DOCSLIB.ORG

Actinomycetes from the Coffee Plantation Soils of Western Ghats: Diversity and Enzymatic Potentials

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Actinomycetes from the Coffee Plantation Soils of Western Ghats: Diversity and Enzymatic Potentials Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 3599-3611 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 08 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.364 Actinomycetes from the Coffee Plantation Soils of Western Ghats: Diversity and Enzymatic Potentials Banu Sameera1, Harishchandra Sripathy Prakash2 and Monnanda Somaiah Nalini1* 1Department of Studies in Botany, 2Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore–570 006, Karnataka, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT 230 soil actinomycetes were isolated from the coffee plantation of Western Ghats, Karnataka, India along the altitudinal gradients and depths. 24 morphologically distinct species were obtained based on the aerial spore chains and by the sequencing of the 16S K e yw or ds rRNA gene. The strains were assigned to the order Micrococcales, and novel orders Plantation soils, Pseudonocardiales ord. nov., Streptomycetales ord. nov., and Streptosporangiales ord. nov. Coffea arabica, The frequently isolated genus was Streptomyces, along with rare actinomycetes Streptomycetes, Actinomadura, Spirillospora, Actinocorallia, Arthrobacter, Saccharopolyspora and Rare actinomycetes, Nonomuraea. This study is the first report on Nonomuraea antimicrobica as a soil Soil properties, actinomycete. Diversity studies on the distribution of soil actinomycetes indicated enzymes significant differences (P< 0.05) among Shannon diversity indices of sample group depths Article Info along the slope. An attempt was made to correlate the total actinomycete count with soil parameters, by PCA based multiple linear regression (MLR) which significantly correlated Accepted: (P<0.0001) with pH, moisture, available nitrogen and phosphorous. About 91.6% of the 20 July 2018 isolates screened were found to be potentials for enzymatic activity. The most active Available Online: enzyme producer Streptomyces sp. MH470335 produced 18.51, 1.53, 6.92, 5.62 and 5.15 10 August 2018 U/ml for cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, amylase and protease respectively. Plantation soil actinomycetes showing enzymatic activities in vitro may indicate the potential for their use as stabilized biocatalysts. Introduction enzymes. The actinomycetes are aerobic, filamentous Gram-positive bacteria with high Plantation ecosystems are a potential niche G+C content in their DNA. for microorganisms. They play a significant role in decomposing and transforming wide Bioprospection of underexplored ecosystems variety of complex organic residues in the have been proven as useful habitats for plantation soils derived from the fallen crop exploiting numerous bioactive metabolites residues and from shade trees. Plantation soil from novel actinomycetes (Shah et al., 2017). supports actinomycete populations (George et Actinomycetes are known for the production al., 2012) that help to decompose various of extracellular enzymes with applications in biomolecules by producing extracellular agriculture and industries (Mukhtar et al., 3599 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 3599-3611 2017). Though, soil actinomycetes are Materials and Methods preferred for their novel bioactive potentials, these organisms have not been explored at Study site description and sampling greater depths from plantation areas. The study was conducted in the coffee plantation area of the Chikmagalur region Few actinomycetes from plantation regions (13.43330N to 75.75000E) of Western Ghats, are potentially rich sources of antimicrobial southern India (Fig. 1a) situated at an compounds (Manikkam et al. 2014). There elevation of 1000 m above mean sea level. are a few reports on the actinomycete The mean temperature and rainfall diversity from plantation areas, especially documented in the study site ranges from from the coffee plantation areas of the 13ºC to 35ºC and 15000 to 20000 mm southern Western Ghats. Nevertheless, studies respectively. To accomplish the aim of the are focused to improve the soil quality present study, an altitudinal transect with parameters for coffee productions and same environmental conditions, except slope estimating the microbial diversity based on