 las técnicas de RAPD-S1 y RAPD-S4. Figura 23. Cepas de BAL con acción anticlostridial causada solamente por 90 acidez. Figura 24. Determinación del mecanismo de inhibición de BAL C. 92 Figura 25. Placas correspondientes a la determinación de los mecanismos 94 de inhibición de las cepas L. casei 26 y L. casei 95. Figura 26. Determinación del mecanismo de inhibición de L. delbrueckii 95 subsp. bulgaricus 76. Figura 27. Cinética de crecimiento de L. casei 26. 97 Figura 28. Cinética de crecimiento de L. casei 95. 98 Figura 29. Cinética de crecimiento de L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 76. 102 Figura 30. Inhibición producida por los sobrenadantes de las cepas 26, 76, 103 95 y BAL C. Figura 31. Gráficas del diámetro de los halos (cm) producidos en cepas de Clostridium spp. en presencia de los sobrenadantes pertenecientes a los 105 aislamientos 26 y 95. Figura 32. Gráficas del diámetro de los halos (cm) producidos en cepas de Clostridium spp. en presencia de los sobrenadantes pertenecientes al 106 aislamiento 76 y la cepa BAL C.
Recommended publications
  • A Taxonomic Note on the Genus Lactobacillus
    Taxonomic Description template 1 A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: 2 Description of 23 novel genera, emended description 3 of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union 4 of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae 5 Jinshui Zheng1, $, Stijn Wittouck2, $, Elisa Salvetti3, $, Charles M.A.P. Franz4, Hugh M.B. Harris5, Paola 6 Mattarelli6, Paul W. O’Toole5, Bruno Pot7, Peter Vandamme8, Jens Walter9, 10, Koichi Watanabe11, 12, 7 Sander Wuyts2, Giovanna E. Felis3, #*, Michael G. Gänzle9, 13#*, Sarah Lebeer2 # 8 '© [Jinshui Zheng, Stijn Wittouck, Elisa Salvetti, Charles M.A.P. Franz, Hugh M.B. Harris, Paola 9 Mattarelli, Paul W. O’Toole, Bruno Pot, Peter Vandamme, Jens Walter, Koichi Watanabe, Sander 10 Wuyts, Giovanna E. Felis, Michael G. Gänzle, Sarah Lebeer]. 11 The definitive peer reviewed, edited version of this article is published in International Journal of 12 Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004107 13 1Huazhong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key 14 Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China. 15 2Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience 16 Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 17 3 Dept. of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy 18 4 Max Rubner‐Institut, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kiel, Germany 19 5 School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland 20 6 University of Bologna, Dept. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Bologna, Italy 21 7 Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Vrije Universiteit 22 Brussel, Brussels, Belgium 23 8 Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, 24 Belgium 25 9 Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 26 10 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 27 11 National Taiwan University, Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • UCC Library and UCC Researchers Have Made This Item Openly Available. Please Let Us Know How This Has Helped You. Thanks! Downlo
    UCC Library and UCC researchers have made this item openly available. Please let us know how this has helped you. Thanks! Title Bacterial inhabitants of tumours: methods for exploration and exploitation Author(s) Walker, Sidney P. Publication date 2020-05-04 Original citation Walker, S. P. 2020. Bacterial inhabitants of tumours: methods for exploration and exploitation. PhD Thesis, University College Cork. Type of publication Doctoral thesis Rights © 2020, Sidney P. Walker. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Item downloaded http://hdl.handle.net/10468/10055 from Downloaded on 2021-10-08T08:21:36Z Coláiste na hOllscoile, Corcaigh THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, CORK School of Microbiology Bacterial inhabitants of tumours: Methods for exploration and exploitation Thesis presented by Sidney Walker Under the supervision of Dr. Mark Tangney and Dr. Marcus Claesson For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016-2020 1 Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter I: Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 7 Section 1: Sequencing and the Microbiome ........................................................................ 7 The Microbiome ............................................................................................................... 8 Sequencing ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Vertical Flow Exchange on Microbial Community Dis- Tributions in Hyporheic Zones
    Article 1 by Heejung Kim and Kang-Kun Lee* Effect of vertical flow exchange on microbial community dis- tributions in hyporheic zones School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] (Received: November 2, 2018; Revised accepted: January 6, 2019) https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2019/019001 The effect of the vertical flow direction of hyporheic flux advance of hydrodynamic modeling has improved research of hydro- on the bacterial community is examined. Vertical velocity logical exchange processes at the hyporheic zone (Cardenas and Wil- change of the hyporheic zone was examined by installing son, 2007; Fleckenstein et al., 2010; Endreny et al., 2011). Also, this a piezometer on the site, and a total of 20,242 reads were zone has plentiful micro-organisms. The hyporheic zone constituents analyzed using a pyrosequencing assay to investigate the a dynamic hotspot (ecotone) where groundwater and surface water diversity of bacterial communities. Proteobacteria (55.1%) mix (Smith et al., 2008). were dominant in the hyporheic zone, and Bacteroidetes This area constitutes a flow path along which surface water down wells into the streambed sediment and groundwater up wells in the (16.5%), Actinobacteria (7.1%) and other bacteria phylum stream, travels for some distance before eventually mixing with (Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetesm groundwater returns to the stream channel (Hassan et al., 2015). Sur- and unclassified phylum OD1) were identified. Also, the face water enters the hyporheic zone when the vertical hydraulic head hyporheic zone was divided into 3 points – down welling of surface water is greater than the groundwater (down welling).
