Recherche De Bactéries Lactiques Autochtones Capables De Mener La Fermentation De Fruits Tropicaux Avec Une Augmentation De L’Activité Antioxydante

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Recherche De Bactéries Lactiques Autochtones Capables De Mener La Fermentation De Fruits Tropicaux Avec Une Augmentation De L’Activité Antioxydante THÈSE Pour l’obtention du titre de Docteur de l’Université de La Réunion Spécialité : Agroalimentaire, Biotechnologies alimentaires et Sciences des aliments Recherche de bactéries lactiques autochtones capables de mener la fermentation de fruits tropicaux avec une augmentation de l’activité antioxydante Par Amandine FESSARD Soutenue publiquement le 27 Novembre 2017 Composition du jury : Dr. M-C CHAMPOMIER-VERGES Directrice de recherche, INRA Rapporteur Pr. Emmanuel COTON Professeur, Université de Bretagne Rapporteur Dr. Christine ROBERT DA SILVA Maître de conférences, Université de la Réunion Examinatrice Pr. Theeshan BAHORUN Professeur, Université de Maurice Examinateur Pr. Fabienne REMIZE Professeur, Université de la Réunion Directrice Pr Emmanuel BOURDON Professeur, Université de la Réunion Co-directeur A Fabrice et à ma famille… Remerciements Ces travaux de thèse ont été réalisés au sein de l’UMR QUALISUD (UMR C-95, Université de La Réunion, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse), dirigé par Monsieur Dominique PALLET et ont été financés par la Région Réunion et les fonds Européens (FEDER). Je tiens à adresser à la Région Réunion mes plus sincères remerciements pour l’obtention de cette allocation de recherche et de m’avoir permis de réaliser ce travail pendant trois ans. A Monsieur Dominique PALLET, Je vous remercie de m’avoir accueilli au sein de votre UMR QUALISUD et de m’avoir donné un avis favorable pour mon recrutement en tant qu’ATER. A Madame Fabienne REMIZE, Fabienne, je te remercie du fond du cœur d’avoir excellement dirigé ces travaux de thèse, de m’avoir enseigné tout ce que tu sais sur les bactéries lactiques et la fermentation pendant presque 4 ans. Merci de m’avoir épaulé, soutenu et encouragé, merci d’avoir eu confiance et cru en moi, particulièrement dans les moments qui ont été difficiles pour moi. En tant que Professeur universitaire, malgré ton emploi du temps très chargé, tu as toujours été présente lorsque j’ai eu besoin de toi. J’espère travailler encore longtemps à tes côtés sur la fermentation lactique des fruits. Je t’adresse ici toute ma gratitude. A Monsieur Emmanuel BOURDON, Manu, je te remercie du fond du cœur d’avoir co-dirigé ces travaux, de m’avoir soutenu depuis le master jusqu’en thèse. Je te remercie pour tes nombreux conseils, tes compliments et ta positivité, qui m’ont extrêmement aidé à réaliser ce long travail. Je t’exprime ici toute ma reconnaissance. A Monsieur Theeshan BAHORUN, Je vous adresse mes plus sincères remerciements pour vos précieux conseils et pour avoir contribué à l’avancement de ces travaux. Je vous remercie pour votre compréhension, même si je n’ai pas pu y rester, merci de m’avoir accueilli au CBBR à Maurice. J’exprime mes plus sincères remerciements à l’ensemble des membres du jury qui ont accepté de juger ces travaux : Madame Marie-Christine CHAMPOMIER-VERGES (INRA) Monsieur Emmanuel COTON (Université de Bretagne Occidentale) Monsieur Theeshan BAHORUN (Université de Maurice) Madame Christine ROBERT DA SILVA (Université de la Réunion) Je remercie Monsieur Yanis CARO, Madame Catherine FONTAGNE-FAUCHER et Madame Sylvie LORTAL pour avoir participé aux comités de suivi de thèse, m’avoir fait part de vos connaissances et guidé dans la poursuite de mes travaux. Je remercie Madame Magali DELERIS-BOU et Madame Sybille KRIEGER-WEBER (LALLEMAND), Madame Stella PLANCHON (CTCPA) et Monsieur Hervé ALEXANDRE (Université de Bourgogne) pour vos souches de bactérie lactique qui ont été indispensables à la réalisation de ces travaux. Un grand merci à Monsieur Olivier MEILLAC pour m’avoir accueilli au CYROI. Je remercie Sophie ASSEMAT et Marina CHOPINET pour votre aide précieuse dans les analyses sensorielles. Je n’avais jamais participé à des analyses sensorielles et vos enseignements ont éveillé en moi un plaisir pour l’organisation d’analyses sensorielles. Je remercie toutes les personnes qui ont contribué à ces travaux : Emilie Vienne et Ashish Kapour, vous avez été des stagiaires appliqués dans votre travail et je vous remercie pour cela. Kelly Bradley et Axelle Septembre-Malaterre, je vous remercie énormément pour toute votre aide pour les jus d’ananas frais et Axelle, je te remercie énormément pour ton aide pour le test ORAC. Philippe Rondeau, merci pour l’appareil à électrophorèse. Jessica Patche, je te remercie pour ton aide dans l’extraction des LDLs. Aurélie Catan, merci infiniment pout les échantillons de sang, indispensables au test hémolyse. Mathilde Hoarau, je te remercie pour ton aide dans la mise en place des analyses sensorielles et