positions were determined with an shade and open tree canopy types approximate area of five hectares, under (Velmourougane, 2017). There is no proper cultivation. The area under study was divided documentation on the systematic into three parts: toe slope (base), back slope identification of actinomycetes based on the (mid) and the summit (top) (Fig. 1b). In each colony, sporangial characters and 16 S rRNA part, two soil profiles viz. surface soil (5-15 sequences. cm) and sub-surface soil (15-30 cm) was sampled. Five typical major plots (10 m x 10 Therefore, the study area was selected in the m) were selected at 0.5 km intervals within coffee plantation area of Chikmagalur, the study area. Each major plot was divided southern India which is so far unexplored for into five minor plots of 1m x 1m dimension the actinomycete isolations and diversity selected through the five point method (Zhang studies. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is an et al., 2014). Five soil samples were randomly important plantation crop, cultivated collected from these plots, pooled as commercially in high altitude regions of composite sample and were air dried at room southern India. temperature (25 ºC±2) and preserved in zip locked polyethylene bags. All the soil samples The heterogeneous tree populations here not were collected in triplicates. only provides a regulated shade system to the coffee canopy, but the characteristic leaf and Isolation and molecular characterization of fruit shedding along with the crop residues actinomycetes from coffee plantation soils favor the buildup of diverse microorganisms (Bagyaraj et al., 2015). Isolation of actinomycetes from soil samples The objectives of this study were focused on the isolation and characterization of soil The isolation of soil actinomycetes was actinomycetes and studying their interaction carried out by suspending one gram of dry with physicochemical properties of soil along soil in 100 ml of distilled water. Serial the elevation and soil depth gradients in the dilutions of soil samples (up to 10-5) were coffee plantation area and as well to done aseptically and 100 µl suspensions of determine their enzymatic potentials. each dilution were spread evenly over the surface of starch casein agar (SCA) medium 3600 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 3599-3611 in triplicates supplemented with Physico-chemical characteristics of soil cycloheximide (100 µg/ml), nystatin (100 µg/ml) and nalidixic acid (50 µg/ml) Soil color was determined by Munsell® soil (Himedia®, Mumbai, India) by the spread color charts. Soil moisture content and pH plate technique (Kumar et al., 2014). The were measured gravimetrically and plates were incubated at 28 °C±2 for two to potentiometrically respectively. The soil four weeks. The actinomycete colonies on the organic carbon and available nitrogen plates were counted for each dilution and (Microkjeldahl method), phosphorus (Bray colony forming units per gram of soil was and Kurtz method) and potassium (neutral calculated. The colonies were individually normal ammonium acetate extraction method) isolated by streak plate technique for in the samples were analyzed by standard purification on ISP2 (International methods (Jones, 2001). Streptomyces Project type-2, Himedia®, India, 41 g/l) media. The pure cultures were Screening of actinomycete isolates for transferred to ISP2 agar slants and maintained enzymatic potentials at 4 °C for further studies and glycerol (20% v/v) stocks at -20 ºC. The actinomycete isolates were screened for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes Identification of soil actinomycetes such as cellulase, xylanase, pectinase amylase and proteases. All the isolates were subjected The purified isolates were identified by to the primary screening method. The isolates morphological characteristics such as the were inoculated on a suitable medium colony morphology and growth pattern under containing specific substrate (cellulose, stereo zoom microscope (Lawrence & pectin, xylan, starch and skimmed milk) by Mayo®, India). The isolates were observed the spot inoculation method followed by for the substrate / aerial mycelium and spore incubation for five days. The plates were chains in methylene blue stain and observed observed for clear zones surrounding the under bright field microscopy (Quasmo™, colonies on agar plates and were measured India) using 100x oil