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Daughtry, Katheryne Virginia
    ABSTRACT DAUGHTRY, KATHERYNE VIRGINIA. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Lactobacillus buchneri Strains Isolated from Spoiled Fermented Cucumber. (Under the direction of Dr. Rodolphe Barrangou and Dr. Suzanne D. Johanningsmeier). Lactobacillus buchneri is a facultative anaerobe and member of the lactic acid bacteria. L. buchneri has been isolated from various environments, but most commonly from decomposing plant material, such as silage and spoiled food products, including wine, beer, Swiss cheese, mayonnaise, and fermented cucumber. Recently, the metabolic pathway for the conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol was annotated in this species. Although this metabolic pathway is not common in most lactic acid bacteria, L. buchneri degrades lactate under various conditions. Lactic acid utilization in fermented cucumbers leads to a rise in pH, ultimately spoiling the product. In previous studies, strains of L. buchneri isolated from fermented cucumber spoiled displayed variation in colony morphologies. It was predicted the isolates were phenotypically and genotypically diverse, and that the abilities to degrade lactic acid may be strain specific. To examine this hypothesis, thirty-five L. buchneri cultures isolated from spoiled fermented cucumber and the type strain isolated from tomato pulp were characterized and unique strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing. Each isolate was genotypically and phenotypically characterized using 16S rDNA sequencing, DiversiLab® rep-PCR, colony morphology on MRS agar, carbohydrate profiling, growth rates in MRS media, and the ability to degrade lactic acid in a modified MRS medium. Great diversity in colony morphology revealed variations of color (ranging from opaque yellow to white), texture (brittle, viscous, or powdery), shape (umbonate, flat, circular, or irregular) and size (1 mm- 11mm).
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Streptococcus Species by Phytochemicals
    molecules Review Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Streptococcus Species by Phytochemicals Soheila Abachi 1, Song Lee 2 and H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe 1,* 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS PO Box 550, Canada; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS PO Box 15000, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-902-893-6623 Academic Editors: Maurizio Battino, Etsuo Niki and José L. Quiles Received: 7 January 2016 ; Accepted: 6 February 2016 ; Published: 17 February 2016 Abstract: This review paper summarizes the antibacterial effects of phytochemicals of various medicinal plants against pathogenic and cariogenic streptococcal species. The information suggests that these phytochemicals have potential as alternatives to the classical antibiotics currently used for the treatment of streptococcal infections. The phytochemicals demonstrate direct bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects, such as: (i) prevention of bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces of the pharynx, skin, and teeth surface; (ii) inhibition of glycolytic enzymes and pH drop; (iii) reduction of biofilm and plaque formation; and (iv) cell surface hydrophobicity. Collectively, findings from numerous studies suggest that phytochemicals could be used as drugs for elimination of infections with minimal side effects. Keywords: streptococci; biofilm; adherence; phytochemical; quorum sensing; S. mutans; S. pyogenes; S. agalactiae; S. pneumoniae 1. Introduction The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the antimicrobial activity of naturally occurring molecules isolated from plants against Streptococcus species, focusing on their mechanisms of action. This review will highlight the phytochemicals that could be used as alternatives or enhancements to current antibiotic treatments for Streptococcus species.
