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Asian Geolinguistic Society of Japan, Monograph Series, No.1 Sept. 2013 VIETNAMESE DIALECT MAPS ON VOCABULARY KONDO MIKA CONTENTS List of Maps Page Acknowledgements 0. INTRODUCTION 1 0-1. Vietnamese and Vietnamese dialects 1 0-2. Method of making dialect maps 7 0-2-1. Data acquisition 7 0-2-2. Software to draw dialect maps 10 0-2-3. Problems with surveillance data 10 1. DISTRIBUTION OF TWO FORMS 11 2. DISTRIBUTION OF THREE FORMS 53 3. DISTRIBUTION OF FOUR FORMS 66 4. RELATING MAPS 71 5. CONCLUSION 85 5-1. The influence of “large city” of each area 85 5-2. Central dialects 86 5-2-1. A new “large city” of the central area 86 5-2-2. The intermediate forms of Northern and Southern dialects 87 References 88 Appendix 92 1. XY data 93 2. Vocabulary data 94 LIST OF MAPS Page 0-1. Map of Vietnam 5 0-2. Birthplace of participants 8 1-1. To break down 12 1-2. Paddy 13 1-3. To call 15 1-4. To break 16 1-5. Rice paper 17 1-6. To watch 18 1-7. Classifier for round things 19 1-8. Coffin 20 1-9. Interest 21 1-10. To trample upon 22 1-11. To pursue 23 1-12. Blanket 24 1-13. Pig 25 1-14. Apple 26 1-15. Ball 27 1-16. Late 28 1-17. Left over 29 1-18. Car body 30 1-19 Chain 31 1-20. Spoon 32 1-21. Peanut 33 1-22. Passion fruit 34 1-23. Fat 35 1-24. Sharp 36 1-25. Brake 37 1-26. Tiger 38 1-27. To turn 39 1-28. Wallet 40 1-29. Cassava 41 1-30. Photograph 42 1-31. Perfume 43 1-32. To dupe 44 1-33. To rent 45 1-34. Car 46 1-35. Socks 47 1-36. To pick up 48 1-37. To look for 49 1-38. Hat 50 1-39. Broccoli 51 1-40. To wipe 52 2-1. To fall down 53 2-2. Wax apple 54 2-3. To hold 55 2- 4. Bowl 56 2-5. To squat down 58 2-6. Dirty 60 2-7. Blunt 61 2-8. Gourmet’s powder 62 2-9. To eat by stealth 63 2-10. Sunglasses 64 2-11. Envelope 65 3-1. Snakehead fish 66 3-2: Pineapple 67 3-3: To tickle 68 3-4: Candle 70 4-1-1: Gecko 73 4-1-2: Lizard 73 4-2-1: Curtain 75 4-2-2: Mosquito net 75 4-3-1: Glasses 78 4-3-2: Mirror 78 4-4-1: Match 80 4-4-2: Box of match 80 4-5-1: Tire 82 4-5-2: Inner tube of tire 82 4-6-1: Lucky 84 4-6-2: Unlucky 84 © Mika KONDO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest appreciation goes to Associate Professor Shimizu Masaaki (Osaka University) who provided helpful comments, suggestions and constant support. I also would like to thank Professor Trần Trí Dõi (Hanoi University of Human and Social Science), as our survey would not have been possible without his generous support. I am also deeply grateful to everyone who participated in our survey. This work was supported by a JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 23652087, 2011-12, Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research, representative: Professor Endo Mitsuaki, “Reconstructing the micro and macro history of languages using linguistic maps across countries and language families in Eastern Eurasia”. 0. INTRODUCTION This monograph aims to draw dialect maps of Vietnamese according to the result of the dialect survey in Vietnam in order to serve as a base of Vietnamese geolinguistics. Individual words will be mapped. 0-1. Vietnamese and Vietnamese dialects Vietnamese, the official language of Vietnam, is a language belonging to Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, and Viet-Muong languages. It is a monosyllabic language and an isolating language. Its basic vocabulary is common with other Austroasiatic languages, and the vast majority of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin, in addition to some Austronesian and Tai-Kadai vocabulary. In Vietnamese, there is no dialect that is officially regarded as Standard Vietnamese (Hoàng Thị Châu 2004: 93). The pronunciation regarded as the most normative is the realization of the writing system (Quốc ngữ), based on the Northern Vietnamese dialect in the 17th century. (This pronunciation is preserved in a portion of the Thái Bình, Nam Định, and Ninh Bình provinces.) Vocabulary based on the Northern dialect, called ngôn ngữ văn học ‘literary language,’ is the most normative (Hoàng Thị Châu 2004: 108). The syllable structure and phonological system are as follows: a) Syllable structure (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006) IMVE/ T (I:Initials, M: medials, V: vowels, E: endings, T: tones) 1 b) Initials1 (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006) ɓ (b) ɗ (đ) p (p) t (t) ʈ (tr) c (ch) k (c/k/q) ʔ (ø) th (th) m (m) n (n) ɲ (nh) ŋ (ng/ngh) v (v) z (d) ʒ (gi) ɣ (g/gh) f (f) x (s) ʂ (s) h (h) ʐ (r) l (l) c) Medials (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006) w (u/o) d) Vowels (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006) iə (iê/ia) ɨə (ươ/ ưa) uə (uô/ua) i: (i) ɨ: (ư) u: (u) e: (ê) ɤ: (ơ) o: (ô) ɛ: (e) ʌ (â) ɔ: (o) a: (a)/ a (ă) e) Endings (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006) p (p) t (t) k (c) m (m) n (n) ŋ (nh, ng) w (u/o) j (y/i) 1 The characters in an italic font following IPA script in parentheses ( ) are quốc ngữ script. 