immersion objective. (Lekshmi et al., 2014). The strains exhibiting The representative isolates were identified positive enzyme activity were selected for based on Bergey’s Manual of Systematic secondary screening by shake flask Bacteriology (Goodfellow et al. 2012). fermentation method (Lekshmi et al., 2014). Molecular characterization of the isolates Cellulase, pectinase, xylanase and amylase involved the extraction of genomic DNA and enzyme activities were determined by 3, 5- amplification of 16S rRNA gene by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay (Miller, universal primers 27F and 1492R according 1959). The universal protease activity assay to the procedure of Akshatha et al. (2014) was used to measure the proteolytic activity, using Genomic bacterial DNA isolation kit using casein as the substrate (Suthindhiran et and PCR kit respectively (Chromous Biotech® al., 2013). The amount of glucose, xylose, Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tales of Diversity: Genomic and Morphological Characteristics of Forty-Six Arthrobacter Phages
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Tales of diversity: Genomic and morphological characteristics of forty-six Arthrobacter phages Karen K. Klyczek1☯, J. Alfred Bonilla1☯, Deborah Jacobs-Sera2☯, Tamarah L. Adair3, Patricia Afram4, Katherine G. Allen5, Megan L. Archambault1, Rahat M. Aziz6, Filippa G. Bagnasco3, Sarah L. Ball7, Natalie A. Barrett8, Robert C. Benjamin6, Christopher J. Blasi9, Katherine Borst10, Mary A. Braun10, Haley Broomell4, Conner B. Brown5, Zachary S. Brynell3, Ashley B. Bue1, Sydney O. Burke3, William Casazza10, Julia A. Cautela8, Kevin Chen10, Nitish S. Chimalakonda3, Dylan Chudoff4, Jade A. Connor3, Trevor S. Cross4, Kyra N. Curtis3, Jessica A. Dahlke1, Bethany M. Deaton3, Sarah J. Degroote1, Danielle M. DeNigris8, Katherine C. DeRuff9, Milan Dolan5, David Dunbar4, Marisa a1111111111 S. Egan8, Daniel R. Evans10, Abby K. Fahnestock3, Amal Farooq6, Garrett Finn1, a1111111111 Christopher R. Fratus3, Bobby L. Gaffney5, Rebecca A. Garlena2, Kelly E. Garrigan8, Bryan 3 5 2 4 a1111111111 C. Gibbon , Michael A. Goedde , Carlos A. Guerrero Bustamante , Melinda Harrison , 8 11 10 6 a1111111111 Megan C. Hartwell , Emily L. Heckman , Jennifer Huang , Lee E. Hughes , Kathryn 8 8 10 3 a1111111111 M. Hyduchak , Aswathi E. Jacob , Machika Kaku , Allen W. Karstens , Margaret A. Kenna11, Susheel Khetarpal10, Rodney A. King5, Amanda L. Kobokovich9, Hannah Kolev10, Sai A. Konde3, Elizabeth Kriese1, Morgan E. Lamey8, Carter N. Lantz3, Jonathan S. Lapin2, Temiloluwa O. Lawson1, In Young Lee2, Scott M. Lee3, Julia Y. Lee- Soety8, Emily M. Lehmann1, Shawn C. London8, A. Javier Lopez10, Kelly C. Lynch5, Catherine M. Mageeney11, Tetyana Martynyuk8, Kevin J. Mathew6, Travis N. Mavrich2, OPEN ACCESS Christopher M. McDaniel5, Hannah McDonald10, C. Joel McManus10, Jessica E.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-Domain Horizontal Gene Transfer of Nickel-Binding Superoxide Dismutase 2 Kevin M
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.12.426412; this version posted January 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Inter-domain Horizontal Gene Transfer of Nickel-binding Superoxide Dismutase 2 Kevin M. Sutherland1,*, Lewis M. Ward1, Chloé-Rose Colombero1, David T. Johnston1 3 4 1Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 5 *Correspondence to KMS: [email protected] 6 7 Abstract 8 The ability of aerobic microorganisms to regulate internal and external concentrations of the 9 reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide directly influences the health and viability of cells. 10 Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the primary regulatory enzymes that are used by 11 microorganisms to degrade superoxide. SOD is not one, but three separate, non-homologous 12 enzymes that perform the same function. Thus, the evolutionary history of genes encoding for 13 different SOD enzymes is one of convergent evolution, which reflects environmental selection 14 brought about by an oxygenated atmosphere, changes in metal availability, and opportunistic 15 horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In this study we examine the phylogenetic history of the protein 16 sequence encoding for the nickel-binding metalloform of the SOD enzyme (SodN). A comparison 17 of organismal and SodN protein phylogenetic trees reveals several instances of HGT, including 18 multiple inter-domain transfers of the sodN gene from the bacterial domain to the archaeal domain.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinomadura Keratinilytica Sp. Nov., a Keratin- Degrading Actinobacterium Isolated from Bovine Manure Compost