    [Show full text]
  • Probiotic Dairy Products Society of Dairy Technology Series
    Probiotic Dairy Products Society of Dairy Technology Series Series Editor: Adnan Y. Tamime The Society of Dairy Technology has joined with Wiley‐Blackwell to produce a series of technical dairy‐related handbooks providing an invaluable resource for all those involved in the dairy industry; from practitioners to technologists working in both tradi- tional and modern large‐scale dairy operations. Probiotic Dairy Products, 2nd Edition, ISBN 9781119214106 by Adnan Y. Tamime and Linda V. Thomas (Editors) Microbial Toxins in Dairy Products, ISBN 9781118756430 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Biofilms in the Dairy Industry, ISBN 9781118876213 by Koon Hoong Teh, Steve Flint, John Brooks, and Geoff Knight (Editors) Milk and Dairy Products as Functional Foods, ISBN 9781444336832 by Ara Kanekanian (Editor) Membrane Processing: Dairy and Beverage Applications, ISBN 9781444333374 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Processed Cheese and Analogues, ISBN 9781405186421 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Technology of Cheesemaking, 2nd Edition, ISBN 9781405182980 by Barry A. Law and Adnan Y. Tamime (Editors) Dairy Fats and Related Products, ISBN 9781405150903 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Dairy Powders and Concentrated Products, ISBN 9781405157643 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Milk Processing and Quality Management, ISBN 9781405145305 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Cleaning‐in‐Place: Dairy, Food and Beverage Operations, 3rd Edition, ISBN 9781405155038 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Structure of Dairy Products, ISBN 9781405129756 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Brined Cheeses, ISBN 9781405124607 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Fermented Milks, ISBN 9780632064588 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Probiotic Dairy Products, ISBN 9781405121248 by Adnan Y. Tamime (Editor) Probiotic Dairy Products Second Edition Edited by Adnan Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Genomic Analysis of Carnobacterium Maltaromaticum: Study of Diversity and Adaptation to Different Environments Christelle Iskandar
    Comparative genomic analysis of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum: Study of diversity and adaptation to different environments Christelle Iskandar To cite this version: Christelle Iskandar. Comparative genomic analysis of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum: Study of diversity and adaptation to different environments. Food and Nutrition. Université de Lorraine, 2015. English. NNT : 2015LORR0245. tel-01754646 HAL Id: tel-01754646 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01754646 Submitted on 30 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7820,184 B2 Stritzker Et Al
    USOO782O184B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7820,184 B2 Stritzker et al. (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 26, 2010 (54) METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR 5,833,975 A 1 1/1998 Paoletti et al. ............. 424.93.2 DETECTION OF MICROORGANISMS AND 5,976,796. A 1 1/1999 Szalay et al. ................... 435/6 SirNRTREATMENT OF DISEASES AND 6,025,155 A 2/2000 Hadlaczky et al. ......... 435/69.1 6,045,802 A 4/2000 Schlom et al. ........... 424,199.1 (75) Inventors: Jochen Harald Stritzker, Kissing (DE); 6,077,697 A 6/2000 Hadlaczky et al. 435/1723 Phil Hill, West Bridgford (GB); Aladar 6,080,849 A 6/2000 Bermudes et al. .......... 536,23.7 A. Szalay, Highland, CA (US); Yong A. 6,093,700 A 7/2000 Mastrangelo et al. ......... 514,44 Yu, San Diego, CA (US) 6,099,848. A 8/2000 Frankel et al. ........... 424,246.1 6,106,826 A 8/2000 Brandt et al. .............. 424.93.2 (73) Assignee: stylus Corporation, San Diego, CA 6, 190,657 B1 2/2001 Pawelek et al. ............ 424,931 6,217,847 B1 4/2001 Contaget al. ................ 4249.1 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 6,232,523 B1 5/2001 Tan et al. ...................... 800, 10 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 6,235,967 B1 5/2001 Tan et al. ...................... 800, 10 U.S.C. 154(b) by 362 days. 6,235,968 B1 5/2001 Tan et al. ...................... 800, 10 6,251,384 B1 6/2001 Tan et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Role of the Indigenous Gut Microbiota Of
    Development and role of the indigenous gut microbiota of Spodoptera littoralis Dissertation To Fulfill the Requirements for the Degree of ,,doctor rerum naturalium“ (Dr. rer. nat.) Submitted to the Council of the Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena by Beng-Soon Teh (M.Sc) born on 12.02.1985 in Penang, Malaysia Gutachter: 1. …. 2. …. 3. …. Tag der öffentlichen Verteidigung: Fluorescent GFP-tagged Enterococcus mundtii TABLE of CONTENTS Abbreviations and symbols 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Host-microbiota symbiosis interactions ........................................................... 1 1.1.1 Insect-bacteria symbiosis interactions ........................................................ 2 1.2 Physiological conditions and stresses in the gut environment of insects ......... 3 1.3 Contributions of the gut microbiome ................................................................ 5 1.4 Diversity of the gut microbiota in insects ......................................................... 6 1.5 Model organism: Spodoptera littoralis ............................................................. 9 1.6 The physiology of lactic acid bacteria ............................................................ 10 1.6.1 General characteristics of enterococci ...................................................... 11 1.7 Colonization of enterococci in insects ............................................................ 14
