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Contents Topic 1. Introduction to Microbiology. the Subject and Tasks

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Contents Topic 1. Introduction to Microbiology. the Subject and Tasks Contents Topic 1. Introduction to microbiology. The subject and tasks of microbiology. A short historical essay………………………………………………………………5 Topic 2. Systematics and nomenclature of microorganisms……………………. 10 Topic 3. General characteristics of prokaryotic cells. Gram’s method ………...45 Topic 4. Principles of health protection and safety rules in the microbiological laboratory. Design, equipment, and working regimen of a microbiological laboratory………………………………………………………………………….162 Topic 5. Physiology of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasmas, rickettsia……...185 TOPIC 1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY. THE SUBJECT AND TASKS OF MICROBIOLOGY. A SHORT HISTORICAL ESSAY. Contents 1. Subject, tasks and achievements of modern microbiology. 2. The role of microorganisms in human life. 3. Differentiation of microbiology in the industry. 4. Communication of microbiology with other sciences. 5. Periods in the development of microbiology. 6. The contribution of domestic scientists in the development of microbiology. 7. The value of microbiology in the system of training veterinarians. 8. Methods of studying microorganisms. Microbiology is a science, which study most shallow living creatures - microorganisms. Before inventing of microscope humanity was in dark about their existence. But during the centuries people could make use of processes vital activity of microbes for its needs. They could prepare a koumiss, alcohol, wine, vinegar, bread, and other products. During many centuries the nature of fermentations remained incomprehensible. Microbiology learns morphology, physiology, genetics and microorganisms systematization, their ecology and the other life forms. Specific Classes of Microorganisms Algae Protozoa Fungi (yeasts and molds) Bacteria Rickettsiae Viruses Prions The Microorganisms are extraordinarily widely spread in nature. They literally ubiquitous forward us from birth to our death. Daily, hourly we eat up thousands and thousands of microbes together with air, water, food. On our skin, in mouth and nasal cavities, on mucous membranes and in bowels enormous amount of microorganisms live and act. Many of them are found in earth cortex and in the air, and in the ocean’s, sea’s, river’s water, on all of latitudes, mainlands and continents. 5 For the first time term “microbe" was offered by French scientist Sh. Sedillot in 1878. It derives from Greek “microbe", that means briefly living, or most shallow living creature. Science, which learns the microorganisms, was named by E. Duclaux microbiology. For short development period this science accumulated great factual material. The separate microbiological branches such as bacteriology, mycology, protistology, virology quickly appeared. Periods of microbiology development • Morphologic • Physiologic • Prophylactic Development of microbiological science was interlinked with art of glass and diamonds grinding. This brought to creation of the first microscope by Hans and Zacharian Jansen in Holland in 1590. The discovery of microorganisms is associated with the name of Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). In 1683 Leeuwenhoek described the basic bacterium forms. His scientific supervisions Leeuwenhoek described in special letters and sent off them to the London Royal Scientific Society. He sent away about 300 letters. The Leeuwenhoek’s letters brought on enormous surprise among English scientists. They opened a fantastic world of invisible creatures. He named them “living animals" (animalcula viva) and in one of letter wrote: “In my mouth there are more animacula viva, than peoples in all United Kingdom". These wonderful discovery of Dutch naturalist were the embryo, with which science of bacteria developed. Namely from these times starts the so-called morphological period in microbiology history (XVII middle of age). It is also called micrographycal period, as the study of microorganism came only to description of their dimensions and forms. Biological properties and their significances for man still a long time remained incomprehensible. However, using the primitive microscopes of that time it was difficult to determine the difference between separate bacteria species. Even celebrated founder of scientific systematization of all of living organisms Karl Linney renounced to classify the bacteria. He gave them general name “chaos". In the second half of XIX century microbiology strongly affirms as independent science. Namely these sciences were fruitful soil, on which Pasteur's talent evinced. He studied wine "illness“, fermentation, made Pasteurization method, offered to grow microbes on artificial nutrient media, he proved, that on definite cultivation