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2009), 59, 828–834 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.003640-0 Actinomadura keratinilytica sp. nov., a keratin- degrading actinobacterium isolated from bovine manure compost Aaron A. Puhl,1 L. Brent Selinger,2 Tim A. McAllister1 and G. Douglas Inglis1 Correspondence 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, 5403 1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB T1J G. Douglas Inglis 4B1, Canada [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada A novel keratinolytic actinobacterium, strain WCC-2265T, was isolated from bovine hoof keratin ‘baited’ into composting bovine manure from southern Alberta, Canada, and subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Strain WCC-2265T produced well-developed, non- fragmenting and extensively branched hyphae within substrates and aerial hyphae, from which spherical spores possessing spiny cell sheaths were produced in primarily flexuous or straight chains. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, whole-cell sugars were galactose, glucose, madurose and ribose, and the major menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8), MK- 9(H4) and MK-9(H2). These characteristics suggested that the organism belonged to the genus Actinomadura and a comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that it formed a distinct clade within the genus. Strain WCC-2265T could be differentiated from other species of the genus Actinomadura by DNA–DNA hybridization, morphological and physiological characteristics and the predominance of iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and 10-methyl C17 : 0 fatty acids. The broad range of phenotypic and genetic characters supported the suggestion that this organism represents a novel species of the genus Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura keratinilytica sp.
    [Show full text]
  • ABC. See ATP-Binding Cassette Acetate Production Cellulomonas
    Index A identification of, 740–46 habitat of, 656 isolation and cultivation of, 735 identification of, 659–60 ABC. See ATP-binding cassette phylogeny of, 729 morphology of, 768–69 Acetate production species characteristics of, 747 phylogenetic tree of, 663 Cellulomonas, 988 Acrocarpospora corrugata, 729, Actinokineospora diospyrosa, 654 Propionibacterium, 408–9 734–35 Actinokineospora globicatena, 654 Acetate utilization Acrocarpospora macrocephala, 729, Actinokineospora inagensis, 654 Corynebacterium, 804–5 734 Actinokineospora riparia, 654, 660 Methanocalculus, 223 Acrocarpospora pleiomorpha, 729, Actinokineospora terrae, 654 Methanocorpusculum, 220–22 734 Actinomadura, 682–714, 725 Methanoculleus, 217–18 Actinoalloteichus, 654 habitats of, 688 Methanofollis, 219–20 morphology of, 768–69 identification of, 694–708 Methanogenium, 215–16 Actinobacteria isolation and cultivation of, Methanoplanus, 218 Actinobacteridae, 797, 819 690–91 Methanosaeta, 253–54 Actinomycetales, 430, 983, 1020 morphological characteristics of, Methanosarcina, 248 families and genera of, 298 701–2, 756, 768–69, 778 Methanosarcinales, 244–45 phylogenetic tree of, 302 phylogenetic tree of, 689 Micrococcus, 966 Propionibacterinaea, 383 physiological characteristics of, Streptomyces, 612 Pseudonocardiniae, 654 703 Acetyl-CoA synthase, species and genera of, 302–4 taxonomic history of, 695–97, Thermococcales,75 taxonomy of, 297–316 755–57 Acetyl-CoA synthetase Actinobacteridae, Actinomycetales, Actinomadura carminata, 713 Archaeoglobus,89 797, 819 Actinomadura citrea, 688, 713 Desulfurococcales,65 Actinobaculum, 430–39, 470–71, Actinomadura cremea, 688 Acidianus, 25, 28–31, 33, 38 493–98 Actinomadura dassonvillei, 755, 757. Acidianus ambivalens, 24–25, 31, characteristics of, 493–97 See also Nocardiopsis 33–35, 40 epidemiology of, 497–98 dassonvillei Acidianus ambivalens Lei1T,25 habitat and ecology of, 497 Actinomadura echinospora, 688 Acidianus brierleyi, 24–25, 29–31, 33 taxonomy of, 493–97 Actinomadura flava.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Actinobacterial Diversity in Marion Island Terrestrial