2 f) Tones (Thompson 1985: 104) 1. High trailing (a) 2. Low trailing (à) 3. Low dropping (and rising) (ả) 4. High rising (glottal stricture) (ã) 5. High rising (á) 6. Low dropping (glottal stricture or stop final) (ạ) So far, many researchers have considered Vietnamese to have three major dialects: Northern, Central, and Southern. However, there are various opinions about the division of Vietnamese dialects. First, according to the interpretation of speakers, which is based on tone, the Northern dialect (giọng Bắc) is spoken in the Northern area and Thanh Hóa province, the Central dialect (giọng miền Trung) is spoken from Nghệ An province to Huế, and the Southern dialect (giọng Nam) is spoken south of Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng (Hoàng Thị Châu 2004: 88). This division is shown in our map of the word ‘bowl’ (Map 2-4). Hoàng Thị Châu (2004) draws six isoglosses based on phonological characteristics. 1) 6 tone / 5 tone (northern/southern form), 2) /s-, z-, tʃ-/ / /ʂ-, ʐ-, ʈ-/, 3) /z-/ / /j-/, 4) /-aɲ/ / /-an/, 5) /-a:n/ / /-a:ŋ/, 6) /v-/ / /j-/, low tone system/ high tone system and concluded that the speech used in the Northern area as the Northern dialect (to the north of the first isogloss), the speech used from Thanh Hóa province to Huế as the Central dialect (the area between the first isogloss and the sixth isogloss), and the speech used from Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng to the southern border as the Southern dialect (to the south of the sixth isogloss) (p. 91-93). This division matches our dialect map of the word ‘to fall down’ (Map 2-1). 3 Phạm Văn Hảo (2009) describes another division. The Northern dialect is spoken in the Northern area and Thanh Hóa, the Central dialect is used from Nghệ An province to Bình Thuận province, and the Southern dialect is used south of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province. This division matches our dialect map of the word ‘snakehead fish’ (Map 3-1). The Central dialect is divided into two smaller dialects: North-Central (from Nghệ An province to Huế) and South-Central (from Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng to Bình Thuận province). Simultaneously, however, he adds that it is difficult to define the borders of the Central dialect, and the South-Central dialect is close to the Southern one in terms of phonemes and vocabulary (p. 9). 4 Map 0-1: Map of Vietnam2 2 The original picture is taken from Google maps. 5 Before showing dialect maps of Vietnamese, we need to provide some information about Vietnam’s history of territorial development and immigration, which have had a great influence on the formation of Vietnamese dialects. Before the 10th century, Vietnam only ruled over the northern area of Hoành Sơn Range, from what is currently the northern area to Hà Tĩnh province. Hà Nội, the capital of Vietnam, has been the capital since the 11th century, so the dialect spoken around this area is considered the most standard Vietnamese. From the 11th to 15th centuries, Vietnam obtained the north-central area, and the people of Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An migrated moved southward. The dialect in this area is characterized as conserving ancient words. This is because after immigrants from the northern area settled there, they lived with little contact with each other. Huế, where the Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945) established its capital, is unique in that it has some elements similar to the Southern dialects because the Nguyễn dynasty made the southern high-ranking mandarin’s daughters princesses in the Imperial Court. The Nguyễn lords, the predecessors of the Nguyễn dynasty, were based in Huế in the 16th century. The Nguyễn lords developed the south-central area and made people in the northern area, mainly Thanh Hóa and Hải Hưng provinces (presently Hải Dương and Hưng Yên provinces), immigrate to this area. In the 17th century, the boundary extended to the southern end of the south-central area.
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