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Composition of Culturable Bacteria Community in the Gut of the Formosan Subterranean Termite Depending on Rearing Conditions of the Host
    ARTHROPOD BIOLOGY Changes in Composition of Culturable Bacteria Community in the Gut of the Formosan Subterranean Termite Depending on Rearing Conditions of the Host 1 2 3 C. HUSSENEDER, J. M. BERESTECKY, AND J. K. GRACE Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 102(3): 498Ð507 (2009) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/102/3/498/8634 by guest on 23 September 2021 ABSTRACT The hindgut of feeding termites that feed on wood and litter contains a diverse population of bacteria and protists that contribute to the carbon, nitrogen, and energy requirements of the termite. For understanding the ecological balance in the termite gut, detailed knowledge about the composition of the microbial gut ßora is imperative, i.e., the numbers and relative proportions of the microbial taxa and the variability in the microbial composition among different termite colonies and living conditions of termites should be described. Therefore, we isolated and enumerated eight bacterial morphotypes from the gut of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Five morphotypes (three isolates of lactic acid bacteria, isolates of the family Enterobacte- riaceae and isolates belonging to the genus Dysgonomonas) were found frequently in all termite colonies. Three additional morphotypes were found sporadically and were considered to be transient ßora. We compared the proportions of the three lactic acid bacteria isolates and the Enterobacte- riaceae among three different termite colonies. Furthermore, we investigated the shift in proportions of these four major morphotypes depending on whether bacteria were isolated from freshly collected termites or from termites reared in the laboratory under seminatural conditions (in arenas on wood) or artiÞcial conditions (in petri dishes on Þlter paper).
    [Show full text]
  • Variations in the Bacterial Community Compositions at Different Sites in The
    Microbiological Research 196 (2017) 26–33 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Microbiological Research j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/micres Variations in the bacterial community compositions at different sites in the tomb of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty a,∗ b c d d,∗∗ Zhi Huang , Fei Zhao , Yonghui Li , Jianwei Zhang , Youzhi Feng a Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China b Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive utilization of Wild Plants, China CO-OP, Nanjing 210042, China c Key Laboratory of Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China d State Key Laboratory Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: To fully understand the bacterial processes in tomb environments, it is necessary to investigate the details Received 20 August 2016 of the bacterial communities present under such oligotrophic conditions. Here, high-throughput sequenc- Received in revised form ing based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences was used to fully evaluate the bacterial communities at 29 November 2016 different sites in the tomb of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. We also aimed to identify the soil factors Accepted 7 December 2016 that were significant related to bacterial diversity and community composition. The results showed the Available online 16 December 2016 presence of a broad taxonomic diversity that included nine major phyla.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights Into 6S RNA in Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Pablo Gabriel Cataldo1,Paulklemm2, Marietta Thüring2, Lucila Saavedra1, Elvira Maria Hebert1, Roland K
    Cataldo et al. BMC Genomic Data (2021) 22:29 BMC Genomic Data https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-021-00983-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Insights into 6S RNA in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Pablo Gabriel Cataldo1,PaulKlemm2, Marietta Thüring2, Lucila Saavedra1, Elvira Maria Hebert1, Roland K. Hartmann2 and Marcus Lechner2,3* Abstract Background: 6S RNA is a regulator of cellular transcription that tunes the metabolism of cells. This small non-coding RNA is found in nearly all bacteria and among the most abundant transcripts. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute a group of microorganisms with strong biotechnological relevance, often exploited as starter cultures for industrial products through fermentation. Some strains are used as probiotics while others represent potential pathogens. Occasional reports of 6S RNA within this group already indicate striking metabolic implications. A conceivable idea is that LAB with 6S RNA defects may metabolize nutrients faster, as inferred from studies of Echerichia coli.Thismay accelerate fermentation processes with the potential to reduce production costs. Similarly, elevated levels of secondary metabolites might be produced. Evidence for this possibility comes from preliminary findings regarding the production of surfactin in Bacillus subtilis, which has functions similar to those of bacteriocins. The prerequisite for its potential biotechnological utility is a general characterization of 6S RNA in LAB. Results: We provide a genomic annotation of 6S RNA throughout the Lactobacillales order. It laid the foundation for a bioinformatic characterization of common 6S RNA features. This covers secondary structures, synteny, phylogeny, and product RNA start sites. The canonical 6S RNA structure is formed by a central bulge flanked by helical arms and a template site for product RNA synthesis.
    [Show full text]