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Developing the First Preliminary Dictionary of North American Jarai Developing the First Preliminary Dictionary of North American Jarai by Lap Minh Siu, B.A. A Thesis In ANTHROPOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved Jeffrey P. Williams Chair Robert R. Paine Fred Hartmeister Dean of the Graduate School December, 2009 Copyright 2009, Lap Minh Siu Texas Tech University, Lap Minh Siu, December 2009 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without the support of many, it would have been impossible to complete this unique project. First of all, I would like to offer my sincere thanks to Dr. Jeffrey P. Williams, the chair of my thesis committee, who has been my professor, adviser, and major supporter in documenting the Jarai language even before the idea of developing a dictionary was conceived. Despite his busy schedule as chair of the department, he always stepped in to assist me with my academic endeavors. His expertise in linguistics, as well as his insightful comments and suggestions on this research have been very valuable. I am also very grateful to Dr. Robert Paine, my second committee member. His help in correcting the grammar and organization of the paper, as well as his advice and comments have greatly enhanced the quality of this thesis. I found his suggestion of giving the final product to libraries, linguistic archives, and other researchers particularly useful, since materials in Jarai are scarce. I am greatly indebted to Hip Ksor, E Siu, Blim Nay, and my father Hiom Ro who acted as my Jarai language consultants. They aided me wholeheartedly, despite the fact that I had nothing to offer them for the countless hours and tremendous effort they contributed to this project. These individuals helped correct my Jarai spellings and also ii Texas Tech University, Lap Minh Siu, December 2009 explained the cultural context of use of the words that were beyond the scope of my knowledge. The consultants not only assisted with the project, but also welcomed me into their homes and often generously provided food and drink. Their kind assistance and valuable insights into the Jarai language added immensely to this project. I would like to thank Katelyn Anderson, Carly Laminack, Anne Shepherd and Joshua Jensen for correcting the translation of this dictionary. Translating Jarai lexemes into English is not an easy task, as many concepts and words in Jarai do not have corresponding one-word translations in English. Without the assistance of these native English speakers, it would have been difficult to have an accurate English translation. Thanks also to Dr. Valerie Guerin, Joshua Jensen, and Nathan Jahnke for assisting with the Jarai fonts, Lexique Pro software, and other technical needs. Dr. Tina Harris deserves my gratitude as well for reviewing the manuscript and making valuable suggestions. Also, I would like to thank my friend Davis Chanjaplammootil, who offered countless hours of computer assistance, especially when the lexicon data from Lexique Pro refused to co-operate with Microsoft Word. Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife Julia and children, Jonathan and Helen for cheering me up when I was grumpy. I owe you guys a lot, especially when I had to leave you at home alone in order to complete school work. Julia also reviewed my manuscript and helped revise the rest of the translation of the dictionary. Her many iii Texas Tech University, Lap Minh Siu, December 2009 prayers, encouragements, and believing that I could master my English with the help of our Creator have been very meaningful to me. My appreciation also goes to my parents for educating me in Jarai history, legends, customs, traditions, and especially the complexity of the Jarai language. To my brother Bom and my sister HíYit, and brother-in-law Nathan Annis, thanks for encouraging me to pursue my education. For those who have supported me in this project and are not mentioned here, please know that you are greatly appreciated as well. I would like to thank all the Jarai people who encouraged me to work on this dictionary. I hope you will find this dictionary useful and beneficial to our scattered Jarai communities in North America. Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Gerald Hickey and the sponsors of the Gerald Cannon Hickey Scholarship. Their faith in me and their encouragement inspired me to endure through all the challenges I faced in my academic endeavors. Also, special thanks to the scholarship donors, whose financial support enabled me to do what I could not have done on my own. iv Texas Tech University, Lap Minh Siu, December 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 An Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 2 Significance of Research................................................................................................. 2 Historical Background .................................................................................................... 6 Immigration to the United States .................................................................................... 8 II. THE JARAI LANGUAGE........................................................................................... 12 Language Family .......................................................................................................... 12 Linguistic Description ................................................................................................... 14 The Development of the Jarai Writing System ............................................................. 18 Orthography .................................................................................................................. 25 The Clusters .................................................................................................................. 32 III. METHODOLOGY AND SOFTWARE ..................................................................... 34 Word Collection ............................................................................................................ 34 v Texas Tech University, Lap Minh Siu, December 2009 Dictionary-Making Software ........................................................................................ 37 Consultants and Translation .......................................................................................... 39 Entry Arrangement........................................................................................................ 40 Future Objectives .......................................................................................................... 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 44 APPENDIX: JARAI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY ............................................................. 50 vi Texas Tech University, Lap Minh Siu, December 2009 ABSTRACT Minority languages in contact with a dominant language are often in danger of extinction. The Jarai language in North America could be endangered, as it is being passed on to fewer and fewer learners in each generation. This phenomenon raises concern, not only about the disappearance of the language, but the loss of the associated culture as well. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the documentation of the Jarai language in order to provide a linguistic resource for the Jarai communities in North America and scholars interested in researching the Jarai language. My intention is that this resource will also contribute to the preservation of the Jarai culture in North America. The major section of this thesis is a dictionary of North American Jarai. A brief ethnographic description and historical background of the Jarai people and their immigration to the United States are also included. Characteristics of the Jarai language, including its linguistic affiliation, structure, orthography, and development of the writing system are discussed. The methodology of dictionary development, software used, and collaboration with linguistic consultants are described. vii Texas Tech University, Lap Minh Siu, December 2009 LIST OF TABLES 1. Jarai Phonetic Transcriptions .............................................................................................. 31 2. The Jarai Clusters ................................................................................................................ 33 viii Texas Tech University, Lap Minh Siu, December 2009 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Linguistic Affiliation of Jarai.............................................................................................. 13 2. Map of Southeast Asia ........................................................................................................ 16 3. Map
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