    Comparison of actinobacterial diversity in Marion Island terrestrial habitats Walter Tendai Sanyika A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape. Supervisor: Prof D. A. Cowan November 2008 DECLARATION I declare that “Comparison of actinobacterial diversity in Marion Island terrestrial habitats” is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Walter Tendai Sanyika November 2008 -------------------------------------- ii Abstract Marion Island is a sub-Antarctica Island that consists of well-characterised terrestrial habitats. A number of previous studies have been conducted, which involved the use of culture-dependent and culture-independent identification of bacterial communities from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic soils. Previous studies have shown that actinobacteria formed the majority of microorganisms frequently identified, suggesting that they were adapted to cold environments. In this study, metagenomic DNA was directly isolated from the soil and actinomycete, actinobacterial and bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified using specific primers. Hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling were used to relate the microbiological diversity to the habitat plant and soil physiochemical properties. The habitats clusters obtained were quite similar based on the analysis of soil and plant characteristics. However, the clusters obtained from the analysis of environmental factors were not similar to those obtained using microbiological diversity. The culture- independent studies were based on the 16S rRNA genes. Soil salinity was the major factor determining the distribution of microorganisms in habitats based on DGGE and PCA.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Genome of Thermomonospora Sp. CIT 1 (Thermomonosporaceae) and in Silico Evidence of Its Functional Role in Filter Cake Biomass Deconstruction
    Genetics and Molecular Biology, 42, 1, 145-150 (2019) Copyright © 2019, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética. Printed in Brazil DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2017-0376 Genome Insight Draft genome of Thermomonospora sp. CIT 1 (Thermomonosporaceae) and in silico evidence of its functional role in filter cake biomass deconstruction Wellington P. Omori1, Daniel G. Pinheiro2, Luciano T. Kishi3, Camila C. Fernandes3, Gabriela C. Fernandes1, Elisângela S. Gomes-Pepe3, Claudio D. Pavani1, Eliana G. de M. Lemos3 and Jackson A. M. de Souza4 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. 2Departamento de Tecnologia, Laboratório de Bioinformática, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. 3Laboratório Multiusuário Centralizado para Sequenciamento de DNA em Larga Escala e Análise de Expressão Gênica (LMSeq), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. 4Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Laboratório de Genética Aplicada, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Abstract The filter cake from sugar cane processing is rich in organic matter and nutrients, which favors the proliferation of mi- croorganisms with potential to deconstruct plant biomass. From the metagenomic data of this material, we assem- bled a draft genome that was phylogenetically related to Thermomonospora curvata DSM 43183, which shows the functional and ecological importance of this bacterium in the filter cake. Thermomonospora is a gram-positive bacte- rium that produces cellulases in compost, and it can survive temperatures of 60 ºC.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Bergey's Manual
    BERGEY’S MANUAL® OF Systematic Bacteriology Second Edition Volume Five The Actinobacteria, Part A and B BERGEY’S MANUAL® OF Systematic Bacteriology Second Edition Volume Five The Actinobacteria, Part A and B Michael Goodfellow, Peter Kämpfer, Hans-Jürgen Busse, Martha E. Trujillo, Ken-ichiro Suzuki, Wolfgang Ludwig and William B. Whitman EDITORS, VOLUME FIVE William B. Whitman DIRECTOR OF THE EDITORIAL OFFICE Aidan C. Parte MANAGING EDITOR EDITORIAL BOARD Fred A. Rainey, Chairman, Peter Kämpfer, Vice Chairman, Paul De Vos, Jongsik Chun, Martha E. Trujillo and William B. Whitman WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM 116 COLLEAGUES William B. Whitman Bergey’s Manual Trust Department of Microbiology 527 Biological Sciences Building University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602-2605 USA ISBN 978-0-387-95043-3 ISBN 978-0-387-68233-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-68233-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012930836 © 2012, 1984–1989 Bergey’s Manual Trust Bergey’s Manual is a registered trademark of Bergey’s Manual Trust. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology and Biotechnology of Actinobacteria Biology and Biotechnology of Actinobacteria Joachim Wink Fatemeh Mohammadipanah Javad Hamedi Editors