conditions the pathogenic bacteria lose its virulence, made vaccine against anthrax, rabies. Physiological period has began Not less important are scientific works of celebrated German scientist R. Koch. He performed classic researches on etiology of anthrax, opened tuberculosis bacilli, cholera vibrio, proposed to isolate pure bacterial cultures on solid nutrient media (gelatin, potatoes), developed the preparations staining methods by aniline 6 dye-stuffs, method of hanging drop for examination of bacteria motility, offered apparatus for sterilization The Patriarch of world and Ukrainian microbiology - I. Metchnikov He studied inflammation pathology, phagocytosis, bases about antagonism of bacteria. From all microbes-antagonists I.Metchnikov preferred the lactic bacteria. On their base he offered three medical preparations - sour clotted milk, yogurt and lactobacillin. Now they are called by eubiotics. Classic Metchnikov's researches defined a prophylactic period in microbiology history. In 1892 D. Ivanovskiy described an virus of mosaic tobacco illness – new class of infectious agents Microorganisms constitute a very antique group of living organisms which appeared on the Earth's surface almost 3000 million years ago. With the development of microbiology, came 4 important concepts: 1) discovery of microorganisms - refutes spontaneous generation 2) pure culture concept 3) germ theory of disease 4) role in chemical transformations I. Discovery - 1665 Robert Hooke - observed cells in sections of cork ~ (1680s) Leeuwenhoek - “animalcules” observed in rain water, other sources (Fig page 1) Spontaneous Generation = life from non-life, disproving this belief: ~ 1670 Redi - demonstrated larva present on meat was from eggs ~ 1765 Spallanzani and others used sealed flasks and treated air to prevent microbial growthhowever, others such as Needham claimed a vitalistic force in air was necessary forspontaneous generation to occur. - 1860’s Louis Pasteur - “Father of Microbiology” used swan necked flasks 2) to disprove spontaneous generation. Also, observed that heat could kill these microbes. This led to the development of Pasteurization. (also see Tyndall) II. Pure Culture Conceptpure culture = 1 type of organism grown in culture, once this was accomplished, microbes could be studied individually. III. Germ Theory of Disease - proved role of microorganisms in causing disease. A) - 1870’s Robert Koch - demonstrated 6 different infections in mice caused by 6 different bacteria; demonstrated anthrax was caused by bacteria 1884 - 4 postulates (Koch’s) 1) organism present in diseases cases, absent in healthy animals 2) can be isolated from diseased animal and grown in pure culture 3) disease can be reproduced by inoculation of healthy animal with culturedorganism 4) organism can be re-isolated from experimentally infected animal and returned to culture (pure) 7 B) Koch’s work and others led to the “Golden Age of Microbiology” 1) causes of many diseases were determined 2) improved culture methods 3) improved staining techniques C) Lister in 1860s, developed aseptic surgical techniques, used carbolic acid (phenol) to treat dressings. IV. Cell Theory V. Role of Microorganisms in Chemical Transformations A) 1837, demonstrated that Yeast generated alcoholglucose + H2O ethanol + CO2 B) 1857 - 1876, Pasteur demonstrated such fermentations were microbial processes C) 1897 Buchner discovered enzymes VI. Areas developed from MicrobiologyDevelopment of microbiology led to the following areas: 1) Immunology 2) Chemotherapy 3) Virology 4) Molecular Biology A) Immunology 1) 1796 Jenner - immunity to smallpox conferred by inoculation with cowpox 2) 1881 Pasteur - used “attenuated” virus for immunization against rabies 3) 1884 Metchnikoff - observed phagocytosis = cellular theory of immunity 4) 1890 Emil von Behring - immunity in cell free portions of blood = humoral theory B) Chemotherapy 1) 1908 Ehrlich - treatment for syphilis (salvarsan = arsenic derivative) 2) 1929 Fleming – penicillin 3) 1944 Waksman – streptomycin 4) 1950’s - many antibiotics discovered C) Virology 1) 1892 Iwanowski - showed an agent passing through a filter caused a disease in plants 2) 1931 - cultivation of viruses in chick embryos 3) 1949 - cultivation in cell cultures D) Molecular Biology 1) Monoclonal antibodies - 1975 Kohler and Milstein fused myeloma and antibody producing cells = hybridoma which generates monoclonal antibodies 2) Genetic engineering - 1973 Chakrabarty transferred genes from one organism to another 8 Table 1. MICROBIOLOGY TODAY Leading causes of death in the U.S.: 1870 1970 tuberculosis heart disease pneumonia and influenza cancer accidents strokes enteritis-diarrhea accidents scarlet fever pneumonia and influenza VII. Table 2. Major microbial groups Bacteria (variable shape) 0.5 - 1.5 µm by 1.0 - 3.0 µm procaryotes Viruses 0.015 - 0.2 µm obligate intracellular parasites
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