Jérôme Minier pour toute ton aide dans l’analyse HPLC des sucres. Lynda S., je te remercie infiniment pour ton aide dans toute la partie administrative. Je remercie également la direction de l’ESIROI pour m’avoir permis de réaliser mes expériences au sein de ses laboratoires ainsi que de m’avoir attribué un poste d’ATER au sein de son école. Et un grand merci à tout le personnel technique de l’ESIROI, Manu, Mathieu, Nicolas et spécialement Cathie pour votre soutien dans toute la partie technique. Un grand merci à Kévin et Niresha, je n’oublierai jamais tout ce que vous avez pour moi. A mes proches, un grand merci pour m’avoir épaulé pendant ces longues années d’étude. Même si les moments étaient parfois très difficiles, vous avez toujours été présents, spécialement toi qui es près de moi depuis ma naissance. Je n’ai pas assez de mots pour vous exprimer ma reconnaissance. Je remercie tous ceux qui sont près de Fabrice et moi, chaque jour. Ensemble, nous formons une famille soudée. A tous, je vous dis un grand merci. Je remercie du fond du cœur M. Jean-Claude et sa famille pour tout ce que vous faites pour Fabrice et moi. A Fabrice, la personne la plus importante de ma vie. Je ne te remercierai jamais assez pour ce que tu fais pour moi, les mots semblent si faibles pour exprimer ce que je ressens pour toi. Merci de m’avoir épaulé, soutenu, encouragé et consolé pendant ces longues années d’étude, dans les bons comme dans les mauvais moments. Merci de m’avoir écouté quand je te parlais de bactéries lactiques, encore et encore de bactéries lactiques ! Merci d’avoir cru en moi. Tu m’as toujours aidé à ne pas baisser les bras et sans toi à mes côtés, je n’y serai jamais arrivée. J’ai tellement de chance de t’avoir à mes côtés et je remercie Dieu pour ça. Table des matières LISTE DES FIGURES............................................................................................................. 1 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................ 2 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ............................................................................................ 5 PARTIE I : ÉTUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ......................................................................... 9 CHAPITRE I : La fermentation lactique des produits végétaux ................................... 11 I.1. Les aliments végétaux, sources de nutriments ............................................................ 11 I.1.1. L’eau .................................................................................................................... 11 I.1.2. Nutriments essentiels : glucides, lipides et protéines ........................................... 12 I.1.3. Les minéraux ........................................................................................................ 12 I.1.4. Les fibres alimentaires ......................................................................................... 13 I.1.5. Les vitamines ....................................................................................................... 13 I.1.6. Les caroténoïdes ................................................................................................... 14 I.1.7. Les composés phénoliques ................................................................................... 15 I.1.8. Lutte contre les maladies métaboliques liées à un stress oxydant ....................... 16 I.2. La fermentation lactique des aliments végétaux ......................................................... 17 I.2.1. La fermentation lactique à travers le temps et l’espace ....................................... 17 I.2.2. Intérêt de la fermentation lactique ....................................................................... 18 I.2.3. Quelques produits végétaux fermentés à travers le monde .................................. 20 La choucroute ............................................................................................................ 21 Le kimchi ................................................................................................................... 21 Le kombucha ............................................................................................................. 22 I.3. Les bactéries lactiques ................................................................................................ 22 I.3.1. Principales caractéristiques .................................................................................. 22 La voie homo-fermentaire ......................................................................................... 23 La voie hétéro-fermentaire ........................................................................................ 23 I.3.2. Taxonomie ..........................................................................................................
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