    Joachim Wink Fatemeh Mohammadipanah Javad Hamedi Editors Biology and Biotechnology of Actinobacteria Biology and Biotechnology of Actinobacteria Joachim Wink Fatemeh Mohammadipanah Javad Hamedi Editors Biology and Biotechnology of Actinobacteria Editors Joachim Wink Fatemeh Mohammadipanah Microbial Strain Collection; College of Science Helmholtz- Centre for Infection Research University of Tehran Braunschweig Tehran Germany Iran Javad Hamedi College of Science University of Tehran Tehran Iran ISBN 978-3-319-60338-4 ISBN 978-3-319-60339-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60339-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955832 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Class Actinobacteria Subclass Actinobacteridae Order Actinomycetales Suborder Streptosporangineae Family Thermomonosporaceae Genus Actinomadura
    Compendium of Actinobacteria from Dr. Joachim M. Wink, University of Braunschweig Class Actinobacteria Subclass Actinobacteridae Order Actinomycetales Suborder Streptosporangineae Family Thermomonosporaceae Genus Actinomadura Copyright: PD Dr. Joachim M. Wink, HZI - Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany, Mail: [email protected]. Compendium of Actinobacteria from Dr. Joachim M. Wink, University of Braunschweig The Genus Actinomadura To the genus Actinomadura belong 34 species Actinomadura atramentaria , catellatispora, citrea, coerulea, cremea, echinospora, fibrosa, formosensis, fulvescens, glauciflava, hallensis, hibisca, kijaniata, latina, livida, luteofluorescens, macra, madurae, mexicana, meyerae, namibiensis, napirensis, nitritigenes, oligospora, pelletieri rubrobrunnea, rugatobispora, spadix, umbrina, verrucosospora, vinacea , viridilutea, viridis and yumaensis .. In 2001 the species aurantiaca, glomerata, libanotica, longicatena and viridilutea were transferred to the genus Actinocorallia Actinomadura carminata is reclasssificated to Nonomuraea roseoviolacea subsp. carminata by Gyobu and Miyadoh (2001). Excellospora viridilutea is transferred to Actinomadura as A. viridilutea by Zhang et al. 2001. Extensively branching vegetative hyphae form a dense non fragmenting substrate mycelium; aerial mycelium is moderately developed or absent. At maturity, the aerial mycelium forms short or ocassionally long chains of arthrospores. Spore chains are straight, hooked (open loops),
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Topic 1. Introduction to Microbiology. the Subject and Tasks
    Contents Topic 1. Introduction to microbiology. The subject and tasks of microbiology. A short historical essay………………………………………………………………5 Topic 2. Systematics and nomenclature of microorganisms……………………. 10 Topic 3. General characteristics of prokaryotic cells. Gram’s method ………...45 Topic 4. Principles of health protection and safety rules in the microbiological laboratory. Design, equipment, and working regimen of a microbiological laboratory………………………………………………………………………….162 Topic 5. Physiology of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasmas, rickettsia……...185 TOPIC 1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY. THE SUBJECT AND TASKS OF MICROBIOLOGY. A SHORT HISTORICAL ESSAY. Contents 1. Subject, tasks and achievements of modern microbiology. 2. The role of microorganisms in human life. 3. Differentiation of microbiology in the industry. 4. Communication of microbiology with other sciences. 5. Periods in the development of microbiology. 6. The contribution of domestic scientists in the development of microbiology. 7. The value of microbiology in the system of training veterinarians. 8. Methods of studying microorganisms. Microbiology is a science, which study most shallow living creatures - microorganisms. Before inventing of microscope humanity was in dark about their existence. But during the centuries people could make use of processes vital activity of microbes for its needs. They could prepare a koumiss, alcohol, wine, vinegar, bread, and other products. During many centuries the nature of fermentations remained incomprehensible. Microbiology learns morphology, physiology, genetics and microorganisms systematization, their ecology and the other life forms. Specific Classes of Microorganisms Algae Protozoa Fungi (yeasts and molds) Bacteria Rickettsiae Viruses Prions The Microorganisms are extraordinarily widely spread in nature. They literally ubiquitous forward us from birth to our death. Daily, hourly we eat up thousands and thousands of microbes together with air, water, food.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Scale Data Call for a Taxonomic Rearrangement of Geodermatophilaceae
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Genome-Scale Data Call for a Taxonomic Rearrangement of Geodermatophilaceae. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05j9x2dc Journal Frontiers in microbiology, 8(DEC) ISSN 1664-302X Authors Montero-Calasanz, Maria Del Carmen Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P Zhang, Dao-Feng et al. Publication Date 2017 DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02501 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California fmicb-08-02501 December 16, 2017 Time: 17:4 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 19 December 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02501 Genome-Scale Data Call for a Taxonomic Rearrangement of Geodermatophilaceae Maria del Carmen Montero-Calasanz1,2*, Jan P. Meier-Kolthoff2, Dao-Feng Zhang3, Adnan Yaramis1,4, Manfred Rohde5, Tanja Woyke6, Nikos C. Kyrpides6, Peter Schumann2, Wen-Jun Li3* and Markus Göker2* 1 School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, 2 Leibniz Institute, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany, 3 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 4 Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 5 Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany, 6 Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States Geodermatophilaceae (order Geodermatophilales, class Actinobacteria) form a comparatively isolated family within the phylum Actinobacteria and harbor many strains Edited by: adapted to extreme ecological niches and tolerant against reactive oxygen species. Jesus L. Romalde, Universidade de Santiago Clarifying the evolutionary history of Geodermatophilaceae was so far mainly hampered de Compostela, Spain by the insufficient resolution of the main phylogenetic marker in use, the 16S rRNA Reviewed by: gene.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Communities in Caves: Ecology, Physiology, and Effects On
    MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN CAVES: ECOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND EFFECTS ON PALEOLITHIC PAINTINGS L. Laiz, J.M. Gonzalez, and C. Saiz-Jimenez* Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, CSIC, Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain * Address correspondence to Prof. C. Saiz-Jimenez, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Apdo. 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract In this review we report on the culturable and non culturable microbial communities present in caves. A high diversity was found using both methods, however, identification methods including PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA) and community fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) resulted into a greater bacterial taxonomic diversity, and allowed the detection of unexpected and unknown bacteria. Growth of cave bacteria at different temperatures was investigated. The data indicate that most cave bacteria can grow at temperatures in the range 5-45°C. However a higher diversity was obtained when incubation was carried out at 13°C, although incubation at this temperature drastically reduced the number of sporoactinomycete isolates. At 13°C the bacteria oxidized on average 87% of carbon sources provided while incubation at 28°C reduced to about 50% carbon source utilization. Selected actinobacteria isolates were tested for the formation of crystals. Strains from all tested genera except isolates of Gordonia and Nocardia produced vaterite and/or calcite. Production of Mg-calcite was restricted to strains of Brachybacterium, Paenibacillus, Rhodococcus and Streptomyces, while struvite was only precipitated by an unidentified isolate. These findings indicate that actinomycetes may play a role in the formation of mineral deposits in caves.
    [Show full text]